Northern and Southern Dynasties

History

SouthernDynasties

After304years,ChinesehistoryenteredastageofdivisionandconfrontationbetweenNorthandSouth.Inthesouth,althoughthereweresuccessivechangesinthefiveregimesoftheEasternJinDynasty(theEasternJinDynastyandtheWesternJinDynastyarecollectivelycalledtheJinDynasty),theSouthernSongDynasty,theSouthernDynastyQi,theSouthernDynastyLiang,andtheSouthernDynastyChen,exceptforthethreeyearsofEmperorLiangYuan’suseofJianglingasthecapital.Intherestofthetime,thecapitalofthesoutherndynastieswasalwaysbuiltinJiankang(nowNanjing,Jiangsu).

TheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty(420-479years)wasthelargest,strongest,andlongest-rulingregimeamongthem.Therewere4generationsand8emperors,atotalof60years.

TheSouthernQiDynasty(479-502)GuoZuowasshort-lived,only24years,butduetofrequentfightingandkilling,itexperienced3generationsand7emperors,anaverageof3yearsforoneemperor.ThisistheveryfastchangeofthegodkinginChinesehistory.Once.

LiangoftheSouthernDynasties(502-557)has3generationsand4emperors,atotalof56years.Amongthem,WuEmperorXiaoYanhasbeeninpowerforthelongesttime,nearlyhalfacentury.

ChenoftheSouthernDynasty(557-589),3dynastiesand5emperors,atotalof32years.ChenChengshuailiang’smalicewasadynastywithanarrowterritory,aweakpopulation,andaweakpower.Inaddition,therulerwasextremelycorrupt,andwaseventuallylosttothehandsofpowerfulenemiesinthenorth.

Inhistory,thefoursoutherndynastiesofSong,Qi,Liang,andChenwerecalledSouthernDynasties.

• SouthernSongDynasty

SongistheoldestofthefourdynastiesintheSouthernDynasty.60years.

SongWuEmperorLiuYuwasoriginallyageneraloftheNorthernArmyintheEasternJinDynasty,andtookcontrolofthecourtaftertheHuanxuanRebellion.Inordertogainprestige,heusurpedtheJinDynastyandlaunchedtwonorthernexpeditions,regainingShandong,HenanandGuanzhong(afterGuanzhongwasoccupiedbyDaxia).Afterthat,LiuYukilledEmperorJin'anandre-establishedEmperorGongoftheJinDynasty.Twoyearslater(420years),heusurpedthethroneoftheEasternJinDynasty.HetookSongasthetitleofthecountryandchangedittothebeginningoftheYuanDynastyandwascalledLiuSonginhistory.IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,FangandLiuSongformedanorth-southconfrontationuntiltheunificationofthenorthin439.

EmperorSongWuwasborninthemilitaryandwasresoluteandfrugal.Heclaimedthattheempressstillpracticedfrugality,andhispoliticalstylewasverygoodforatime.However,itseemsthathedoesnotattachimportancetoroyaleducation,sothatheentrustedhimtoinhuman,causinggreatchanges.Henoticedthatthepoweroftheclanatthattimewasgreatandtheauthorityofthemonarchyhadfallen,soheusedthecoldclantograspthesecretsinthegovernment,andthemilitarypowerwasentrustedtotheclanandroyalfamily.Theclancontrolledthemilitarypowerandpoliticaldistricts,andthushadtheintentionofusurpingthethrone.Therefore,thereweremanyfratricidaltragediesbetweentheemperorandtheclan.

AfterEmperorWuofSongDynastypassedaway,EmperorSongShaocontinuedtostand.HewaskilledbyauxiliaryministersXuXianzhi,FuLiang,andXieHuibecauseofhislackofmorality.Later,heandthefamousBeifugeneralTanDaojieradicatedXuXianzhiandotherswhocontrolledthestateaffairs,andmadetheclancontrolthepowerofthegovernment.Atthesametime,heappointedthenoblefamilyandthecoldpeopletoparticipateinthegovernment,sothatthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamilyandthecoldfamilyappearedinthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamily,andthecoldfamily.Stablize.Onthisbasis,EmperorWenofSongadvocatedthriftandclarifiedthegovernanceofofficials,andcreatedthegovernanceofYuanjia.

Since430,EmperorWenofSonghasrepeatedlyexpeditionstothenorth.DuetoinsufficientpreparationsandthewrongcommandofEmperorWen,the"soldiersandfinancialbills"havegreatlyreducedthenationalpower.FamousgeneralsTanDaojiandPeiFangmingwereeradicatedbecauseofthesuspicionofEmperorSongWenformilitaryservice.In450years,EmperorSongWenonceagaindefeatedtheWei,but"theNorthernExpeditionwasinsultedandseveralprefecturesweredestroyed."ThevastlandnorthoftheYangtzeRiverwastrampledbytheNorthernWeiExpeditionaryArmy.LiuSong'snationalstrengthsufferedaseveresetback.

In453,EmperorWenofSongwaskilledbyPrinceLiuShao,andhisthirdsonLiuJuntooktheopportunitytoseizethethrone,namelyEmperorXiaowu.IntheearlyreignofEmperorXiaowuSong,aseriesofreformswereimplementedinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,militarysystem,householdregistration,ritualsystem,taxsystem,etc.;duringhisreign,the"coldpeopleholdthekey"(thepowerofhigh-rankingofficialsheldbythegentrywasshifteddownIn458,thepoliticalsituationof“FourWarsandFourVictory”and“BreaktheSevenCities”inQingzhouareawasdefeatedbytheWeiarmyin458;Liangzhouin460TheBeiyinpingareaof​​BeijingonceagainrepelledtheinvasionoftheNorthernWeiDynasty;forawhile,"thebreedingofprivatehouseholdswillbecompletedsoon".However,inthelastyearsofhisreign,hechangedhisearlystyleofrelievingsoldiersandsimplifyingadministration,andbegantobeproudandcomplacent.Hestartedtobuildcivilengineering,extravagantdesiresandevenrecklessbehavior,whichincreasedtheburdenonthepeople,andledtoLiuSong,whohadgraduallyimprovedintheearlydaysofhisreign.Inthelastyearsofhisreign,itfellintodecline.Duringhisreign,twoclanwarsbrokeout,andfinallythecityofGuanglingwaskilled.Atthattime,folkrumorssaid:"LookingatJiankangCityinthedistance,Xiaojianglingersagainstthecurrent,seeinghissonkillhisfatherbeforeseeinghissonkillhisfather,andseeinghisbrotherkillhisbrotherlater"indicatesthisperiodofhistory.In464AD,EmperorXiaowudiedofillness.

TheformeremperorLiuZiye,thesonofEmperorXiaowu,killedtheclanafterhewasestablished.LaterhewaskilledbythekingofEasternHunan,LiuYu,whowasEmperorMingofSongDynasty.However,healsoslaughteredtheclanandkilledthedescendantsofEmperorXiaowu.Inhislateryears,EmperorMing'spoliticalmistakescausedtheQing,Hebei,Xu,YansiprefecturesnorthoftheHuaiheRiverinLiuSongDynastyandthesixHuaixiprefecturesinYuzhoutofallintotheNorthernWeiDynasty,andtheirnationalpowerwasgreatlyreduced.AfterEmperorMing'sson,theemperorLiuYu,thepoliticalsituationwasturbulentandrebellious,andthegeneralXiaoDaochenggraduallytookcontrolofthemilitary.

AfterthedeathofEmperorFei,XiaoDaochengsupportedEmperorSongShun'sLiuZhunandtookoverthegovernment.AfterannihilatingpoliticalenemiesYuanCanandShenYou,XiaoDaochengusurpedthethronein479.HewasnamedDaqiasthefoundingofthecountry.HewasrenamedasEmperorQiGaodiinhistory,andhediedintheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.

• NanDynastyQi

Qihastheshortestexistenceofthefourdynasties,with24years.

QigaoEmperorbelongedtothefamilyoftheLanlingXiaofamily,buthisstatuswasnothigh,sohewasdespisedbythenoblesofthefamily.HispoliticalstylewasalsothesameasthatintheearlySongDynasty.Hewasfrugalanddiedafterfouryearsofreign.Hewassucceededbytheprince,theEmperorQiWu.EmperorQiWuwasinchargeofQingming,andhehadnowarwiththeNorthernWeiDynasty,andhewasknownasthe"rulingofYongming"inhistory.Atthattime,theemperorusedDiansignofficersaseyesandearstomonitorthepoliticalaffairsofthestatesandthekingsoftheclan.

AfterthedeathofEmperorQiWu,hewassucceededbytheemperor'sgrandsonXiaoZhaoye,andXiaoZiliangandXiaoLuanwereinchargeofthegovernment.However,XiaoZhaoye'sextravagantplay,statepoliticsgraduallyfellunderthecontrolofXiaoLuan.XiaoLuandeliberatelyusurpedthethrone,andafterkillingXiaoZhaoye,hechangedhisyoungerbrotherXiaoZhaowen,andsoonabolishedtheemperorandestablishedhimselfasEmperorQiMing.AfterEmperorQiMingsucceededtothethrone,heusedDiansignofficialstomassacrethekingsoftheclan,andthedescendantsofEmperorGaoandEmperorWuwereallkilled.

AfterEmperorQiMingdied,hewassucceededbyPrinceXiaoBaojuan.Hewasstupidandcruel,killedMinisterGuMing,andprovokedrebellionsinvariouslocaltowns.Afterthechaoswascalmeddown,hekilledtheYongzhougovernorXiaoYiwhohadbeensuccessfulincalmingthechaos.

In501,XiaoYi'syoungerbrother,XiaoYan,announcedthathewouldraisehisarmyandsetuphisbrotherBaoronginJianglingtobeEmperorQihe.AfterXiaoYaninvadedJiankang,QiDiBaojuanwaskilledbyGeneralWangZhenguo.Inthefollowingyear,XiaoYanusurpedthethroneandbecameknownasEmperorLianginhistory.XiaoQidied.

• NanDynastyLiang

LiangWubelievedinBuddhism,andhewasamonkthreetimes.Foralegendaryemperor.EmperorWuofLiangwasanoffshootoftheXiaofamilyinLanling.Hewasthrifty,diligentandcaringforthepeople,whichenabledtheearlyLiangDynastytocreateaprosperousera,andhisnationalpowersurpassedthegraduallychaoticNorthernWeiDynasty.InviewofthemassacreofSongQiclan,EmperorWuofLiangwasverytoleranttohisclanandwouldnotbeheldaccountableevenifhecommittedacrime.Hewasknowledgeableandadvocatedacademicdevelopment,whichmadetheeducationoftheSouthernDynastydevelopedandthecultureoftheSouthernDynastytotheextreme.However,inthelaterperiodofEmperorWuofLiang,helikedtolistentoflatteryandsacrificedhimselftothetemplethreetimes.SincemonksandTaoistsdidnotpaytaxes,nearlyhalfoftheiraccountswereregistered,causingmajorlossestothenationalfinances.Atthattime,theclanandofficialsweregreedyandextravagant..

IntheearlydaysofEmperorWuofLiang,contradictionsaboundedintheNorthernWeiDynastyaftertheSinicizationMovement,andthenationalpowergraduallylosttotheSouthernDynasty.Fromthebeginningof503,theNorthernWeiDynastyandtheLiangfoughtintheHuainanarea,andfinallyChangYizhi,CaoJingzong,andWeiRuidefeatedtheNorthernWeiArmyinthebattleofZhongli.SofarEmperorWuofLiangintendstoexpeditiontothenorth,butthescopedoesnotgooutsidetheHuainanarea.AfterdefeatingtheNorthernWeiArmyintheBattleofShouyangin516,theNorthernExpeditionwassuspendedduetoexcessivelosses,andShouyangwascapturedonlytenyearslater.

LiangWudilikestousesurrender,hopingtogetsomethingfornothing.WhentheSixTownsRebellionoccurredintheNorthernWeiDynasty,EmperorWuofLiangsentChenQingzhitoescortYuanhao,thekingoftheNorthSeaof​​theNorthernWeiDynasty,toreturntothethrone.Atthattime,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasstillfightingtherebellioninShandong,Hebei,andGuanzhong.ChenQingzhiandYuanHaoLienvictoriouslyattackedLuoyangalltheway,butduetothelackofassistance,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiArmyreturnedtoLuoyang.ChenQingzhihadtoreturntohisarmy.ThisNorthernExpeditionEndedwithfailure.

DuringtheEasternandWesternWeiDynasty,theEasternWeigeneralHouJingwasforcedbytheEasternWeiandtheWesternWeitosurrendertotheLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangappointedhimtoexpeditetheEasternWeiinthenorth.ButafterLiangJunwasdefeated,EmperorWuofLiangintendedtoreturnHouJingtoseekreconciliation.AfterHouJinglearnedofit,hethrewhistroopsintorebellionandattackedJiankangsouth,whichwasknownastheHouJingRebellioninhistory.

LiangledXiaoZhengdetocrosstherivertomakeHouJinginvadeJiankang,EmperorWuofLiangretreatedtoTaicheng,andHouJingsurroundedTaicheng.Afterthat,althoughtherewereteachersofKingQin,theyallwaitedandwatched.HouJingwenknewthatKingQinmadepeacetalksforawhile,butintheendherebelledandcapturedTaicheng,imprisonedEmperorWuofLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangwasfinallystarvedtodeath.AfterthefallofJiankang,HouJingmassacredtheJiangnanclanandbroughtadevastatingblowtothepoliticsoftheSouthernDynasty.HouJingkilledLiangJianwenEmperorXiaoGangandHuaiyinKingXiaoDongsuccessively,andfinallyusurpedthethrone,foundingtheHanDynasty.However,HouJing'sforceswereonlyintheJiangdongarea,andtheHuguangandSichuanareaswerestillunderthecontrolofLiangShi.ItwasjustthattheLiangdynastiesattackedeachotherandhadnotimetocrusadeHouJing.Later,XiangdongKingXiaoYidefeatedotherLiangdynastyclanforces,andwaslaterjoinedbyGuangzhouPrefectChenBaxian,andhisstrengthgreatlyincreased.SoXiaoYidispatchedgeneralsWangSengbianandChenBaxiantojoinforcestodefeatHouJing,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheappointmentofthegeneralsofHouJing.SongZixianthenstartedadecisivebattlewithHouJinginTaicheng.HouJingwasdefeatedandfledandwaslaterkilledbyhissubordinates.ThechaosofHouJingwassettled.

XiaoYi,thekingofeasternHunan,succeededtothethroneinJianglingandbecameEmperorLiangYuan.Afterthat,XiaoJi,theWulingkingwhoguardedYizhou,proclaimedhimselfemperorandattackedJiangling.EmperorLiangYuanaskedforhelpfromtheWesternWeiDynasty.XiaoJihou,theWulingKing,attackedtheWesternWeiDynasty.YizhouwasalsotakenawaybytheWesternWeiDynasty.Thefollowingyear,XiaoTsengledtheWesternWeiArmytotaketheopportunitytocaptureJiangling,EmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,andtheWesternWeiDynastyestablishedXiaoTshouasthechief,knownasXilianginhistory.

AfterEmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,ChenBaxianarguedwithWangSengthatXiaoFangzhi,thekingofJin'an,wasemperor,thatis,EmperorLiangJing.ThentheNorthernQisentXiaoYuanmingtothesouth,LiangJunwasdefeated,WangSengarguedandgreetedXiaoYuanmingastheEmperorofLiang.ChenBafirstledanarmytokillWangSengbianandre-establishedEmperorLiangJing.Afterthat,hesuccessivelydefeatedthesoutherninvadingarmyoftheNorthernQiDynastyandXuSihuioftheWangSengbianYudang,anddictatedLiangTing.Finally,itusurpedthethronein557,thenameofthefoundingcountrywasChen,thecapitalwasJiankang,andtheYuanwaschangedtoYongding.Inhistory,itwascalledEmperorWuofChenandthedeathofLiang.

• SouthernDynastyChen

InChinesehistory,thenamesofdynastiesandemperorscoincide,onlyTheChenfamilyintheSouthernDynasties.In557AD,ChenBafirstabolishedEmperorLiangJing,establishedhimselfasEmperor,andestablishedChenasEmperorWuofChen.

EmperorChenWuwasanativeofWuxing(nowChangxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince).Atthistime,afteryearsofwarinsouthernChina,thefamilyofoverseasChineseandthefamilyofWusurnamedwerebothinjuredbyHouJing’srebellion,andtheireconomysufferedSeriousdamage.Manylocalforceshavealsosplittheirregimes.Acountryestablishedonthisbasisisdestinedtobeshort-lived.BecauseEmperorWuChencouldn'tsettledownallthetime,headoptedthemethodofappeasement.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWu,hisnephewChenQiansucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorChenWen.Atthistime,WangLin,whowasformerlyXiaoYi'sarmy,rebelledinthetwolakesandunitedtheNorthernQiandNorthernZhouforcestoconquerJiankang.EmperorChenWendifirstdefeatedWangLinandtheNorthernQicoalitionforces,andthenblockedBakiu,preventingtheNorthernZhouDynastyfromadvancingeastwardalongtheriver.Sofar,thenationalpowerisdetermined.Duringhisreign,heworkedhardtoreviveJiangnan'seconomy,andmadeChen'spowerinthesoutherndynastystronger.

AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWen,hewassucceededbyPrinceBozong,namelyEmperorChenFei.Soon,hisuncleAnchengWangXuandtheemperorbecameindependent,namelyEmperorChenXuan.Atthattime,theNorthernZhouDynastyintendedtodestroytheNorthernQi,soitinvitedtheChendynastytoconquertheNorthernQitogether.EmperorChenXuanintendedtoregainHuainanandagreed,andsentWuMingchetotheNorthernExpeditionin573,andregainedHuainantwoyearslater.

Atthattime,theNorthernQiDynastywasindecline,EmperorChenXuancouldtaketheopportunitytoattack,buthejustwantedtodefendit.ThentheNorthernZhouDynastytooktheopportunitytoattacktheNorthernQiDynastyandmarchedsouthin577.TheChenarmywasdefeatedandChenintheSouthernDynastywasindanger.However,EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastysuddenlypassedaway.

AfterYangJianestablishedtheSuiDynasty,EmperorChenXuandied,andhewassucceededbyPrinceShubao,thatis,EmpressChen.Hewaslicentiousandextravagant,thestateandgovernmentwereinchaos,andthegovernmentwasextremelycorrupt.Atthattime,theexploitationofofficialswassevere,andthepeopleweremiserable.Duringtheharvestseasoninthesouth,theSuiarmyburnedthefieldsinthesouth,severelyweakeningtheeconomicstrengthofNanchen,andChenGuolioftheSouthernDynastyfellsharply.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyappointedYangGuangasthechiefgeneralandlaunchedthesouthernexpedition.ChenChenreliedonthenaturaldangersoftheYangtzeRiverandsanganddancedasusual.Inthefirstmonthofthefollowingyear,theSuiarmyinvadedJiankang,andChenShubao,hisconcubineZhangLihuaandKongGuirenescapedintothewellandwerecaptured.ChendiedintheSouthernDynasty.ThereunificationoftheSuiDynastyendedChina'snearly300-yearsplit.

NorthernDynasty

TheNorthernDynastyisthegeneraltermfortheNorthernDynastythatcoexistedwiththeSouthernDynastyinChinesehistory,includingtheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWei,NorthernQi,NorthernZhouandotherdynasties.TheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWeiandNorthernZhouwereallfoundedbytheXianbeipeople,whiletheNorthernQiwasbuiltbytheXianbeiHanpeople.

• TheriseoftheNorthernWeiDynasty

TheNorthernWeiDynastywasfoundedbyTuobaXianbeiduringtheperiodoftheFiveHuandSixteenKingdomsJian,formerlyknownasDaiGuo.AfterthecollapseoftheBattleofFeishuiintheformerQinDynasty,Tuobagui,thegrandsonofthekingTuobaShiyiqi,returnedtothecountrywithtroops.

TheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallygrewunderthemanagementofEmperorDaowu,EmperorMingyuan,andEmperorTaiwu.TuobaguifoughtagainsttheHouyan,foughtmanywars,anddefeatedtheYanarmyinthebattleofHepi.ThenheledthearmytobreakthecapitalofHouyanandmovedthecapitaltoPingcheng.Hebecameemperorinthefollowingyear,thatis,EmperorDaowu.EmperorDaowuhadacrueltemperamentandwaslaterkilledbyhissonTuobaShao.Inthesameyear,EmperorDaowu'seldestsonTuobaSipingsucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorMingandYuan.HecapturedLiuSong'sHenanprovince,butdiedsoonafter.HissonTuobaTaosucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorTaiwu.Heworkedhardtogovern,andhisnationalpowerwasprosperous,andherepeatedlyattackedLiuSong.AfterremovingthethreatfromtheNorthRouran,thewarofunificationoftheNorthwaslaunched.From431to439,EmperorTaiwusuccessivelyeliminatedthethreekingdomsofHuXia,BeiyanandBeiliang,thendefeatedRouranandconfrontedtheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.TheNorthandtheSouthhaveofficiallyenteredthe"SouthernandNorthernDynasties".However,therewasalsoHouQiuChi,whodiedintheNorthernWeiDynastyin443.

AlthoughtheNorthernWeiDynastywasprosperous,therewasapowerfulenemyinthenorth,Rouran,sothathecouldnotgosouthwithallhisstrength.

Gaiwu,aLushuihuwhobelievesinBuddhism,ledthepeopleofallethnicgroupstoraiseanuprisingandwasputdownbyEmperorTaiwu.EmperorTaiwualsocrackeddownonBuddhismandbecameoneofthethreewarriorswhodestroyedtheBuddha.AfterTaiwuunifiedNorthChina,hedestroyedShanshan,oneofthefivepowersintheWesternRegions,andtookcontroloftheWesternRegions.In450,hecounterattackedLiuSongagain,approachingGuabu,andthreatenedtocrosstheriver.Afterwards,50,000householdswereplunderedandreturnedtothenorth.Sofar,theNorthernDynastyreversedthesituationwherethenationalpowerwassuppressedbytheSouthernDynasty,butitsmilitarystrengthwasalsogreatlydamaged.EmperorTaiwuwastorturedcruellyinthelaterperiod,andwasfinallykilledbytheeunuchZongAi.

WhenEmperorXianwenwasinpower,hewaspoisonedbyhisaunt,QueenMotherFeng.EmpressDowagerFengsetupTuobahong,thesonofEmperorXianwen(ieEmperorXiaowen),andtookcontrolofthegovernment.EmpressDowagerFengwasjealousofhowwiseandabusedpunishment,butitstabilizedthestateaffairs.EmperorXiaowenmayhaveadmiredHanculturebecauseoftherelationshipwiththeQueenMotherFeng,andbelievedthattheXianbeipeopleshouldgodeepintoSinicization.Hewaswiseandstudious,andexpandedthecapitalPingseongtoSeoulaftertakingoffice.BasedonthefactthatLuoyangismoreprosperousthanPingchenganditsgeographicallocationcontrolsthewholecountry,itiseasytosendtroopstothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichcangetridofconservativeforces.

ItwasYuanHong,EmperorXiaowen,whoinitiatedthegoldenageoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

EmperorXiaowenimplementedthethree-managementsystem,promulgatedtheequalizationsystem,movedthecapitaltoLuoyang,andimplementedaseriesofmeasurestoreformXianbei’soldcustoms.Afterthecapitalwasmoved,theSinicizationmovementwaslaunchedinthreeyears,suchastheuseoftheofficialsystemoftheHangovernment,theprohibitionoftheHusband,thepromotionofeducation,thechangeofsurnamesandtheencouragementofintermarriagebetweentheXianbeiaristocratsandtheHanaristocrats,theprohibitionofburialandtheadoptionoftheHansystemforweightsandmeasures,andanedictannouncedtheabsorptionHanculture.EmperorXiaowentriedtoachievethegoalofmergingwiththeHannationalitybyrestrictinghisownculture.ThroughaseriesofreformsofEmperorXiaowen,theadvancedcultureandadvancedpoliticalsystemoftheHannationalitywerecompletelyintegratedintotheruleoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

EmperorHouXiaowenreturnedwithoutsuccessaftermanysoutherncampaigns.AsfortheXianbeiaristocratswhoremainedinthesixnortherntownsbecausetheywereunwillingtomovesouth,theygraduallylosttheattentionoftheLuoyangcourtandlosttheirpower.ThissplittheNorthernWeiDynastyintotwogroupsofXianbeiandSinicization,whichbecameoneofthereasonsforthechaosofthesixtownsinthefuture.

In494,theprinceYuanxunintendedtoreturnnorthtoPingcheng.EmperorXiaowenabolishedtheprinceandgavehimhisdeath.TheconservativeMutaiandLuRuisupportedtheking'smutinyinPingchengandweresuppressed.EmperorXiaowenpersonallypatrollednorthtoappeasethem.AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,theNorthernWeiDynastybegantogodownhill.

AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,duetotheoppositionofsomeconservativearistocratsandXianbeiwarriors,therulersoftheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallyabandonedthepreviouspolicyofnationalreconciliationandrestoredtheprivilegesoftheXianbeipeople,soanewcontradictionarose.Begantodeclinegradually.

• SeparationoftheNorthernWeiDynasty

AfterEmperorXiaowenpassedawayin499,EmperorXuanwusucceededhim,andthestatewasinchaos,Thenobilitycompetedinluxury.AfterEmperorXiaomingsucceeded,EmpressDowagerHuwasinpower.EmpressDowagerHuwasextravagant,fornicatingwithQingheWangYuanyiandfavoringXinYuanchaandLiuTeng.YuanandLiurebelledbecauseoftheirdisagreementwithKingQingheandtookcontrolofthegovernment.AfterLiuTengdied,in525EmperorXiaomingandQueenMotherHuputdownthechaoticparty.ButEmpressDowagerHutookcontrolofthegovernment,andthechaoswasthesameasbefore,andwasatoddswithEmperorXiaoming.Thentherewasasix-townuprisinginthenorth,andtheNorthernWeiDynastybegantogotowardsdestruction.

IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,inordertopreventRouranfrominvadingthenortherncapitalofPingcheng,sixtownssuchasWoye,Huaishuo,Wuchuan,Fuming,Rouxuan,andHuaihuangweresetupalongtheYellowRiverinYinshantoguardthecapital.ThegeneralsofthesixtownsareheldbytheXianbeinobles,andthegeneralsaretheseniorsonsoftheXianbeiorHannationality.Theyareregardedasthe"heartofthecountry"andcanreturntoBeijingtotakeuppositionsatanytime.ButafterthecapitalwasmovedtoLuoyang,thestatusofthesixtownsdeclined.BecausehestillretainstheoriginalhabitsofXianbei,hewasdiscriminatedagainstbytheSinicizedaristocracyas"Daibeihan,"andthepromotionofgeneralswassuppressedanddissatisfied.Finally,in523thesixtownsoftheXianbeinoblesandmilitarytroopsinthenorthernpartofthecountrytookplace,andthepeopleofallethnicgroupsinQinlong,Guandongandotherplacesalsostarted.Thismatterwassettledafterthreeyears,andmanywarlordswereformed.Amongthem,ErZhurong,whoguardedJinyang,wasthemostpowerful.Afteraseriesofmilitaryoffensives,ErZhurongdefeatedGeRong,themostpowerfulintheKwantungregion,andotherheroestobecomethemostpowerfulwarlord.

EmperorWeiXiaomingintendedtojoinErZhurongtodealwithQueenMotherHu,butwaspoisonedtodeathbyQueenMotherHu.EmpressDowagerHuappointedPrincessXiaoming,theonlydaughterofEmperorXiaoming,andhercousinYuanZhaoasemperors.Inthesameyear,ErZhurongtookrevengeonEmperorXiaomingandledhisarmytocaptureLuoyangandcontrolthegovernment.HedrownedtheyoungmasteroftheNorthernWeiDynastyandtheEmpressDowagerHuintheYellowRiverinHeyin,changedhimtoEmperorXiaozhuang,andkilledmorethantwothousandministers.Thehistoryiscalled"HeyinChange",andErZhurongremotelycontrolledthegovernmentinJinyang.EmperorXiaozhuangwasangryasapuppetandpersonallykilledhimwhenhemetinErzhuRongjinin530.ThenErZhuRong'snephewErZhuZhaoandhisyoungerbrotherZhuShilongembraceChangguangWangYuanYeastheemperor,andaftertakingLuoyang,theykilledEmperorXiaoZhuangandchangedEmperorJiMin.Inthesameyear,thewarlordGaoHuanraisedtroopstoopposetheErzhuGroup.GaoHuanandYuxinallembracedYuenLongastheemperor,andafterhecapturedLuoyangin532,heestablishedEmperorXiaowu.

EmperorWeiXiaowumadeitforhim,andheintendstounitewithGuanzhongTowntofightHeBayueagainstGaoHuan.GaoHuanpreemptivelyassassinatedHeBayuein534.EmperorXiaowutookYuwentai'splace,andbrokewithGaoHuan,andfledtoYuwentai.GaoHuanthenmadeYuanShanjian,theemperorofQinghe,theEmperorXiaojingoftheEasternWeiDynasty,andmovedhiscapitaltoYecheng.EmperorXiaowuwaspoisonedbyYuwentaishortlyafterherushedtothewest,andYuwentaichangedtheNanyangkingYuanbaojutotheemperor,thatis,EmperorWendioftheWesternWeiDynasty,andmadehiscapitalChang'an.TheNorthernWeiDynastysplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWeiin534andthenperished.

• ConfrontationbetweentheEasternWeiDynastyandtheWesternWeiDynasty

TheEasternWeiDynastywasestablishedin534andtheWesternWeiDynastywasestablishedin535.TheEasternWeiDynastyandtheWesternWeiDynastyweresuperficiallyinheritedbythedescendantsoftheTuobafamily,butwereactuallycontrolledbyGaoHuanandYuwentairespectively,sotheywereusurpedseparatelyafewyearslater,formingaconfrontationbetweentheNorthernQiandtheNorthernZhouDynasty.Basically,theeastandwestWeiisboundedbytheYellowRiveralongtheBianheRiverinShanxiandShaanxi.SincetheEasternWeiDynastyinheritedmorenationalpowerfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty,itsurpassedtheWesternWeiDynastyintermsofmilitarypower,economyorculture.However,theEasternWeiDynastyfailedaftermanyattacks,andtheconfrontationbetweenthetwosideshasbeendecided.

TheEasternWeiDynastycontrolledbyGaoHuaniscomposedoftherefugeesfromthesixtownsofXianbeiandtheHebeidynasty.GaoHuanitselfisalsotheHanpeopleofXianbei,makingitmorepoliticallydependentontheXianbei.Later,theNorthernQiemperoralsodeliberatelymaintainedtheXianbeicustoms,advocatingtheXianbeilanguageandmartialarts.GaoHuanemployspeopleonly,andmanywell-knownofficialsintheDPRKarehispartners,allofwhichlaidasolidfoundationforthelaterNorthernQiDynasty.However,histacticswereinferiortoYuwentai,andhewasdefeatedrepeatedlyinthreebattles.

In536years,GaoHuanrateDouTaiandothersfoughttheWesternWeiDynasty,andDouTai'sarmywasdefeatedatTongguan.Thefollowingyear,GaoHuantookadvantageofthegreatfamineinGuanzhongandledhisarmytothewestagain,andwasdefeatedinthebattleofShayuanbyYuwentai,whowasnotstrongenough.Atthispoint,thedivisionwassettledandthebattlefieldturnedtotheHedongarea.

In538,theEasternandWesternWeiDynastybrokeoutintheBattleoftheRiverBridge,andthetwosideswoneachother.

In543,theEastandWestWeiManshanbattleswerefierce,andoffensiveanddefensivewereintertwined.

In546,GaoHuanledanother100,000armytothewest,butwasblockedbyYubiCity.DefendingthecitywasthegeneraloftheWesternWeiDynasty,WeiXiaokuan.GaoHuanwasunabletoconquertheYubi.IntheEasternWeiDynasty,morethan70,000peoplewerekilledandinjured.GaoHuanhadnochoicebuttoretreatanddiedofillnessinJinyangthefollowingyear.AfterGaoHuan'sdeath,theeldestsonGaoChenginheritedhishegemony,expelledtherebelgeneralHouJing,consolidatedtheterritory,strengthenedGao'sregimeinternally,andactivelypreparedtostandonhisownbehalfonbehalfofWei,butwasassassinatedshortlyafterwards.

HisbrotherGaoYangabolishedandkilledtheEasternWeiEmperorin550afterhesucceeded,andmassacredtheEasternWeiimperialfamily,andtheEasternWeiDynastydied.GaoYangestablishedtheNorthernQiDynastyandchangedtheYuanTianbao,andhewascalledEmperorWenxuanoftheNorthernQiDynastyinhistory.

TheWesternWeiDynastycontrolledbyYuwentai,withtheassistanceofgeneralssuchasthe12thGeneralsoftheEightPillarKingdom,effectivelyresistedthemultipleattacksoftheEasternWeiDynastyandconsolidatedthesituationintheWesternWeiDynasty.Atthattime,theWesternWeiDynastywasinferiortotheSouthernLiangandEasternWeiDynastyintermsofeconomyandculture.YuWentaiappointspeopletobetalents.HeaskedSuChuoandotherstoreformtheofficialsystem,reconciletheconflictsbetweenHuandHan,establishGuanzhongstandardsothatgeneralsHuHancanworktogether,setupamilitarysystemtoestablishprofessionalsoldiersandmaintainthespiritofmartialarts.TheGuanlongGroup,representedbyHeBayueandYuwentai,secretlysupportsSinicization.TheGuanzhongareaisthebirthplaceofZhouculture.JudgingfromthetendencyofHanscholarssuchasSuChuoandLuBian,ZhouculturestillhasacertaininfluenceinGuanzhongatthistime.Moreimportantly,intermsofgeographicallocation,itisaChinesenationality.Inthisrespect,itisnotinferiortotheWei-JincultureinheritedfromShandongandJiangzuo.Onthisbasis,SuChuoandothersproposedtoadoptthesixofficialsystemoftheancientZhoudynasty,namelyheaven,earth,spring,summer,autumn,andwinterofficials.ThesemeasuresallmadetheWesternWeinationalpowergraduallystronger,andalsoaffectedthepoliticalsystemandtheSuiandTangDynasties.Groupdistribution.YuwentaitookadvantageoftheinfightingoftheclankingsaftertherebellionofLiangYuHouJingintheSouthernDynasties,andsuccessivelycapturedthelandofShuandJiangling,andestablishedXiliangasthechiefstate.AftertheWesternWeiDynasty,EmperorFeiandEmperorGongweresuccessivelyestablished.AfterYuWentai'sdeathin556,hisnephewYuWenhudictatorship.Inthefollowingyear,heabolishedEmperorGongoftheWesternWeiDynasty,thecountrywasnamedZhou,andmadeYuwenTaiziYuwenjueasEmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,anddiedintheWesternWeiDynasty.

• TheconfrontationbetweentheNorthernZhouDynastyandtheNorthernQi

TheNorthernQiinheritedtheterritoryoftheEasternWeiDynasty,andwasfoundedbyEmperorWenxuanin550Jianguo.EmperorWenxuansuccessivelydefeatedKumoxi,Qidan,Rouran,Shanhu(belongingtotheHuns)andothertribes,andconqueredtheHuainanareaintheSouthernLiangDynasty.Intermsofeconomy,agriculture,saltandironindustry,andporcelainindustryareallquitedeveloped.TheNorthernQiDynastywasroughlythesameastheNorthernWeiDynasty,andcontinuedtoimplementthelandequalizationsystem.AllthesemakethenationalpoweroftheNorthernQisurpassthatoftheNorthernZhouandSouthernChenintheearlystage.However,EmperorQiWenxuanwasdesolateandcruelinthelaterperiod,andinordertoprotecttheXianbeiaristocracy,heslaughteredtheHanfamily.Hisoppressionofthepeoplebecameheavier,whichmadetheNorthernQistatedecline.AfterEmperorQiFeisucceeded,hisuncleGaoyanwasinchargeoftheadministration.ButGaoYansoonusurpedthethroneandkilledtheemperor,forEmperorXiaozhao.DuringthereignofEmperorXiaozhao,thenationalpowergraduallyrecovered,andhepersonallyrecruitedKumoxi.However,hediedtwoyearslaterandwassucceededbyhisbrother,theChangguangWangGaozhan,whowasEmperorWuchengoftheNorthernQiDynasty.EmperorWuchengwasfaintandlustful,andthepoweroftheNorthernQiDynastydeclined.Hediedsoonafterwards,andwassucceededbyGaoWei.GaoWeiandhisfatherarestupidandlustful,stateaffairsarechaotic,andhealsopunishesthefamousgeneralHuLuguang.Afterthat,theNorthernQiwascapturedbyChenandHuainan,anddiedintheNorthernZhouDynastyin577.

TheNorthernZhouDynastyinheritedtheterritoryoftheWesternWeiDynasty.In556,EmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynastyestablishedthecountry,butthegovernmentwascontrolledbyhiscousinYuWenhu.EmperorXiaominintendstojoinZhaoGuiandDuguxintooverthrowYuwenhu.However,itwasdiscoveredbyhimthatZhaoGuiandDuguxinwerekilled,andEmperorZhouXiaominwasabolishedthenextyearandthenkilled.YuwenhuchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatis,EmperorZhouming,butin560hewaspoisonedtodeathbyEmperorZhoumingandchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatisZhouwudi.EmperorWuofZhouadoptedatacticalplan,andsuccessfullykilledYuwenhuaftertwelveyears,andtookchargeofthegovernmenthimself.AftertheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorYuwenYongzhukilledYuwenhuandbegantopro-government,hepursuedapolicyofsafeguardingtheinterestsofthelandlordclass.TheNorthernZhouDynastyusedConfucianismasanideologicalweapontoabandonsomeoftheoutdatedcustomsoftheXianbeipeopleandthepopularemptytalk.YuwenyongfocusesoncultivatingalargenumberofpeoplewithConfucianideasasthepillarsoftheregime.

Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,YuwenyongalsorecruitedalargenumberofHanpeopleasasourceoftroopsduringhisreign,supplementingthemilitarystrengthoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,andenablingthesoldiersoftheHanandXianbeinationalitiestoknowhowtocoordinateoperations.

EmperorZhouWuwaswiseandmajestic.Hepromotedvariousreformsinternally,suchasrestrainingBuddhism,makingpeacewiththeTurksindiplomacy,andlivinginpeacewiththeChenDynasty.ThesemeasuresallmadetheNorthernZhouDynastymorepowerful.

In577,EmperorWuofZhouconqueredthefaintandchaoticNorthernQiandconqueredYechengthefollowingyear,andtheNorthernQidied.AfterEmperorWuofZhouunifiedthenorth,hewasannexedbyLiDelinandotherKwantungclan,andhismomentumwashuge.HeimmediatelyconqueredChenfromthesouth,butdiedinthesameyear,andthencivilstrifebrokeoutintheNorthernZhouDynasty,sothebattleagainstChenwasabandoned.

Perish

YangJianwasthesonofYangZhong,the12thgeneraloftheNorthernZhouDynasty,andhewasalsothefather-in-lawofPrinceYuWenyun.

AfterEmperorWuofZhoudiedin578,hewassucceededbyPrinceYuwenYun,namelyEmperorZhouXuan.Hewaslicentiousandfaint,superstitiousofBuddhismandTaoism,establishedfivequeensandseizedhiswives.HekilledtheclanheroYuWenxianandwithdrewthekingstothecountry.YangJianbegantogathercivilandmilitaryofficialstoformahugegroup.

AfterEmperorZhouXuan'sdeath,hissonYuwenChansucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorZhouJing,LiuFang,ZhengtranslatedtheimperialedicttoYangJiantolearnaboutChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynasty.YuChijiong,SimaXiaonan,WangQianandothersweredissatisfiedwithYangJian'smonopolyandraisedtroopstofightagainstYangJian,whichwasknownasthe"ThreeGeneralsRebellion"inhistory.YangJianwasplannedbyLiDelinandputdowntherebelswithWeiXiaokuanandothers.

In581,YangJianreplacedZhouastheemperor,thatis,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty.HewasrenamedtheSuiDynastyanddiedintheNorthernZhouDynasty.

In587,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyabolishedXiliang,thelordXiaoCong,whodiedinXiliang.

In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastylaunchedthebattletodestroyChen,withYangGuangandYangSuasthemarshalsofthemarch,andthefamousgeneralssuchasHeRuobiandHanQinhusenttroopstoattackChen.ThefollowingyeartheSuiArmycapturedJiankang,andChendiedintheSouthernDynasty,andChinawasreunifiedagain.

SincetheYongjiaRebellion,the"SouthernandNorthernDynasties"inwhichChinawasdividedfornearlythreehundredyearsended.

Territory

SouthernDynastyTerritory

ThepedigreemapofthevariouscountriesintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties(7photos)

IntermsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties'territory,theSouthernandSongDynastiesinheritedTheterritoryoftheEasternJinDynastybasicallyconsistsof22states.HenanwasgraduallyannexedbytheNorthernWeiDynastyafterthefouryearsofTaichu(422),anditwaschangedtoHuaiRiverastheboundary.IntheSouthernDynasty,QiwasbasicallythesameastheSongDynastyas22states,butlostthelandofYongzhouMianbeiandHuainanYuzhouoneafteranother.IntheSouthernDynasties,LiangShizhoucountysettingsandterritorieschangedgreatly.DuetotheNorthernExpedition,thelandofHuaibeiwasacquired,andoncereachedHenan.ItalsoopenedupMin,Yue,Pinglicaves,andbrokeZangke.By539,therewere107states.

AfterHouJing'srebellion,theNorthernQiDynastyoccupiedthelandofHuainaninthenorthofJiangxi,andtheWesternWeiDynastyoccupiedBashuinHanzhong.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,entrustedbyXiaoTing,heledhisarmytoseizethelandnorthofLiangjianglingintheSouthernDynastyandestablishedthevassalstateofXiliang.AfterthefoundingofChenChenintheSouthernDynasty,therewerenotmanyterritories.In569,hebegantoregainpartofHuainanandpartsofHuaibei,andoncecapturedthelandnorthoftheYellowRiverintheNorthernQiDynasty(573-577).AttheendofChen'speriod,theinvasionoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreducedtheterritory,leavingonlytheareasouthoftheYangtzeRivertoJiaoguang.

TheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty

AsfortheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty,theNorthernWeiDynastyrosefromtheplaceoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,anditunifiedNorthernChinain439andendedtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.HerepeatedlyinvadedLiuSongandoccupiedShandong,HenanandHuaibei.TakethesouthernpartofQihuaiintheSouthernDynastiesandtheLianghanzhongandJiangeareasoftheSouthernDynasties.Sofar,theterritoryextendsfromtheMonangrasslandinthenorth,totheeasternpartoftheWesternRegioninthewest,tothewestofLiaoningintheeast,andtotheJianghanRiverBasininthesouth.Duringtheexpansionoftheterritory,thestatesandcountiesoftenadjustedtheirmeasuresaccordingtotimeconditions,andbegantoreorganizein487.AfterEmperorXiaomingoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theterritorywasreducedandtheprefecturesandcountieswereindiscriminatelysetup.Afterthedivisionoftheeastandthewest,therewere80statesintheEasternWeiDynastyand33statesintheWesternWeiDynasty.AftertheestablishmentoftheNorthernQiDynasty,theplanningofpoliticaldistrictsbegantoberectified,andthethreestates,onehundredandfifty-threecountiesandfivehundredandeighty-ninecountieswereabolished.AftertheJianghuailandintheNorthernQiDynastywasoccupiedbyChenoftheSouthernDynasty,theNorthernZhouDynastyrepeatedlycapturedthelandofLiangbashuandJianghanintheSouthernDynasty.EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastydestroyedtheNorthernQiandtookthelandofChenJianghuaiintheSouthernDynasty,greatlyexpandingitsterritory.

ThecapitalsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties

Song,Qi,Liang,Chen:Jiankang(inNanjing,JiangsuProvince)

Xiliang:Jiangling(inHubeiProvince)JingzhouDistrict,JingzhouCity)

Generation:Shengle(inHelingerCounty,InnerMongoliaAutonomousRegion)

↓

NorthernWeiDynasty:Pingcheng(inShanxiProvince)DatongCity)→Luoyang

EasternWeiDynasty,NorthernQiDynasty:Ye(inLinzhangCounty,HebeiProvince),Jinyang(inJinyuanDistrict,TaiyuanCity,ShanxiProvince)

WesternWeiDynasty,NorthernZhouDynasty:Chang'an(inXi'an,ShaanxiProvincetoday)

Politics

IntheearlydaysoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,therewasstillaristocraticpolitics,andthesocialclassesweredividedintoaristocraticfamilies,Qiminhouseholds,dependents,andslaves.Thearistocracyhasalargenumberofdependentswhodonotneedtopaytaxestoengageinproductionandwarfare,whichaffectsthetaxationoftheimperialcourt.AlthoughtheemperoroftheSouthernDynastystillneedsthesupportofthemainstreamfamily,healsosupportedthepoortobalancepoliticalpower,andtheimperialexaminationsystemsproutedduringtheSouthernLiangDynasty.ThefamilyoftheSouthernDynastygraduallydeclinedduetolong-termcomfort,andcompletelycollapsedaftertheHouJingRebellion.TheHupeopleintheNorthernDynastylackedpoliticalexperience,sotheyreusedtheHanfamily,whicharousedtheculturalacquisitionofbothsides,whichformedaculturalmixtureovertime.TheSinicizationmovementofEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasthemostprosperous.Theprocessofmixingresultedinfierceideologicalconflicts,politicalstrugglesorethnicconflicts,suchastheSixTownsDemocracyandYuwentai’sXianbeipolicy.TheXianbeiarmyoftheNorthernZhouDynastywaslessthanthatoftheNorthernQi,anditspoliticalstatuswasnotasgoodasthatoftheSouthernDynastyChen.Finally,throughtheGuanlongGroupfoundedbyYuwentai,itannexedtheincreasinglycorruptNorthernQiDynasty.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuofZhou,HanYangJiantookcontrolofthecourtandestablishedtheSuiDynastythroughEmperorJingoftheNorthernZhouDynasty.Afteroperatingforeightyears,hesenttroopstodestroySouthernChentouniteChina.CreateanopenandinclusiveSuiandTangempires.

Governmentdepartments

AftertheSouthernDynastyandtheSongDynasty,therewasaprovinceunderthegovernment,andthethreeprovincessystemhasbeenestablishedsofar.Theprovinceisresponsibleforprovidingsuggestionsandadmonishingtheemperor,participatinginconfidentialmatters,andbecomingapowerfulinstitution.

Administrativedivisions

TheSouthernDynastygovernmentinheritedtheEasternJinDynastyandimplementedathree-levelsystemofstates,countiesandcounties.QiaozhouprefecturesandShuangtouprefectureshavealsobecomegeneralprefecturesandcountiesduetolandbreakage.Sincetheimplementationofthethree-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesinthelateEasternHanDynasty,itwaschangedtothetwo-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesaftertheSuiPingandChen.IntheSouthernDynasties,theprefecturesweresetupasgovernors,andtheprefecturesweresetupasprefects.OnlyDanyangCountywassetupwithYinbecauseitwastheseatofthecapital.Thecountymagistratesandchiefs.SincetheSongDynasty,ordershavebeenmorethanlong.Atthesamelevelasthecounty,therearekingdomsandprincipalities,withinternalhistoryandphases.TherearealsoZuojun,ZuoCounty,Laojun,andLijunspeciallysetupforXisaidthebarbarians,theLaonationality,theLinationalityandotherethnicminorities.Forexample,thereareNanchenzuoCountyandDongdangqulioCounty.Atthattime,theprefectures,counties,andcountiesweredividedintoranks,roughlybasedonthedistancefromthecapital.ThetwostatesofYangandJingarealsocalled"TwoShaan".

IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,afterEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theofficialsystemimitatedtheSouthernDynastyandwasstillusedintheTangDynasty.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,sixofficialsweresetupaccordingtotheritualsoftheweek,namelyTianguan,Diguan,Chunguan,Xiaguan,Qiuguan,andDongguan,whichwerethesourceofthesixsystemsaftertheSuiandTangDynasties.Thenortherndynasty'sadministrativedistrictinheritedthesixteencountries,andlikethesoutherndynasty,itwasathree-levelsystemofprefectures,countiesandcounties.However,thejurisdictionofthestateisnotlarge,andthegovernorofthestatecandirectlymanagethecountyatthecountylevel,makingthecountylevelgraduallyvirtual.By583,theSuiDynastyofficiallyestablishedatwo-levelsystemofstateandcounty.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsohadQiaozhouprefecturesandcountiesandShuangtouprefectures(suchasNanyongprefecture),andtheprefecturesandcountiesweredividedintoranksbypopulation.Inordertopreventtherebellionofnewattachmentsordifferentsurnames,threechiefexecutivesatalllevelswereseparatedin406,andoneofthegovernorsofthestatemustbetheclan.TheNorthernWeiDynastyoriginallyhadaplatforminchargeoflocalmilitaryaffairsandagovernorinchargeofthemilitaryofseveralstates.IntheNorthernQiDynasty,itwassetastheTaiwanesesystem,andtheNorthernZhouDynastywasthegeneralcontrol.Theywereallpoliticalunitsinchargeofthemilitaryandadministrationofseveralstatesandcounties.BecausetheprefecturesaredividedintomoreandmoresubdivisionsintheNorthernQiDynasty,theysetupaplatformtomanagethecivilaffairsandmilitaryaffairsofseveralprefectures.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,thegovernorwasrenamedthegovernor,thenatureofwhichwasthesameasthatoftheNorthernQixingtai.DuringtheNorthernZhouDynasty,thegeneralmanagergenerallyconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorintheprefecture,andwasnamedaftertheprefecturewherehewasstationed.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsospeciallysetupchiefsfortheXianbeitribeorotherethnicgroups(excepttheHan)tomanagethetribe,thestatusissecondonlytothestategovernor.Italsocontinuedthesixteenstates,withguardsforotherethnicgroupsintheprefecture,anditsstatuswasequivalenttothatofthecountyguard.Itwasabolishedin457.Thereisalsoatowndefensesystem,whichsetsuptownsinimportantmilitarylocations.Thetownismanagedbythetowngeneral,placedunderthedefense,andmanagedbytheowner.Amongthem,thesixtownsthatconsolidatethecapital,Pingcheng,werethemostimportant,andthesituationwasweakafterEmperorXiaowenmovedthecapital.AftertheSixTownsPeople'sRebellion,thenortherndynasty'stownguardswereexclusivelyinchargeofthemilitaryandnolongerhadthenatureofapoliticaldistrict.

Economy

LandPolicy

AstheCentralPlainspopulationgoessouthward,notonlyhastheSouthernDynastyincreaseditslaborforce,butalsobroughtadvancedproductiontechnologytotheSouth.Thefurtherdevelopmentprovidesfavorableconditions.

Inthebeginning,theSouthernDynastygovernmentadoptedthepolicyofestablishingaprefecturebyoverseasChinesefortherefugeesfromthenorth.Later,inordertoexpandthetargetsofexploitation,thegovernmentsoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesadoptedaland-breakingpolicy.

Theso-calledterritorialseveranceistorevoketheQiaozhouprefecturesandoverseasChinesestatus,allowingtheoverseasChineseandtheindigenouspeopletoregistertogetherlocally,andalsobearthestate'staxesandservices.FromtheEasternJinDynastytotheChenDynasty,atotalofnineterritorialsectswerecarriedout.Amongthem,the"GengxuTuju"conductedbyHuanwenin364andthe"YixiTuju"conductedbyLiuYuin413haveachievedthemostremarkableresults.

Afterthelandbreak,theoverseasChineseresidencegovernmentintheSouthernDynastygraduallydisappeared.

AgriculturalDevelopment

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,agricultureinthesouthgenerallydeveloped.ThemoreprominentareasareJingandYanginthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.YangzhouisthemosteconomicallydevelopedareaintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Amongthem,thecapitalJiankanganditssurroundingareasaredevelopingrapidly.IntheEasternJinDynasty,anewFengtangwasestablishedinQu'a(Danyang,Jiangsu),withmorethan800hectaresofirrigatedfields.Songleftmorethan4,000hectaresofabandonedfieldsinHushuandimmigratedtoJingkouandGushu.QishanPondrepairedinJurongtogether.Yangzhou"thelandiswideandwild,andthepeoplearehard-working.Ifyouareoneyearoldornim,youwillforgetyourhungerincounties."Sanwu(Wujun,Wuxing,andKuaiji)isthemostimportantbaseoftheEasternJingovernment,anditseconomicdevelopmentisparticularlyprominent.

IntheEasternJinDynasty,WuxingWucheng(Huzhou,Zhejiang)builtDitangandirrigatedthousandsofhectaresoffields.SongrepairedWuxingtanginWucheng,irrigatingmorethan2,000hectaresofland;andreclaiminglakesandfieldsinKuaiji,"allbecameagoodindustry."ThevariousexpendituresoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesgovernmentmainlydependedonSanwu.TheJingandXiangareasaroundDongtingLakehavealsodevelopedrapidly.AfterLiangBaYiyang(Xinyang,Henan)becameasoldier,"allstatesoftheriversandlakeshadtorestandopenup6,000hectaresoffields.Twoyearslater,thewarehouseswereenriched."

TheareasaroundMinzhongandPoyangLakeadjacenttoZhejianghavealsodevelopedrapidly.Inaddition,intheHuainanarea,thelandisfertileandtherefugeesareconcentrated.ThereareirrigatedfarmlandinShaobeinearShouchun.Theareaisthousandsofmilesaway,anditisanimportantgrainproducingarea.WheatandricearecommonlypracticedinJiangnanarea,whileLingnangrowsdouble-croppingrice.

BeforeYuanjia,Huainanwasaneconomicallydevelopedarea.AttheendofYuanjiaDynasty,HuainanwasdestroyedduetothewarbetweenSongandWei.AftertheoperationsofthesecondgenerationofQiandLiang,theproductioninsomeareasbetweenJianghuaiandHuaialsoquicklyrecoveredanddeveloped.Yizhouisknownas"WoyeTianfu"andhasabundantproducts.Guangzhouisalsoaprosperouseconomicregion.

GentlemanFarms

IntheeconomicdevelopmentoftheSouth,thelandlordsoftheSouthernandNorthernGentlemenusedfarmsforproduction.Whenthenortherngentrymovedsouthward,theybroughtalargenumberoftribesandtenants,butwhattheylackedwastheland.Therefore,they"seekingforlandandhousing"everywhere,seekinglandbyunscrupulousmeans.Forexample,DiaoKuiplundered10,000hectaresoflandintheJingkouarea.Atthesametime,thesoutherngentrylandlordsalsofurtherexpandedtheireconomicpower.

Thegentrylandlordsbuiltfarmsontheplainsandmountainstheyoccupied,whichwerecalled"Villas"or"Gardens"atthattime.Forexample,theKuaijigentryKongLingfubuiltavillainYongxing,"thesurroundingareaisthirty-threemiles,thewaterandlandare265hectares,includingtwomountains,andtherearenineorchards."XieLingyun'sShuinShininghastwomountainsinthenorthandsouth,fiveorchardsonthemountains,andalargenumberoffertilefieldsalongbothsidesofthecanal.

Agricultureoccupiesadominantpositioninthegentryfarmeconomy.Thereisalargeamountofarablelandinthefarm,andtherearealsowaterconservancyirrigationsystemssuchasrivers,lakesandcanals.Rice,wheat,millet,mulberry,hemp,vegetablesandothercropsareplantedonthearableland.Secondonlytoagricultureisthegardeningindustry,whichmanagesbamboo,wood,andfruittrees.

Inaddition,therearefishfarmingandanimalhusbandry,aswellasvarioushandicraftproductionssuchastextiles,brewing,andmanufacturingproductiontools.Duetodiversifiedoperations,thegentrylandlordfarmswereself-sufficientinnature.

Theproducersinthefarmaremainlytenants,tribesandslaves.Theexploitationandoppressionofthenoblelandlordsiscruel.However,itorganizedalargenumberoflaborersandcultivatedwaterfrontsinmountainousareas.EspeciallyintheearlyEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,whenthegentrylandlordswerestillconcernedaboutproduction,thelandlordfarmsplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentoftheJiangnanarea.Inthefuture,duetotheincreasinglydecayofthefamilyTupeople,thefarmsbecameanobstacletothedevelopmentofproductiveforces.

Handicraftindustry

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,thetextileindustrywasrelativelydeveloped,andthetechnologyofsericulturehasbeenquiteimpressive.InYuzhangandotherplaces,silkwormsarefourorfivetimesayear,andYongjiaandotherplacesareeightinayear.Cooked.Silk,cotton,spunsilk,cloth,etc.werethemainitemsoftheSouthernDynasty'staxadjustment,sotextileswereacommonsidelinebusinessamongthepeople.Amongthem,thetextileindustriesinJingandYangareparticularlydeveloped.

Jinyeisalsowell-knowninYizhou.AfterLiuYudied,QinmovedthebrocadehouseholdsinGuanzhongtoJiangnan.InthelateSouthernDynasty,thebrocadeindustryalsodeveloped.Regalpeoplewearembroideredskirtsandbrocadeshoes,andusecolorsilkasmiscellaneousflowers,silkforclothing,brocadeasabarrier.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,thegovernmentsetupspecialofficialstomanageminingandmetallurgy.JiankangShangfanghadEastandWestSecondMetallurgy(NanyeinSongandQi,andlaterabolished),andstateandcountyhaveminingandmetallurgicalregulations.Therearealsomanyprivatesmeltingworkshops.Intermsofsmeltingandcastingtechnology,blastsmeltingwithwaterexhausthasbeenappliedintheSouthernDynasties.Steelmakingtechnologyhasalsomadegreatprogress.Atthattime,amethodofsmeltingpigironandwroughtironwasinvented.Thatis,therawwroughtironwasmixedandsmelted.Whenthefirewasreached,thepigironwasfirstmelted,soakedintothewroughtiron,andthentakenoutandrepeatedlytemperedtobecomehigh-qualitysteel.,Usedtomakeswords,knivesandsickles.

BythetimeoftheThreeKingdomsandtheWesternJinDynasty,thefiringofporcelainhadreachedamaturestage,andtherewerenewdevelopmentsintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Atthattime,therepresentativeproductofporcelainwasaceladon-glazedceladon,whichwasproducedinKuaijiCounty(Shaoxing,Zhejiang).Theceladonbodyispureinquality,highinhardness,uniforminglaze,andthewholebodyisgreenandshiny,andtheshapesarediverseandbeautiful.Througharchaeologicalexcavations,theporcelain-makingtechnologyinmanyareasinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasgraduallybecomefamous,andeachhasitsowncharacteristics.

TheshipbuildingindustryhasmadegreatprogressonthebasisofSoochow.Therearemanyshipsandshipsusedfortransportationandwarfare.TherearefrequentshipsgoingtoandfromtheEastChinaSea,theSouthChinaSeaandtheinlandrivers.Thelargeronescancarry20,000Hu.

Thepaperindustryhasmadenewdevelopments.Calenderinganddyeingarethenewachievementsofpapermakingtechnologyinthisperiod.Thereweremanynamesofpaperatthattime,amongwhichrattancornerpapermadeofrattanbarkwasakindofpaperwithexcellenttexture.Thedevelopmentofthepaperindustryplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofcultureatthattime.

Commercialdevelopment

Thedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry,coupledwiththeverticalandhorizontalriversinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,andtheconvenientwatertransportationprovidethefoundationandfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofcommerce.

Thepowerfulandpowerfulgentrymergedtheland,thegovernmenttaxationandlaborwereheavy,andmanysmallandmediumlandlordsandfarmerswereforcedtoengageinmerchantactivities.Aristocraticbureaucratshavetheprivilegeofexemptionfromcustoms,subsidiesandtaxes.Whentheirtermofofficeexpires,theybringalargeamountofgoodsas"repayment",andthensellthemtovariousplaces.Thegovernmentleviedrentandaskedfarmerstopayforit.Farmerswereforcedtoselltheironlyagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Therefore,thephenomenonofabnormalcommercialdevelopmentappearedintheSouthernDynasties.

Atthattime,theimportantcitiesinthesouthwereJiankang,Jiangling,Chengdu,Panyu(Guangzhou)andotherplaces.JiankangwasthepoliticalcenteroftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesandtheeconomiccenterofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Here"thetributetobusinesstravel,thearkisforever".DuringtheXiaoLiangperiod,therewere280,000residentsinJiankangCity.Therearefourcitiesinthecity,andtherearemorethantenlargeandsmallcitiesinthenorthofQinhuaiRiver.Kuaiji,Wujun,Yuhangandotherplacesarealso"merchantstogether."

Panyuisanoverseastradingcenter,andmerchantshipsfromSoutheastAsiancountries,aswellasTianzhu,LionKingdom(SriLanka),Persia(Iran)andothercountries,"everyyearold",or"year-oldmorethantenyears."Jiangling"DangYong,Min,Jiao,LiangZhihui",commerceisalsorelativelydeveloped.Chengduisnotonlyprosperousincommerce,butalsoanimportantproducerofhigh-endsilkfabrics.Therearenotonlyluxurygoods,butalsoordinaryproductionanddailynecessitiesonthemarket.Thesmallmerchantssitintheshops,andthebigonesaretransportedtotheQuartet.CommercialtaxisthebulkoftheincomeoftheSouthernDynasty.BoththeEasternJinandSouthernDynastiespaidattentiontocurrencyminting,butthecurrencysystemwaschaoticandthenumberwasinsufficient.

Self-cultivationfarmers

Theself-cultivationfarmerswereanimportantforceinagriculturalproductionatthattime,andtheywerethemainobjectssqueezedbythefeudalgovernment.Theirburdenonthegovernmentincludesthreemajorcategories:rentadjustment,miscellaneoustaxes,andcorvee.

ThelandrentintheSongandQidynastiesprobablyfollowedthesystemofthelateEasternJinDynasty,thatis,thefive-stoneexporttax.AccordingtoEmperorXiaowuofSongDynasty,EmperorXiaowustipulatedthat“theworld’scivilianhouseholdswilllosefourpiecesofclotheveryyear”,andthelossoffourpiecesofclotheveryyearisjusttheaveragenumberofhouseholdadjustmentsperhousehold.Themethodistoappraisethehouseholdpropertyinadvance,setoutthehouseholds,etc.,andthenassignthemaccordingtothelevelofhouseholds.

Duringthewar,ordinarypeasantsalsohadtheburdenofmilitaryservice,andvariouskindsofmilitaryservicewereleviedatwill.Asaresult,manyself-employedfarmerswentbankruptandwentintoexile,becomingmoreandmoretribesandtenantsinthegentryfarms.

Culture

AfterthedominanceofConfucianismintheWeiandJinDynastieswasdestroyed,thethoughtsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynastieshadformedadiversifiedthought.Amongmanyschoolsofthought,therehaveappearedvaluableviewpointssuchastheruleoflaw,pragmaticruleofthecountry,andthe"nomonarchtheory",aswellasnegativeanddecadentthoughtsofescapefromtheworld,andthemostinfluentialismetaphysicalthought.

IntheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,anewsituationintheideologicalandculturalfieldwasdifferentfromthatoftheJinandJinDynasties.Metaphysicalthoughtsfellintosilence,andBuddhismandTaoismcontinuedtodevelop.Buddhismhastranslatedalargenumberofscripturesandiswidelypopular,permeatingalllevelsofpolitics,economy,society,folkloreandculture.Confucianismfacesseverechallenges.DuetotherapidexpansionofBuddhism,theoriginalrelationshipbetweenConfucianism,Xuan,Buddhism,andTaoismanditshistoricalstructurehaveundergonenewchanges.Atthattime,theBuddhistandTaoistdisputeswereveryfierce.InthedisputebetweenBuddhismandTaoism,Taoismisrelativelypassive.ItnotonlycreatesalegendthatemphasizesthattheBuddhawaschangedbyLaoTzu,butalso"plagiarizes"thecontentofBuddhistscriptures.ForTaoism,itwantstotransformBuddhismintoapartofitself;Buddhismneedstofaceculturaltensionswhilemaintainingindependence.

Literature

TheliteratureintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesdevelopedrapidly.TheSouthernDynastiesstyletendedtobegorgeousanddelicate,whiletheNorthernDynastiesstyletendedtobeboldandrough.TherepresentativeoftheSouthernDynastiesliteratureistheparallelessay,whichemphasizesthemetric,therhetoric,andtheallusion,andthecontentismostlyoutofthereallife,expressingsomewealthandleisure,representedbyYuXinandYingYang'sarticles.TherepresentativesoftheNorthernDynastiesarethethreetalentsoftheNorth,namelyXingShao,WeiShou,andWenZisheng.ThelongnarrativepoemsarerepresentedbytheSouthernDynasty's"XizhouQu"andtheNorthernDynasty's"MulanPoem".Intermsoffolksongs,duetothedifferentculturesofNorthandSouth,differentcolorsandsentimentsarepresented."YuefuPoetryCollection"hasthesayingthat"YanquwasbornintheSouthernDynasties,andHuYinwasbornintheNorthernCustoms".

Intermsofliteraryresearch,LiuXie's"WenXinDiaoLong"becameChina'sfirstsystematicliterarytheorymasterpiece.The"SelectedWorksofZhaoming"compiledbyliteratiorganizedbyXiaoTong,theeldestsonofEmperorLiangWuoftheSouthernDynasty,istheearliestsurvivingcollectionofpoemsandessaysinChina.BothofthesetwomasterpieceshadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.Atthesametime,TaoisminfluencedChineseartandscience.Forexample,literaturesuchas"PoemsoftheImmortals"describesthegracefulnessofthegodsorexpressesfeelingsthroughthewordsofthegods.TaoistcelebritiesTaoHongjingandLuXiujingarebothgoodatfairyliterature.

History

TheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesinheritedthesystemofsettingupofficialstocompilehistorysincetheHanDynasty.Songsetupawriter(theofficialnameanddivisionofpositionsofSongQiliangandChenwerechangedfrequently),responsibleforcomposingthehistoryofthecountry(historyofthisdynasty)andtheemperor'spersonalnotes.QiShihasthedistinctionofnationalhistoryandpreviousdynastyhistory.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsosetuptheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylife,sothattheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylifeweregraduallyseparated.TheHistoryMuseum(orShige)wasfirstestablishedintheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasaspecialhistory-editinginstitution,whichinfluencedChina'sofficialhistory-editingsysteminthefuture.TheWesternWeiDynastyandtheNorthernZhouDynastyalsosetupasystemofwriters.TheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesalsohaveministerssupervisinghistorybooks.Inaddition,theSouthernDynastiesLiangShishicompiledXiuwuEmperorandLiangYuanEmperor's"factualrecords",whichisthebeginningofthedynastyaftertheTangDynasty.

ThechronologicalhistorybooksofJiChuanTistilloccupyaplaceinthehistoriographyoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.OfficialrevisionsarelikeShenYue's"SongShu",XiaoZixian's"QiShu",andWeiShou's"WeiShu",whileprivaterevisionsarelikeFanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan".

HistoricalbooksreflectingvarioussocialconditionswerealsopopularintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Forexample,FanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan"andShenYue's"BookofSongs"added"LoneTravel","Yimin"(or"Hidden"),"LieNv"andotherbiographies;"LuoyangJialanJi"byYangXuanzhidescribesthearchitectureofthetemple;intermsofgeographicalworks,LiDaoyuan's"ShuiJingZhu"isthemasterpieceoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.ThehistoryofethnicminoritiesisalsohighlyvaluedbecauseoftheestablishmentofseparateregimesamongtheWuhuethnicgroups.CuiHong's"SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn"hasachievedhigherachievements.

Genealogy(orgenealogy,genealogy)flourishedforawhileundertheinfluenceoftheclanpoliticsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Inordertoconsolidatetheirsocialstatusandpoliticalrights,therichandpowerfulcountieswroteandrevisedtheirfamilyrecordstoshowtheirancestry,familystatus,andmarriageeunuchs.Followingtheemergenceofgenealogy,therewasresearchongenealogy,andbookssuchas"GeneralGenealogy"and"HundredGenealogy"appearedatthattime.

ThestudyoftheAnnotationofHistoryintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesisasrepresentativeasPeiSongzhi's"AnnotationtotheThreeKingdoms".PeiZhufocusedoncollectingdataandsupplementinghistoricalfacts,andwasnolongerlimitedtointerpretingandinterpretinghistoricaltexts,buthadaconsiderableinfluenceonChina'shistoricalannotationmethods.PeiSongzhi'sexaminationofhistoricalmaterialsdifferedfromeachother,andhistorianswouldinherittheminthefuture,suchas"ZiZhiTongJianKaoYi"writtenbySimaGuang.PeiZhulialsocommentedonprevioushistorians,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofChinesehistoricalcriticism.

Religion

BuddhismwaspopularduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.WiththespreadofBuddhism,thedevelopmentofBuddhastatues,murals,andcavetempleshasalsoachievedunprecedenteddevelopment.Amongthem,theDunhuangThousandBuddhaCaves,YungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,andMaijishanGrottoeshavebecometreasuresinthetreasurehouseofChinesesculptureart.Atthistime,Buddhism'sprevailingthoughtsincludedPrajna,Nirvana,EarthTheory,RealityTheory,andResumeTheory.ZhuDaoshengemphasizedthatthenatureofBuddhismliesineachsentientbeing,andthekeyliesinwhetheritcan"seeitself",whichopenedaprecedentforZen'senlightenmentintheworld.Histhoughtthat"everyonehasthenatureofBuddha"reflectstheequalityofBuddhism.View.TheTaoistLingbaoSutrawasfollowedbytheteachingsoftheQingScriptures,borrowedandintegratedBuddhistconceptsandterminology,andoccupiedthemainstreampositioninthefieldsofMedievalTaoistdoctrines,thoughts,andrituals.InthelateSixteenKingdomsperiod,KouQianzhi,whoreformedTaoism,appeared.UndertheinfluenceoftheEasternJinLingbaoSchool,heproducedmorethan80volumesof"TheCommandmentsoftheNewSection"andothersutras.Thereisnothinginnovativeintheessenceofthemanager,butheclearlyclaimstocleanupTaoism,removethethreefalselaws(ZhangLing,ZhangHeng,andZhangLu)ofthefivebucketsofriceroads,thetaxforrentingrice,andtheartofmenandwomen.Theorganizationismorerigorous,andtheTaoistordinancesaremorecomplete.

ThecontroversyofthethreereligionsinthisperiodwasmainlymanifestedinthecontroversybetweenBuddhism,Taoism,andTaoismwithtwodifferentideologicalsystems.Througharguing,TaoismandBuddhismabsorbeachotherandpresentasceneoffusionandinteraction.BuddhismhasademonstrativeeffectonTaoism,nomatterfromthecanon,ordinance,orfromtheteachings,religiousgroups,etc.,itisofgreatbenefitforTaoismtograduallymature.TaoismalsohelpedBuddhismbesuccessfullytransplantedfromIndiatoChina,andgraduallyadaptedtothesoilofChinesesocietytoformasinicizedBuddhism,whichprovidedavarietyoffate.HelpingBuddhismintoTaoismisanimportantmeansforTaoismtocontinuouslyenrichandimproveoneself.BuddhismcameintobeingmuchearlierthanTaoism.BuddhismwasalreadyquitecompletewhenitwasintroducedintoChina.Therefore,TaoismhasborrowedfromBuddhisminmanyaspects.Forexample,intheearlycreationofTaoism,thereweremanyimitatingandevenfollowingBuddhistscriptures.Taoistpalacesandtemples,organizationalforms,andreligiousritualsalsohavemanyreferencestoBuddhism.Anotherexampleistheinfluenceoftheideaof​​"thegreatinvisible".EarlyTaoismopposedidolatry,butthelatergenerationsofTaoismhadthesameformof"establishingimagesandestablishingreligion"andBuddhism,whichwasduetotheinfluenceofBuddhism.Intermsofreligiousphilosophy,thelevelofthinkingofTaoism'sdoctrineisslightlyinferiortothatofBuddhism,soTaoismalsoactivelyinvokesBuddhistphilosophytoimproveitstheoreticallevel.

Art

IntheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,artflourished.Thesouthwasdominatedbypainting,andthenorthwasdominatedbysculptures.

Paintingtheoryandpaintinghistoryhavebeenestablishedduringthisperiod,suchasXieHe’s"Paintings",whichproposedsixmethodsofpaintingappreciation,andthe"vitalandvivid"theoryhasbeenregardedbythecriticsofthepastdynasties.Thehighestlevel.

OntheBuddhastatuesinthegrottoes,therearestatuesintheNorthernDynastiesgrottoes,suchasYungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,DunhuangMogaoGrottoes,MaijishanGrottoes,TianlongshanGrottoes,etc.Themostmajesticcaveartisthestatueof20GuinYungang.TheBuddhastatueisfull-featured,withbroadshoulders,andthepleatedlinesarecarvedclosetothebody.Thereiskindnessinthesolemnity,showingthebosomoftheBuddha.ThebestcoloredsculptureisthestatueinDunhuangMogaoGrottoesCave259,withasubtlesmile,givingpeopleatranquilbeauty.TheremnantsoftheNorthernWeiDynastyclaysculptureunearthedatthebaseoftheYongningTempleinLuoyangarethemostexquisiteandvivid.Withtheemergenceoflandscapepoems,thelong-standingtraditionofpaintingbasedoncharactershasbeguntochange,andlandscapesceneryhasalsobecomethecontentofpainting.IntheSouthernDynasties,therewerealsomanypainterswhowerefamousfortheirfigurepaintings,andsomepeoplepaintedlandscapes"withinafewminutesandthousandsofmilesaway"onthetuanfan.NanqiXiehewrotethe"RecordsofAncientPaintings"whichstudiespaintingtheory,andthe"sixmethods"hesummarizedarenotlimitedtofigurepaintings,andhaveagreatinfluenceonlatergenerations.

ForthesculpturesofthetombsoftheSouthernDynasties,thereareShintopillars,steles,andbeastsinfrontofthetombsoftheemperorsandnoblesofthepastdynasties.Stonebeasts,alsoknownaswardingoffevil,evolvedfromtheshapeofalion.Amongthem,Tianlu(double-hornedstonebeast)infrontofEmperorQiWu'smausoleumandQilininfrontofEmperorQijing'smausoleumarethemostrepresentative.ThestyleinheritsthestonebeastcarvingsoftheHanDynasty,andisgoodatusingawholepieceofstonetoexpressitsmajesticmomentumwithrefinedtechniques.

Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynastiesweretheyouthperiodofthedevelopmentofregularscript,andtheinscriptionsintheSouthernandNorthernDynastieswerethetreasurehouseofregularscript.TheBeiDynastysteleistheso-calledWeistelecalligraphy,withvigorouscourage,vigorousweatherandchangeableposture.Thefamousonesinclude"TwentyPinsofLongmen","ZhangMenglongPost","ZhengWengongStele","ShimenInscription",etc.,aswellasnumerousepitaphs.Inscription.FamousmonumentsintheSouthernDynastiessuchas"CuanlongyanStele"and"CraneCraneInscription",etc.

Military

DuringtheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,dynastieswereoftenreplacedbymilitarypowerflowingintothehandsofpowerfulofficials.ThemilitarysystemoftheSouthernDynastyextendedtotherecruitmentsystemoftheEasternJinDynasty.WithregardtothemilitarysystemoftheNorthernDynasties,intheearlyNorthernWeiDynasty,itadoptedatribalmilitarysystemcombiningsoldiersandcivilians.AftertheunificationofNorthChina,itgraduallybecameaworldmilitarysystem.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernDynasties,themilitarysystemappeared,whichbecamethebasisofthemilitarysystemintheSuiandTangDynasties.

Thesoutherndynastyarmiesaredominatedbyinfantryandnavalforces,withfewercavalry.Thesourceoftroopsoriginallycamefromtheworldmilitarysystem.However,duetotheconsumptionofwar,theescapeofsoldiers,andthedivisionofprivatehouseholds,somemilitaryhouseholdsbecamecivilianhouseholds,andthesourceoftroopstendedtobeexhausted,sotherecruitmentsystemwasadoptedasthemainforce.ThesouthernarmyisdividedintotheChinesearmy(alsoknownastheTaiwanarmy)andtheforeignarmy.TheChineseArmyisdirectlyundertheCentralCommitteeandisstationedinthecapitalatordinarytimes.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,EmperorWuoftheSongDynasty,LiuYu,strengthenedhisimperialforceinanattempttoreversethesituationofstrengthoutsideandinsideweaknesssincetheEasternJinDynasty.However,duetothefailureoftheclantokilleachother,therehavebeenrepeatedusurpationsofthethroneinthepast.Foreigntroopsareunderthesupervisionoflocalgovernors.Mostgovernorsarealsoprovincialgovernors,andtheyoftencompetewiththecentralgovernment.

IntheNorthernDynasties,theNorthernWeiarmywasdominatedbyXianbeicavalryintheearlystage,andtheirsupplieswereplunderedbythevariousministries.IntheprocessofunifyingNorthChina,theHanpeoplegraduallyjoinedthearmy.Whenthesiegebattleincreases,itbecomesamixtureofinfantryandcavalry.Afterthat,theinfantrybecamethemainforce.AftertheNorthernWeiDynastyunifiedthenorth,thearmywasdividedintotheChinesearmy,thetownsoldiers,andthestateandcountysoldiers.TheChinesearmyguardsthecapitalinpeacetime,andbecomesthemainforceinforeignwarfarewhensomethinghappens.Thegarrisonsoldiersweresetuptodefendtheborderdefenses.Thetownisequivalenttothestate,andtheguardisequivalenttothecounty.Atfirstitwasonlylocatedonthenorthernborder,andlaterexpandedtothesouthernborder.Stateandcountysoldiersarethearmythatmaintainspublicorderinthestates,andsometimestheyserveasguardsorgooutwiththearmy.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,fixedsoldiersgraduallyformed.

Society

GentlemenandGenerals

DuringtheEasternJinDynasty,theclansmenandclansreachedtheirpeak.AftertheSouthernDynasties,althoughthelandlordofthepoorfamilybecametheemperor,theprivilegesofthenoblefamilywerestillrecognized.

TheSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthatthechildrenoftheGaomenclansenteredthecourtasofficialsattheageof20,andthechildrenofthelandlordsofthecommontribecouldonlytrytobecomeofficialsattheageof30.Thehigh-rankingclansmovedquickly,andwithinashortperiodoftimetheycould"sitdowntothepublic."Almostalltheofficialpostsof"TsinghuaValuable"intheSouthernDynastyweremonopolizedbyGaomen.Theytriedtheirbesttomaintaintheirspecialsocialstatus,preached"thescholarsareseparatedfromtheheavens",andkeptstrictboundarieswiththepoorfamiliesofthecommonpeople.

Inordertostrictlydistinguishbetweenscholarsandconcubines,genealogyprevailed.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,threegenerationsofJiaBi'sancestorsandgrandsonsspecializedingenealogyandwrote"GenealogyoftheEighteenStateScholars"withmorethan700volumes.SongLiuZhan,QiWangjian,LiangWangSengrualsohavemonographsongenealogy.Genealogyisanimportantbasisfortheselectionofofficialsintheofficialdepartmentandatooltomaintainthepoliticalprivilegesofthegentry.However,mostgentrylandlordsneitherleadsoldierstofightnormanagepoliticalaffairs.Theyarecompletelyparasitictothesociety.Therearealsoasmallnumberofgentrywhoarecalledtheemerginggentryclass.Theytookadvantageofthesituationduringtheturmoilandmadegreatachievements.Post-payingattentiontoculturaleducationofoneselfordescendantsisthepillarofsociety.

Thegeneralsmainlyrefertolandlordsandmerchantswithoutprivileges.Theyarenotreconciledtobeingsqueezedoutandareonthepoliticalstagethroughvariouschannels.ThefoundingemperorsoftheSouthernDynastieswerealltribelandsraisedbyleadingsoldierstofightandcontrollingmilitarypower.

HanrenDianqian

Becausetheclanslackedtheabilitytodothings,theemperorwasafraidthattheywouldbedifficulttocontrol,soduringtheSouthernDynasties,theHanrenDianqianwasusedtohandlegovernmentaffairs.

IntheEasternHanDynasty,politicalaffairsreturnedtoTaige,andthepowerofCaoWeishiwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuSupervisorandZhongshuling.IntheSouthernDynasty,thepowerwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuTongshisheren.Tongshisherennotonlydraftededictsfortheemperor,butalsotookchargeoftheedictsandbecamearealpowerpositionaroundtheemperor.Thetransferofpowertoneighborsreflectsthestrengtheningofimperialpower,andalsoreflectsthatthegentryhasbeeninapositionofpowerbutnopower.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,anotherimportantpositionheldbytheHanpeoplewasthelotterylottery.InviewofthestrongpoweroftheEasternJinDynasty,themonarchsoftheSouthernDynastythreatenedthecentralgovernment,somostofthemusedthechildrenoftheclanasthechiefsofthemilitaryandpoliticalaffairsoftheprefecturesandtowns,andcontrolledthemwiththecoldpeopleastheplenarylottery.Codesigninghasamicro-weight,andimportantmattersinthestateandtownshipsmustbesignedbeforeitcanbeimplemented.DianqianreturnedtoBeijingseveraltimesayeartoreporttotheemperorthattheso-called"thebeautyandevilofthegovernor'sactionsaretiedtothemouthoftheDianqian."Therefore,thegovernorsofallkingswereveryafraidofsigning,sotherewasasayingthat"thegovernorscanonlyhearofthesigning,butnotofthegovernors".

Trilogytenants

Trilogyandtenantsarethemainpartofthedependentpopulationcontrolledbythefamilyandwealthyfamilies,andtheslavesaretheirprivateproperty.

Themainmissionofthepartwascombat,butasthefightinginthesouthdecreased,moreandmorepartswereusedinproduction.LiangZhangXiaoxiu's"dozensofhectaresoffields,hundredsofpeopleinthetrilogy,andthestrengthofthefields"isatypicalexample.

Tenantsaredividedintotwoparts,oneisbestowedbythegovernmentaccordingtoofficialquality,andtheotherisprivatelysolicited.TheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthattherewerenomorethan40householdsofofficialtenantsofthefirstandsecondgrades,andthenumberofhouseholdsbeloweachgradedecreasedbyfivetotheninthgrade.Inaddition,therearecodeplans,clothing,dinersandsoon.Thispartofthetenantsdoesnothaveanindependenthouseholdregister,butisregisteredonthehouseholdregisterofthebureaucraticlandlord.Theydonotpayrenttothestateandperformhardlabor;instead,theypay50%ofthelandrenttobureaucraticlandlords.Atthattime,therewerealotoftenantswhoprivatelyrecruited"themagnatesoftheNorthandtheSouth,biddingfortravelandfood."

Thetrilogyandtenantshavebeenownedbythefamilyforgenerations.Without"self-redemption"or"dismissal",theycannotbefree.Theywereactuallyhereditaryserfswhowereboundtotheland.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,aristocraticfamilieshadalargenumberofslaves,andthegovernmentdidnotrestrictthem.Peasantswentbankruptandsoldthemselvesorwerelootedinexile,andtheywerethemainsourceofslaves.Theyaretheprivatepropertyofthelandlord,sotheycanbemortgagedorboughtandsold.Inordertopreventfleeing,theslaveswere"tatted".

IntheSouthernDynasties,therearemanyrecordsofslavesandmasters,escapesandriots.Undertheresistanceandstruggleoftheslaves,theruler,accordingtohisownneeds,transformedalargenumberofslavesintothetenantsofthelandlordandthesoldiersofthecountrybymeansof"mumblingasguests"and"servingslavesassoldiers".

Clothingfeatures

TheNorthernandSouthernDynastieswereaperiodofgreatchangesinthehistoryofancientChineseclothing.Atthistime,becausealargenumberofHupeoplemovedtoZhongyuan,Hufubecamefashionableclothingatthattime.Tightfit,roundneck,splitendsarethecharacteristicsofHuclothing.

Men'sclothing

Dress:ExceptfortheNorthernZhouDynasty,thereisstillonlyonetypeofthelargestceremonialdress,whichisroughlythesameastheHanDynasty,butthemaincoloroftheclothesisslightlydifferent.difference.

PingMianfu:Theformsandcolorsofalllevelsareroughlythesame,exceptfortheemblemsontheclothes.Theemperorusestwelvechapters,thethreemaleprincesusemountaindragonsandotherninechapters,andthenineprincesbelowuseChineseinsects,etc.Inchapterseven,theemperorusesembroiderytowritetexts,andGongqingusesweavingtowritetexts.

NorthernZhouDynastyMianfu:TheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorWu'ssinicizationpolicywassuccessfulandvigorouslypromotedtheancientChineseZhouritualsystem.Therefore,theNorthernZhouDynasty'sclothingcolorsystemwasmostlydeterminedbytheZhouritual.

Delegationoftheappearanceofthecrowndress:adressforthepublictogiveacourteousceremony.Theclothesaredarkandtheclothesareplain,andthemiddleclothesareledbyZaoyuan.

IntheHanDynasty,thecourtclothesoftheemperorandthehundredofficialsweredistinguishedbythecrowntheywore.Theyalsohadfive-colorcourtclothes.IntheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,Crimsoncourtclotheswerethemainones.

Tongtiancrowndress:Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynasties,alldynastiesusedthisdressasthecourtdressoftheemperor,anditisalsothesecond-classdress.Wearingacrepegown,asashbordershirt,andblackshoes.

FlyingTourCrownDress:Itiswornbythecrownprinceandthekings,wearingavermilionrobes,crimsongauzerobe,soap-marginwhitegauzeblouse,andwhitecurlycollar.

Hundredofficialcrownclothes:mainlysilkyarn.However,thesystemismorecomplicated.ThosewithhighranksuseZhuYiasthecourtdress,whilethosewithlowrankusesoapdressasthecourtdress.

Fancycolorclothes:Theofficialsoftherooftopattendantsandtheguardsareallwearingfive-colorclothes,whichareembroideredwithbrocades,andarecalledfancycolorclothes.

Changyi:Itismainlypleatedtrousers,whichisveryversatile.Itcanbeusedascourtclothes,militaryuniforms,casualclothes,fromnoblestoordinarypeople.

Women'sclothing

Queen'sdressforthetemple:Itisthemostsolemndressamongwomen'sofficialdresses,anditisalsothequeen'sweddingdress.

Thesacrificialclothingforenteringthetemple:forconcubines,concubines,andconcubines.IntheJinandSouthernDynasties,SongandChenwereallonthetop.

Pro-sericulturedresses:Thedressesforthequeen'spro-sericultureritualsareallgreen.

Helpingsilkwormdresses:Thedressesforconcubines,concubines,concubines,andqueenstoassistthequeensinsilkwormrituals,whichwasunderminedbyChenWeiyingintheJinandSouthernDynasties.IntheSouthernDynasty,theSongDynastywasgreenupanddown.

Thecourtdress:Thethreedynastiesmentionedaboveareregardedasthecourtdressforwomen.

Bizhoudress:Thefemaleofficialdressisthesameasthemaleofficialdress.Itisverycomplicatedandusesmanycolors,whichisquitedifferentfromthepreviousdynasty.

Binghuhuhuhu

DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,thestatusofthemajorityofthepeoplewasdeteriorating.Manypeoplebecamehereditaryserfs.Inadditiontotribesandtenants,somebelongedtothegovernment.Controlledsoldierhouseholds,officialhouseholds,andhundredsofworkers,etc.

TheJinandSouthernDynastiesinheritedthemilitarysystemsincetheThreeKingdoms.Soldiershaveservedassoldiersforgenerationsandwereextremelyoppressed.Inadditiontoperformingmilitaryservice,militaryhouseholdsalsoneedtoplowandweave,andpayrenttothestate.Thestatusofsoldiersislowerthanthatofself-employedfarmers,andevenlowerthanthatoftenants.

ThelocalinstitutionsandcentralgovernmentoftheEasternJinDynastyandSouthernDynastiesallhadacertainnumberofofficials,tensofthemasfewastensofthousandsofthem.Thelow-rankingcivilandmilitaryofficialswereforcedtoperformvariouskindsoflaborforthegovernment,cultivatetheofficialfields,andproduceinthegovernment'shandicraftworkshops.Theexploitationandoppressiontheysufferedwasparticularlyheavy.Mostofthesourcesofofficialscomefrom"officials."Suchofficialsarehereditaryandcannotbeexemptedfromserviceunlesstheyareexemptedbythegovernment.

DuringtheSouthernDynasties,therewasashortageofBaigong,thatis,allkindsofhandicraftsmen,sothegovernmentcontrolledthemextremelystrictly.Aristocratsandbureaucratswhooccupyhundredsofworkersprivatelyareoftenpunished.Afterthehundredsofworkerswererecruitedfromtheprivatesectortotheofficialworkshops,theyworkedwiththecriminalswhowereassignedtotheworkshopsalltheyearround,strugglingfromgenerationtogeneration,andtheirsocialstatuswaslow,andthesituationwasequallymiserable.

Name

TheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesareadivideddynastyinChina,dividedintotheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.TheSouthernDynastieswereLiuSong,XiaoQi,XiaoLiang,andNanChen;theNorthernDynastieswereNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWei,NorthernQi,andNorthernZhou.LiTangzong,whowasborninoneoftheEightPillarKingdomsoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,editedthe"BookofJin"andregardedtheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesasorthodox.SimaGuang’s"TongJianofZiZhiTongJian"regardedtheSouthernDynastyasorthodox.

AsthecontinuationoftheHannationalityregimeandtheEasternJinDynastyintheSouthernDynasty,theimperialclansofthedynastiesweremainlygentryorsub-gentry.Etc.Duetotheeffortsofthoseinpower,theruleofYuanjiaandtheruleofYongmingemerged,whichmadethecountryprosperous.Theemperorwassupportedbythemainstreamgentrywithahighreputation.However,thegentryonlywantedtomaintaintheirpoliticalstatusanddidnotfullysupporttheroyalfamily.Theemperoralsosupportedthepoortoholdmilitaryorsecondaryofficialpositionstobalancepoliticalpower.Becauseofthestruggleforthethroneintheroyalfamily,bloodyclanincidentsoftenoccurred.

DuetotheincorrectuseofstrategyandtheriseofNorthernDynasties,thesouthwasweakandthenorthwasstrong,andtheterritorygraduallymovedsouth.IntheSouthernDynasties,theLiangDynastyimprovedforEmperorWuofLiang,andthechaosofthesixtownsintheNorthernWeiDynastymadetheSouthernDynastygraduallycatchupwiththeNorthernDynasty'snationalpower.However,inhislateryears,hebelievedinBuddhism,thecountryhadbeeninpeaceforalongtime,andthepeoplewerenotaccustomedtowar.AfterHouJinginitiatedtheHouJingRebellion,EmperorLiangWudiedinTaicheng,andsomeoftheXiaoimperialfamiliesfoughtforthethrone.Diminishedandtornapart,EmperorChenWen,whofinallyarrivedintheSouthernDynastyChen,completelyunifiedtheSouthernDynasty.However,thenationalpoweroftheSouthernDynastyhasdeclined,andhecanonlyrelyontheYangtzeRivertoresisttheNorthernDynasty.

TheNorthernDynastiesinheritedtheFiveHusandSixteenKingdoms.TheroyalfamiliesoftheNorthernWeiDynastyweremostlyXianbei.TheXianbeiimperialfamilywasgraduallyinfluencedbytheHanculture,amongwhichtheSinicizationmovementofEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasthemostprosperous.BecauseRouraninthenorthcontainedtheNorthernWeiDynasty,itwasdifficultfortheNorthernWeiDynastytoattacktheSouthernDynastywithallitsstrength.Itwasnotuntilthemorepro-NorthernWeiTurksreplacedRouandthenitwasmorestable.InthelateNorthernWeiDynasty,politicsgraduallydeteriorated,andthenationalpowerdeclinedgreatlyaftertheSixTowns'CivilRevolution.

TheNorthernDynastiessplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWei,whichwerereplacedbyNorthernQiandNorthernZhourespectively.ThecoreoftheNorthernQiDynastyismainlytherefugeesinthesixtownsandtheKwantungclan,anditsmilitarystrengthisrelativelystrong.DuetothefactthattherefugeesinthesixtownsatitssourcearebiasedtowardsXianbeiandtheruleristheXianbeiHanpeople,theNorthernQiDynastymainlyadvocatestheXianbeiculture.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,whenthecountrywasfounded,theXianbeiarmywasnotasmanyastheNorthernQi,andthepoliticalstatuswasnotasgoodasthatoftheNorthernQiandtheSouthernLiang.Therefore,theGuanzhong-basedpolicywasestablishedtointegratetheXianbeiandtheHantoeliminatetheHu-Hangapasmuchaspossible.

Finally,aunitedaristocraticGuanlongGroupwasformedintheNorthernZhouDynasty,whichwasabletodefeattheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasdecliningduetopoliticalchaos.TheHannationalitygraduallybecamethemainforceoftheNorthernZhouarmy,graduallyoccupyingthedominantpositionandthemainbody,replacingtheXianbeiaristocracy.LaidthefoundationforYangJianjianSui.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,LiuFangandZhengtranslatedtheimperialorderbasedonYangJian'sgeneralknowledgeofChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynastytoassistthegovernment.

InFebruaryofthefirstyearofDading(581),EmperorJingoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreliedonYangJian,namelyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty,andestablishedtheSuiDynasty.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyissuedanedicttoannihilateChenintheninthyearofEmperorKaihuang.China,whichhadbeensplitbetweentheNorthandtheSouthformorethan300yearsattheendoftheWesternJinDynasty,wasreunifiedagain,andtheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesformallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.

Population

Era

Numberofhouseholds

Numberofports

Remarks

ListofdemographicstatisticsoftheNorthernandSouthernDynasties

ThefirstyearofTaikangintheWesternJinDynasty(280years)	2,459,840	16,163,863	Datafrom"BookofJin·VolumeFourteen" Currentscholarsestimatethattheactualpopulationismorethan3,000Wan
WestJinTaikangthreeyears(282years)	3,770,000	24,768,900	Datafrom"ThreeKingdoms·Volume22"
TheeleventhyearofYanJianxi(370years)	2,458,969	9,987,935	Datafrom"SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn·Pre-QinRecords" Note:OnlytheformerYanyuanterritoryisincluded
ThenineteenthyearofQinJianyuan(383years)	4,000,000	20,000,000	DatafromWangYumin's"ChinesePopulationHistory"
Twenty-oneyearsoftheEasternJinDynasty(396years)	3,350,000	17,000,000	DatafromWangYumin's"ChinesePopulationHistory"
LiuSongDamingeightyears(464)	906,870	4,685,501	Datafrom"Tongdian·ShihuoVII" Accordingtocurrentscholars’research,theactualpopulationismorethan20million.
ThefirstyearoftheNorthernWeiDynastyZhengguang(520years)	①5,000,000 ②6,000,000	①30,000,000 ②35,000,000	Number①datacomesfrom"DocumentationGeneralTest·Volume10" ②NumberofhouseholdscomesfromWangYumin'sversionof"ChinesePopulationHistory" p> ②ThenumberofmouthpiecesisfromGeJianxiong's"TheHistoryofChinesePopulationDevelopment" Inthe1920s,thepopulationoftheNorthernWeiDynastyreached6millionhouseholdsand35million,plusthe20millioninNanliang.Thetotalpopulationofthenorthandsouthexceeds50million.
ThethirdyearofYongxiintheNorthernWeiDynasty(534years)	3,375,368	20,252,208	Datacomesfromthe"CentralExamPaper"十》
ThesecondyearofLonghuainNorthernQi(577)	①3,302,528 ②3,032,528	①20,006,886 ②20,006,880	No.①datacomesfrom"ZhouShu·Juan6" No.②datacomesfrom"TongDian·ShihuoVII" 因学者考虑逃避沉重赋役而避于寺庙的僧尼人口而认为北齐河清三年（564年）人口峰值达2200多万，后因北齐后主的残暴统治及齐末战乱，齐亡时人口锐减回两千万。
南陈太建九年（577年）	①500,000 ②600,000	①2,000,000 ②2,400,000	①号数据出自《北史·卷十一》 ②号数据出自《隋书·卷二十九》 据学者考证南陈实际人口达1500万
北周大象二年（580年）	①3,599,604 ②1,599,604	9,009,604	数据出自《通典·食货七》 注：仅含北周旧地，因学者考虑未纳入统计的军户、隐户、少数民族等人群而认为北周至少有1250万人。
北周大定元年（581年）	4,622,528	29,016,484	数据出自《十六国北朝人口考察》 因考虑到隐匿户口，学者路遇、腾泽之认为北周灭齐后有3250万人。
隋朝大业五年（609年）	8,907,536	46,019,956	数据出自《通典·食货七》 因学者考虑到依附于世家门阀的浮客、部曲、奴婢、客女以及官户、匠户、乐户、佃农等大量未纳入户口统计的人群，因此学者认为隋朝人口峰值约达5032万。

科学

在整个魏晋南北朝期间，由于边疆民族内迁、北方人群的南下，造成文化大交流及混成。由于儒学一统的局面打破以及玄道佛的兴起，使得学术研究朝向多元化。各国为了生存或战争，多少推行一些改革措施以确保某些地区农业与手工业的发展。这些都使得科学技术大幅提升。

地理

郦道元从小志于地理学研究。由于当时地理著作不够完备，所以他在各地做官之际进行实地考察。然后他以《水经》为蓝本，完成《水经注》。《水经注》为陆地水文地理，他以水道为纲，详细描绘其本身性质与周边环境，为中国古代地理学做出杰出贡献。

农学

贾思勰为北魏农学家，家境较为富裕，他面对当时的天灾人祸及连年饥荒，主张重视农业，并以齐民谋生为己任，所以决定写出一本农书。他所写的《齐民要术》在中国或世界的农学史上均占有重要地位。《齐民要术》以当时黄河中下游地区，特别是山东地区为重点。描述当时农业生产概貌，并介绍中国传统农业细耕和多种经营方法和包括食品加工技术在内的农业科技的高超水准。

数学

祖冲之为南朝宋人，家族历代成员大多熟悉天文历算，所以祖冲之从小对天算有兴趣。他平生著作丰富，天文方面有《上“大明历”表》、《驳议》；数学方面有《缀术》、《九章术义注》、《重差术》。他在科学有三大成就，一，在张衡、刘徽的基础上，将圆周率数值精准到小数点后七位数字。二，他是世界上第一个将“岁差”数值记入历法运算中，他还将闰月规则修整，这是唐代之前最好的方法。三，在机械方面，他还制作出指南车、千里船（即脚踏轮船）、水力运转的水碓模，以同一原动轮带动碓和磨作功。