nanotechnology

TheoreticalImplications

Nanotechnology,alsoknownasnanotechnology,isatechnologyforstudyingthepropertiesandapplicationsofmaterialswithstructuralsizesrangingfrom1nanometerto100nanometers.Aftertheinventionofthescanningtunnelingmicroscopein1981,amolecularworldwithalengthof1to100nanometerswasborn.Itsultimategoalistodirectlyuseatomsormoleculestoconstructproductswithspecificfunctions.Therefore,nanotechnologyisactuallyatechnologythatusessingleatomsandmoleculestomakematter.

Fromtheresearchsofar,therearethreeconceptsaboutnanotechnology:

ThefirstoneisthecreationoftheAmericanscientistDr.Drexlerin1986.Molecularnanotechnologyproposedinthebook"Machine".Accordingtothisconcept,themachinethatcombinesmoleculescanbeputintopracticaluse,sothatallkindsofmoleculescanbecombinedarbitrarily,andanykindofmolecularstructurecanbeproduced.Thisconceptofnanotechnologyhasnotmadesignificantprogress.

Thesecondconceptpositionsnanotechnologyasthelimitofmicromachiningtechnology.Thatis,thetechnologyofartificiallyformingnano-sizedstructuresthroughnano-precision"processing".Thisnano-levelprocessingtechnologyalsomakessemiconductorminiaturizationabouttoreachitslimit.Eveniftheexistingtechnologycontinuestodevelop,theoretically,itwilleventuallyreachitslimit.Thisisbecauseifthelinewidthofthecircuitisgraduallyreduced,theinsulatingfilmconstitutingthecircuitwillbecomeextremelythin,whichwilldestroytheinsulatingeffect.Inaddition,thereareproblemssuchasheatgenerationandshaking.Inordertosolvetheseproblems,researchersarestudyingnewtypesofnanotechnology.

Thethirdconceptisproposedfromtheperspectiveofbiology.Originally,organismshavenano-scalestructuresincellsandbiofilms.ThedevelopmentofDNAmolecularcomputersandcellbiologicalcomputershasbecomeanimportantpartofnano-biotechnology.

Maincontent

Nanotechnologyisahighlyintersectingcomprehensivediscipline,andtheresearchcontentinvolvesawiderangeofmodernscienceandtechnology.Nanoscienceandtechnologymainlyinclude:

Nanosystemphysics,nanochemistry,nanomaterials,nanobiology,nanoelectronics,nanofabrication,nanomechanics,etc.Thesesevenrelativelyindependentandinterpenetratingdisciplinesandthethreeresearchfieldsofnanomaterials,nanodevices,andnanoscaledetectionandcharacterization.Thepreparationandresearchofnanomaterialsisthefoundationoftheentirenanotechnology.Amongthem,nanophysicsandnanochemistryarethetheoreticalbasisofnanotechnology,andnanoelectronicsisthemostimportantcontentofnanotechnology.

In1993,thefirstInternationalNanotechnologyConference(INTC)washeldintheUnitedStates,andnanotechnologywasdividedintosixmajorbranches:nanophysics,nanobiology,nanochemistry,nanoelectronics,andnanoprocessingTechnologyandnanometricshavepromotedthedevelopmentofnanotechnology.Duetotheparticularity,miracleandversatilityofthistechnology,ithasattractedmanyoutstandingscientistsfromallovertheworldtoworkhardforit.Nanotechnologygenerallyreferstonano-level(0.1-100nm)materials,design,manufacturing,measurement,control,andproducttechnology.Nanotechnologymainlyincludes:nanometer-levelmeasurementtechnology:nanometer-levelsurfacephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesdetectiontechnology:nano-levelprocessingtechnology;nano-particlepreparationtechnology;nano-materials;nano-biologytechnology;nano-assemblytechnology,etc.

Nanotechnologyincludesthefollowingfourmainaspects:

1,Nanomaterials:Whenthematterreachesthenanoscale,approximatelyInthespaceof0.1-100nanometers,thepropertiesofthesubstancewillundergomutationsandspecialpropertieswillappear.Thiskindofmaterialthatiscomposedofatomsandmoleculesthataredifferentfromtheoriginalcomposition,andisalsodifferentfromthespecialpropertiesofmacroscopicsubstances,iscallednanomaterials.

Ifonlythescalereachesthenanometer,andthereisnospecialperformanceofthematerial,itcannotbecalledananomaterial.

Inthepast,peopleonlypaidattentiontoatoms,moleculesorcosmicspace,andoftenignoredthisintermediatedomain,whichactuallyexistsinnatureinlargequantities,buttheperformanceofthisscalerangewasnotrecognizedbefore.ThefirsttotrulyrealizeitsperformanceandquotetheconceptofnanometerwasJapanesescientists.Theyusedtheevaporationmethodtoprepareultrafineionsinthe1970sanddiscoveredbystudyingitsperformance:aconductiveandthermallyconductivecopperandsilverconductor.Afteritreachesthenanometerscale,itlosesitsoriginalpropertiesandappearstobeneitherconductivenorconductive.Thesameistrueformagneticmaterials,likeiron-cobaltalloys,iftheyaremadeintoasizeofabout20-30nanometers,themagneticdomainbecomesasinglemagneticdomain,anditsmagnetismis1000timeshigherthantheoriginal.Inthemid-1980s,peopleofficiallynamedthistypeofmaterialasnanomaterials.

Whydoesthemagneticdomainbecomeasinglemagneticdomain,andthemagnetismis1000timeshigherthantheoriginalone?Thisisbecausethearrangementofindividualatomsinamagneticdomainisnotveryregular,andthemiddleofasingleatomisanatomicnucleus,andtheoutsideisanelectronrotatingaroundit.Thisisthereasonfortheformationofmagnetism.However,afterbecomingasinglemagneticdomain,theindividualatomsarearrangedveryregularly,showingstrongmagnetismtotheoutside.

Thisfeatureismainlyusedinthemanufactureofmicromotors.Ifthetechnologyisdevelopedtoacertainpointandusedtomanufacturemagneticlevitation,high-speedtrainsthatarefaster,morestable,andmoreenergy-efficientcanbemanufactured.

2.Nanodynamics:Mainlymicro-machinesandmicro-motors,orgenerallyreferredtoasmicro-electromechanicalsystems(MEMS),usedformicro-sensorsandactuatorswithtransmissionmachinery,Opticalfibercommunicationsystems,specialelectronicequipment,medicalanddiagnosticequipment,etc..Itusesanewprocesssimilartothedesignandmanufactureofintegratedelectricalappliances.Thefeatureisthatthepartsaresmall,theetchingdepthoftenrequirestenstohundredsofmicrons,andthewidtherrorissmall.Thisprocesscanalsobeusedtomakethree-phasemotorsforultra-fastcentrifugesorgyroscopes.Intermsofresearch,themicro-deformationandmicro-frictionofthequasi-atomicscaleshouldbedetectedaccordingly.Althoughtheyhavenotyettrulyenteredthenanometerscale,theyhavegreatpotentialscientificandeconomicvalue.

Theoreticallyspeaking:Micromotoranddetectiontechnologycanreachtheorderofnanometers.

3.NanobiologyandNanopharmaceutics:Forexample,nano-particlecolloidalgoldisusedtoimmobilizednaparticlesonthesurfaceofmica,andinterdigitatedelectrodesonthesurfaceofsilicaDoexperimentsontheinteractionofbiomolecules,phospholipidandfattyacidbilayerflatbiofilm,finestructureofDNA,etc.Withnanotechnology,self-assemblymethodscanalsobeusedtoputpartsorcomponentsintocellstoformnewmaterials.Abouthalfofthenewdrugs,eventhefinepowdersofmicronparticles,areinsolubleinwater;butiftheparticlesareofthenanometerscale(thatis,ultrafineparticles),theyaresolubleinwater.

Whennanobiologydevelopstoacertaintechnology,nano-materialscanbeusedtomakenano-biologicalcellswithrecognitionability,andbiomedicinethatcanabsorbcancercells,injectintothehumanbody,andcanbeusedtokillcancercellsinatargetedmanner.(Theaboveistheoldmoneytoadd)

4.Nanoelectronics:Includingnanoelectronicdevicesbasedonquantumeffects,theoptical/electricpropertiesofnanostructures,andthecharacterizationofnanoelectronicmaterials,Andatomicmanipulationandatomicassembly.Thecurrenttrendofelectronictechnologyrequiresdevicesandsystemstobesmaller,faster,colder,andsmaller,whichmeansfasterresponse.Coolermeansthatthepowerconsumptionofasingledeviceissmaller.Butbeingsmallerisnotunlimited.Nanotechnologyisthelastfrontierforbuilders,anditsimpactwillbehuge.

History

TheinspirationfornanotechnologycomesfromthelatephysicistRichardFeynman's1959titled"Thereisstillalotofroomatthebottom"Speech.TheprofessorwhowasteachingatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyproposedanewideatohiscolleagues.SincetheStoneAge,allhumantechnologiesfromsharpeningarrowstolithographychipshavebeenrelatedtotheremovalorfusionofhundredsofmillionsofatomsatonetimeinordertomakematterintousefulforms.Feynmanasked,whycan'twestartfromadifferentperspective,startingfromindividualmoleculesorevenatomstoassembletomeetourrequirements?Hesaid:"Atleastinmyopinion,thelawsofphysicsdonotruleoutthepossibilityofmakingobjectsatombyatom."

Inthe1970s,scientistsbegantoproposeideasaboutnanotechnologyfromdifferentangles.In1974,scientistNorioTaniguchifirstusedthetermnanotechnologytodescribeprecisionmachining;

In1981,scientistsinventedanimportanttoolforresearchingnanometers-scanningtunnelingmicroscope,whichrevealedavisibleTheworldofatomsandmoleculeshasplayedanactiveroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofnanotechnology;

In1990,scientistsatIBM’sAlmadenResearchCentersuccessfullyrearrangedindividualatoms,andnanotechnologyachievedafirstAkeybreakthrough.Theyusedadevicecalledascanningprobetoslowlymove35atomstotheirrespectivepositions,formingthethreelettersofIBM.ThisprovesthatFeynmaniscorrect.Thetwoletterscombinedarenot3nanometerslong.Soon,scientistswillnotonlybeabletomanipulateindividualatoms,buttheywillalsobeableto"sprayatoms."Usingmolecularbeamextensiongrowthtechnology,scientistshavelearnedhowtomakeextremelythinspecialcrystalfilms,onlyonelayerofmoleculesismadeatatime.Thistechnologyisusedinmoderncomputerharddiskread-writeheads.Thewell-knownphysicistandNobelPrizewinnerRichardFeynmanpredictedthathumanscanusesmallmachinestomakesmallermachines.Intheend,theywillbearrangedaccordingtohumanwill,onebyone,tomakeproducts.Thisisaboutnanometers.Theearliestdreamoftechnology.

InJuly1990,thefirstInternationalNanoscienceandTechnologyConferencewasheldinBaltimore,USA,markingtheofficialbirthofnanoscienceandtechnology;

In1991,carbonnanotubeswerediscoveredbyhumansItsqualityisone-sixthofthesamevolumeofsteel,butitsstrengthis10timesthatofsteel.Ithasbecomeahotspotinnanotechnologyresearch.NobelPrizewinnerProfessorSmalleybelievesthatcarbonnanotubeswillbethebestfiberinthefuture.Thepreferredmaterialwillalsobewidelyusedinultra-microwires,ultra-microswitches,andnano-levelelectroniccircuits;

In1993,followingtheremovaloftheatomicgroupfromStanfordUniversityin1989,"write"StanfordUniversityEnglish,AftertheInternationalBusinessMachinesCorporationintheUnitedStatesused35xenonatomstodischarge"IBM"onthenickelsurfacein1990,theBeijingVacuumPhysicsLaboratoryoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesfreelymanipulatedtheatomsandsuccessfullywrotetheword"China",markingChina'sstartintheinternationalnanotechnologyfield.Haveaplace;

In1997,Americanscientistssuccessfullyusedasingleelectrontomoveasingleelectronforthefirsttime.Usingthistechnology,itisexpectedthatthespeedandstoragecapacitywillbeincreasedthousandsoftimesafter2017.Quantumcomputer;

In1999,BrazilianandAmericanscientistsinventedtheworld’ssmallest“scale”whenconductingcarbonnanotubeexperiments.Theweightofavirus;soonafter,Germanscientistsdevelopedascalecapableofweighingasingleatom,breakingtherecordjointlycreatedbyAmericanandBrazilianscientists;

By1999,nanotechnologygraduallyenteredthemarket.Theannualturnoverofnano-basedproductsreachedUS$50billion;

In2001,somecountriesformulatedrelevantstrategiesorplansandinvestedhugesumsofmoneytoseizethestrategicheightsofnanotechnology.JapansetupananomaterialsresearchcenterandincludednanotechnologyastheR&Dfocusofthenewfive-yearscienceandtechnologybasicplan;Germanyestablishedananotechnologyresearchnetwork;theUnitedStatesregardedthenanotechnologyprojectasthecoreofthenextindustrialrevolution,andtheUSgovernmenttookthenanotechnologyfoundationInvestmentinresearchincreasedfromUS$116millionin1997toUS$497millionin2001.ChinaalsolistsnanotechnologyasChina's"973Program"forvigorousdevelopmentandstrongsupportforrelatedindustries.

Applicationfields

Thecurrentresearchandapplicationofnanotechnologyaremainlyinmaterialsandpreparation,microelectronicsandcomputertechnology,medicineandhealth,aerospaceandaviation,environmentandenergy,biotechnologyandAgriculturalproductsandotheraspects.Theequipmentmadeofnanomaterialsislighterinweight,strongerinhardness,longerinlife,lowerinmaintenancecosts,andmoreconvenientindesign.Theuseofnanomaterialscanalsoproducematerialswithspecificpropertiesormaterialsthatdonotexistinnature,andproducebiologicalmaterialsandbionicmaterials.

1.Nanoisaunitofmeasurementofgeometricdimensions,1nanometer=onemillionthofamillimeter.

2.Nanotechnologyhasdriventhetechnologicalrevolution.

3.Drugsmadewithnanotechnologycanblockcapillariesand"starve"cancercells.

4.Ifnano-integrateddevicesareusedonthesatellite,thesatellitewillbesmallerandeasiertolaunch.

5.Nanotechnologyisamulti-scientificsynthesis,andsomegoalswilltakealongtimetoachieve.

6.Nanotechnology,informationscienceandtechnology,andlifescienceandtechnologyarethecurrentmainstreamofscientificdevelopment.Theirdevelopmentwillmakehumansociety,livingenvironmentandscienceandtechnologythemselvesbetter.

7.Nanotechnologycanobservethepathologicalchangesandconditionsofcancercellsinthepatient'sbody,allowingdoctorstoprescribetherightmedicine.

Measurementtechnology

Nano-levelmeasurementtechnologyincludes:nanometer-levelprecisionmeasurementofsizeanddisplacement,andnanometer-levelsurfacetopographymeasurement.Therearetwomaindevelopmentdirectionsfornanometermeasurementtechnology.

Thefirstistheopticalinterferometrytechnology,whichusestheinterferencefringesoflighttoimprovetheresolutionofthemeasurement.Themeasurementmethodsare:dual-frequencylaserinterferometry,opticalheterodyneinterferometry,X-rayinterferenceThemeasurementmethod,F-Pstandardtoolmeasurementmethod,etc.,canbeusedforprecisemeasurementoflengthanddisplacement,andcanalsobeusedforthemeasurementofsurfacemicro-topography.

Thesecondisscanningprobemicroscopymeasurementtechnology(STM).Itsbasicprincipleisbasedonthetunnelingeffectofquantummechanics.Itsprincipleistouseextremelysharpprobes(orsimilarmethods)tomeasureThesurfaceisscanned(theprobeandthemeasuredsurfacearenotactuallyincontact),andthethree-dimensionalmicroscopicappearanceofthesurfaceismeasuredwiththehelpofanano-levelthree-dimensionaldisplacementpositioningcontrolsystem.Itismainlyusedtomeasurethemicroscopicmorphologyandsizeofthesurface.

Measurementmethodsusingthisprincipleinclude:ScanningTunnelingMicroscope(STM),AtomicForceMicroscope(AFM),etc.

Processingtechnology

Themeaningofnano-levelprocessingisprocessingtechnologythatachievesnano-levelprecision.

Becausethedistancebetweenatomsis0.1-0.3nm,theessenceofnanofabricationistocutoffthebondbetweenatomstoachievetheremovalofatomsormolecules.TheenergyrequiredtocutoffthebondbetweenatomsmustexceedthisTheinteratomicbindingenergyofmatter,thatis,theenergydensityspreadisverylarge.Itisquitedifficulttoperformnano-scaleprocessingwithtraditionalcuttingandgrindingprocessingmethods.

Asof2008,therehavebeengreatbreakthroughsinnanofabrication.Forexample,electronbeamlithography(UGAtechnology)canachieveprocessingwithalinewidthof0.1μmwhenprocessingverylargescaleintegratedcircuits:ionetchingcanachievemicronRemovalofsurfacematerialsontheorderofnanoscaleandnanoscale:Scanningtunnelingmicroscopytechnologycanrealizetheremoval,transformation,additionandrecombinationofindividualatoms.

Particlepreparation

Therearemanymethodsforpreparingnanoparticles,whichcanbedividedintophysicalmethodsandchemicalmethods.

Clothesmadewithnanotechnology

Vacuumcoldteachingmethod:Usevacuumevaporation,heating,high-frequencyinductionandothermethodstovaporizeorformrawmaterialsWaitfortheparticlebody,thenquenchit.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,goodcrystalstructure,andcontrollableposition,buthightechnicalequipmentrequirements.

Physicalcrushingmethod:Nanoparticlesareobtainedthroughmechanicalcrushing,electricsparkexplosionandothermethods.Itischaracterizedbysimpleoperationandlowcost,butlowcrystalpurityandunevendistributionalongthegrain.

Mechanicalballmillingmethod:Useballmillingmethodtocontrolproperconditionstoobtainnanoparticlesofpureelements,alloysorcompositematerials.Itischaracterizedbysimpleoperationandlowcost,buttheproductpurityislowandtheparticledistributionisuneven.

Vapordepositionmethod:Thechemicalreactionofmetalcompoundvaporisusedtosynthesizenanomaterials.Itischaracterizedbyhighproductpurityandnarrowparticlesizedistribution.

Precipitationmethod:Afteraddingtheprecipitanttothesaltsolutiontoreact,heattheprecipitationtoobtainnanomaterials.Itscharacteristicsaresimpleandeasy,butthepurityislow,andtheparticleradiusislarge.Suitableforthepreparationofsupportedmaterials.Hydrothermalsynthesismethod:Itissynthesizedinafluidsuchasaqueoussolutionorsteamunderhightemperatureandhighpressure,andthenseparatedandheat-treatedtoobtainnanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,gooddispersibility,andeasycontrolofparticlesize.

Sol-gelmethod:Themetalcompoundissolidifiedbysolution,sol,andgel,andthensubjectedtolow-temperatureheattreatmenttogeneratenanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbymanyreactionspecies,uniformproductparticles,easycontroloftheprocess,andsuitableforthepreparationofoxidesand11-VIgroupcompounds.

Microemulsionmethod:Two:theimmisciblesolventsformanemulsionundertheactionofsurfactants,andundergonucleation,coalescence,agglomeration,andheattreatmentinthemicrobubblesThengetthenanoparticles.Itscharacteristicparticlesaremonodisperseandhavegoodinterfaceproperties,and11-VIgroupsemiconductornanoparticlesaremostlypreparedbythismethod.

Hydrothermalsynthesismethod——Synthesizeinaqueoussolutionorsteamandotherfluidsunderhightemperatureandhighpressure,andthenseparateandheattreatmenttoobtainnanoparticles.Itischaracterizedbyhighpurity,gooddispersibility,andeasycontrolofparticlesize.

Materialsynthesis

SinceGleiteretal.tooktheleadinpreparingnanomaterialsin1991,nanomaterialshavemadegreatprogressafter10yearsofdevelopment.Nowadays,therearemanytypesofnanomaterials,whicharedividedintometalmaterials,nanoceramicmaterials,nanosemiconductormaterials,nanocompositematerials,nanopolymermaterialsandsoonaccordingtotheirmaterials.Nanomaterialsaresuper-microparticlematerials,called"newmaterialsinthe21stcentury",andhavemanyspecificproperties.

Forexample,thestrengthandhardnessofthematerialsinteredwithnano-scalemetalpowderismuchhigherthantheoriginalmetal,andthenano-metalturnsfromaconductorintoaninsulator.Generalceramicshavelowstrengthandareverybrittle.However,ceramicssinteredfromnano-sizedpowdersnotonlyhavehighstrengthbutalsogoodtoughness.Themeltingpointofnanomaterialswilldecreaseasthediameteroftheultrafinepowderdecreases.Forexample,themeltingpointofgoldis1064°C,butthemeltingpointof10nmgoldpowderisreducedto940°C,andthemeltingpointofsnmgoldpowderisreducedto830°C,sothesinteringtemperaturecanbegreatlyreduced.Thesinteringtemperatureofnano-ceramicsismuchlowerthanthatoftheoriginalceramics.Nano-scalecatalystsareaddedtogasoline.Itcanimprovetheefficiencyoftheinternalcombustionengine.

Addingsolidfuelcanspeeduptherocket.Themedicineismadeintonanometerpowder.Itcanbeinjectedintothebloodvesselandenterthecapillariessmoothly.

Diseasediagnosis

Currentconventionalimagingtechniquescanonlydetectvisiblechangescausedbycancerintissues,andbythistimethousandsofcancercellshavebeenformedandmaymetastasize.Moreover,evenifthetumorisalreadyvisible,duetothetype(malignantorbenign)andcharacteristicsofthetumoritself,itisnecessarytopassabiopsytodetermineaneffectivetreatment.Ifthecancerouscellsorpre-cancerouscellsaremarkedinacertainwayandcanbedetectedwithtraditionalequipment,itismoreconducivetothediagnosisofcancer.

Toachievethisgoal,therearetwonecessaryconditions:atechnologycanspecificallyidentifycancerouscellsandmaketheidentifiedcancerouscellsvisible.Nanotechnologycanmeetthesetwopoints.Forexample,themetaloxidesurfaceiscoatedwithanantibodythatspecificallyrecognizesthereceptoroverexpressedonthesurfaceofcancerouscells.

Becausemetaloxidesemithigh-contrastsignalsundermagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)orcomputedtomography(CT),oncetheyenterthebody,theantibodiesonthesurfaceofthesemetaloxidenanoparticlesselectivelyinteractwithThecombinationofcancerouscellsenablesthedetectioninstrumenttoeffectivelyidentifycancerouscells.Similarly,goldnanoparticlescanalsobeusedtoenhancelightscatteringinendoscopictechnology.Nanotechnologycanvisualizemolecularmarkersthatidentifycancertypesanddifferentstagesofdevelopment,allowingdoctorstoseecellsandmoleculesthatwouldotherwisebeundetectablethroughtraditionalimagingtechniques.

Inthebattlebetweenhumansandcancer,halfofthevictoryisduetoearlydetection.Nanotechnologymakesthediagnosisofcancerearlierandmoreaccurate,andcanbeusedfortreatmentmonitoring.Nanotechnologycanalsoenhanceorevencompletelyrevolutionizethescreeningofbiomarkersintissuesandbodyfluids.Cancerandcancer,aswellascancercellsandnormalcells,aredifferentduetodifferencesintheexpressionanddistributionofvariousmolecules.Withtheadvancementoftreatmenttechnology,simultaneousdetectionofmultiplebiomarkersofcancerisnecessarytodeterminethetreatmentplan.

Nanoparticles—forexample,quantumdotsthatcanemitlightofdifferentcolorsaccordingtotheirsize—canachievethepurposeofdetectingmultiplemarkersatthesametime.Theexcitationlightsignalemittedbytheantibody-coatedquantumdotscanbeusedtoscreencertaintypesofcancer.Quantumdotsofdifferentcolorscanbecombinedwithvariouscancerbiomarkerantibodies,allowingoncologiststodistinguishcancercellsfromhealthycellsthroughthespectrumtheysee.

Assemblytechnology

Sincetheetchingtechnologyhasreacheditslimitatthenanometerscale,assemblytechnologywillbecomeanimportantmeansofnanotechnologyandwillreceivegreatattention.

Nanoassemblytechnologyistoassembleatoms,moleculesormolecularaggregatesthroughmechanical,physical,chemicalorbiologicalmethodstoformfunctionalstructuralunits.Assemblytechnologyincludesmolecularorderlyassemblytechnology,scanningprobeatoms,molecularrelocationtechnologyandbiologicalassemblytechnology.Orderedmolecularassemblyistheformationofanorderedtwo-dimensionalorthree-dimensionalmolecularsystemthroughphysicalorchemicalinteractionsbetweenmolecules.Atpresent,thelatestprogressinmolecularorderedassemblytechnologyanditsapplicationresearchismainlythediscoveryofLBfilmresearchandrelatedproperties.Biologicalmacromoleculesmovetowardsrecognitionassembly.Theassemblyofbiologicallyactivemacromoleculessuchasproteinsandnucleicacidsrequiresanegotiateddensityandorientation,whichisveryimportantforthepreparationofhigh-performancebiologicalmicro-sensingmembranes,thedevelopmentofbiomoleculardevices,andthestudyofinteractionsbetweenbiologicalmacromolecules.IntheprocessofassemblinglgGintobiologicalmacromolecules,therecognitionfunctionofantibodyactivefragmentswasusedforthefirsttimetoassembleactivebiologicalmacromolecules.Thisimportantprogresshasledtoanewbreakthroughinthedirectedassemblyofbiomolecules.

Inadditiontotheabovetypesofassembly,therehavealsobeenadvancesintheorderedassemblyoflong-chainpolymermolecules,bridgingself-assemblytechnology,andtheapplicationoforderedmolecularfilms.Theuseofnano-processingtechnologycanalsoperformatomic-scaleprocessingofmaterials,allowingprocessingtechnologytoenteramoredetaileddepth.Thedevelopmentofnanostructureself-assemblytechnologywillmakeabreakthroughleapinnanomachinery,nanoelectromechanicalsystemsandnanobiology.

Chinahascertainadvantagesinscientificdiscoveryandindustrializationresearchinthefieldofnanotechnology.HyundaiisintheforefrontofthefirstinternationalechelonwiththeUnitedStates,Japan,Germanyandothercountries.AlthoughmodernChinahasestablishedacertainnumberofnanomaterialproductionbases,thedevelopmentandapplicationofnanotechnologyhasalsorisen,andtheindustrializationhasbeeninitiallyrealized.Toachievelarge-scale,low-costindustrialproduction,Nanohasalotofworktodo.Onlybyrelyingonalargeamountofcapitalandhigh-techinvestmentcanitexchangehighprofitreturns.

Biotechnology

Nanobiologyisthestudyofthestructureandfunctionofvariousorganellesinsidecellsatthenanometerscale.Studytheexchangeofsubstances,energyandinformationwithinthecell,betweentheinsideandoutsideofthecell,andtheentireorganism.Theresearchofnanobiologyfocusesonthefollowingaspects.

DNAresearchhasmadealotofprogressinthreeaspects:morphologyobservation,characteristicresearchandgeneticmodification.

Researchonbrainfunction

Thegoaloftheworkistoclarifyhumanmemory,thinking,languageandlearningtheseadvancedneuralfunctionsandtheinformationprocessingfunctionofthehumanbrain.

ResearchonBionics

Thisisapopularresearchcontentofnanobiology.Alotofresultshavenowbeenachieved.Itisthepartofnanotechnologythatpromisestoobtainbreakthroughandgreatresults.

Thesmallestmotorintheworldisabiologicalmotor-flagellarmotor.Itcandrivetheflagellatorotatelikeapropeller.Themotorisusuallycomposedofmorethan10proteingroups,anditsstructureislikeanartificialmotor.Itconsistsofequivalentstators,rotors,bearings,universaljoints,etc.Itsdiameterisonly3onm,thespeedcanbeashighas15r/min,anditcanswitchbetweenrightandleftrotationswithin1μs.Theexternalelectricfieldcanbeusedtoaccelerateordecelerate.Thepowersourceforrotationisthedifferenceintheconcentrationofnitrogenoxideionsinsideandoutsidethemembranethatsupportsthemotorinthebacteria.Theexperimentproved.Thepotentialdifferencebetweentheinsideandoutsideofthebacteriacanalsodrivetheflagellarmotor.Modernpeopleareexploringthedesignofanartificialflagellamotordriverthatcanbedrivenbyapotentialdifference.

MitsubishiCorporationofJapanhasdevelopedaretinalchipthatcansimulatethevisualimageprocessingfunctionofthehumaneye.Thechipusesgalliumarsenidesemiconductorasthebase.Eachchipcontains4096sensingelements.Itisexpectedtobefurtherusedinrobots.

Someoneproposedtomakemolecularmachinerylikeringsandrods.Assemblethemtoformthecircuitunitofthecomputer.TheunitsizeisonlyInm,andcanbeassembledintoanultra-smallcomputerwithasizeofonlyafewmicrons,whichcanachievethesameperformanceofmoderncommonlyusedcomputers.

Inthemanufacturingofcomplexmicro-electromechanicalsystemswithself-assemblednanostructures,abigproblemistheassemblyofthecomponentsinthesystem.Themoreadvancedandcomplexthesystem,themoredifficultitistosolvetheassemblyproblem.Variousorganismsinnature,proteins,DNA,andcellsinorganismsareallextremelycomplexstructures.Theirgenerationandassemblyarecarriedoutautomatically.Ifwecanunderstandandcontroltheprincipleofself-assemblyofbiologicalmacromolecules,mankind'sunderstandingandtransformationofnaturewillinevitablyrisetoanewandhigherlevel.

Derivatives

Robots

Nano-robotsareprototypesdesignedbasedonbiologicalprinciplesatthemolecularleveltodesignandmanufacture"functionalmoleculesthatcanoperateinnano-space"Devices",alsoknownasmolecularrobots;andtheresearchanddevelopmentofnanorobotshasbecomeafrontierhotspotoftoday'sscienceandtechnology.

In2005,manycountrieshaveformulatedrelevantstrategiesorplansandinvestedhugesumsofmoneytoseizethestrategicheightsofthenewtechnologyofnanorobots.The"RobotAge"monthlymagazinerecentlypointedout:Thepotentialusesofnano-robotsareverywide,ofwhichthemostimportantistheapplicationinthemedicalandmilitaryfields.

Theemergenceofeverynewtechnologyseemstocontaininfinitepossibilities.Itwon’tbelongbeforemagicalnano-robotswithonlythesizeofmoleculeswillcontinuetoenterthedailylivesofhumanbeings.ThefamousChinesescholarProfessorZhouHaizhongpredictedinhisarticle"OnRobots"publishedin1990thatbythemiddleofthe21stcentury,nanorobotswillcompletelychangehumanlaborandlifestyle.

RaincoatUmbrella

Nanoraincoatumbrellaisacombinationofumbrellaandraincoat.Nanoumbrellashavethreefoldingumbrellasandstraightumbrellas.Twochoicesoflength).Nanoraincoatscanbetransformedfromnanoumbrellas.Nanoraincoatsaredifferentfromordinaryraincoatsbecausenanoraincoatscanguaranteeabsolutelynowetnessfromheadtotoe.Becauseofthenanomaterials,thisumbrellacanbeshakenanddried.Aftertheumbrellaisturnedintoaraincoat,theraincoatcanbecompletelydriedwithjustalightjumpwhilewearingit.

Waterproofmaterial

OnAugust4,2014,AustraliausedanewlyinventedfabrictomakeagroundbreakingT-shirt.Nomatterhowpeopletrytosoakit,ThisT-shirtcanmaintaingoodwaterproofperformance.

ThiswhiteT-shirtcalled"TheCavalier"is100%cotton.Althoughthesurfacelooksbland,thefabriciswovenusing"hydrophobic"nanotechnologyapplications,makingthisT-shirteffectivetopreventmostliquidsandstainsfromimmersing.ThisT-shirtcanbemachine-washed,anditswaterprooffunctioncanwithstandupto80washes.Itsfabrichasanaturalself-cleaningfunction,andanystainsattachedtoitcanbescrubbedorrinsedoffwithwater.

Differentfromotherwaterproofapplicationsthatcontainchemicalsubstances,T-shirtsimitatethenaturalhydrophobiccharacteristicsoflotusleaves.Theinventionofthisclothmayhavearevolutionaryimpactonrestaurantsandcafes.Inaddition,thisfabriccanalsobeusedinthemedicalindustryorhospitalsandotherplaces.

PotentialHazards

Likebiotechnology,nanotechnologyalsohasmanyenvironmentalandsafetyissues(suchaswhetheritssmallsizewillavoidthenaturaldefensesystemoforganisms,andwhetheritcanbebiodegradable,Howaretoxicsideeffects,etc.).

Socialhazards

Thehazardsofnanoparticles

Theexistenceofnanomaterials(materialscontainingnanoparticles)itselfisnotthesameKindofharm.Onlysomeofitsaspectsareharmful,especiallytheirmobilityandenhancedreactivity.Onlywhencertainaspectsofcertainnanoparticlesareharmfultobiologyortheenvironment,wefacearealhazard.

Todiscusstheimpactofnanomaterialsonhealthandtheenvironment,wemustdistinguishtwotypesofnanostructures:

Nano-synthesiswherenano-sizedparticlesareassembledonasubstrate,materialordeviceObjects,nano-surfacestructuresornano-components(electronics,opticalsensors,etc.),alsoknownasfixednanoparticles.

"Free"nanoparticles,regardlessofwhethertheyarestoredincertainstepsoftheproductionoraredirectlyusedasindividualnanoparticles.

Thesefreenanoparticlesmaybenano-sizedsingleelements,compounds,orcomplexmixtures,suchas"coated"nanoparticlesor"core-shells"inwhichoneelementiscoatedwithanothersubstance."Nanoparticles.

Modern,theacceptedviewisthatalthoughweneedtopayattentiontomaterialswithfixednanoparticles,freenanoparticlesarethemosturgentconcern.

Becausenanoparticlesaresodifferentfromtheirdailycounterpartsthattheirharmfuleffectscannotbederivedfromknowntoxicity.Itisofgreatsignificancetodiscussthehealthandenvironmentalimpactoffreenanoparticlesinthisway.

What’smorecomplicatedisthatwhenwediscussnanoparticles,wemustknowthatthepowderorliquidcontainingnanoparticlesisalmostnevermonodispersed,buthasmanydifferentsizeswithinacertainrange.Thiswillmaketheexperimentalanalysismorecomplicated,becausethelargenanoparticlesmayhavedifferentpropertiesfromthesmallones.Moreover,nanoparticleshaveatendencytopolymerize,andpolymerizednanoparticleshavedifferentbehaviorsfromindividualnanoparticles.

Healthissues

Nanoparticlescanenterthehumanbodyinfourways:inhalation,swallowing,absorptionfromtheskin,orintentionalinjection(orreleasefromimplants)duringmedicalprocedures.Onceinthehumanbody,theyhaveahighdegreeofmobility.Insomecases,theycanevencrosstheblood-brainbarrier.

Thebehaviorofnanoparticlesinorgansisstillabigsubjectthatneedstobestudied.Basically,thebehaviorofnanoparticlesdependsontheirsize,shapeandinteractionactivitywithsurroundingtissues.Theymaycausean"overload"ofphages(cellsthatswallowanddestroyforeignsubstances),whichcantriggerdefensivefeverandreducethebody'simmunity.Theymayaccumulateintheorgansbecausetheycannotdegradeordegradeslowly.Anotherconcernisthepotentialdangeroftheirreactionwithsomebiologicalprocessesinthehumanbody.Duetothelargesurfacearea,nanoparticlesexposedtotissuesandliquidsimmediatelyadsorbthemacromoleculestheyencounter.Thiswillaffect,forexample,theadjustmentmechanismofenzymesandotherproteins.

Environmentalissues

Themainconcernisthatnanoparticlesmaycauseunknownhazards.

Socialrisks

Therearealsosociologicalrisksintheuseofnanotechnology.Atthelevelofinstruments,italsoincludesthepossibilityofusingnanotechnologyinthemilitaryfield.(Forexample,attheMITSoldierNanotechnologyInstitute[1],theimplantsorothermeanstoequipsoldiersarestudied,andtherearealsosurveillancemeansenhancedbynanodetectors.

Atthestructurallevel,nanotechnologyCriticsofNanotechnologyhavepointedoutthatnanotechnologyhasopenedupanewworldcontrolledbypropertyrightsandcompanies.Theypointedoutthat,justastheabilityofbiotechnologytomanipulategenesisaccompaniedbythepatentingoflife,thetechnologyofnanotechnologytomanipulatemoleculesbringsaboutmaterialPatenting.Inthepastfewyears,obtainingnanoscalepatentshasbeenlikeagoldrush.In2003,morethan800nanometer-relatedpatentrightswereapproved,andthisnumberisgrowingeveryyear.LargecompanieshavemonopolizednanoscaleinventionsandDiscoveredawiderangeofpatents.Forexample,twolargecompanies,NECandIBM,holdbasicpatentsoncarbonnanotubes,oneofthecornerstonesofnanotechnology.CarbonnanotubeshaveawiderangeofapplicationsandareconsideredpromisingforeverythingfromelectronicsandcomputerstoManyindustrialfieldsfromstrengtheningmaterialstodrugreleaseanddiagnosticshaveakeyrole.Carbonnanotubesarelikelytobecomethemainindustrialtradingmaterialsthatreplacetraditionalrawmaterials.However,whentheiruseexpands,anyonewhowantstomanufactureorsellcarbonnanotubesRegardlessoftheapplication,thepersoninchargemustfirstpurchasealicensefromNECorIBM.

Developmenttrend

Advancednanotechnology,sometimescalledmolecularmanufacturing,isusedtodescribeNanoengineeringsystems(nanomachines)onthemolecularscale.Countlessexampleshaveprovedthathundredsofmillionsofyearsofevolutioncanproducecomplex,stochasticallyoptimizedbiologicalmachines.Inthefieldofnanometers,wehopetousebionicsmethodstofindshortcutstomakenanomachinesHowever,KEricDrexlerandotherresearchersproposedthatalthoughadvancednanotechnologywillinitiallyusebionicsaids,itmayeventuallybebasedontheprinciplesofmechanicalengineering.

UnitedStates

TheNationalScienceBoard(NationalScienceBoard)approvedtheNationalScienceBoardApprovesAwardforaNationalNanotechnologyInfrastructureNetwork(NNIN)attheendof2003.Itwillbejointlyconstructedby13universitiesintheUnitedStatestosupportthenation’snanotechnology.Anetworksystemforscience,technologyandeducation.Theplanwilllastfor5yearsandwillbeimplementedinJanuary2004.Itwillprovideaholisticnationwideuseofskillstosupportresearchandeducationinnanoscalescience,engineeringandtechnology.Itisestimatedthatatleast5yearswilltakeplace.Invest70billionUSdollarsinresearchfunding.ThepurposeoftheplanisnotonlytoprovideAmericanresearcherswithtop-notchexperimentalequipmentandequipment,butalsototrainagroupofresearcherswhospecializeinthemostadvancednanotechnology.

1.TheUnitedStatesdevelopsthelatestnano-cellmanufacturingtechnology

Nano-technologycanproduceobjectswithparticlessmallerthanthesizeofhumanbloodvessels.TheUnitedStatesTheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST)pointedoutthatithasdevelopedamethodtoproduceconsistentandself-assemblednanocells(Nanocells)forapplicationinthetreatmentofencapsulatedandcompresseddrugs.Thistechnologycancurrentlybeusedinthepackagingtechnologyofdrugs,whichcanmoreaccuratelyensurethedosageofdrugs,andwillbeusedinthefutureforfurtherresearchoncancerchemotherapyrelatedtechnologies.

TheNanoProgramisthemainaxisoftheFederalInterministerialConference’sR&Dbudgetin2005,reachingUS$980million.

2.DNAProgressofdetectionchip

January2004,HP,USAOfficiallyannounceditsnano-scalechipforrapidDNAdetection.In2004,thecomplicateddetectionstepsofDNAmicroarraysbasedonopticalprincipleswereadoptedinDNAdetection.TheHPteamchangedthecomplicatedstepstothecircuitchipforprocessing;inproduction,theDNAdetectionchipwaspassedon.Thesensingelementisananowirewithathicknessofabout50nanometersmadebyelectron-beamlithographyandreactive-ionetching.However,forcommercialconsiderations,theresultsaretoohigh,sotheresearchteamisdevelopingatechnologythatusescheaperopticallithographytomakeDNAdetectionchipcomponents.

3.Researchonimprovementofgroundwaterpollution

Groundwaterpollutionisamajortopicwidelydiscussedinmoderntimes.Inmoderntimes,theUnitedStatespublishedananoparticle(Nanoparticles)technology,wherethecenteroftheparticlesisanironcore(iron)andtheoutsideiscoveredbyamulti-layerpolymer,whereintheinnerlayerismadeofacompoundmethylmethacrylatewithexcellentwaterresistance(polymethlmethacrylate;PMMA)coated,andtheouterlayeriscoatedwithhydrophilicsulphonatedpolystyrene.Sincethehydrophilicouterlayermakesthenanoparticlesdissolveinwater,theinnerwaterprooflayercanattractthepollutionsourcetrichloroethylene(trichloroethylene).Theironcoreinthenanoparticlecausesthetrichloroethylenetosplit,whichinturncausesthepollutionsourcetograduallysplitintonon-toxicsubstances.

4.LaunchtheCancerNanotechnologyProject

Inordertowidelyintegratenanotechnology,cancerresearchandmolecularbiomedicine,theNationalCancerCenter(NCI)oftheUnitedStatesTheCancerNanotechnologyPlanwasproposed,andcross-fieldworkwillbecarriedoutthroughthreeaspects:theout-of-hospitalplan,thein-hospitalplan,andthenanotechnologystandardlaboratory.Theplansetssixchallenges:

Preventandcontrolcancer:developnanoscaleequipmentthatcandeliveranti-cancerdrugsandmultipleanti-cancervaccines.

Earlydetectionandproteology:developimplantableequipmentforearlydetectionofcancerbiomarkers,anddevelopaplatformdevicethatcancollectalargenumberofbiomarkersforlarge-scaleanalysis.

Imagingdiagnosis:developimagingdevicesthatcanincreasetheresolutiontoidentifyindividualcancercells,andnanodevicesthatcandistinguishcellsfromdifferenttissueswithinatumor.

Multifunctionaltherapeuticequipment:developmentofnanodeviceswithbothdiagnosisandtreatment.

Cancercareandqualityoflifeimprovement:developandimprovethesymptomsofpain,depression,nauseaandothersymptomscausedbychroniccancer,andprovideidealdosingdevices.

Cross-fieldtraining:Trainanewgenerationofresearchersfamiliarwithcancerbiologyandnanotechnology.

EuropeanUnion

1.EuropeanUnion’sinternationalnanoscienceresearchpolicy

Europeisthefirstregionintheworldtostartnanoscienceresearch.However,becausetherewasnocentralcoordinationandplanningbytheEuropeanUnionatthattime,thelackoffinancialassistanceandrelatedmanagementsupportattheearlystageoftheresearch,andtheproblemofpatentacquisitioncausedmanyobstaclestoresearchers.InMay2004,theEuropeanParliament(EuropeanCommission;EC)publishedaseriesofprojectplansonnanotechnologytotheEuropeanregionandtheinternationalcommunitytodeclareEurope'sdeterminationtoimprovethecompetitivenessofnanotechnology.

TheEuropeanUniondividesitsplanintofivemainareas:researchanddevelopment(R&D),infrastructure(infrastructure),educationandtraining(educationandtraining),innovation(innovation)andsociallevel(societaldimension).

Accordingtoestimates,iftheEUplancanbesmoothedhttp://baike.baidu.com/edit/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF/144920promotesprofitablyandisexpectedtogeneratetensofbillionsofeurosineconomicrevenueforEuropebefore2010.TheEuropeanParliamentalsoemphasizedthatraisingthepublic'sawarenessofnanotechnologyisalsopartoftheoverallnanotechnologydevelopmentplan.Inaddition,publichealth,safety,environmentalissuesandconsumerprotectionarealsoincludedinthistopic.Now,nanoscienceandnanotechnologyarestillintheemergingfieldofR&D,andtheobjectsthatmustbesolvedandresearchedallexistinthehierarchyofatomsandmolecules.Theapplicationofnanoscienceinthenextfewyearsishighlyanticipated,anditisboundtohaveasignificantimpactonalltechnologies.Inthefuture,theresearchanddevelopmentofnanotechnologywillalsobringaboutmajorchangesinthefieldsofhumanhealth,food,environmentalresearch,informationscience,security,emergingmaterialscience,andenergystorage.Inthesixthphaseoftheframeworkplan(FP6)carriedoutbytheEuropeanUnionfrom2004to2006,thefundingfornanotechnologyandemergingmaterialsresearchanddevelopmentwasabout1.3billioneuros.TheEuropeanParliamentalsointendstoincreasefundingandextendtheresearchschedule(from2007toAD).year2013).Atthesametime,inordertoconsolidateandstrengthentheresearchofallEUmemberstatesinnanoscience,theEuropeanParliamentalsointendstoconveneexpertsfromtheprivatesectorandotherunitstobuildconsensusintheplanning,inordertostrengthentheEUasawholeinthisfieldofresearch.

2.InnovationRelayCenter

In1995,theEuropeanCommissionestablishedthe"InnovationRelayCenters"(InnovationRelayCenters,IRCs).ThisorganizationhasthesamefunctionastheNationalScienceandTechnologyTransferCenteroftheUnitedStates.Therearenearly70regionalinnovationrelaycenters,supportingrelevanttechnologytransfercentersinatleast30countries.ThepurposeoftheInnovationSuccessionCenteristounitecompaniesthathaveproblemswithcompaniesthatcanproposesolutions.MostnanotechnologycompaniesinEuropecanbeassistedbyinnovationsupportcentersorregionalinnovationandtechnologytransferstrategies.

Europe’snanotechnologyprojectsreceivefinancialaidinroughlythesamewayastheUnitedStates,andsomeofthemarenationalprojects.TherearemanymultinationalR&DinstitutionsinEurope.Takethepan-EuropeanindustrialR&Dnetworkasanexample,whichprovidesunconditionalR&DsubsidiesforthepurposeofdevelopingR&Dresultsintoproducts.CountriesthatreceivefinancialassistancethroughthePan-EuropeanIndustrialR&DNetworkincludeAustria,Norway,andtheUnitedKingdom.OthersincludeloansandexemptsubsidiesinBelgium,Germany,Slovenia,IcelandandIsrael.Inmostcases,thesubsidyamountdoesnotexceed70%ofthetotalamountrequiredforthecompletionoftheplan,andtheremainingpartdependsonthesponsorshipofthelocalgovernmentandotherwillingparties.

Japan

1.ThestatusofnanoscienceresearchinJapan'sRiken

DepartmentofRIKEN(RIKEN)Aninter-academicresearchorganization,thevariousdepartmentsoftheinstitutearedistributedin7regionsofJapan.RIKEN’smainbase,HeguangPark,hasthreeresearchcenters:DiscoveryResearchCenter(DRI),NewFieldResearchSystem(FRS),andBrainScienceCenter(BSI).TheresearchcarriedoutbyRIKENcanbedividedintothreecategories:DRImainlyconductssmall-scalebutlong-termperspectivecultivationresearchprograms;FRSalsoimplementssmall-scaleprograms,butusesatop-downapproachtocarryoutmoredynamicmid-rangeandmedium-scaleprograms;Asfortheresearchcenter,itconductsalarge-scale,medium-tolong-term,goal-orientedplan.RIKEN'sresearchbudgetforthesecondhalfoffiscalyear2003(fromOctober2003toMarch2004)totaledUS$474.8million,andtheannualbudgetexceededUS$900million.

RIKENbegantoengageinnanoscienceresearchin1986,buttheofficialnanoscienceplanstartedin2002.Initially,18nanoscienceplanswereselectedandsuccessivelystudiedineachCentered.

2.JapanBoostsNANOTECHNOLOGYBUDGETANDINDUSTRIALCOOPERATION(JAPANBOOSTSNANOTECHNOLOGYBUDGETANDINDUSTRIALCOOPERATION)

TheJapaneseScienceandTechnologyPolicyAdvisoryCommittee(CouncilforScienceandTechnologyPolicy)pointedoutInJapan'sfiscalyear2004(startingfromApril1),thebudgetfornanotechnologygrewby3.1%toreachUS$880million.Atthesametime,thebudgetsofthetwogovernmentministriesthataremainlyresponsibleforJapan'snanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprogramhavealsogrown.Japan’sMinistryofEconomyTradeandIndustry(METI),whichisresponsibleforpromotingtheupcomingresearchanddevelopmentwork,hasincreaseditsbudgetfromUS$97millionin2003toUS$110millionin2004.Nanotechnologyandrelatedrawmaterialsresearchhasbeendesignatedasoneofthefourhighestpriorityprojects.Otherfieldsincludeinformationandcommunications,lifesciencesandenvironmentalresearch.

Japan’sbudgetisapprovedbytheFinanceMinistryofJapan,andthenformulatedintolawbytheJapaneseDiet.Japan'sMinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnology(MEXT)nanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentfundinghasgrownfrom230millionU.S.dollarsto240millionU.S.dollars,andwillfocusonbasicrawmaterialresearchandnewdrugresearchprograms.

SouthKorea

1.SouthKorea’snanotechnologystrategy

TheKoreangovernmenthasdeeplyrecognizedthatnanotechnologyisthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyinthecenturyThestrategiccommandingheightsofthecompanyintegratenanotechnologyandhigh-techtechnologiesinthefieldsofinformation,biology,materials,energy,environment,military,andaerospace,andwillcreateanewrealmofcross-disciplinaryresearchanddevelopment.TheKoreangovernmentalsounderstandsthatthisemergingtechnologywillalsobethedrivingforceforthecreationofnewindustriesandhigh-techproducts.Thebreakthroughprogressofnanoscienceandtechnologywillbringabouthumancapabilities,socialoutput,nationalproductivity,economicgrowthandqualityoflife.Ahugeimprovement.

SouthKoreahasannouncedthatitwillinvest2,391trillionwon(approximatelyUS$2billion)innanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentduringthetenyearsfrom2001to2010.Thegovernmenthasinvestedinnanotechnologyexpenditures.Comparisonbetween2002and2000,Agrowthofabout400%.OneofthemaingoalsoftheNanoStateProgramistoachievetheworld'snumberonepositionincertaincompetitivefieldsanddevelopanichemarketforindustrialgrowth.Koreaalsoclearlyfocusesitsdevelopmentoncorekeytechnologiessuchastrillion-levelintegratedelectroniccomponents.

"Theimplementationofnanotechnologydevelopmentplanin2002"and"nanometerstructurematerialtechnologydevelopment","nanometermicroelectromechanicalandmanufacturingtechnologydevelopment"andothertwonewresearchprojectsbegantobeimplementedsimultaneously,plusnanotechnologyThefieldresearchplanwillinvestUSD20millionannuallyintheDaejoenScienceCity,whichislinedwithmanygovernmentresearchinstitutionsinthenext6-9years.TheKoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology(KAIST)establishedananomanufacturingcenterin2001,andinvested165millionUSdollarsinthenext6-9years.Thegovernmentadjustedthe"2003NanotechnologyDevelopmentActionPlan",including:NanotechnologyDevelopmentPromotionAct,itssecondpurpose:First,tobuildasolidnanotechnologycoreresearchfoundation,andsecond,toencouragetheindustrializationofmaturenanotechnology.TheKoreangovernmentwillalsoallocateUS$380million(19%ofthenationalnanotechnologyexpenditure)inthenationalnanotechnologyindustrializationplan,whichincludesindustrialresearchanddevelopment.Fundsandventurecapitalfunds.

AccordingtoareportfromtheKoreanPatentOfficein2002,thenumberofnanotechnologypatentapplicationshasshownsubstantialgrowthbothathomeandabroad.Emergingnanotechnologyhasalsoshownconsiderablegrowthinthepastfewyears.Inaddition,accordingtotheKoreanMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyAccordingtostatisticsfrom(MOCIE),in2002,nanotechnologystartupsalsosprunguptotakethenanotechnologytrain.

2.SouthKoreapredictsthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textileswillincreaserapidly

TheMinistryofIndustryandEnergypredictsthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textileswillincreaserapidlyinthenext9yearsTrend,thetransactionvolumeisexpectedtoreachnearly40billionU.S.dollars.TheMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyofKoreacommissionedtheKoreaTextileIndustryFederationtoconductresearchandanalysisontheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesandtradetrendswithinthreemonthsstartinginAugust2004.

TheMinistryofCommerce,IndustryandEnergyofKoreabelievesthattheinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesisbasedon15billionU.S.dollarsandwillincreaseby10.7%everyyear.By2007and2012,theinternationalmarket’sdemandfornano-textilesThedemandamountwillreach24billionU.S.dollarsand39.7billionU.S.dollarsrespectively.By2012,theinternationalmarket’sdemandforultra-high-performancefiltrationnano-textilesusedinpharmaceuticals,electronicsandlifescienceswillreach9.6billionUSdollars,andthedemandfornano-textilesusedinthepreventionofbiologicalandchemicalweaponsandsportsentertainmentwillreach26BillionUSdollars,thedemandfornano-textilesusedtostoreenergywillreach20.5billionUSdollars.

SouthKorea’sdemandfornano-textilesisUS$1.9billion,accountingfor12.1%ofthetotalinternationalmarketdemand.By2012,SouthKorea’sdemandfornano-textileswillreach7.2billionU.S.dollars,accountingfor18.1%ofthetotalinternationalmarketdemandatthattime.

3.SouthKorea’sdevelopmentofnanotechnologyisalmostentirelyconcentratedinthemicroelectronicsindustry

Throughthedevelopmentofmega-levelnanodevicessponsoredbytheMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofKoreaUndertheTera-LevelNanodevicesInitiatives,Koreanuniversitiesandindustriesarefocusingonthedevelopmentofnext-generationmicroelectronicdevices,includingmemorydeviceswithterabitcapacityandcomponentswithterahertzdataprocessingspeed.

Samsung,oneofKorea’slargestcorporateconsortiums,hasanAdvancedInstituteofTechnology(AdvancedInstituteofTechnology)engagedintheresearchandcommercializationofmicroelectronicstechnology.

TaiwanofChina

Since1996,theNationalScienceCouncil,theMinistryofEconomicAffairs,andtheMinistryofEducationhavesupportedmanyindividualprojectstoengageinresearchanddevelopmentonnanotechnology.Inthedecade,suchastheMinistryofEducation'sExcellenceProgram,theNationalScienceCouncilNanomaterialsAdvancedResearchProgram,theMinistryofEconomicAffairsTechnologyDepartmentNanotechnologyEnvironmentConstructionandIndustrialApplicationEvaluationProgram,andsoon.Inordertoeffectivelyuseresourcesandintegratethewisdomandstrengthofindustry,government,academia,andresearchtoenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness;since2000,theNationalScienceCouncilhasbeguntoplanandpromotenanotechnologyprojects.

Theconclusionsofthe"ScienceandTechnologyConsultantsConference"oftheadministrativedepartmentofTaiwaninDecember2000andthesixth"NationalScienceandTechnologyConference"(NationalScienceandTechnologyConference)inJanuary2001bothpointedoutthatnanotechnologyisForthekeyareasofTaiwan’sfutureindustrialdevelopment,theNationalScienceCouncilestablishedaworkinggroupofficeonNovember21,2002toberesponsiblefortheplanningofthenationalplan.Themembersofthe“NanoNationalScienceandTechnologyPlanWorkingGroup”consistedofTaiwan’sadministrativedepartment’sscienceandtechnologyadvisorygroup,theAcademiaSinica,Taiwan’sMinistryofEducation,IndustrialTechnologyResearchInstitute,theMinistryofEconomicAffairs,Taiwan’sadministrativedepartment"AtomicEnergyCommission"andTaiwan’sadministrativedepartment’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyarecomposedof25representatives.

TheNationalScienceCouncilalsoheldthe155thcommitteemeetingonJanuary15,2002todiscusstheconceptofthe"Nano-NationalScienceandTechnologyPlan";the157thmeetinginJune2002Thecommitteepassedthedeliberationsofthenano-nationalscienceandtechnologyplan,andofficiallystartedtopromoteitinJanuary2003,anddecidedtoinvestNT$23.19billioninthedevelopmentofnanotechnologyfrom2003to2008;andonSeptember1ofthesameyearJapanformallyestablishedtheNanoNationalPlanningOfficetocarryouttheleadership,planningandmanagementoftheoverallplan.

China

1."ChinaNationalLaboratoryAccreditationCommittee"istheaccreditationbodyresponsiblefortheaccreditationoflaboratoriesandinspectionagenciesForthestandardsofmaterialsandproducts,the"NationalNanoScienceCenter"andthe"NationalLaboratoryAccreditationCommitteeofChina"havediscussedseveraltimesandjointlyestablishedthe"NanoTechnologySpecialCommittee",whichisaffiliatedtothe"NationalNanoScienceCenter".

2.TheChinesegovernmenthasledmanynanotechnologyresearchanddevelopmentprojectsthroughtheChineseAcademyofSciences,mostofwhichemphasizesemiconductormanufacturingtechnologyandthedevelopmentofelectroniccomponentsbasedonnanotechnology.Theotheristousenanomaterialstopreservearchaeologicalartifacts.

Productsthathavebeensuccessfullydevelopedincludenewairconditioners,whicharecharacterizedbytheuseofinnovativenano-materials.Itisalsoestimatedthatabout200companiesareactivelyengagedinthecommercializationofnanotechnologyproducts.

Canada

TheUniversityofWaterlooisthefirstuniversityintheworldtosetupnanotechnologyengineeringasitsmainsubject.In2005,itbegantoenrollstudentsandopenedamaster'sprograminnanotechnologyengineeringin2010.In2012,therewillbeaquantumnanocenter.

TheUniversityofTorontoalsohasascienceandengineeringuniversitywithnanotechnologyengineeringasasub-discipline.

TheUniversityofGuelphhasestablishednanoscience.