Wireless charging technology

Historicaldevelopment

In1890,physicistandelectricalengineerNikolaTesla(NikolaTesla)hadalreadydonewirelesspowertransmissionexperiments.Theinternationalsystemofmagneticinductionisalsonamedafterhim.Tesla’swirelesspowertransmissionmethodistousetheearthastheinnerconductorandtheearth’sionosphereastheouterconductor.Byamplifyingthetransmitterinaradialelectromagneticwaveoscillationmode,alow-frequencyresonanceofabout8Hzisestablishedbetweentheearthandtheionosphere.Usesurfaceelectromagneticwavessurroundingtheearthtotransmitenergy.However,duetolackoffinancialresources,Tesla'sboldvisionhasnotbeenrealized.Althoughlatergenerationshavefullyconfirmedthefeasibilityofthisschemeintheory,theworldhasnotyetachievedgreatunity,anditisimpossibletobroadcastandobtainfreeenergyworldwide.Therefore,agreatscientificideadiedlikethis.

OnJune7,2007,theMITresearchteampublishedtheresearchresultsonthewebsiteoftheAmerican"Science"magazine.Theresearchteamappliedresonancetothetransmissionofelectromagneticwavesandsuccessfully"caught"theelectromagneticwaves.Theyusedcoppercoilsaselectromagneticresonators.Onecoilwasattachedtothepowertransmittingsideandtheotherwasreceivingpower.Afterthetransmittersendsanelectromagneticwaveofacertainfrequency,itspreadsthroughtheelectromagneticfieldtothereceiver,andtheelectricpoweristransmittedwirelessly.Thistechnology,whichtheycalled"wirelesspower",hasbeentestedmanytimesandhasbeenabletosuccessfullypowera60-wattlightbulbtwometersaway.Thefarthesttransmissiondistanceofthistechnologycanonlyreach2.7meters,buttheresearchersbelievethatthepowersupplycanalreadychargethebatterywithinthisrange.Andonlyneedtoinstallapowersupply,youcanpowertheelectricalappliancesinthewholehouse.

InFebruary2014,computermanufacturerDelljoinedtheA4WPcamp.Atthattime,relevantseniorofficialsofthecampstatedthattheywouldupgradethetechnologytosupportwirelesschargingofultrabooksfromcomputermanufacturerssuchasDell.Mostofthetraditionallaptopsonthemarkethavepowersuppliesexceeding50watts,butUltrabooksuseIntel'slow-powerprocessorsandwillbethefirstlaptopstousewirelesscharging.Priortothis,wirelesschargingtechnologyhasalwaysbeenonlyrelatedto"small"mobiledevicessuchassmartphonesandsmalltablets.However,A4WP("WirelessChargingAlliance"),oneofthethreemajorwirelesschargingcamps,recentlyannouncedthatitstechnicalstandardshavebeenupgraded,andthesupportedchargingpowerhasincreasedto50watts,whichmeansthathigh-powerdevicessuchaslaptopsandtabletscanalsobeused.Realizewirelesscharging.

InOctober2017,themobilephonefamilythatsupportswirelesscharginghaswelcomed3newmembers:iPhone8,iPhone8PlusandiPhoneX-theyallsupporttheQiwirelesschargingstandard.Itbringsgreaterconveniencetousers,andthephoneitselflookscooler.

Basicprinciple

Electromagneticinductiontype

Alternatingcurrentofacertainfrequencyintheprimarycoilgeneratesacertaincurrentinthesecondarycoilthroughelectromagneticinduction,therebytransferringenergyfromThetransmittingendistransferredtothereceivingend.Atpresent,themostcommonchargingsolutionuseselectromagneticinduction.Infact,theelectromagneticinductionsolutiondoesnothavetoomuchmysteryintermsoftechnicalrealization.ThelocalBYDcompanyinChinaappliedfornon-contactinductionchargingasearlyasDecember2005.Thepatentofthedeviceuseselectromagneticinductiontechnology.

Magneticfieldresonance

Itconsistsofanenergytransmittingdeviceandanenergyreceivingdevice.Whenthetwodevicesareadjustedtothesamefrequency,orresonateataspecificfrequency,theycanbeexchangedTheenergyofeachotherisatechnologycurrentlyunderstudy.TheresearchteamledbyMITprofessorofphysicsMarinSoljacicusedthistechnologytolightupa60-wattlightbulbtwometersawayandnameditForWiTricity.Thediameterofthecoilusedinthisexperimentreaches50cm,whichcannotbecommercializedyet.Ifthesizeofthecoilistobereduced,thereceivedpowerwillnaturallydecrease.

Radiowavetype

Thisisarelativelymaturetechnology,similartotheearlyuseofmineralradio,mainlycomposedofmicrowavelaunchingdeviceandmicrowavereceivingdevice,cancapturethebombfromthewallThereturnedradiowaveenergymaintainsastableDCvoltagewhileadjustingwiththeload.Thismethodonlyneedsatransmitterinstalledonthewallpluganda"mosquito-type"receiverthatcanbeinstalledonanylow-voltageproduct.

Mainstreamtechnology

Therearefivemainstreamwirelesschargingstandards:Qistandard,PowerMattersAlliance(PMA)standard,AllianceforWirelessPower(A4WP)standard,iNPOFitechnology,Wi-Potechnology.

1.Qistandard

Qiistheworld’sfirststandardizationorganizationtopromotewirelesschargingtechnology-WirelessPowerConsortium(WPC)The"wirelesscharging"standardintroducedhastwomajorfeatures:convenienceandversatility.Firstofall,productsofdifferentbrandscanbechargedwithQiwirelesschargersaslongastheyhaveaQilogo.Secondly,itovercomesthetechnicalbottleneckofwirelesscharging"university".Inthenearfuture,mobilephones,cameras,computersandotherproductscanbechargedwithQiwirelesschargers,providingthepossibilityforlarge-scaleapplicationsofwirelesscharging.

Themainstreamwirelesschargingtechnologyinthemarketmainlyadoptsthreemethods,namelyelectromagneticinduction,radiowaves,andresonance.Qiusesthemostmainstreamelectromagneticinductiontechnology.Intermsoftechnologyapplications,Chinesecompanieshavebeenattheforefrontofthewirelesschargingindustry.ItisreportedthatQi'sapplicationproductsinChinaaremainlymobilephones.Thisisthefirststageandwillbedevelopedandappliedtodigitalproductsofdifferentcategoriesorhigherpowerinthefuture.

2,PowerMattersAlliancestandard

ThePowerMattersAlliancestandardwasinitiatedbyDuracellPowermat,whichwasdevelopedbyProcter&GambleandwirelesschargingtechnologyThecompany'sPowermatjointventurehasarelativelyoutstandingcomprehensivestrength.Inaddition,PowermatisalsooneofthesupportingmembersoftheAllianceforWirelessPower(A4WP)standard.

Threecompanies,AT&T,Google,andStarbucks,havejoinedthePMAAlliance(abbreviationofPowerMattersAlliance).ThePMAAllianceiscommittedtocreatingwirelesspowersupplystandardsformobilephonesandelectronicdevicesthatcomplywiththeIEEEAssociationstandards,andhasaleadingpositioninthefieldofwirelesscharging.

DuracellPowermathaslaunchedaWiCCchargingcardthatusesthePowerMattersAlliancestandard.WiCCisacirclelargerthanSDcard,andthecoilandelectrodesforelectromagneticinductionnon-contactchargingareembeddedinside.Thethicknessofthecardisthin,anditcanbeusedbyinsertingitnexttothebatteryoftheexistingsmartphone.ThecardcanbeusedtomakealotofportableTheterminaleasilysupportsnon-contactcharging.

3,A4WPstandard

A4WPistheabbreviationofAllianceforWirelessPowerstandard,whichiscomposedofQualcommoftheUnitedStates,SamsungofSouthKoreaandtheaforementionedPowermatcompanyCo-createdbytheWirelessChargingAlliance.ThealliancealsoincludesmemberssuchasEverWinIndustries,GillIndustries,PeikerAcusticandSKTelecom.Thegoalistoestablishtechnicalstandardsandindustrydialoguemechanismsforwirelesschargingequipmentforelectronicproducts,includingportableelectronicproductsandelectricvehicles.

4,iNPOFitechnology

iNPOFi("invisiblepowerfield",thatis,"invisiblepowerfield")wirelesschargingisanewwirelessChargingtechnology.Itswirelesschargingseriesproductsadoptintelligentelectrictransmissionwirelesschargingtechnology,whichhasthecharacteristicsofnoradiation,highpowerconversionefficiency,andweakthermaleffect.

Comparedwithotherexistingwirelesschargingtechnologies,iNPOFismartnon-radiationtechnologyhasnoradiation,adoptselectricfieldpulsemode,anddoesnotproduceanyradiation.ThetestresultsofChinaTaierLaboratoryshowthattheradiationincreasevalueisalmostzero.Intermsofhighefficiency,theTyrelaboratoryalsodeterminedthatthechargingtransmissionefficiencyoftheproductsofthistechnologyisashighas90%ormore,whichcompletelychangesthelowefficiencyoftraditionalwirelesscharging,whichisupto70%orless.

Intermsofintelligentmanagement,chipadaptationmanagementtechnologyisadopted,whichincludes:automaticallyturnonandturnoffthechargingprocess;automaticallyadapttherequiredvoltageandcurrenttomanagethechargingprocesstoensurehigherchargingefficiency;Andyoucanuseaunifiedchargingboardforsafe,convenientandefficientchargingofelectronicproductsofanybrandandmodel.Intermsofsafety,italsotakesintoaccountthesafetyissuesofvariousweakcurrentcharging,suchaselectrostaticESDprotection,overchargeprevention,anti-impact,etc.,andevenifthereisaproblemwiththepowermanagementofthepowerreceivingdeviceitself,itcanbeautomaticallyblownbytheinpofichipProtectelectronicequipmentfromdamage.

Itisworthmentioningthatforsmartdevicemanufacturers,inpofiusesaverysmallchipasthecoretoachieveanultra-microdesign,whichisonly1/4thesizeofafiftycentscoin,whichcanbeconvenientItcanbeintegratedintoanydevice,anditcanalsobeintegratedintovariousformsofwearabledevices.Thisisunattainablebyproductsbasedontraditionalelectromagneticprinciples.

Asanewgenerationofwirelesschargingtechnologystandard,iNPOFitechnologyisefficient,green,convenientandeconomical.Thechargingequipmentusingthistechnologyincludestwoparts:apowertransmittingdeviceandapowerreceivingdevice.Thesizeandthicknessofthetransmittingdevicearethesameasthoseofordinarymobilephones.Thereceivingdeviceisembeddedinthemobilephoneprotectivecover,andthemobilephoneiscoveredwiththeprotectivecoverandplacedonthetransmittingdeviceforcharging..Duringthechargingprocess,thephonedoesnotneedtobepluggedinanycable.Relatedtestingshowedthatelectromagneticradiationwaszeroduringthechargingprocess,andthepowerconversionefficiencyreached94.7%,whichwasclosetowiredcharging.Thechargingdevicesupportslow-voltagepowersupplyandiscompatiblewithordinaryUSBpowersupply;realizeslow-temperaturecharging,whicheffectivelyguaranteesthesafetyandlifeofthedeviceandbattery.

5,Wi-Potechnology

Wi-Potechnology,Wi-Pomagneticresonancewirelesschargingtechnology,usinghighfrequencyconstantamplitudealternatingThemagneticfieldgeneratorgeneratesa6.78MHzresonantmagneticfieldtoachievealongertransmissiondistance.

ThistechnologyrealizescommunicationcontrolthroughBluetooth4.0,whichissafeandreliable,andcansupportone-to-manysynchronouscommunication.Italsohasover-temperature,over-voltage,over-currentprotectionandforeignbodydetectionfunctions.Becausethecarrierusedinthistechnologyisaspatialmagneticfield,energywillnotbeemittedlikeelectromagneticwaves,soitwillnotcauseradiationdamagetothehumanbody.

Wi-Pomagneticresonancewirelesschargingcanbeappliedtovariousscenariossuchasmobilephones,computers,smartwearables,smarthomes,medicalequipment,andelectricvehicles.

Wirelesschargingforelectricvehicles

Currentstatusabroad

Currentlyintheworld,carmanufacturerssuchasAudi,BMW,Mercedes-Benz,Volvo,Toyota,etc.,communicationcompaniessuchasQualcommEtc.hasalreadybeguntostudywirelesschargingtechnologyforelectricvehicles.Amongthem,Audi'swirelesschargingtechnologysolutionmainlyaddressestheproblemofefficiencylossduringtransmission.Thissolutionusesaliftablewirelesschargingsystemtomakethetransmittingcoilatthecableendclosertothereceivingcoilatthebottomoftheelectricvehicle,therebyimprovingpowertransmissionefficiency.ThewirelesschargingtechnologydevelopedbyBMWandMercedes-BenzhasbeentestedandappliedtotheBMWi8carseries.AsforVolvo,ithascompletedthetestoftheon-boardwirelesschargingsystemforelectricvehicles.Itissaidthattheentirechargingprocesstakeslessthan3hours.Duetotherelativelymaturewirelesschargingtechnology,ithasbeenputintouseinsomeplacesabroad.In2014,a12-kilometerwirelesschargingsectionwaslaidinSouthKorea.Vehiclescanbechargedwhiledrivingontheroad.

Domesticcurrentsituation

Comparedwiththegrandoccasionofparticipationofmanyforeignmanufacturers,therearenotmanydomesticinstitutionsresearchingwirelesschargingtechnology,includingZTE,BYD,ChongqingUniversity,etc.asrepresentatives.Amongthem,ZTEbegantodevelopwirelesschargingtechnologyin2013,andlaunchedmatureandspecificproductsandsolutionsin2014.Atpresent,ZTE'swirelesschargingsolutionhasbeenofficiallyputintouseinsomecities.UnlikeZTE’swell-knownreputation,BYDissaidtohaveappliedforanon-contactinductivechargerpatentin2005,andapureelectricbussoldtotheUniversityofUtahin2014wasequippedwithaWAVEwirelesschargingpad.AsforChongqingUniversity,therepresentativeofscientificresearchinstitutions,itissaidthatin2002,itbegantostudythe"high-powerwirelesspowerchargingandtransmissiondevice"forchargingcars.

Atpresent,inChina,althoughwirelesschargingtechnologyisnotasmatureasabroad,ithasalreadybeguntobeputintooperationinsomecitiesandplaces.Inthesecondhalfoftheyear,therehavebeendemonstrationareasforelectrictaxisinYizhuangorthesuburbancountiesofBeijing,anddemonstrationoperationsofwirelesscharginghavebegun.

WirelesspowersupplywasselectedastheeighthbatchofXiamen’s"DoubleHundredPlan".Thisisalsothefirsttimethatwirelesscharginghigh-techprojectshaveenteredFujianandXiamen,markingthatthewirelesspowersupplyindustryhasbecomeanimportantpartofXiamen’shigh-techindustrialcluster.

In2014,salesofnewenergyvehiclesinmycountryreached75,000,andinthefirstquarterof2015,itreached27,200.Therapidgrowthofmycountry'snewenergyautomobileindustryhasmadethemarketdemandforchargingpilesincreasing,anditisurgenttosolvethechargingproblem.Althoughcarcompaniesandchargingcompanieshaveinvestedintheconstructionofchargingpiles,themarketisfarfromsaturated.Moreover,comparedwithchargingpiles,theconstructioncostofwirelesschargingislower.ItisunderstoodthattheconstructioncostofasetofwirelesschargingfacilitiesofZTEisabout20,000yuan,anditisnotaffectedbyfactorssuchassiterestrictions.Inthefaceofthehugemarketcaketemptation,whenwillwirelesschargingnottakeashareatthistime?Itmaytaketimetoentercommercialization,buttheopportunityisalwaysforthosewhoareprepared,anditisnottoolatetostartatthistime.

Wirelesschargingindustrychain

Thewirelesschargingindustrychainisdividedintotwoparts:receivingandtransmitting.Theupstreamanddownstreamindustrychainofthereceivingendisdividedintochips,magneticmaterials,transmissioncoils,andmodulemanufacturing.,systemintegration.Andthetransmittingendisdividedinto:chip,coilmodule,schemedesign.

Thereceivingendchipandsystemintegrationdesignlinkshavehightechnicalbarriersandhighprofits(eachaccountingfor30%oftheprofitsofthewirelesschargingindustrychain),andthemaincustomersaremobilephoneterminals.Thedevelopmentstatusisverysimilartofingerprintrecognitionthreeyearsago.OnlytheIDTcompanyhasshippingexperience.BroadcomisofficiallycustomizedforApple.Others,includingTIandQualcomm,havenotbeenabletoseizethefirstwaveofindustryoutbreakopportunities.Canpenetrateintothesupplychainofanymobilephonemanufacturer.Onthecontrary,agroupofdomesticstartupsandlistedcompanieswithhigh-techtechnologyhavedeployedaheadofschedule,andtheyarebeginningtotakeshapeinthemobilephonereceivingendmarket.Brandedmobilephonesequippedwithdomesticchipsarealreadyonthemarket.GioneemobilephoneM7Plusselectedthedomesticbrand'swirelesschargingsolution..

Inthetransmitterchiplink,therearemanyparticipatingmanufacturersanddifferentlevelsofdifferentiation.First-tierwirelesschargermanufacturers,suchasMophie,Belkin,Zebao,etc.,generallyvaluefixedfrequency,FODforeignbodydetectionfunctions,andfastchargingperformance.BrandsNXP,IDTandafewdomesticchipmanufacturersthatfocusonthehigh-endmarketareoftentheirfirstchoices.Amongthemaincost-effectivebrands,itisdifficultforforeignchipstooccupyaplacebecauseoftheirhighprices.Onthecontrary,agroupofdomesticchipmanufacturershaveahighmarketshare.Ofcourse,thecompetitioninthismarketisalsoveryfierce.

Receivingendindustrychainrelatedenterprises:

▲RelatedtomobilephonewirelesschargingsupplychainEnterprise

Relevantenterprisesinthetransmitterindustrychain:

▲Relatedcompaniesinthewirelesschargingsupplychainatthetransmitter

Theoutbreakofthewirelesschargingmarket,forupstreamanddownstreamcompanies,undoubtedlymeanshugebusinessopportunities,notonlyinsmartphones,butalsoinsmarthomes,carsandothermarketsstillhavealargespace.Inaddition,forthird-partywirelesschargingproviders,thisalsomeanshugebusinessopportunities.ThewirelesschargersprovidedbythesemanufacturersarenotonlymatchingproductsforSamsungorApple,butalsoproductswithhighcompatibilitytochargedifferentbrandsofmobilephones.However,thewirelesschargingindustryisstillintheearlystagesofdevelopment,andtherearecountlesswirelesschargerproductsemergingonthemarket.Onlythoseproductswithguaranteedqualitycanstandoutinthemarket.

SocialEvaluation

Advantages

1. Theequipmentthatuseswirelessmagneticinductionchargingcanbeinvisible,withlowequipmentwearrateandapplicationrangeWide,theareaof​​thepublicchargingareaisrelativelyreduced,butthereducedshareofthefloorareawillnotbetoolarge.

2. Hightechnicalcontentandeasyoperation,itcanimplementrelativelylong-distancewirelesspowerconversion,butthetransmissiondistanceofhigh-powerwirelesschargingisonlylimitedto5meters.Itwillbetoofar.

3. Easytooperate.

Disadvantages

1. Althoughthetechnicalcontentoftheequipmentisnothigh,theeconomiccostoftheequipmentisrelativelyhigh,andthemaintenancecostishigh.

2. Becauseoftherealizationoflong-distancehigh-powerwirelessmagnetoelectricconversion,theequipmentconsumeshighenergy.Asthedistanceandpowerofwirelesschargingdevicesincrease,theconsumptionofuselesspowerwillincrease.

3. Thewirelesschargingtechnologydeviceitselfimplementssecondaryenergyconversion,thatis,thenetworkpowerissteppeddown(ordirectly)intodirectcurrentandthenahigherfrequencyswitchisperformedControlACconversionoutput.Becausethehigh-powerAC-DC-ACcurrentconversionisthereasonforthesecondarywirelesstransmissionofelectricenergy,theelectromagneticspatialmagneticlossrateistoolarge.

Willwirelesschargingofmobilephonescausecancer?

AccordingtotheWorldWideWebreport,thelatest"iPhone"scheduledforsalebyAppleintheUnitedStatesin2017maybeUseawirelesschargingmodule.Somepeoplesaythattheradiationofordinarymobilephonesshouldbeprevented,nottomentionwirelesschargingmobilephones!Somepeopleareevenmoreworried,willtheradiationgeneratedbywirelesschargingcausecancer?Tothisend,thereporterinterviewedZhouHongzhi,anassociateprofessorattheSchoolofAppliedMathematicsandPhysics,BeijingUniversityofTechnology.

1.Whatisgoingonwithwirelesschargingofmobilephones?

Theprincipleofwirelesschargingtechnologyisactuallyverysimple.ZhouHongzhisaid,“Thebasicprincipleofso-calledwirelesschargingtechnologyisthesameasthatoftransformers.Theprincipleofelectricitygeneration.Takethemobilephoneasanexample.Thechargerofthemobilephonehasamagneticcorewithacoilaroundit,whichcanconvertelectricityintoelectromagneticfield,andtheelectromagneticfieldcanpropagateinspace.Atthesametime,thereisalsoacorrespondingreceivingcoilinthemobilephone.Afterthereceivingcoilisexposedtotheelectromagneticfieldemittedbythecharger,itcanbeprocessedbyacertaincircuittochargethemobilephone."

2.Willtheradiationgeneratedbywirelesschargingofthemobilephonecausecancer?

ZhouHongzhisaid,“Wirelesschargingofmobilephoneswillproduceacertainamountofradiation,butunderthepremiseofqualityassuranceandcorrectuse,thisradiationhasalmostnoharmtothehumanbody,letalonecarcinogenic.Ontheonehand,Duringwirelesscharging,themagneticfieldisclosedandhaslittleradiationtotheoutsideworld.Ontheotherhand,aslongasitisaproductthathaspassedthenational3Ccertification,itwillgothroughstrictinspections,andtheradiationgeneratedmustalsomeetcertainstandardsandwillnotbeharmfultothehumanbody.Harmful."

3.Willtheradiationgeneratedbyvariouselectronicproductsoverlap?

Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,peopleareexposedtomoreandmoreelectronicproducts:computers,mobilephones,tablets,etc.Somepeopleareworried,willelectronicproductshaveradiation?Willtheseradiationsbesuperimposedtoproducetheeffectof"1+1=2"oreven"1+1>2"?

ZhouHongzhisaid,“Electronicproductshaveradiation,butaslongastheymeetthenational3Ccertificationstandards,theywillnotcauseharmtothehumanbody.Asforradiationsuperimposition,itneedstomeetverystrictconditions.Indailylife,Thereisalmostnosituationof'1+1=2'or'1+1>2'.Theradiationgeneratedbyvariouselectronicproductswillinterferewitheachother,buttheywillnotoverlapeachother,andinmanycaseswillevencanceleachother.Forexample,Therearemanypeoplethrowingstonesonthelakeatthesametime,andeachstonewillformwaterwaves,butthesewaterwaveswillnotsuperimposeintohugewaves.Thisisalsothereasonthatradiationwillnotsuperimpose."

4.Wirelesslychargemobilephones.Whyisthetechnologynotpopular?

Thetechnologyforwirelesschargingofmobilephoneshasalwaysbeenexpected,butithasnotbeenpopularizedsofar.Isitbecauseofitshighcostortechnicallydifficulttoachieve?

ZhouHongzhisaid,“Technicallyspeaking,wirelesschargingofmobilephonescanbeachieved,andthecostisnothigh.Thereasonwhythistechnologyisnotpopularismainlyduetostandardsandrequirements,suchaschargingThesestandardshavenotbeenofficiallyreleased.”However,ZhouHongzhisaidthatoncetherelevantstandardsareofficiallyreleased,thetechnologyforwirelesschargingofmobilephoneswillsoonbecomepopular.