Zhou Bida

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Lifeofthecharacter

Hardwork

OnJuly15thofthefirstyearofSongQinzongJingkang(August15,1126),ZhouBidawasborninChangzhou,PingjiangPrefecture(nowSuzhou,Jiangsu),TheancestralhomeofZhengzhouGuancheng.HisgrandfatherZhouXu,whoservedinLulingduringtheXuanhereignofEmperorHuizongoftheSongDynasty,settledinLuling.HisfatherZhouLijianwasaPhDinTaixue.

InthethirdyearofJianyan(1129),whenZhouBiwasfouryearsold,hisfatherZhouLijiandiedinYangzhou,ZhouBidawasfosteredathisgrandmother’shouse,andhismotherWangurgedhimtostudy.Attheageoftwelve,hismotherdiedagain,soshehadtofollowheruncletoGuangdong.Attheageoffourteen,ZhouBidareturnedtoLuling,andsoonhewenttovariousplaceswithhisuncle.Asateenager,ZhouBida'slifewaserratic,butheworkedhardandfinallybecameatalent.

Thearticlestarted

Inthe21styearofShaoxing(1151),ZhouBidawasawardedtherankofJinshi,awardedZuoDiGonglangandHuizhouSihutojointhearmy.Inthesameyear,hemarriedthedaughterofSifengLangguanWangBao,andthenreturnedtoJiangxi.

Inthetwenty-seventhyearofShaoxing(1157),hewasappointedasaprofessorofJiankangMansionandZuoXiuzhiLang.

Inthe30thyearofShaoxing(1160),theofficialworshippedTaixuelu,andwascalledtoworkintheexaminationhall.Afterreadinghispolicy,SongGaozongsaid:"Isatalentresponsiblefordraftingedicts(Controlyourhands).”Later,ZhouBidawasappointedasthesecretaryoftheprovince.Theexampleofthere-examinationofthelibrarystaffstartshere.Afterthat,ZhouBidawasalsoeditedandeditedbytheNationalHistoryAcademy,andworshippedofficialstosuperviseYushi.

Donotfearthepowerful

InJuneofthe32ndyearofShaoxing(1162),SongXiaozongcametothethrone.InAugust,Zhouwillpayhomagetotheofficialman.Once,hewenttoplayinfrontofXiaozong,Xiaozongsaid:"Ihavereadthearticleyouwroteinthepast,andtakeyourrecentworktosee."ZhouBidawassummoned,andXiaozongwasverysatisfied.Later,whenXiaozongpersonallyvisitedthebanquet,ZhouBiplayedloudly:"Thebanquetisnotaplacetoanalyzethesentenceandexplanationofthearticle.Ifyouwanttocalmlyunderstandthesituationandgainthesacredvirtue,youmustexplorethefoundationofgovernance."ZhouBidaisatthebanquet.Whentheattendanttalkedaboutborderaffairs,XiaozongwasworriedaboutSichuan.ZhouBidaChensaidthatthepeopleinSichuanhadbeensufferingforalongtimeandhopedtoreduceSichuan'staxes.

OnSeptember7,theKingdomofJinaskedfortheoldgiftsofShaoxing’speacetalks.ZhouBidaandotherswrotetoanalyzethesituationofthewar,whichwasacompromise.TheoriginalZhazihehaddraftedwasmoreradical,andheaskedtocorrectthenameoftheenemycountry,andalsocultivatemilitaryequipment.Xiaozongpraisedhimgreatly,andJinGuowasdiscouraged.OnSeptember14,duetoseveraldirectpreludesthatwereinlinewithXiaozong'swishes,XiaozongorderedZhouBidatoconcurrentlyserveastheappointedofficialoftheSanctuary.Previously,therewerevacanciesinthepostabouthistory,andhistoricalrecordswereinterruptedandaccumulated.ZhouBidaiaskedthathemustwritedownthewordsanddeedsoftheemperorandministers.HealsostudiedhistoryandpresentedittoXiaozongonceamonth.Therefore,ZhouBidaalsohastherighttobethescholarofZhongshushe.

Fromthenon,ZhouBidaalsotookupthepostagain.Duringhistenure,hedeniedimpropergovernmentordersanddidnotusethepowerfulandfavoredministers.Atthattime,Wanrong(thenameofafemaleofficialintheSongDynasty)ZhaiSufang(LaterQueenXie)enteredtheseal,makinganexceptionandviolatingthelawofrestraint(Officialscannotbepromotedaftertheyarepromotedtoacertainrank.However,theofficialrankcanbegrantedbacktohisclanrelatives),ZhouBidatriedhisbesttoargue,believingthatthereisnoprecedentforthismoveinthecourt,anditshouldnotbeoverriddeninthecourt.Xiaozongsaid:"Ithoughtyoucouldonlywritearticles.Ididn'texpectyoutobesostrongandupright."InNovember,thecourtgaveCaiBianthesonoftheNorthernSongDynastytreacherousminister,CaiBian,whowasstillrehabilitated.ZhouBidabelievedthatCaiBianwasmorenotoriousthanhisbrotherCaiJing.What'smore,ifeventhedescendantsofsuchtreacherousofficialscanholdimportantpositions,thenthecourtwillbechaotic.XiaozonglistenedtoZhouBida'sadvice.InDecember,ZhouBidarespondedtoXiaozong'sedictandperformedtenthings,allofwhichmetthecurrentshortcomings.

OnMarch13thinthefirstyearofLongxing(1163),ZhouBidaandQishiZhongjin,Anjie,etc.repliedtoXiaozong'spetitioningminister(RecentXi)LongDayuanandZengZengwereappointedasZhihefamilyaffairs,Xiaozongstillreiteratedthepreviousorder,ZhouBidathereforewrotealettertoPrimeMinisterShiHao,andresolutelyrequestedtogoouttothetempletopersuadeXiaozong.Thecourtrefusedtoallowhimtorequestthetemplemanytimes,butZhouBidadecidedtoleave,andXiaozongfinallyapprovedhimtotakechargeofTaizhouChongdaoTempleonMarch28.

Wellreceivedbytheholyfamily

OnMarch26thinthesixthyearofthemainroad(1170),ZhouBidabecametheprefectureofSouthernJianzhou,andwaslaterchangedtomentiontheFujianpenalprison..Whenheenteredthepalace,hehopedthatXiaozong'scourtwouldrecommendcivilandmilitarytalentsinsideandoutsidethecourt,andregistertheirstrengthsinseparateregistersandhidetheminthepalaceforemergencyuse.OnJuly18th,heworshippedthesecretary,theyoungsupervisorandtheQuanzhiAcademy,andconcurrentlyheldthepostofhistory.Atthattime,ZhouBidawasappointedasthesecretaryandjuniorsupervisortopreparethebookforZhengWen,andXiaozongpersonallyrevisedtheending,whichquotedthewordsofEmperorXuanoftheHanDynasty.ZhouBidaunderstoodthemeaningofXiaozong'smove,sohecriticizedtheWesternHanDynastyofficialsfortheirshallowacademicabilityandpraisedthepastandthepresent.HehopedthatXiaozongwouldcarefullyexaminetheauthenticityofConfucianofficialsandnotunderestimatethereputationofConfucianscholars.Xiaozonglikedhisincisiveexpositionandextensiveknowledge,andevenhopedtodiscussarticleswithhimdayandnight.

OnNovember6th,Xiaozongheldagrandceremonyforofferingsacrificestothecountryside.Later,hewouldaddthetitleofEmperorTaishang(Gaozong).ZhouBidaquotedtheoldexampleafterEmperorXuanzong’sabdication.ThehistoricalfactthattheSouthernSongDynastycourtcalledHuizongtheemperorduringtheJianyanperiod,believedthatitshouldnotbecalled"theheiremperor"intheessays,butshouldbecalled"theemperor"andXiaozongadoptedit.Next,thetitleofEmpressTaishang(ieGaozongEmpressWu)wasadded.Atthattime,thecourtofficialsagreedthatthetitleofEmpressWuwas"Ciming".OnNovember23rd,ZhouBidawrotealettersayingthattheQueenMother'stitlewas"MingCi"moreinlinewiththeliterarymeaning.Later,inordertoavoidTaizong'sdaughterPrincessShenGuo,ZhouBida's"MingCi"opinionwasadopted.Later,ZhouBidadraftedtheanswersoftheEmperorTaishangandEmpressWu,becauseZhouBidacleverlyhandledthetoneofthecharactersinthewording,Xiaozongwasverysatisfied.

OnDecember24th,whentheprimeministerZhaoXiongandtheclanZhaoBohuawenttotheKingdomofJin,theyhadtobringthecredential,andthecourtdiscussedtheetiquetteofreceivingthecredential.ZhouBidaimmediatelydrafteditindetail,withthegeneralcontentasfollows:"Someonecaresaboutrankandprestigeindeterminingthestatusofsuperiorityandinferiority;doyoucareaboutwhetheryouaresittingorstanding?"Xiaozongadmiredthis.

InMayofthe7thyearofthemainroad(1171),ZhouBidaconcurrentlyservedastheministerofwar,heplayedtorespecttheattendantstoreservethetalentsofthegenerals,andtoincreasetheadmonitionofficerstoopentheway,choosethesupervisorsandthecountyguards.SupplementthedeficienciesofLangguan.Soon,healsoledtheZhiliAcademy,andservedasafelloweditoroftheNationalHistoryandFactualRecordAcademy.OnAugust6th,heservedastheministeroftheMinistryofEtiquette.Hetalkedaboutthreethingsinthebackhall,namelygovernanceeffect,talent,andimperialexaminationghostwriting.HealsowenttoXuandeHallwithWangZhiqiandChenLianghantodealwithit.XiaozongtookouthisedictfromhissleevetomentiontherelationshipbetweenEmperorTaizongofTangandWeiZheng.Forexample,askinghimabouthislong-termreignbutunsuccessfulachievements,thequalityofhisgovernanceandthesolutionshecouldnotfindout,Zhoumustwaittosaywhatisrightorwrong.ZhouBidabelievedthatXiaozong'sfrequentchangesofgeneralsandcountyguardsweretwomajordrawbacks.Xiaozongagreedandgotridofthesetwodrawbacks.Duetothedroughtinthetwostatesoftheriverandlake,ZhouBidaaskedforthedonationof200,000generationsofpeopleinNankutopaytaxes.Xiaozongadmireditverymuch.

Straightforwardlyspeaking

Intheeighthyearofthemainroad(1172),ZhouBidaalsoservedasalecturerattheHanlinandalsoascholarinthebookstore.Soon,heresignedfromthepostofZhixueAcademyandwasapproved.OnFebruary16,therelativeZhangsaidhewouldworshipthePrivyCouncilagainforsigningabook,andintheprocess,MoJifengrejectedthedraftorderdrawnbyXiaozong’sedict.Appropriate,yourMajestyhimselfknewthathewaswrongandstoppedit.Withinayear,thisappointmentwasissuedagain.Yourrelativesparticipatedinpoliticalaffairs,andbothpublicandprivatesufferedlosses.Theministersdidnotdaretodraftthisorder."XiaozongquicklyaskedWangShangtodraftthisorder.Zhao,demotedthetwoasGongguanguan.Zhangsaidthattheypubliclyrecommendedthetwo,Xiaozongreducedtheintensityofreprimand,soMoJiandZhouBidaweredemotedtoWenzhouandJianningPrefecturerespectively.MoJileftthecourtimmediatelyafterreceivingtheappointment.MoJiregrettedhisactions.ZhouBidarequestedthreetimestotakeupthepostofpalacecensorship,whichmadehimevenmorefamous.

OnMarch22ndofthesecondyearofChunxi(1175),ZhouBidareturnedtothepostofFuwenPavilionandservedasastudent,temporarilyactingastheMinisterofWar,andalsoadirectscholarship.Xiaozongsaidtohim:"Youdon'tcatertoothers,andyoudon'tbelongtothedignitaries.Irelyonyouverymuch."OnSeptember5,ZhouBidaformallyservedasthemilitaryassistant,andsoonafterwardshealsoservedastheprinceZhanShi.Hesaid:"Taizong(ZhaoGuangyi)reservestalentsfortheuseofZhenzong(ZhaoHeng)andRenzong(ZhaoZhen);Renzongreservestalents,UsedbyYingzong(ZhaoShu)andZhezong(ZhaoXu).SinceZhangDunandCaiJing'smoraleattack,iteventuallyledtothedisasterofforeigninvasion(JingKangzhiChange).QinHuiisjealousandmean,expellingtalents,anditsshortcomingsarelefttothisday.Ihopethatyourmajestywillreservetalentsinhissparetime."

MarchofthethirdyearofChunxi(1176),ZhouBidaWasnamedtheBaronofGuanchengCounty.Later,ZhouBidaconcurrentlyservedasChaosandoctor.LuZuqiansentalettertohim,hopingthathewouldbeaggressiveandnotgivewaytoomuch,andherecommendedLiuQingzhi.Afterthat,ZhouBiwillbepromotedtoattendthepostgraduatelevel.InAugust,ZhouBidawassummonedbyXiaozongwhenhewasonduty,andheplayed:"TheVenusisclosetothestarinfront,thesamuraiisplaying,theprinceisinvolved,andtheministerisveryworried."XiaozongaskedZhouBidatopassthesewordstotheprince,andZhouBidasaid"Theprinceisthesonofman.Yourmajestyordershimtodrive.Howdareyourministerspersuadehimtodisobeyyourorders,andyourmajestydon'torderhim."InSeptember,LuZuqiansentalettertoZhouBida,askingforanotherappointment.OntherecommendationofZhouBida,LuZuqianwasawardedthesecretary'slord.OnDecember24th,hewasappointedastheassistantministerofthestaff.

OnMay26thofthe4thyearofChunxi(1177),ZhouBidaipaidhomagetothedoctorandabachelorofHanlin.InSeptember,itwasrainingforalongtime.ZhouBisangarequesttoreducethesupplyoftheharem,toeasethepressureontherentandtaxesthatZheCountyhasowedforalongtime,andprompttheprovincialdepartmenttodiscusstheissueofcompensatingthepeople.OnNovember7th,ZhouBidadiscussedwithXiaozongaboutthecorrectionofthebook"SaintSongWenhai",andproposedtoLuZuqiantodoitwiththegovernorWangHuai,andXiaozongagreed.

Harmonybetweentheemperorandtheminister

InthefirstmonthofthefifthyearofChunxi(1178),ZhouBidabeggedtoreturnhomemanytimes,butwasnotapproved.InMay,ZhouBidathoughtthatXiaozongusedhimtoomuch,sothathewascriticized.HealsocitedSuShiasanexample.SoXiaozongwantedtocallpeopletosharetheresponsibilitiesforhim,soheaskedZhouBida:"CanLuZuqianwritearticles?"ZhouBidareplied.:"LuZuqian'scultivationisverydeep.Heunderstandsallusionsanddoesnotonlyworkonwords."Later,XiaozongsentanenvoyLiYuwentoorderZhouBidatowrite"ThePalaceofXuande".InNovember,ZhouBiwasorderedtovisitXuandeHalltoviewthestone"XuandeDianji"writtenbyhisrelatives,Xiaozonggavewineandtea,andthe"SevenDeDance"and"SevenDeSongs"oftheimperialbookBaiJuyi.OnDecember4th,heservedasascholaroftheMinistryofEtiquetteandabachelorofHanlin.

AtthebeginningofthesixthyearofChunxi(1179),thebook"SaintSongWenhai"waswritten,ZhouBidaaskedXiaozongtonameitas"HuangDynastyWenjian"("SongWenjian"),Xiaozongagreed.OnFebruary18,thedecreemadeaprefaceforit.Xiaozongpraisedhimgreatlyafterseeingit.OnMay10,finishedthe"BookofRites"forPrinceZhaoDun.SoonMay23,hewastransferredtoalargeandmedium-sizeddoctor.OnNovember2nd,hewaspromotedtotheofficialsecretaryandtheimperialdecreeoftheHanlinscholar.XiaozongorderedtheceremonialofficertodiscusstheMingtangceremony,andZhouBidasuggestedthatthesacrificetoheavenandplacebeheldseparately.

InMarchoftheseventhyearofChunxi(1180),LuZuqianrepliedtoZhouBida,conveyedthenewsofZhangShi’sdeath,andpersuadedZhouBidatohelpZhuXiinvitethetemple.OnMay17,Zhouwillpaygreathomagetogovernmentofficialsandgovernmentofficials.Onthe27th,heenteredtheFengXingwenCounty.InJune,LuZuqianwrotetoZhouBidaagain,encouraginghimtodevotehimselftopoliticalaffairsandnottoshirk.InAugust,ZhuXiwrotealettertoZhouBida,expressingthatXiaozongwasunhappythathedidnotadopthisownopinionsandinvitedthetempleonthegroundsofadiseasedrama.HealsomentionedthedisasterreliefoftheNankangArmy.ThreesubsequentlettersaskedZhouBidatoplayXiaozongandapplyfortaxcutsfortheNankangArmy.InSeptember,LuZuqiansentletterstoZhouBidathreetimestoinvitetheancestors,andalsoaboutZhuXiandLiuQing,andbeggedforthetempleforhisbrotherLuZujiantospendtheyearsoffamine.

InMayoftheeighthyearofChunxi(1181),someoneusedtheempress’sreferralrequesttobetheofficialLangguan.XiaozonghandedthemattertothepersonfromZhongshuandZhongshushetodealwiththematter.ZhouBidasaid:"Taiwanremonstrance,Jishe,andthethreeprovincesconstraineachother.Howcanwedothingsaccordingtoourwill?Notfollowingthewillisalossofetiquette,andobeyingitisdetrimentaltothelaw.Whentheorderisissued,weshouldplayittogether."Xiaozongsaidhappily:"Areyouwillingtoworkhardlikethis?"ZhouBidasaid:"Ifyoushouldgivebutnotgive,therewillberesentment.Ifyoudon'tgiveimproperly,whatresentmentisthere!"Xiaozongsaid:"Thisisresponsible,notresentment."

RankedintheSecondHouse

InSeptemberofthe9thyearofChunxi(1182),ZhoumustpayhomagetothePrivyCouncil.Xiaozongsaid:"Everytimeyouseesomethingthattheprimeministercan'thandle,youcansolveitwithafewwords.Thethreeprovincescan'tbewithoutyou."Atthattime,LeiShifangbeggedtosendanarmyof5,000peopletoZhenjiangtostationinShanyang,ZhouBidasaid:"ShanyangcontrolstheYellowRiverestuary.Ifthenumberoftroopsisreducedtodayandthenincreased,theenemywillinevitablyleadtosuspicion.TheYangzhouWufengArmywasoriginallystationedinSanyang,soitwouldbebettertoallocate3,000peopleayeartogarrisonwith5,000peopleinZhenjiang.Shanyang."GuoGaorequestedthat12,000peoplefromJingnan'sarmybemovedtoXiangyangforpermanentdefense.ZhouBidasaid:"Xiangyangiscertainlyanimportantplace,andJianglingisalsothethroatofJiangbei."SohelefttwothousandpeoplestationedinJiangling..Xiaozongasked:"JinZhu(referringtoKingSejongWanYanYong)hasreturnedtoShangjingandassignedhissonstoguardthevariousplaces.WhatshouldIdo?"ZhouBidaSaid:"Theenemy'sintimidationmaybejustafalsedetection,andweareworriedthatweshouldactfirst.Weshouldstandstill,butthefrontiergeneralsmustnotbeselectedcarefully."

Chunxi'seleventhyear(1184),ZhouBidaservedasprivyenvoy.Xiaozongsaid:"Ifthereisanaccidentattheborder,onlyyouwillbecompetentforthepost,andnooneelsewillbecompetent."Eachcommandersubmittedalistofadvancementforeacharmy,andZhouBidawouldcalloutoneortwopeoplefromtimetotimetoexaminetheirtalents,commander-in-chief.Veryscared,darenottoleratepersonalaffair.ZhouBidacreatedthemethodofvariousmilitarypointsinsideandoutside,andpersonallyinspectedthescatteredtroops.LiZhongxiaofromChizhouhadtworegulargeneralswhocouldnotdrawtheirbowsfromChen,beggingtostopthemfromtheirmilitaryposts.Xiaozongsaid:"ThisistheeffectoftheSecretEnvoy'smeasures."

Jinzhouseeksmilitarycommander,ZhouBidasaid:"Ratherthanletpeoplerecommendprivately,itisbettertochoosenewspaperswithintegrity."Xiaozongorderedhisattendants,GuanJunrecommendedthegeneral.TherearerumorsthatDashilinyawillincreasetroopstoattackgold,KingHuluwilloccupythecapitalseparately,andtheministersstationedontheborderwillenterintoanalliancewithXixia.ZhouBidaiignoredhimandadvisedXiaozongtobeseriousandnottoactrashly.Itturnedoutthatallthewordsthatwerepreachedwereallnonsense.Xiaozongsaid:"Youreallyhavetheforesight."

InFebruaryofthe14thyearofChunxi(1187),ZhouBidaservedasprimeministeroftheright.Hesaid:"Nowthereisstabilityathomeandabroad.Thiskindofstabilityhasbeenaroundfornearly24years.Thisisatimeofworry.Thecountry'slong-termplanshouldbeconsidered.Itisnotpossibletofrequentlychangethecountry'sgovernancepolicyinordertospeedupthestrengthening.Xiaozongsaid:"IfIamatfault,youcanpointitallout."OnJune21st,ZhouBidabeggedtobedismissedduetoadrought.Xiaozongsaid:"Iwillstillrelyontheassistanceofalltheofficials.Go,whoiswithZhen?"Laterheaskedtolowerhisrank,butXiaozongdidn'tallowit.SoZhouBidawentontoaskforareductioninsummertaxesinordertorelievethefamine.Xiuzhouofficialsbeggedtosubtract20,000yuanfromthearmy’stotalsystem.Theofficialsaskedwhetheritwasappropriatetoreview.ZhouBidasaid,"Isthisthetimeforthereview?"Tobepoliticallylenientandbenevolent.Atthattime,thesealedmemorialsmostlytalkedaboutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftheministers.ZhouBidasaid:"Howcantheybethesameafteralltheyhaveseenandsummarizedinoneplace?YourMajestyrestorestheancestor'spastsystemandorderedthethreeprovincestoreadthememorialsandactafterrepeatedreading.Itistomakethetopandbottomsupporteachother,notjusttoobservethepaperwork."

OnOctober5th,theperformancewasespeciallyTaiChangqing.WithWangHuai,YangWanliwaselectedasthesecretaryandyoungsupervisor.OnOctober8,whenGaozongpassedaway,ZhouBidaaccompaniesthefoureventsanddiscussedwithEmpressWutodismissLiCairenandothers.AndparticipatedintherulingofGaozong'swill.OnOctober9,theimperialcourtagreedtosendthreeenvoystoreporttotheJinDynastybasedontheprecedentatthedeathofEmpressXianren(Gaozong’sbirthmother,Webster).ZhouBidasaid:"Today'smatterisveryspecial.Youshouldnotbeafraidoftheenemyandobey."Hestoppedsendingenvoys.

OnNovember11,Gaozongconquered.TheconflictbetweentheleftministerWangHuaiandZhouBidawasintensifiedbythemountaintomb.ZhouBidaadvocatedsendingthemountaintothemausoleum.Inthepastdynasties,theleftministerwasoftenthemountainenvoy,andWangHuaiobeyedYouXuan'sopinion,andfearedthathewouldbedismissedasamountainenvoy,soheranagainstZhouBidaandinsistednottosetthemountainenvoy.OnNovember21st,HeZhengshifromtheJinDynastycametoSongDynasty.SomeoneaskedXiaozongtowearapaleyellowrobetoaccepttheletterofcredenceintheimperialpalace,butZhouBirefused.XiaozongwasdressedinplainmourningclothesandmetwiththeJinshiintheWeiqi.OnOctober25th,thememorialwasdraftedtothankJinGuozhazi.WangHuaiandZhouBidaarguedabouttherightandwrong,andthedisputeendedwithZhouBida'sopinionbeingadopted.

OnMarch18thinthefifteenthyearofChunxi(1188),Gaozongwenttothefuneral,andZhouBidaaskedtoaccompanyhimaccordingtotheoldruleofSongTaizong,theprimeminister,LuDuan.XiaozongthenorderedZhouBidatotakethepostofTaifuandserveasthemausoleumofthemountaintombs,andWangHuailostpower.OnSeptember28,whentheMingtangGrandCeremonywasheld,Xiaozongaddedgracetotheministers,andtheZhouDynastywouldbetheGrandLordJiguo.

FromJulytoOctober,TaoistscholarsheadedbyZhanTirenlaunchedalarge-scalerecommendationactivitytoZhouBida.TheyrecommendedChenFuliang,LiuQingzhi,LuJiuyuan,LuZujian,XuYi,ShenHuanandotherthirty-fourcelebrities.ManyofthemwereTaoists,andtheygavetheiropponentsawordoftruth.XiaozongimmediatelyaskedXiaozongabouthispen.ZhouBidaknewthatXiaozonghatedthemostinhislife,andtriedtodefendhimself.HethenexplainedtheoriginoftherecommendedpersonandclarifiedXiaozong'smisunderstandingofhim.

TheZenofChunxi

OnNovember4thinthefifteenthyearofChunxi(1188),ZhouBidaaskedXiaozongtolethimresign,andXiaozongrepeatedlyconsoledhim.Afterthat,Xiaozongsuddenlydeclared:"Inrecentyears,Ihavebeensickandtired.Iwanttopassthethronetotheprince,butyoumuststayforthetimebeing."ZhouBidasaid:"Yourmajestyisingoodhealth,justbecauseImissedtheemperoralittletoomuch.HowcanIgettiredofpoliticalhardwork."Xiaozongsaid:"Thegreatestetiquetteisnotcomparabletoservingtheancestraltemple,andwhentheceremonyisheld,Imostlygotothepriestwithillnessandinsistonthesacrifice;thegreatestetiquetteisnotgreaterthanthatofthefuneral.,AndIcan’tgotoDeoksugunginperson.Idon’twanttoretire,isthatokay?Iamabouttoentrustthisimportanttasktoyou.”ZhouBiquitintears.InDecember,XiaozongsecretlygaveZhouBidaapro-letterforGaozong'sZenposition.Inthesamemonth,XiaozongorderedZhouBidatostayfordiscussion.

Onthe8thdayofthefirstmonthofthesixteenthyearofChunxi(1189),XiaozongappointedZhouBidaasPrimeMinisteroftheLeft,movedtoXuGuogong,andstayedZhengtoworshipasPrimeMinisteroftheRight.WorshipingPrimeMinisterZuomeansXiaozong'scompletetrustinhim,andhewantstoentrusthimwiththeimportanttaskofauxiliarygovernment.Onthe11th,LiGangdraftedadual-phasesystem.Everyonehadmixedopinionsonthis.XiaozongsummonedLiGangandorderedhimtodrawupanotherdocument.Soonafter,LiGangwasdemotedtoalocalpost.ZhouBidaaskedtoleavethecourtandXiaozong.Notallowed.XiaozongalsoaskedZhouBidatoparticipateinthedraftingoftheedict,specificallydiscussingthematterofworshippingthespiritualpositionandservingtheprince.OnFebruary2nd,participatedintheretreatceremonyandproposedtochangetheedictoftheretreat.OnMarch1,ZhouBidawasgrantedthetitleofShaobaoandchangedhisnametoYiguoGong.

HeTan,thestate-ownedcompany,wasinitiallyhighlyvaluedbyZhouBida,butheservedasanacademicofficerandhasnotbeenrelocatedforalongtime.Hewaspromotedonlyafterbeingrecommendedbystaying,soheheldagrudgeagainstZhouBida,sohewasimpeachedbythepositionofadmonishmentofficer,resultinginZhouBi'sdismissal.HeTankeptcondemningZhouBi,andthenmadehimserveasLiquan'swatchmanwithShaobao.Later,hewassentencedtoLongxingMansion,buthedidnottakeuphispost.HeworshippedtheBachelorofWendianandTanzhou,andresumedtheofficialofGuanwendianUniversity.ZhouBidawasimplicatedinthebriberyandexposureoftheofficials,andhewasnamedXingyangJungong,thenYiGuogongwasrenamed,andhissentencewaschangedtoLongxingMansion.HeresignedfromthispostandwasawardedtheLiquanGuanshi.

"Pseudo-learning"crimehead

_{Mainentry:QingyuanPartyBansub>}

OnMay4thinthefifthyearofShaoxi(1194),SongNingzongcametothethrone.OnJuly21st,NingZongbestowedhis"PrayforWords".ZhouBiwasthefirsttopresentfourthings:filialpiety,respectforheaven,frugality,andlongtenure.

InthefirstyearofQingyuan(1195),ZhouBidaretiredfromthetablethreetimes,andNingZongorderedhimtoserveasShaofu,ascholarofGuanwendian,andamasterofYiguo.

InthesixthyearofQingyuan(1200),thecivilianLvZutaiwrotealetterrequestingthekillingofHanTongandtheexpulsionofChenZiqiang,andZhouBidawouldtakeover.Thefollowingyear,HanQiu’spartyfeather,YuShi,ShiKangnian,usedLuZutai’sletterasanexcusetoimpeachZhouBidgeforadvocating"pseudo-learning"(referringtoConfucianism)andplantingpartyaffiliationprivately.HanChuanwillbegreatlylessassuredduringthenextweek.Inthe"QingyuanPartyBan",ZhouBida,ZhaoRuyu,andLiuZhengwereaccusedofbeingtheculprits.

InthesecondyearofJiatai(1202),NingZongrestoredtheofficialtitlesofZhouBiDaYoungFuandGuanwendianUniversityScholar.

Life,gloryanddeath

OnOctober1st(October25,1204)inJiatai,ZhouBidadiedathishomeinJizhouattheageof79.Afterhearingthenews,NingZongwasshockedandmourned.HegavetheTaishiasagift,andfortwodaysafterleavingthecourt,hegaveQianliangofsilverandQianqiofsilk.InDecember,hewasburiedinDougangyuan,LulingCounty.

InthethirdyearoftheNewYear'sEve(1207),NingZonggaveZhoubitheposthumousposthumoustitle"Wenzhong".

InNovemberofthefirstyearofJiading(1208),NingZongorderedLoukeytowriteaninscriptionforZhouBida,andthesixcharactersoftheroyalbook"TheSteleofZhongwenQidian"wasbestowedonZhouBi.

Maininfluences

Overview

ZhouBida"standsuprightandupright",hedoesnotavoidthenoblesinhiswords,heisstrategic,andheisdiligentingovernance.Richandtalentedpolitician.Therearefourmainpropositionsforitsgovernance:1.Strengthenthearmy,andformulate"examinationmethodsforallarmies"topurgemilitarydiscipline;2.Enrichthecountryandadvocatevigorouslydevelopingthecommerceandtradeindustrytoincreaseincome;3.Peaceandpeople-oriented,people-oriented,Reducetaxesanddisasterrelief;Fourth,politicalrevision,wemustselecttalents,examineofficials,andstayonduty.Notonlythat,ZhouBidaalsoworkedasaleaderintheSouthernSongliteraryworld.HehasdeepfriendshipwithLuYou,FanChengda,andYangWanli.Heisaliterarywriterwhohas"ninelevelsandsevenstrategies,butnotthorough".Poetryandpoetry"AllAoboCixiong".Hiscalligraphyis"strongandvigorousandself-contained."

Politics

Duringhistenure,ZhouBidahasalwaysbeenadheringtotheideaof​​arichcountryandastrongarmy.Intheprocessofhelpingthegovernment,centeringonthecountry’sgoalof“rejuvenatingandstrengthening”,manyinsightsandcountermeasureswereputforwardfortheeconomicdifficultiesfacedbytheSouthernSongcourt,suchasadvocatingtheconceptoflovingthepeopleof“savingresourcesandbenefitingthepeople”and“supervisingthesoldiers”.Theagriculturallawistoreducetheburdenofthepeopleby"savingcosts",andto"benefitthepeople"inexchangeforthesupportofthepeople;by"suppressingsoldiers"tomake"thepeopleliveinpeace,thefarmersregaintheirjobs",andthemonarchsandofficials"Encouragefarmerstotakeuptheirjobs",and"prosperity"togetherwiththepeople.AfterbeingpromotedtoSecretEnvoy,ZhouBidanotonlyactivelyparticipatedinthediscussionofmilitaryissues,butalsoexpressedhisownopinionsandpropositionsonthemilitaryaffairsoftheimperialcourt,andputforwardvariouscountermeasuresandsuggestionsonthebasisofmasteringandinvestigatingtheactualsituationofthearmy.ZhouBida’sfrontierdefenseconceptof"internalrepair"under"defense"andthemethodof"fightingwisdom"under"preparation"advocatedbyZhouBidaarenotonlytheinheritanceofpreviousmilitarydefensethoughts,butalsohislong-termmilitarypractice.Animportantinitiativethatwasexplored.

• TalentStrategy

SongXiaozongwantsZTE,andtalentsareurgent.The"forgeahead"Xiaozongattachesgreatimportancetothis,thinking:"Thelibraryposition,academicofficer,andtheancestorssetupthisreservetalent.Iwanttowaitforthetalentsofthepartytocome,andIcan'thirepeople."ZhouBidagavehiswisdomintheprocessofhelpingthegovernment.Quiteafew,intheselectionoftalents,itisrecommendedto"seek"literaryandmilitarytalents,andusethemethodof"divided"reservetoidentifytalents.ZhouBida’sviewoftalentreserveof“seekingabetterdivision”fitsperfectlywiththetalentsituationatthattime."Baoqiu"isconducivetothemonarch'sextensivecollectionofvarioustalents.Heemphasizedthat"givingformore"isalong-termgoal,andastrategicvisionof"storingmaterialsinleisure"isnecessary.Atthesametime,"dividing"isanimportantinitiativeinthetalentreserve,whichnotonlyhelpsthemonarchtounderstandandfamiliarizethemselveswithtalents,butalsoenablesofficialsatalllevelsto"findthemaccordingtotheirplans"whentheyareinurgentneedofemployment.

(1)"Askforliteraryandmilitarytalents"

Ontheonehand,"mixedliteraryandmilitarytalents".ZhouBidapointedoutthatinordertorealizethe"ZTEpolicy",thekeyistoreserveandmakegooduseofallkindsofcivilandmilitarytalents.ZhouBidaproposedtosolvetheproblemofinsufficienttalentsbymeansof"miscellaneousexercise"and"widereserve".Inotherwords,monarchsandofficialsatalllevelsmustbegoodatcollectingallkindsoftalentsatordinarytimes,sothatwhenthecourturgentlyneedstohirepeople,therewillbesuitablecandidates,andtherewillbenoproblemsof"followingone'sstrength"and"overusingtheamount."Therefore,hesuggestedthatXiaozongissueanedict,requiringofficialsatalllevelsto"examinetalentsincivilandmilitaryaffairs"forusebytheimperialcourt.Ontheotherhand,ZhouBidasuggestedthatXiaozongshouldimitatethesuccessfulmeasurestakenbytheformermonarchsto"seekingfortheheroesofcivilandmilitaryskills".Themetaphorof"therichwanttobuildhousesandusuallyplanttreestenyearsago"showsthatinorderto"prosperityandbusiness",itisnecessaryto"storematerialsinleisure."HepointedoutthatthetalentreservesofTaizuandTaizonglaidagoodfoundation.Onthecontrary,inGaozong'stime,"QinHuiwasjealousofthetalents,andthepartywasthesame."EvenXiaozong"thegeneralscouldnotachievethegrandplan,andtheorderscouldnotabidebytheabove."Therefore,hesuggestedthatXiaozongshouldimitatehisancestorsto"containscholars."

(2)"Classification"todistinguishtalents

ZhouBidabelievesthattalentreserveisanindispensablestepbeforeemployingtalents.IntalentselectionHasafundamentalrole.Healsobelievesthatafterthe"Beauty",wemustdoagoodjobofclassification,thatis,todividethegrid.After"seeking"talents,thecourtshouldclassifytalentsaccordingtotheir"ability"andclassifytalentswiththesametalentsintoonecategory.Forexample,thosewhoaregoodatcontrollinggeneralsaregroupedtogether.Thebiggridshouldbedividedintosmallgrids.Asfaraspossible,differenttalentsshouldbedistinguishedbydetailedclassification.ZhouBidabelievesthatafterthetalentsare"divided",officialsatalllevelswillreportthemtothemonarchtogetherasinformationforunderstandingtalents.Inaddition,theemperoralsoplacedadetailedlistoftalentsinthe"SecondMansion".Ontheonehand,itisconvenientforthegovernortounderstandandreviewtalentsinpeacetime.Theefficiencyoftalentselection.

• Rectifytheadministrationofofficials

ZhouBidabelievesthatthecourtshouldfocuson"testingthetruth."Itmeansthatthemonarchandofficialsatalllevelsmustnotonlylistentowhattheysay,butalsowatchwhattheydo,anddoavarietyofpracticalinspections.ZhouBida'semploymentmethodof"revitalizingthewindandexaminingthetruth"wasproposedbasedonthepoliticalsituationafterEmperorXiaozongascendedthethrone.Inthesituationwheretheexternalcrisisisstillalive,ifXiaozongwantstoachievethe"Zhongxing"policy,hemustfullybuildhisinternalaffairs,anditisanurgenttasktoeffectivelyrectifythelong-standingtalentassessment.Onlywhenthemoralegetsbetter,themonarchcantrulylettheoutstandingtalentsgivefullplaytotheirstrengths.HepointedoutthatifXiaozongcancarefullyexaminetheactualsituationoftalents,andachieve"totestthetruthbecauseofwords,trytomovelater",thetalentedpeoplewillworkforthemonarch.Thereisnoopportunityforthosewhoarehonestandtrustthepublic.

ZhouBidabelievesthatXiaozongmust"growupfromonetoanother"formanyordinarytalents.Otherwise,somepeoplepretendtobeloyalbecauseoftheirtraitorousnature,topretendtobehonestwhilebeinghypocritical,andtopretendtobefairandhonestintheirselfishness.Ifthesepeoplewhoaregoodatpretendingforpersonalgainarenotscrutinizedinaccordancewiththeroutine,seriousconsequenceswillbecaused.ZhouBidaalsopointedoutthat"examinationofreality"isnotonlyreflectedbeforetheappointment,butalsoaftertheappointment,asabasisforrewardsandpunishments.Forthisreason,hesuggestedthatXiaozongshouldbegoodat"testingfacts",andhecould"followYuShun'sexampleandpromoteafewpeopleamongthosewhoheardtheruleofthecountygovernor,soastoinformtheworld.Thenhewouldoustafewpeoplefromthosewhofailedtomakeprogress,soastospurTherestofthesamekind."Thiscanachievetheeffectof"XunlianggoverningthecountryisnotweakerthanthatoftheWesternHanDynasty".

• Armybuilding

ZhouBidahasalwaysheldimportantpostsintheimperialcourtduringtheXiaozongDynasty.Alotofenergyhasbeeninvestedinarmybuilding.Heattachedgreatimportancetotheselectionandtrainingofgenerals,analyzedsomeoftheshortcomingsintheappointmentofgeneralsinthenationalarmy,andproposedsolutions.

TheSouthernSongarmyhasahugenumber,butitscombateffectivenessislow.ZhouBidabelievesthattheproblemstemsfromtheimproperselectionofgeneralssincetheGaozongdynasty:Zhuluchiefsareinchargeofthetraining,education,anddispatchingofmilitarypersonnel.Thepositionofageneralincombat.Regardingtheselectionofthesegenerals,"regardlessofwhetherornottheyarequalified,"theconsequencescanbeimagined.Therefore,ZhouBidaputforwardhissuggestionsforarmybuilding,focusingonthe"preciseselection"ofthefrontiercommander,andputtingthecarefulandstrictselectionofthecommanderinthefirstplaceinarmybuilding.

Atthesametime,ZhouBidaalsosuggestedthatXiaozongshouldfocusonsolvingtheproblemof"thecommanderisnamedbutnotreal".AlthoughXiaozonghasmadeprogressinselectinggeneralsandtrainingandoverhaulingfrontierequipment,therearestillmanyillsinarmybuilding,especiallywhenitcomestotheissueof"thecommanderisnamedbutnotreal."ZhouBidasuggestedthatXiaozongshouldchooseacommandertoeliminatethisevil,thatis,"Selectamanwhohasexperiencedmanybattles,braveandconscientious,andalsoservesasthecommander.Asfortheselectionofthecommander,itisevenmoreimportant.ZhouBidafeelsthataslongasXiaozong"participatesHongmo,choosespeople,andeliminatestheaccumulatedabuses",sothattheleadersandgeneralswillbeveritable,thecountrywillbefreefromconstraintswhenitfightsagainstJinandcalmscivilstrife.Suffering.ZhouBidaadvocatedtheuseofselectivemethodstosolvetheproblemsoftheSouthernSongDynastygenerals'"greatness"andthenamelessness.Itwasanaccuratejudgmentbasedonadeepanalysisofthemilitaryfactsandinternalandexternalsituationsatthetime.ThisstrategywasconducivetosolvingtheSouthernSongDynastytoacertainextent.Theproblemofinsufficientmilitarycombateffectiveness.

Fortherecruitment,selectionandtrainingofsoldiers,ZhouBidaalsoputforwardsuggestionsforimprovementinresponsetocurrentdisadvantages.WhenZhouBidawasappointedastheSecretEnvoy,hecarriedoutbeneficialimprovementsandinnovativepracticesinmilitaryconstructionandmanagementbasedonthemilitaryandpoliticalsituationatthetime.,Themonarchfromtimetotimeconducts"calls"ontheadvancementandplacementofthearmy,andrandomlyevaluatesthegeneralswholeadthearmy.Thepoint-and-testmethod"Althoughitisnotexclusivelyusedtoobtainpeople,butalsobecauseitisusedtocheckwhetheritispossible,andmakeitunpredictable,thecoachdarenotactprivately."Itcanplaytheroleofstrictmilitarydisciplineandachievetheeffectofboostingthemoraleofthearmy.ZhouBidaalsoadvocatedstricttrainingofsoldiers.Withstrictmilitarydiscipline,officersandsoldierswillobeyordersinaconvincingmanner.Onthisbasis,thegeneralsmustalsoactivelytrainsoldierstoenhancetheirconfrontationandcombatcapabilitiesandstimulatetheirenterprisingspirit,soastoachievetheeffectofboostingthemoraleofthearmy.Inthefaceofexternaltroublesandinternalworries,ZhouBidaalsosuggestedthatXiaozongshouldpromotegoodtrainingmethodsinthearmytothetrainingofmilitiasinZhuzhou.HeelaboratedonthestrategicsignificanceoftrainingLianghuaimilitia.ZhouBidabelievesthatifthemilitarysituationismoreurgent,themilitiashouldbecomearegularsoldierincombat.Therefore,heencouragedBianJiangtobegoodattrainingmilitiaswithConfucius'"teachingthepeoplewar".

Itcanbesaidthatmotivatingsergeantscannotonlywinthemilitaryspirit,butalsoinspirethemilitaryspirit,therebygreatlyenhancingthemilitary'scombateffectiveness.Asacivilservant,ZhouBidanotonlyactivelyadvisedXiaozongonthestrategyof"encouragingthearmy",butalsosetanexampletoencouragethesoldiersandinspirethearmyaftertakingchargeofthemansion.Headvocated"strictlytraining"soldiersonthebasisof"excellentshirts".Themethodofinvigoratingthearmyisnotonlyaninheritanceofthemilitarystrategyofthepreviousgeneration,butalsoanimportantpioneeringworkinarmybuilding.

• Payattentiontoborderdefense

SincetheestablishmentoftheSouthernSongDynasty,courtofficialshaveexpressedtheiropinionsonhandlingtherelationshipbetweenSongandJinDifferent.DuringXiaozong’sreign,ZhangJun,HuQuanandothermainfighterssuggestedtotaketheinitiativetoexpeditethegoldenmeninthenorth;ZhouBidaadvocatedpeaceanddiscussionasastopgapmeasuretorestwiththepeople,andhandledtheissuesofetiquetteandlandconfiscationcautiously,andseizedtheopportunity.build".Themaindefensefactionheadedbyhimopposesboththerashuseoftroopsandthecompromiseandsurrender,andadvocatesthatunderthepremiseof"defense",fullypreparematerialandmilitaryresourcesbeforeembarkingontheNorthernExpedition.IntheprocessofassistingXiaozonginpower,ZhouBidainsightfullyputforwardthefrontierdefenseconceptof"internalrepair"under"guard".

(1)"Defense"tostabilizeborderdefense.InthefaceofKingSejong,heusedtheSouthernSongDynastynottopaytributetoprepareforthesoutherninvasion.ZhouBida,whowasamemberofZhongshusheatthetime,analyzedthesituationofSongandJintoXiaozong,andpointedoutthat"accordingtothecurrentsituation,theJinsidemaynotwanttonegotiateapeace.Althoughthelanguageofthedocumentishumiliating,thetrueintentioncanbelearnedalittle."It'sjust"I'mafraidthatwewilldiscoverthetruthabouttheotherpartywithoutfearingthem.That'swhywearearrogantandaskformoney."SongFang"theborderisunstableandthenationaltreasuryisscarce."Therefore,ZhouBidabelievesthatitisnotgoodtoplayagainstJinatpresent.Whenthetimecomes,weshouldadoptastrategyof"defense"tonegotiatewiththem.

(2)"Guardian"topromoteinternalrepair.ZhouBidabelievesthat“guarding”goldcannotonlystabilizetheborderdefense,butalsowintheopportunityof“internalrepair”,therebyboostingthecountry’smomentum.Therefore,SongFangcouldnotsuccumbtoexcessivedemands,otherwiseitwouldmaketheJinrenworsen.ZhouBidasuggestedthatXiaozongfollowtheexampleofNorthernSongDynastyRenzong's"slightlyincreasingthenumberofcoinssoastorejectKhitan'sunreasonablerequest"andrespondtotheJinren'srequesttorestorethecoins.IftheJinpeopleintendtonegotiate,"youcanusethisasacondition."Thetwosidesnegotiatedforafewmonths,andSongcouldseizethefavorableopportunityto"refineinternallyandexternally,"andthen"struggleagainstJintoovercomeandreconcile."Thiswasthebestpolicyoftheborderdefensepolicyunderthecircumstances.

ZhouBidaalwaysadheredtothefrontierdefensepropositionof"defendingtheimperialfamilyandinternalrepairs"intheprocessofassistingXiaozonginpower.Infact,itisunrealisticfortheSouthernSongDynastytoregaintheCentralPlains.However,adopting"guard"againstJinandthenactively"internalrepair"isawin-winresultforbothSongandJin.ZhouBidaonlyusedpeacetalksasawaytoexchangealittlemoremoneyforpeace,buthefirmlyemphasizedthatthecountry'sreputationandlandshouldnotbediscarded.JustasChenJunqing,whoservedastheministeroftheMinistryofWar,said,"Thereputationistheprestigeofthecountry,andthecurrencycanalsobedetrimental."Thisisawayofweighingtheprosandconsfromtheperspectiveoflong-terminterests.

• Pingbanditsagainsttheinternalforces

DuringthereignofSongXiaozong,thereweredozensofThisformof"KouChao".Intheprocessofhelpingthegovernment,ZhouBidanotonlyexperiencedalotof"insurgency",butalsooftenparticipatedinthesuppressionoflocalturmoil.Basedonhisrichexperienceandcombinedwiththesituationatthetime,heputforwardthemethodof"fightingwisdom"under"preparation".

(1)"Preparefortheimperial"militaryandpoliticalaffairs.Inthefaceofthefrequent"Kangs"intheearlyandmid-SouthernSongDynasty,ZhouBidaadvocatedthattheofficersandthearmyshouldmakeeffectivepreparationsbeforethebanditsweresuppressed."Ontheotherhandisthedeploymentoftroopstogivefullplaytothesuperiorityoftheofficersandthearmy.

Asfortheconsolidationofthearmy,ZhouBidafirstpointedoutthatthereasonforthe“briefandbanditunscrupulous”intheChalingareaof​​Hunanwasthelackofcombatpoweroftheofficersandsoldiers.Forthisreason.HesuggestedthatXiaozong"shouldcommandallroadsandsupervisethearmy,selectsoldiersandgenerals,revisethemilitaryandgovernment,andmonitorthetroops.Wheneverthemomentumofillegalanddisorderlyemerges,thepossibilityofgatheringcrowdsmustbecutoff.Heputforwardthreesuggestions:beawareoftheembankmentsdisguisedasfugitives;beawareoftheprofiteeringbehaviorofteamerchants;beawareoftheillegaluseoftheforbiddenarmybyofficials,untrainingoftheforbiddenarmy,andtheillegalbehaviorofthearchersinarrears.,"Theimperialarmywasrebellious,andtheimperialcourtcouldnotcontrolit."ZhouBida'ssuggestionsmainlyfocusonthepre-war"preparation"oftheofficersandthearmy.Thefirsttwoarefordirectlyrespondingtothe"insurgency",andthethirdisfortheoverallmaladiesinthemanagementofthearmy.Thisshowsthattheofficialarmyshouldrectifythearmybeforequellingthe"insurgency"inordertoeffectivelyimprovethecombateffectiveness.

Asforthedeploymentoftroops,ZhouBidabelievesthatwhenputtingdownthe"bandits",theofficialarmyshouldbedeployedintermsofmilitarystrength.Makefulluseofstrengthsandavoidweaknesses,andmakekeydeployments.ZhouBidaalsopointedoutthat"thethieveswinmoreandtheofficersandthearmylosemore"becausetheofficersandarmyhavenotdeployedtheirtroopssothattheycannotgivefullplaytotheirownadvantageswhenencounteringchanges.Thenoseisgone,sothat“thievesareofteneasytoescape,andofficersandsoldiersoftenwork.”Itisnotsuitableforofficersandsoldierstofight"drivingthroughthevalley."Theeffectoffooddamage.Onthisbasis,generalswillbesenttoleadlocalsecurityforcesandlocaltyrantstoconcentrateondestroyingthe"thieves."

(2)"Battleofwisdom"winsbycleverness.Doingagoodjobin"preparation"isanimportantguaranteeforthegovernmenttoquellthe"thieves".Itisnecessarytorectifythearmyfromamacrolevel,andalsotodoagoodjobinthekeydeploymentofmilitarystrengthfromthemicrolevel.ZhouBidabelievesthatwhentheofficialarmyisfightingagainstthe"thief",Itisalsonecessaryto"matchwits"sothat"lessdefeatsandmorewins"canbeachieved.

Firstofall,witsdonotfightmore.Comparedwith"thiefbandits",theabsoluteadvantageofthenumberofofficersandsoldiersisnotawinningfactor.ZhoumustbebigItisrecommendedtochooseaneliteforce.Infact,whentheofficerarmyfightsagainstthe"thieves",theadvantageofalargenumberofpeopleisoftendifficulttouse.Aneradicationofthe"thieves"isoftencarriedoutinthemountainousarea.Althoughtheofficersandsoldiersarelargeinnumber,theoperationsarenotflexible;Second,thenumberofpeopleislargeandthelogisticsisdifficulttoguarantee,whichwillgreatlyweakenthecombateffectivenessofthearmy.Therefore,ZhouBidabelievesthatthe"thieves"havetheadvantagesof"small,fast,andflexible",sowestillneedtopayattentiontocombatstrategies.

Secondly,fightingwitsandseparation.ZhouBidabasedonthecharacteristicsof"theleaderofthethievesknowsthatheisrebellingagainstthecountry,capitalcrimeisinevitable,andoftenthreatenssoldierswiththeconsequencesofbeingarrestedandkilledinordertofightagainsttheofficersandarmy."Thesuggestionofseparatingthieves.Forthose“thieves”whoarewillingtosurrender,theyshouldnotonly“openthepathofrepentance”,butalsorewardthemformeritoriousdeeds.Notonlycanyouatoneforyoursins,butyoucanalsosupplementofficialsandrepayyourrewards."Andissuedanotice,askingthemto"reportthereport",thepurposeisto"differentiatetheforcesofthievesandbandits"inorderto"quellthethievesandchaos."

• Developagriculture

Intheearlyandmid-SouthernSongDynasty,mostofthefarmersweresufferingfromforeigntroubles.Mostofthefarmersweredisplaced,unabletoproduceatall,anditwasdifficultforagriculturetodevelop.Forthisreason,ZhouBidaproposedthat"themostimportantthinginfarmingisnotfirst"YuZhibing"suggestedthatthecourtshouldtryitsbesttostopthewarandprovidethepeoplewithasafeproductionenvironmentsothatthepeoplecanreturntofamiliarlandsandhomes.Becauseofthewar,"thearmyissurroundedbyweeds,andtheremustbeafierceyearafterthearmy."Therefore,therulershould"punishangerandsuffocatedesire,renouncemilitaryforceandrighteousness",sothat"soldierscanbeturnedintofarmers,andthebattlefieldcanbeturnedintofertilesoil",sothat"people'slivelihoodisstable,agriculturedevelops,"Therulerhasnothingtopersuade."

Ifthecountrystopswars,thepeoplecanengageinproductionwithpeaceofmind.ZhouBidabelievesthatpeasants’diligenceandlazinessarerelatedtothecountry’snationalplan.Inhisview,withtheprotectionof"bridgmen",therulerisIntheprocessofguidingthepeopletobecomerich,itisnecessarytodoagoodjobof"persuingagriculture".Whenorganizing"farming",rewardthehard-workingpeopleand"supervise"thelazypeopletourgethemtocompletetheirdueproductiontasks.Bidaalsopersonallyparticipatedinthepractice.WhenhetookupthepostofTanzhoucommuter,henotonlyurgedthepeopleofTanzhoutoworkhard,butalsointheactualfarmingtechniques,suchasdeepplowingofthesoil,adaptingtotheweather,fertilityandmatching,andbuildingwaterconservancyprojects.Givespecificguidance.Atthesametime,healsocalledonthepeopletoconcentrateonproduction.ZhouBidaadvocatedthat“thesoldiers”shouldbeusedinexchangeforthepeople’speaceofmindtoworkinagriculture,andthepeople’senthusiasmforproductionshouldbestimulatedbymeansof“supervisoryandpersuasion”.Theinheritanceoftheideologyofpersuadingfarmersisalsohispioneeringworkinthepracticeof"people-oriented".

Literature

• Poetry

ZhouBidahasmorethan600poems.Someofhispoemsaregoodatthings,suchas"TheLandOccupyQi"Atthetopofthemountain,theZhouchengislikeacontinentinthewater;thewindingisformingadoublerainbow,attractingthousandsofmilesofrivers,"themetaphorissimpleandnovel.Anotherexampleis"Tendaysofstubbornshadowsarenotseeninthe"YouLushanMountainBuddha"Inthemountains,thenunnerywascoveredbysnowovernightinthemountains.Yiyu’shasamountain-seekingpoint,andthesunshinesonthenorthwindowandthecloudsareinthesouth."Hisspiritisweaker,butfreshandelegant.HestartedlearningHuangTingjian,andlatertracedittoDuFufromBaiJuyi.Insomepoems,helikestouseallusions,buthecouldnotgetridoftheJiangxipoetryschool.Influence.

ZhouBihasaprofoundknowledgeoftheuniversity.Intermsofpoetry,hehasaspecialtheoreticalwork"ErLaoTangPoetry".Thisbookisbiasedtowardstextualresearch.Mainlyintextualresearch."

• Parallelessay

ZhouBidaisafamousfour-sixliterarymasterintheSouthernSongDynasty.HeWhenhewasanofficial,hewrotealargenumberoffourorsixarticles.DuringtheSongXiaozongDynasty,hewasinchargeofinternalandexternalsystemsforalongtime.Manyimportantedictsandbookswerewrittenbyhim,andmanyimportantarticlesonbehalfoftheimperialcourtwerewrittenbyhim.Mostofthe46essayswrittenbyhimbecamethemodelworksofthe46thintheSouthernSongDynasty.Forexample,"YueFei'snarrationontherestorationoftheYuanofficialsystem",thepoemsaregracefulandupright,andarethebestparallelproseintheSongDynasty.Itistheobjectofscholarstoimitate.Therefore,ZhouBida's46thWenoccupiesanimportantpositionintheliteraryworld,andhasanimportantinfluenceonthecreationof46essaysatthattimeandlater.

ZhouBida’s46essayswereformedonthebasisofinheritingthe46essaysoftheNorthernSongDynasty.Owncharacteristics.Thisismainlymanifestedas:First,itisnotonlytheemperor’sintentions,butalsoinlinewiththesystemoffourorsixessays.Second,itpresentsthecharacteristicsofproseculture.AppropriatenessismainlyreflectedinZhouBida’scompliancewiththerulesandregulations.ZhouBidaendorsementThefour-sixessaysarealsoverydecentinlanguage,thatis,theyreflecttheelegantlanguagestyle.Thefour-sixessayspresentthesameelegantstyleasWangAnshi,payattentiontotheuseofclassicsandhistoricallanguage,andpayattentiontotheprecisionoftheantithesiswhenusingtheclassicsandhistoricallanguage.Theelegantstyleofthe46wenlanguageisthemosttypicalofWangAnshiintheNorthernSongDynasty,thatis,thelanguageofthe46wenshouldcomefromtheclassicsandhistory,andtheendorsementstyleofthe46wenrequirestheciministerstousepeculiarlanguage.

ProsecultureItisalsoamajorfeatureofZhouBiDa’s46essays.AftertheSongDynastywenttothesouth,theOsuschool’s46writingtechniqueof"usingancientproseasthe46essays"wasinheritedbytheSouthernSong46writers.Whencommentingonthewritingoftheessay,healsonoticedthecharacteristicsofthefourorsixprose.ZhouBigreatlypraisedZhongBingforhiswritingstyleof"usingancientessaysastheneareststyle"."Ancientliterarystyle",andadvocatedthatthe46essaysshouldbestrictlyadheredtothe46system;notonlyemphasizesthecontrastandallusionofthe46essays,butalsoemphasizestheneedtobreakthroughtherestraintofthedualityrhythm.ZhouBiDa's46essaysreflectthecharacteristicsofproseculture.Suchastheextensiveuseoffunctionwords,referencetotheargumentationtechniquesofancientprose,appropriateallusions,andnogeneraluse,etc.,theseareallexpressionsofproseculture.ZhouBidausedalotoffunctionwordsinhisfourorsixessaysinordertoachievethecirculationoftheliteraryspirit.Theexpressionisaccurate.

• Prose

Intermsoftheauthor’screation,ZhouBidainheritedThisisadistinctivefeatureofSongDynasty’sliterarytheory.ZhouBidamentioned“qi”and“li”inhisarticlemanytimes,notonlyemphasizingtheroleof“qi”,butalsoEmphasisisplacedon"li"andtheroleoflearningConfucianclassics.AndbecausemostofthecontentlearnedbyliteratiisConfucianclassics,"learning"Qicanalsobeunderstoodasanemphasison"li"inthetext.

ThemainstyleofZhouBida’sproseis"sharp,profoundandliberal,"whichismainlymanifestedintheprofoundandliberalartofideologicalcontent,theintensiveuseofallusions,theconcisewriting,thesmoothlanguage,thevigorousandpowerfulwriting,andthevarietyofstylesetc.Therearemanyreasonsforthisstyle,whichcanbetracedbacktoSimaQian'sprose"XiongShenYaJian",andHanYu'sancientprosetheoryOuyangXiu's"SixOneFengshen".

ZhouBidaisveryknowledgeableandfamiliarwiththecharactersandstoriesofthedynasty.Inhisproseand"ErLaoTangPoetryTalk",alotofresearchmaterialsonSongDynastyliteraturearepreserved.Hisscriptures,suchasShintotabletsandepitaphs,aredistinguishedbyprimaryandsecondary,andhavehistoricalmethods,whichareoftenusedbythosewhocompiledthe"SongHistory"intheYuanDynasty.

ZhouBida’spreface,suchas"Prefacetothe"HuangDynastyWenjian"",iswell-writtenandupright.Theepiloguessuchas"TimingLuWuguanSendingHisSontotheOfficialPoem",andthetravelnotessuchasthetourofShihuin"SouthReturn"arequitesentimental.Generallyspeaking,thistypeofproseisrichincontent,buttheliterarytalentissometimesinadequate.

Philology

IttookZhouBidafouryearstopublishandengraveoneofthefourmajorbooksoftheSongDynasty,"WenYuanYinghua",whichcounted1,000volumes,andalsopublished"OuyangWenzhong"The153volumesof"CommonCollection"andthefivevolumesof"Appendix"madethe"EuropeanCollection"haveafinalizedversionsincethen,andithasbeenretainedtothisday."ZhouBiDaEngravedEdition"hasbeenregardedasamodelofprivateengravingbyfamousmastersinthepastdynasties.Heonceservedasasecretaryandyoungsupervisorintheimperialcourt,whichmadehimfamiliarwiththecollationoftheofficialcourtandenabledhimtorepublish"WenYuanYingHua"and"OuyangWenZhongGongJi"afterhisofficialappointment.

ZhouBidaisarepresentativeofprivatecollationintheearlySouthernSongDynasty.Hisphilologypracticeandachievementshaveacertaininfluenceonthecollationandprintingoflatergenerations,andithasplayedanimportantroleintheinheritanceofexcellentculture.effect.

Historicalevaluation

• SongDynasty

ZhaoGou:ControlHandstoo.("SongHistory"quoted)

ZhaoShen:①Itisnotthatitisjustthatthemeaningistostopwriting.(Quotedfrom"SongHistory")②Qingdoesnotcatertoit,andthereisnobeauty,soIrelyheavilyonit.(Quotedfrom"SongHistory")③Whataprimeminister!("HelinYulu"quoted)④Ifthereisasidematter,youcanmakeitpossibleforotherstodoso.(Quotedfrom"SongHistory")

ZhuXi:Nowit’stheDachengqiDecoctioncard,buthehastheSijunziDecoction.Althoughitisnotharmful,itmaynotbebeneficialtothediseasedears!(Quotedfrom"HelinYulu")

LuZutai:Asingleweekmustbeveryuseful,anditshouldbereplaced,otherwise,thingswillgounpredictable.(Quotedfrom"SongHistory")

ZhaoKuo:①Hey!Thesefourdynastiesarealsoministers.(Citationfrom"TheSteleofLoyaltyforSeniorCitizens")②Moralarticlesarethemodeloftheworld'steachers,andthefameisalwaysthesame,andtheancientministersareregardedasbeingwithoutshame...Thelongestreign,themostprofessional.

LuYou:①Thegreatprimeminister,TaishiYigong,startedhiscareerwithJinshi,erudite,anderuditewhenhewasyoung.Forsomanyyears,hehasbeenatyrantandunconventionalperson,buthestartedtomakeapointandmovedalot.Thereisnoonewhodarestosingthefront,buttheonlyoneamongthepublic.Althoughitistemporarilyreprimanded,YuyanJianqiandSanxiuzhizhicannotbeannihilatedbytherottingsoilofthepoormountains.Atthetimeofhisreturn,hewasextremelyindependentofritualandmusic,andcomplementedeachother.TheemperorXiaozong'semperorXiaozonggaveittothepublic.Intheheartofthesaintinplay,itislikethecreationisnotprivate.Thepublicisrichandhonorable,anditisimportanttocovertheimportanttasksoftheofficials.Thepublicreignedforalongtime,advocateddiscussionanddiscussion,andmadegreatachievements.Howcanyouwinthenumberofthosewhoareseeninthecourtbiography.(ThePrefacetoTheCollectionofWenZhongGong)②Swenislow,whileGongisSongDai.Thescholarisfaintinthewisdom,andthepublicisLunCai.Theoldandtheoldarenotbad,andthethunderisahundredgenerations.("MemorialtoZhouYiGongwen")

LouYao:①Takestateaffairsasone'sownresponsibility,advanceandretreattalents,befair,supportthepeopleandchoosedefenses,worryaboutthesideandtrainthesoldiers,andpraiseRuiMo,consideringZhouandMin,wasmetwithRilong.("TheSteleofLoyaltyforSeniorCitizens")②EmperorXiaozongreignedfortwenty-eightyears,rigorouslyseekinggovernance,tireless,saintlyvirtues,andGuangshaoancestors.Therearefivepeopleintheprimeminister,Mingliangwillmeet,itcanbedescribedasprosperous.Seekthesameasalways,fullofvirtueandblessing,notasgoodasZhouWenzhong.Whenthefirstfathersawhim,LongFei'simperialnamewasestablished,andhehadtastedtheprediction.Inthemiddle,wewilltryourbesttoarbitratepower,butfortunately,itcanbeusedonlybyothers.Theintentiontogotothecountry,alotofthemistakesofdegradingthedoctor.Theplannersaidthatthepublicdoesnotreuseit.ThephotoofShengmingdongbecamemoreandmorepraised,andYuanzaibecamethemostimportantintheworld.Donotdealwiththesecret,thefinalpraiseandtheson'sdecision.WithXiaozong'srealwisdomandShicongGong'sMingMinsu,itisarealencounterforthousandsofyears,andGuangzongisintheeroticpalace.Inthebeginningofthegovernment,thosewhohaveachievedsuccessandretired,evenhangtheirclothes,andarestillspoiledbytheLord,tenyears!Itcanbedescribedasthechiefministeroftheholydynasty!("VolumeNinetyFour:ShaofuGuanwendianUniversityScholar'sResignationtoYiguoGongtopresenttheposthumousposthumousposthumousmasterZhouGongShendaostele")③ThetoweringXiaozong,Tianxiisbraveandwise.Twenty-eightyearsisforShengji.Thebeginningandtheendaregoodforthebenefitofthepublic.Beginwiththetext,andfinallyinvestigateitsloyalty.Thenbreakthetraitorouscutenessandcriticizeagainstthescales.Thingswillprovetobetrueandfaithfultotherules.Contributetothoughts,knoweverything.Mi-sewnauxiliarypraise,BaigongWeixi.Thethreesaintsgiveeachotherandguardtogether.Gongshizuzhi,familyhasChenzao.Worryandthinkaboutwork,haveagreatmodel.Whentheopportunityiscutoff,HuaYiisasquietasitis.Telltheoldage,andwriteabookwithease.Fistandfistgentle,learnafterbenefiting.Theskyisnotleftalone,andthesorrowishappyandsad.Notonlyinscribedthecemetery,butalsoamonument.Lifeanddeatharesad,andthebodyisbeautiful.ItisforZongchen,andlaterQingQiyan.("TheSteleofLoyaltyandVirtueforSeniorCitizens")④Hecanonlyspeakbigwords.("FourDynastiesHearingandSeeingRecords"Citation)

YangWanli:PublicfromShaoxing,FenYaoZhusheng,IndependentMentioningasum,tenthousandpeoplearenotsurprised.ThenheacceptedShuangkeandenteredthethirdhall.ThenhetookthehandofSilk,andthenthefirstsupplementarypraise,ZTEgaveitback.Theminister,WeiWangLongxi,said:"Thetruefathercomesoutfrombehind,andthencomesoutfromabove."Thereisnodifferencebetweentheemperor'sorders.EmperorGaowastiredanddiligent,inferiortoXiaozong.Whoisthetrustee,WeiChenLuGongfilialpiety,inferiortoGuangchou.ChenZhegong,helpthesuntoilluminatetheworld.XihanDongJiayu(DongZhongshu、JiaYi),Englishmatters,isn’tit?WenWenisnotinplace.XiTangFangDu(FangXuanling,DuRuhuiCombinedname)star,Lieinthesameposition,don’tyoubeinpositionandnotinwriting.WeiWenmaintainsitsposition,andhasitsownadvantages.ItsdictionaryMo,itsMiaoYiZhou.("WritingtothePrimeMinisterofZhouYigong")

NiSi:①Talentedandfar-sighted,sternandgentle.Thelearningisbasedontheknowledge,thefirstisthetext,andtheunderstandingisbasedonone.GongwangLongshoujun,GermanyislikeYiyin,andheisresponsibleforkeepingthefourthlifeascomplete.②GongshengLuling,followingtheLiuyiGong(LiuyijushiOuyangXiu).Thescholarsarethesamethroughoutthelife.OnlythepublicisGermany,pureandcourteous,YushanZhuyuan,Qingmingandinnerharmony.Onlythepublicaretalented,usethemwithoutbeingpoor,goinandoutofthescreen,andrespondcalmly.Butthepublic'slearninghasadeepandtorrentialsource,ninestreamsandsevenstrategies.WeiGong'sessay,anti-Austrianpoetry,possessesallbodies,andthethreegenerationshavethesamestyle.FendingtoShaoxing,JueshengMokong,WutaiChidefended,soakedinapparentmediocrity.Longxingmainroad,thewindandthetiger,thewindandthedragon,theMingLiangmeets,andathousandyearsoffailure.CumYuChunxi,governanceprosperousandfruitful.Whenitwaspublic,itbecameConfucianism.Itistherulerofthemonarchy,LeChongChuihong.NaizhiWenchang,dedicatedtolosingloyalty.Naishispeaksandreads,NaiyiChuPalace.SuiDengLangSi,openedthemansionwestandeast.Concentrateonguardingyourmindandconspiracytofollow.Thentheplatformtripodwassetup,supplementedbyeachother,andpassedonbyChenZan,andhisachievementsbecamemoreandmoreprosperous.Shaoxi'sfirstadministration,overarchingrulesandregulations,retreatedanddividedintoShaanxi,anddidnotsayanythinginthebeginning.QingyuanretiredandreturnedtoChisong.YouyouLvye,famousasDaisong.Theimperialdefenseissluggishandadvanced.Inthefourdynasties,thebeginningandtheendaregood.("MemorialtoPrimeMinisterZhouyiOfficialDocument")

ZhengBing:ThesecretaryofthemouthpieceofShangshu,thetellershallorderthecashier;thepostoftheministershallbemaintainedbytheJiGang.Youmustbehonestandstraightforward,andthenyouwillknowthemacro.Articlesfollowtheauthor’sstyle,andit’simportanttolearntokeepupwiththetimes.HuangZhongharmonizesalllawsandpreparestheharmonyofTaiChi;thebrokencolumnsnakeflowsinthemiddle,sittingandreadingthenotesofhundredsofrivers.YouhavebeenexhaustedinZhongjia,andexercisedinJianzheng.ChengMingispureandwhitewithoneheart.Juteislikethemellowofthesixclassics,longholdingthefateofsilk;theheavenlyofficialaccordingtothegatheringoftalents,exclusivelyspecializesintheMingofBingbi.Jingzhuriiseffectiveindiscussionandthinking,andGongYinisthefirsttoinvestinconditioning.Thegeneralleaderhasworkedhardforseveralyears.Thenumberofcourtiersisunparalleled;Bojipeoplehope,hasalwaysallowedtheFu.Extendtheadmirationofthetwoassociationsandco-praisethetransformationofthousandsofthings.Erqiopensuptheroadtothepublicandconnectsthefeelingsofthepublic.TuneentertainmentisfullyabsorbedinTaihe,andpreparationhasbeencompletedinleisuretime.Alas!Thereputationisprosperousandthepeopleareconscientious,andthebestistokeepthepublic;

YanHui:Deepandsimple,warmandgenerous.Informedbythemuseum,itisthebestofahundredschoolsofthought.GaoWen'sbook,chasingthemellowofthethreegenerationsandthetwoHandynasties,Silingloveshimforhistalents,andthefilialtempleknowshistrueself-helptools.ThesystemofpraisingYuShun'shangingclothes,YuMingMoandShenYuforalongtime.AtthebeginningofEmperorRuo,hisstrengthwasintheNewDeal.TheprostitutionhasnoKuang,buthehasahundredjobs.Theresignationofthecomplexityofthemaintenance,theweightoftheguarantee.ShengYaFuZhiChong,advancingandretreatingimpressively,alwaysstayingsilent.Ihearaboutcurrentaffairs,butIamhappytoreadbooksathome.

ChengXun:Husbandisthesonoftheemperor,respectsthetitle,courtesyofahundredofficialsandanarmy,theancientso-calledoneofthebottomofthehundredofficials,nobleandinferior,suchatrace,whydidyouhearaboutit?hear.Andthosewhoarehappilyhappy,FeiteI,theelderofthethreedynasties,canlookforwardtotheritualandcomforttheheartofadmirationinlife.IheardthatthetwogentlemenofZhuandLiuareallthepeoplewhohavemetwiththegenerationsatdifferenttimes.Sven'sunificationalliance,thesuprememasterofthegoodkind,sohehumiliatedhim.TheprosperityofFuWeiming'spublicdeedsnotonlytracesHanFu,butalsothebeautyofmoralarticlesisalsothebeautyofChengSu.("LastWeekYigongshu")

WangZijun:FuShenretiresbravely,don'treturntoFangrong.Inrecenttimes,itissaidthatbetweentherichandtherichintheclass,itissuddenlyabovetheemperorXi.Hisreturncarrieshisfullnameandshinesthroughtheages.AcertainofficialpowerisinYiding,andthenameisfullofHuayi.Fangtangtangistheautumnofthecountry,anditisextremelyfrustrating.ThereisnoverseinGeTianFuRi.Thetrickisbroken,theaxeislacking.Atfirsttherewasaturbulentafterwards,andpeoplewerewillingtogotoZigao'scolossus,andthentheyhungthecrownofShenwu.("HeShaofu,ZhouYigong'sResignation")

MoZichun:Hehasagrandandprofoundskill,andheisverysensitive.Thereisasenseofvirtue,andyouareintheYuanqiansidebyside.Publishedasanarticle,coveredwithrulesonYaoSi,longagobytheholygods,soakedintheLangmiao'srequest.ThetwodynastiesofYizanaresecrets,andwhentheChenislaiddown,thereisalwaysonetime,betweenthegracefuladvancementandretreat,thekingandtheelderofthecountry.

XuYi:(Thearticle)isfullofarticles,andthepostureishorizontal,withthousandsandthousandsofforms,anditisnotthemainthing,butitissorich.Thepoemsareinscribedandpraised,freshandbeautiful,andtheprefaceandpostscriptofthestelearefrequentlyrecited.WhathesawisenoughtomakeupforthelegacyofTaishi,andtheerroroftherumorissoaccurate.Afterthefirstfiveseasonsofthecountry,OuyangWenZhonggongcontinuedHanChangli'sorthodoxwithhisarticles,andtogetherheswepttheworld.Afterwards,thedamagecausedbypiercingandbroken,themoralsandcustomsarealsohumble.HeGongplayedWenzhong'sacademicquilt,metGaomiaoandFuling,andsucceededingovernance.Sothesecondpublicstoodfirm,andwaswrittenwithinsixtytoseventyyears.TheposthumousmanuscriptsofJinguanrunthrough,gracefulandelegant,uprightandharmonious,makingpeopleawe-inspiring,asifstandingbetweenTongtingandGuangsha,HuangZhongandDalushouldnotbeinvigorated.ItsoriginsincludetheLordChunxi,whosoarsinLuantaiFengge,hasbeeninpower,andisalsonumberedafterthegentry.Shigaowen'slargevolumewasmostlypublished,butthepublicthankstothepoliticalaffairswentback...Hisagehasimproved,theaudiovisualisstrong,thewritinganddiscussion,FangChuanisnottired.Gaialsoobservestheactionsofthepublic.Theknowledgeofthearticle,therootsandtheroots,thetalentsandcustoms,theupsanddowns,canallbetestedontheirown.("PlainManuscriptPreface")

Shilan:TangtangSongyue,standingasasect.Theprinceofthesky,themansionhasitsownmahoganysoil,andthecloudofthefifthclassXijueofBanChong.Thegoodofhumanbeingsisexclusivetothepublic.BingjunZhaiKui,anextremelyhumanminister.Thebanditthinksthatitisexpensive,andthepersonnelandthefortuneoftheskyareintrouble.Theeunuchandtheofficial,thepowerofmusicusesmomentum.Goodkindofexchangelevy,publicalonespitgrip.ThetoweringlakeofTanMansionmeltsintothespringbreeze,QiZiPhoebe.Slimissoldonitsown,andthecenterisgood.Thepoorarehappy,butpublicindependencehasbeenblamed.EatLuWanzhong,nineteenareout.Thehungerofthesilkcoldmilletishereandthereforalongtime.Daoispuregoldandjade,bothmatureandprosperous,literaryfrompalaceandmerchants,Kroenkeharmony.TheemperorYiZhouisascholar,andKongYanisateacher.Moralityandbody,themoremodestandwealthy.Andthehearthealed,andhewouldstayawayforever.

ZhanTiren:Chunxi'sprosperity,BaishiMojing,Ersanfubi,hasabrighthistory.Onlythepublicistheend,andthelonelinessisthesame.Miaolinghasbeautifulhair,theciarenahasreachedtheclearandcutplaceearly,andthehistoryhasrisen,thesilkbookabouthistory,Yajianandstrong.Suiguangeditedabbreviation,canbelikeasunstar.Supplementedintosacredlearning,JiXiisbright,andfavorsinternalappearance.TaketheleadintheForbiddenForest,polishupyourprecepts,andgiveplaytosilk.CiZhangDeye,acontemporaryperson.Itistoaccompanythegovernmentandparticipateinthecourts.CatchDengShuji,thatis,Bingjunheng.Theworldwassafeandclean.Ninemeritsareonlynarrative,andtheachievementsarecondensed.EmperorJiaXiangye,BanJunGuqing,DingYucutdown,andtheearthdredgedtheglory.Fengyuncelebrationmeeting,recommendthecalendarXichen.Bothlaborandreleasethegovernment,andthequalityoflifeistrue.

LiuChongzhi:Thepillarofthemaleandthetortoise,theJingbangshuindustry.MingDynastyarticle,HuiDeblade,uniquewordfield.JiuxiaoPingji,ZiweiYutang.WangYan'sbirthisbroadcastandchantedinalldirections.MakeKongSheng,theroomisrich.HunHunHaoHao,WeiWeiHuangHuang.Zhengwuishangingfromthegentry,andthecorridorofthetempleisgraceful.HongHuaYinliang,MingMopraised.LoyaltotheshouldersofJiqi,transformingintotheTangDynasty.Flawlesswhitebi,smellingandlookinghigh.TaishanRock,JingxingPhoenix.Retiregracefully,WeDixuanChang.MingKeYanXian,wanderingafewtimes.LuyeJinGong,RedPineOvary.ForShumanjia,JinXieLinlang.Immersedinlush,gentleandsonorous.ShidengLongmen,thereisnoartbutnopromotion.Keqinsmallthings,andcloseincheslong.Respectfulandhumble,themasterisgentle.Thetruesagesareintheworld,thishappinessisnotyetyoung.("PrimeMinisterZhouYigong")

LiBi:Itisadiction,thegodsmakethesky,thegentleandelegant,thestrong,thegoodforeachbody.Formorethantenyearsinthepalmofthehand,alloftheceremonialbookswerepublishedinpublichands.Bacheloroftheworld,spreadthewindandthestyle.However,theyareallstubborn,fullofoverflowing,lasingintothehole,notasifothersareintrouble,justlikeamachine.Sincethepast,thescholarsoftheEnglishGardenhaveoftenbeendifferentfromtheworld,andtheircareerstylehasmovedtheworldwithoutwriting.Iftheproductisnotthick,thehairwillbepoor.Ifthepublicisontheeveoftheday,thekingwillbeartheweightofthedingointment,andtheworldwillbecoveredbytheworld,whilethegentlelightisasbrightasthesun,thestarsandthesky,andthethingsareexposed.SicanbedescribedasBingbinglieLie,andheistheoneofSongZhizhang.YiGaoattheend,fifteenyearsatMaidumen.Writeabookfullofhomes,suckthesixbooks,jueahundredfamilies,getapublicpenonthesquaretablet,andthenbesatisfied.Alwayshaveareputation,withoutanyblemish,knowledgeandignorance,awe-inspiring,testanddiscipline.Itissaidthatthetextisloyal,anditispassedontotheinfinitywithHanYanFu,OuSuandotherprinces.("ZhouWenzhong'sTravelLetter")

LiuYuangang:TheloyalministerusesZhongxiang,theloyalsimpleandsimpleguideisintheautumnofthebattle,andtheloyaltyisalso.LiyueTaishidan,articleWeiWugong,basedonOuWenzhong,ZhouWenzhong(ZhouBida),YangWenjie,XuanYuzaoYuYanCanzhiSheng,alsoloyal.SoTasteWeizhisaid:Thefivesagesmeeteachother,theDiminisexhausted,andtheloyaltyiscrownedthesage.("RespectingtheBookoftheFiveMistersofLuling")

WenTianxiang:①Thesacredarticlesarethousandsofyearsold,andallthegrandchildrenhavethesamevoiceatthesametime.Inthecourt,therearemorepensfromthestate,andthechiefinspectoracceptsthesecondloyalty.("JingheDaoshantangQingzhanYushuyun")②Thesecretgardenhasgoodknowledgeandfriends,andyouareafraidoftheway..Fortheelderswhowanttopay,Iwishyouthefourloyaltyofepidemiology.i>).("SeeoffwithXiaoAnfupingLin")

• YuanDynasty

LiuJiangsun:Inthesoutheastforonehundredandfiftyyears,theLulingscripthasbeenprosperous.HuTan'anisrichinknowledge,suchas彛欵tripodknowledge.ZhouYiGong'sdecree,suchasJinkeyudu.YangChengzhaiisclearandsteep,likepineandsnowcypress.Thetwoandthreeeldersfaceeachother,andtheyareenlightenedbyfuturegenerations.

LiuYueshen:TheSimaoftheSongNandu,hispublicopinion.Itisbettertobeintheeunuchintheworld,anditisbettertobeLanruothantoliveinagreenfield.Thisisavastmansionwiththousandsofrooms,soitisnotasgoodasapaintingofahillandagully.("YiGuoZhouWenZhongGongZun")

WuCheng:TherearemanyscholarsofLuling,suchasthehandsomeandWeiZhuoNun,butthetrustworthinessisfew.PeopleinthepasttalkedaboutthegeneralsofHanandShanxi,butZhaoYingpingandSubelongedtothecountryasnon-Shanxifigures.YualsotastedthatalthoughtheprimeministerofZhou'sfamilywasinLuling,hewasstillhandsomeandgood-looking.Therefore,whereverhisnameis,hiscareerisaboveeveryoneelse.("PrefacetotheSelectionsoftheMinistryofWengYeetoSendLulingJiechen")

Tuotuoetc.:①HemustbeaHanlinbachelorforsixyears,hewillbeagentleman,andhewilldoeverythingeveryweek.,Isthecrownofthewordministersforawhile.②Makebigdecisionsandmakebigdecisions.Thosewhoarenotdeterminedanddeterminedcan't.Zhoumustbegreatandstayingrighteousforthetimebeingknownasthekarma,buthemustbepureandloyal,andbeabletowalkawayinfearofmisfortunewhenheisabletobekindtohisprince,lightandcalm,canhestandup?("SongHistory")

WangYishan:IhavetastedtheYiGongChengessays,whichisveryinteresting.Suchasembroideredclothinghalogenbookkeeping,CaiYongsaidthatthehalogenbig楯also,withthebig楯leadingabookofpeople,soitiscalledthehalogenbook.WhatisowedinthisYiGongJi,isiterudite?AnotherexampleisthetableoftamingelephantsonbehalfofAnnan.Thefirstsentencehasasource,butthenextsentenceisnot.Isthisamacroterm?Sincethen,HuiWengdespisedit,ChengZhaialsodespisedit,andYiGongchosetouseitasatitledminister,whichisnotappropriate.ReadingYiGongChengWen,IfeelthatitisactuallyasuperfluoustoYiGong'sname.("ThePostscriptofZhouYigongHong'sCiChengCollection")

FangHui:ZhouYigong's46th,YangChengzhai'ssecretsupervisor'spoem,allfamousintheworldbutinthesamecounty.This(referringtoZhouBi’smasterpiece"ShangsiInterviewsYangTingxiutoAppreciatePeonyintheYushuBanbangZhaiqiEastGardenPath")Yigongoldpen,thisremarkhasadeepmeaning,poetryisbetterthanZizhan,Nowork,noknowledge,nodeep,hardwordsinthemeantime,butthereisataste.

• Mingdynasty

WangYi:TheauthoroftheSongDynastywhoregardsthearticleastheworld'smaster,fromthehouseLingOuyangGongshi.Lulingregardsloyaltyfestivalastheworld'spersuasion,fromthebeginningofYangZhongxiang,ZhongjianHugong,WenzhongZhougong,WenjieYanggongsucceededverymuch...AfterloyaltytoJian,ZhouWenzhongwasintheaspect,drawinggoodkind,firstrecommendedbyZiyang.Whenthefewgentlemenentered,thestatereunifiedandsettled.ItsknowledgeofknowingpeopleandAnbang'srighteousnesscanbeimagined.However,Ziyang(ZhuXi)whenZhongJianwasinpower,hetastedtheGuangyaorecommended,andoncewenttothecapital.AndZhouWenzhongrecommendedit,Naibanrisesup,andtheworldisindispensable.ZhongjianandZhongxiangareprestigious,andZhouWenzhongandYangWenjieareverywell-known.TheLulingLoyaltyFestival,themoremagnificenttheappearance,thereisnoself-consciousness!("PraiseofMr.LulingFive")

WangYi:Atthattime,hegaveapoemtotheofficialsystem,sayingthatthepublicyearisafeweightyearsold.Iamtiredofthecompendium.do.YiqiLin'sdetailedreviewofthisarticleisbecauseIthinkthatthearticleafterNanduwillbethesame.("PostscripttoZhouYigongSacrifice")

JieJin:OneDegetian,fourdynastiesauxiliary.Contributoryarticles,gloomyandprosperous.("ZhouWenzhongGong'sPraise")

ShangZun,etc.:①ShiYushiLiHeng,YouZhengyanWangXilu,theargumentcannotbegoverned.StraightscholarsacademyZhouwillbebig,nothastyansweringedicts.IfMoJigavethematterback,theemperorstoppedthefour.ZhangsaidthathesignedthePrivyCouncil,butZhangShidiscussedit.Themeaningoftoday'susageisstrongerthanbefore.Thenhestoppedthefoursages(referringtothefourpeoplesuchasZhouBida)andthepawnusedtobealone,withoutthinkingabouttheenemy,ifitisnotused,andthedefeatedcountrywillbelaughedattheworld.YuYunwen,ChenJunqing,ZhangShi,LiHeng,WangXilu,ZhouBida,andthewisemenofnotime.Ifyouleaveitforawhile,theunscrupulouswillalsouseitforawhile.Xiaozongissoclosetothevillainandfarfromthegentleman,hedeservestobeworthyofthegoldmaster!②Theidiotshavegreatself-esteem,andtheimperialcourt,assoonasitishere,iswillingtourgentlypunishtheprinces,andthentheywillbechasedbytheteachersandtheself-improvingones.Therefore,iftheministerispresent,theonlyWenConfucianismandZhoudynastymustbeusedtoreplaceit,andsetthechaosuptolistentothesage.("CompendiumofYubanSupplementedZizhiTongjian·VolumeFive")

YangShiqi:FromOuyangGongdown,thereareYangZhongxiang,HuZhongjian,ZhouWenzhong,andYangWenjieallgentlemen.Out,extendtherighteousnesstotheworld.("PrefacetoLiBogao'sInstruction")

WangZhi:Thepurityofthepastgentlemen'sliteratureislikeOuyangWenzhongandYangWenjiegong;thepurebeautyofDexingislikeHuZhongjianGong;politicalaffairsHarmonyislikeZhouWenzhong;thesublimeoffameislikeYangZhongxiang,whobelievesinGuowen.GaiXian'sTaoistheTaoofancientsages,andtheworldwilllookuptoandlearnfromthelaw.("PrefacetoSendingLiuJinshitoBeijing")

• QingDynasty

WangFuzhi:IfZhouBida,WangShipeng,FanChengda,andYangWanliandhislikesarealsostubborn,theywillrestraintheireleganceandgrace.("ReadingTongJianLun")

JiYunetal.:BidalearnsXiaozongbyhisarticles,anditssystemWithagentlelifeandprosperousstyle,heisthecrownofNandubackstagepavilion.Thetextualresearchisalsoextremely,andthescrutinyisthorough,bearingthesamenameofageneration,andtherichnessofthework,thereisnooneotherthanYangWanliandLuYou.("GeneralCatalogueofSikuQuanshu")

ChuDawen:Itsbodyishuge,itwillbenefitthecountryandZhouWenzhongandalso.WenZhonggonghasheldWenfangforthirtyyears,andthetitleofancientandmodernshouldbethefirsthand.Thisisacollectionofgreatachievements.Itisaclassicandelegant.Jishui,TaiheandTulingarethemostimportantones.Withnoonbridgeaddiction,Weinaninscriptioncollection,withLiSuchang,ShouJinglongZhizheng,andChenFan.ThenewvoiceofJianyanMainRoadisalso.(ThePrefacetoTheCollectionofZhangWenzheng")

DingYi:Inthepast,thepoetrystylewasconsideredelegant,anditwastracedbacktothesourceofHuahuabyBaiFu,butitisnotawholebody.ThefiveancientstylesarestilltheNorthernSongDynasty,buttheyareelegantandelegant.Sevenancients,quatrains,slightlylikeBaiFu,butnotasordinary.Nearlyfivewordsarethemostsimilar,whilesevenwordsaretrappedinmessengers,notTangYin.Andthetoneofthewordsandtunesisoftenlingering,whichisespeciallysick.("PoeticOrigins")

HeShang:ZhouYigongisnothigh-spirited,butslightlyelegant.Forexample,chant"YangTingxiuHomeland""turningaroundfromthethreeandthreepaths,oftenbloomingsevenorsevenflowers",thereisalsothebeautyofnature.ThepublicandOuyangXiuofthesamecountyarekind,andeverytimehepicksuphisaphorismstowarnothers.YuWeixi's"windcolorislikespreadingflowers,andthesettingsunshineswithwillowshoots."

• RepublicofChina

ShenZengzhi:OuyangWenzhong’snameissimilartothestyleofYuefu,andZhouYigong’snameisalsonamedNearthesportsmusichouse,MuLin'smeaningislied.ThetwomaleswereborninJizhouandsharedtheposthumousposthumoustitleofWenzhong,careerarticles,andlatershining,theYigonganthologyisfollowedbythemethodofcompiling,andallusetheEuropeanstatutes,withthesamecultureandintegrity.("TriviaonFungusPavilion")

FanWenlan:Zhou(BeDa),Liu(Zheng)DuIstherepresentativeoftheanti-warofficialsinthecourt.("GeneralHistoryofChina")

AnecdotalAllusions

CraneFeiZhan

ItissaidthatZhouBidahadawineglassnamed"CraneFeiZhan".Afterpouringthewine,thecraneontheglassflewup.Afterdrinking,thecranedisappeared.

ZhouLuyi

Accordingto"WestLakePartTwo",ZhouBidahasalongbodyandthinface,withoutamustacheonhismouth,andaslenderbody,justlikeahigh-footedheron.Atthattime,peoplecalledhim"ZhouLuying",andhispoliticalopponentsfabricatedballadstomockhim:ZhouLuyinghadnomoustache,thinface,andlonglegs.

DachengqiTang

WhenZhouBidawasappointedasapoliticalaffair,ZhuXicommentedonthematterinaletterwithLiuZicheng,saying:"Nowadays,itisnecessarytomakeabigcommitment.Thesymptomsofsoup(alaxativewithmoreviolentmedicinalproperties),he(Xiaozong)wentunderSijunziDecoction(atonicwithmildandslowmedicinalproperties,thismeansthattheweekwillbebigger>).Althoughitwillnotcauseharm,Iamafraiditwillnotbegoodforthecondition!"

TheappearanceofMr.Wen

Accordingtotherecord,ZhouBidawastallandthin,withasimilarappearance.Wildcrane.HehasservedintheImperialAcademyformanyyears.Xiaozong(TheoriginalShouhuangreferstoafterSongXiaozongabdicated,SongGuangzongTheabbreviationforthetitle"SupremeShouhuangShengdi")inonedayWhenheretired,hesighedandsaid,"Whataprimeminister!I'mjustafraidthathewillbefortunate."AnoldeunuchbesideXiaozongsaid:"Whattheofficial(addresstotheemperor)lamentedisnotZhou.Isitnecessary?TheministerobservestheportraitofSimaGuang,andheisasthinasZhouBida."XiaozongsmiledatthisandpromotedZhouBida.周必大此后任太平宰相，参与并闻知禅让盛事，晚年出镇长沙，退休后得享十多年的清闲福气。

直谏不讳

淳熙初年，孝宗常亲临球场，周必大说：“臣固然知道陛下不会忘记检阅战备，然而太祖（赵匡胤）二百年的天下，其希望在于圣上的勤勉，希望陛下自爱。”孝宗脸色一变，说道：“你的话很忠心，是不是为了预防衔橛之变（意外发生的事故）？朕正以国仇未报、耻辱未雪为念，不想自寻安逸。”

淳熙七年（1180年），孝宗问他：“执政与宰相，本来应当和睦而又有不同之处。在这之前宰相论述某事，而执政再没有什么可补充的了，这是为什么？”周必大说：“大臣本来应该相互支持或反对。自从秦桧当权后，执政不敢说一句话，以后便成为理所当然。陛下虚心请教抛开自己的尊严，大臣哪敢自以为是？只要小事不敢隐瞒，那么大事又有什么理由要隐瞒。”孝宗深以为然。当时久旱不雨，孝宗下手诏求直言。宰相认为此诏一下，各州郡都会乞求赈济，如何应付，于是约周必大一起上奏反对此令。周必大说：“陛下想了解下面的情况，而我们却要加以阻拦，怎么可以堵塞公众的言路呢？”

为婢取水

据《宋人轶事汇编》记载，周必大夫人王氏有媵妾（陪嫁的女子，或指姬妾或陪嫁丫头。媵妾的地位要比妾高很多），周必大盼着她来，王氏便只让媵妾待在后院活动，不让她进厅堂。正值暑季，一次周必大经过后院，媵妾告诉他自己渴，周必大便舀热水给她喝。夫人在屏风后窥视，走出来说：“好一个相公，竟然为奴婢取水。”周必大笑着说：“难道你没有看见建义井（供公众汲用之井）的那些人吗？”

救火宰相

据《西湖志余》和《西湖二集》记载，绍兴二十六年（1156年）（丙子），周必大中进士，做临安府和剂局门官。他将近五十岁，方得一子，寻个姚姓乳娘（乳媪）给这个儿子喂乳。不料姚乳娘患起一场感寒症来，特占一卦，占卜的文辞（文中的繇）说：药王蠲痾（治愈疾病），财伤官磨。困于六月，盍祈安和！不久，姚氏病死。周必大见灵验，恐六月深有可忧之事，心中忐忑，日日谨慎。直到六月三十日，周必大认为灾星已过，同僚官便置酒到周宅中，开怀畅饮。当时周必大住在样沙坑，与运属王氏连栋。王家小舅子是新任御史马舜韶，权威势大。当日，马舜韶来王家，王氏大摆宴席。谁料到了夜里，王家丫鬟因日间伏事舅爷，忙了一日，把灯插在壁上便睡去，那灯火延在壁上，首先烧着周必大的宅子，一时间便延烧数百家，周必大从睡梦里醒来，急急救得家眷人口；衣服之类，烧得个罄尽。

临安帅韩仲通明知这火从王家烧起，因王家舅爷为御史不敢得罪，便拿住周必大并邻比五十余人，单单除出王家。诸人尽数在狱中，奏行三省勘会。周必大在狱中问狱吏道：“失火延烧，据律该问什么罪？”狱吏道：“该问徒罪。”周必大道：“我一人承担，以免五十邻比之罪，我还该何等罪？”狱吏道：“不过除籍为民。”周必大叹息道：“人果可救，我何惜一官？况舍我一顶纱帽，以救五十余人之罪，我亦情愿。那卜辞上说‘财伤官磨’，数已前定矣，怎生逃避？”周必大认定主意，不肯变更，自认状词。于是周必大被削爵，释放五十余人出狱。

周必大家被烧得寸草俱无，又因削了官爵，安身无地，只得投奔丈人王葆（字彦光）。冬日里一天大雪，王葆梦见门前有许多黄巾力士在门前扫雪，还说：“明日丞相到此，扫雪奉迎。”次日恰好是周必大来到。王葆暗自吃惊：“难道这除籍为民的人可为丞相？这个梦准要应在周必大身上了。”不久，高宗开博学鸿词科。王葆因梦中之事，极力要周必大应考。周必大道：“此事久不料理，怎好冒失而去？”王葆刺激他：“你安于现状了。”周必大不得已只得作怏怏不乐状到临安。那时权奸秦桧病死，高宗更化（改制），由汤鹏举出卷，试法极严，而周必大因为先前梦见卤簿图，便记得烂熟，汤鹏举看这一卷考核精细，取为首卷，周必大从此在翰林院九年，文章之名布满天下。之后荣登相位，民间称他是救人积了阴德才有荣华富贵。

敬慕三忠

周必大曾在乡里建三忠堂，因欧阳修（谥文忠）、杨邦乂（谥忠襄）、胡铨（谥忠简）都是庐陵人，也都是周必大平生所敬慕的人，所以周必大撰文记述他们的事迹，这是他的绝笔。

人际关系

家族成员

表格参考资料：

好友

宋代，举世重交游。同年乡旧、亲友世交、士人方外以各种各样的社会关系形成不同形态的交游。周必大作为南宋时孝、光、宁宗三朝重臣，交游甚广，这一时期几乎在政治上文坛上稍有名望的人都和他有联系。结交的诗侣文友“灿若弦上星”。

表格参考资料

主要作品

周必大著有《玉堂类稿》等八十一种，共一百三十四万余言。后人将其遗作辑为《益国周文忠公全集》，计二百卷，其中包括《省斋文稿》《平园续稿》《省斋别稿》《二老堂诗话》等24种，有清咸丰刊本。其中《玉堂杂记》《二老堂诗话》选入《四库全书总目提要》。

人物争议

• 卒年争议

关于周必大去世的时间，史书有两种说法：

1、嘉泰四年（1204年）十月一日：楼钥所撰《忠文耆德之碑》、《少傅观文殿大学士致仕益国公赠太师谥文忠周公神道碑》皆持此论；

2、嘉泰四年（1204年）十二月：《续资治通鉴》持此论。

按，楼钥奉宋宁宗之诏撰《忠文耆德之碑》，其所记载的周必大卒年日月，应较清人毕沅著《续资治通鉴》更为准确。故采用嘉泰四年十月一日之说。

后世纪念

墓址

周必大墓位于浙江省文成县龙川乡中堡村，是1994年翻修的。墓的正前方立有一块青石墓碑，上书“宋丞相益国公周必大之墓”。墓为圈椅式青石水泥结构，墓室分五穴，分别安葬着大峃周氏的一世祖周必大及刘夫人、祝夫人和三世祖周九龄及张夫人。墓顶后方是周必大的生平传记，两侧为《重修一世祖必大公墓碑记》和《宋丞相周必大公墓葬由来》。

会议

2014年8月15日至18日，“周必大与南宋文化暨纪念周必大诞辰888周年”国际学术研讨会在井冈山大学举行。会议就周必大的生平思想、政治影响、学术著述、文学创作、历史地位进行了讨论。

史料索引

• 《攻媿集·卷九十三·忠文耆德之碑》

• 《攻媿集·卷九十四·少傅观文殿大学士致仕益国公赠太师谥文忠周公神道碑》

• 《宋史·卷三百九十一·列传第一百五十》