Liu Che

SynonymHanWudi(EmperoroftheHanDynasty)generallyreferstoLiuChe(theseventhemperoroftheWesternHanDynasty)

Characterrelationship

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• WifeWeiZifu

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• WifeChenAjiao

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• SonLiuFuling

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• SonLiuXu

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• SonLiuHong

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• SonLiuShi

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• ThedaughterofPrincessWei

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• ThePrincessofEyi

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• DaughterZhuyiPrincess

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• PrincessYangshi

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• FatherLiuQi

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• MotherWang娡

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• BrotherLiuFei

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• BrotherLiuDe

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• SisterPingyangPrincess

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• GrandfatherLiuHeng

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• GrandsonLiuJian

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• GrandsonLiuCongratulations

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• Great-grandfatherLiuBang

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• StudentHanYan

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Thelifeofthecharacterh2>

StandingastheCrownPrince

PortraitofEmperorLiuCheoftheHanDynasty(6photos)

WhenLiuChe’smotherWangDanwaspregnant,theEmperoroftheHanKingLiuQishangwastheprince.WangDandreamedthatthesunenteredherarms.AfterwakingupandtellingLiuQi,LiuQithoughtitwasasignofnobility.BeforeLiuChewasborn,hisgrandfatherLiuHengdied.LiuQisucceededtothethroneasEmperorJing,andLiuChewasbornsoon.LiuCheisthetenthsonofEmperorHanJingandtheonlysonofWangNan.

OnApril23rdofthe4thyearbeforeEmperorHanJing(153yearsago),theeldestsonofHanJingEmperorLiJi,LiuRong,wasthecrownprince,andLiuChewasalsonamedtheKingofJiaodong.LiuChe’saunt,PrincessTao,askedLiJitoproposemarriagetoherdaughter,Chen’sfamily,butwasrejectedbyLiJi,butWangLaopromisedLiuChetomarryChen’sfamily.Therefore,Liu’sprostitutecontinuedtodenigrateLiJitotheEmperorJingandpraiseWangLaandLiJi.HealsoangeredEmperorJingbyspeakingoutrageously,andthebalancegraduallytiltedtowardsWang'smotherandson.AfterEmpressBowasdeposedinthesixthyearoftheYuanDynasty(151BC),WangDansecretlyinstructedDaxinglingtoaskLiJitobethequeen,sothatEmperorJing’sdissatisfactionwithLiJireachedtheextreme,soheexecutedDaxinglingandalienatedLiJi.IntheseventhyearofBC(150BC),LiuRongwasabolishedasKingofLinjiangonthefirstmonth.OnApril17th,EmperorJingmadeWanglaothequeen;onthe25th,LiuChe,whowasimmediatelysevenyearsold,becamethecrownprince.

AfterLiuChebecamethecrownprince,EmperorJingworshipedWeiWanastheprince'sfirst-handandWangZangastheprince'syoungest-fu,andaskedthemtocoachLiuChe.Onthe17thdayofthefirstmonthofthethirdyearofEmperorHanjing(141yearsago),LiuChegaveacrownceremony.Tendayslater,EmperorJingdiedandLiuChesucceeded.

TheearlydaysofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty

IntheearlyyearsofLiuChe'sascensiontothethrone,theforeignrelativesrepresentedbytheempressdowagerDouYifangandtheempressdowagerWang娡hadagreatinfluenceinthedynasty,andLiuChealsoItisnecessaryto"playtheEastPalace",thatis,reportthestateaffairstotheQueenMother.InJuneofthefirstyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(140yearsago),LiuChedismissedtheprimeministerWeiWanandthedoctorYuShiwithoutdoubt,andappointedtwoforeignrelativesWeiQihouDouYingandWu'anHouTianyuasprimeministerandTaiweirespectively.Ontheotherhand,LiuChealsoappointedConfucianZhaoWanandWangZangasthedoctorsoftheImperialCourtandtheorderofthedoctor.BothDouYingandTianYanlikeConfucianism,andZhaoWanandWangZangaredisciplesofLuShixueandChunqiuguliangxueDaruShenGong,sofromthisrulinggroupwecanseeLiuChe'swilltoupholdConfucianism.LiuChesoondispatchedpeopletorecruitShenGongwithAnChePulun,ShuboJiabiandShenGong.AftermeetingwithLiuChe,ShenGongemphasizedtheneedto"practice"ratherthan"multi-talk"ingoverningthecountry.Verysatisfied,butafterallhehasbeenrecruited,hewasappointedTaizhongdoctor,andatthesametime,heagreedontheConfucianritualsystemsuchasXiuMingTang,CorrectionShuo,YiFuSe,andXunShouFengZen.

However,theEmpressDowagerDouYifangadvocatedHuangLao'sstudiesandobstructedthereformofConfucianism.InOctoberofthesameyear(accordingtothesystemoftheearlyHanDynasty,itwastheOctoberofthesecondyearofJianyuan),YuShidoctorZhaoWanaskedLiuChenottoreportgovernmentaffairstotheQueenMother.TheQueenMotherDouwasfuriousandaccusedhimofbeinganotherXinYuanping,soshecollecteditbyherselfTheevidenceofZhaoWan,WangZangandotherillegalprofit-makingcrimesrequiredLiuChetoimprisonZhaoandWang,andbothdiedinprison.DouYingandTianYuwerealsodeposed,andXuchangandZhuangQingdi,descendantsofthefoundingheroes,werenamedprimeministersanddoctorsoftheImperialCourt.MingtangandotherConfucianritualswerealsoabandoned.

Ontheotherhand,theprincessGuantaoclaimstosupportLiuChe'smerits,andhervariousrequestsmadeLiuCheannoyed.EmpressChen,thedaughterofPrincessGuantao,whomLiuChemarriedasagreed,wasfirstfavored,butshewasnotonly"envy",butalsochildlessformanyyears,whichmadeLiuChealienateher.Atthistime,theQueenMotherwarnedLiuChe:"Assoonasyoucametothethrone,theministerhasnotfullyobeyed,soyoushouldmakeapublicstatementandannoytheQueenMother.Nowyourebelliousagainsttheprincess,youwilldefinitelyoffendthemseriously.Womenareeasytoplease,youmustBeverycautious!"SoLiuChehadtorespectPrincessGuantaoandEmpressChenalittlebit.

ControltheChaoGang

InMayofthesixthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(135yearsago),theQueenMotherDoudied,andLiuChewasabletotakefullpower.OnthepretextofXuchangandZhuangQingdi’sineffectivefuneralarrangements,hedismissedthetwoandappointedhisuncleTianYanastheprimeminister,andDaSiNongHanAnguoastheYuShidoctor.LiuChealmostobeyedTian'swords,sothatTian'sdomineeringanddomineering,"thepowershiftedtothemaster",onlyafterLiuChe'sbeatingwasconstrained.However,hebecameincreasinglyalienatedfromtheinfluenceoftheDoufamily.Finally,inthefourthyearofYuanguang(131yearsago),DouYingwasexecutedbyabusinghishusband,andTianFudiedsoonafterwards.Afterthat,LiuCheusedofficialsotherthantheheroesandrelativesandevenpeopleofhumbleorigins,suchasthemasterfatherYan,Gongsunhong,ZhangTang,etc.,andworshipedGongsunhongasprimeministerandnamedJinhou,breakingtheconventionthatnon-colleagueswerenotallowedtobeprimeministersandstarted.Theprecedentofworshippingtheprimeministerfirstandthenentrustinghimtotheprince;andtopromotethestatusofYushidoctor,letYushidoctorZhangTangreplacetheroleoftheprimeminister,andtheroleofXiangquaninholdingimperialpowerhasalsobeengreatlyreduced.

Ontheotherhand,LiuChefavoredhersisterWeiZihu,thesinger-songwriterofPrincessPingyang,whileEmpressChenwasjealousofWeiZihuandrepeatedlypersecutedhim.LiuChethenusedwitchcraftinthefifthyearofYuanguang(130yearsago).EmpressChenwasdeposedforGuandmovedtoNagatoPalace.InthefirstyearofYuanshuo(128BC),LiuChe,whowasnearly30yearsold,finallygothisson'sfirstson,LiuZhi.Inthesameyear,LiuZhi’smother,WeiZifu,wasmadequeen,andLiuZhiwasmadethecrownprincesixyearslater..Atthesametime,WeiQing,theyoungerbrotherofWeiZifu,andhisnephewHuoQubingwereusedtoopenupterritory,andthepostofDaSimawasnewlyestablishedtoplacethesemilitarycousins.WeiQingandothersknowthatLiuChehatestheaffairsofDouYingandTianYanformanipulatingthegovernmentandsolicitingguests,sotheyactlow-keyanduse"gentleness"topleaseLiuCheandavoidviolatingLiuChe'simperialpower.

Forthelocalprinces,LiuCheusedtheTweetOrdertofurtherreducehisauthorityandland,andontheotherhand,inthefirstyearofYuanshou(122BC),hequelledtheattemptedrebellionofHuainanKingLiuAnandHengshanKingLiuCi.Consolidatedthecentralgovernment'scontrolovertheprincesandkings.InthefifthyearofYuanding(112BC),becausetheprincesrefusedtoassistthearmyinattackingSouthVietnam,LiuCheseizedthetitlesof106princesonthegroundsthatthegoldpresentedtothecourtwasnotgoodenough,thusbeatingtheprinces'forcesthatpassivelydealtwiththecentralgovernment..AfterYuandingfiveyears(112),LiuChebegantofrequentthecountiesandcountriestostrengthenthecontrolofthelocality.

ConqueringtheQuartet

ThroughtherecuperationandrejuvenationpoliciesoftherulersoftheearlyHandynasties,thenationalpoweroftheHanDynastyhasbecomequitesolidafterLiuChetookthethrone.SinceLiuChetookthethrone,hehaschangedthestrategicdefensepolicyoftheearlyHanDynasty,activelyforgingahead,conqueringtheQuartet,andtryingtorealizethe"universalunification"of"thekinghasnooutside."LiuChe'stargetofusingtroopstoopenuptheterritorywasfirstinthesouth.DuringtheJianyuanyears,LiuChesenttroopstoMinyuetwiceandwonwithoutafight.ThisgaveLiuCheasenseofaccomplishmentandstrengthenedhiswilltoconquertheQuartet.HesentYanZhutoconveyhismeaningtotheHuainanKingLiuAnwhoopposedthesendingoftroops,emphasizingthat"Hanisthesectoftheworld,withthehandleofkilling,inordertocontrolthefateoftheworld,thepeopleindangerhopepeace,thetroubledonesrule",thatis,theHandynastyistheworldunderallnations.ThesuzerainhasthemissionofconqueringtheQuartet,helpingthecrisisandquellingchaos,andthelegitimacyofitsexternaluseoftroopsliesinthis.

LiuChe'smostimportantstrategicgoalisto"eliminatetheHu",thatis,toeliminatetheHuns'threattotheHanDynasty.Inordertoachievethisgoal,hesentZhangQianasanenvoytotheWesternRegionsinthefirstyearoftheJianyuanperiod,tryingtoformamilitaryalliancewiththeDayueclanoftheHunswhomigratedtotheWesternRegions.However,ZhangQianwasdetainedbytheHunsontheway.Afterescaping,hefailedtopersuadetheDaYueclantounitewiththeHanDynasty.Therefore,theplantoformanalliancewiththeDaYueclanto"eliminateHu"wasnotrealized.InthesixthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(135BC),theXiongnusentpeopletotheHanDynastytoaskforpeace.ThecentralgovernmentwasdividedintothemainfightingfactionheadedbyDaxingLingWangHuiandtheZhuhefactionheadedbytheYushidoctorHanAnguo.Aftersomedisputes,LiuCheadoptedtheadvocatesandfactions,andpreparedtohidehispowersfromtheXiongnuforaperiodoftime.ButinthesecondyearofYuanguang(133BC),WangHuiproposedtoLiuChetheplotofMaYi,tryingtoluretheXiongnumilitaryofficialsintoenteringthecountryalone,andsetupannihilationintheMayiValley.LiuCheapproved,buttheplanwasunsuccessfulduetopooractions,andWangHuicommittedsuicideinjail.Afterthat,theHunsbrokeofftheirpeacewiththeHanDynastyandinvadedtheHanDynastyborderfortressesmorefrequently.

Underthissituation,themaster'sfatherYan,YanAnandotherLiuChe'srecentministersproposedtorestorepeacewiththeHunsinexchangeforthestabilityofthecountry.ButLiuChedidnotmakeconcessionstotheHuns,butdecisivelypromotedWeiQingandHuoQubingtoattacktheHuns.SincethesixthyearofYuanguangperiod(129BC),WeiQingandothergeneralshavebeenoutofthefortressforyears,smashingtheHuns,regainingtheHetaoarea,andbuildingShuofangCity,whichenabledtheHanDynastytograduallytaketheinitiativeinthestruggleagainstHungary.InthesecondyearofYuanshou(121yearsago),HuoQubing,thegeneralhussars,conqueredtherightlandoftheXiongnuandopeneduptheHexiCorridor.Morethan40,000peoplefromtheHunxieKingdomdescendedtotheHanDynasty.Fourcounties(Jiuquan,Zhangye,Wuwei,Dunhuang)weresubsequentlyestablished.,IsolatedtheexchangesbetweentheQiangandtheHuns,andcontrolledtheroadtotheWesternRegions.InthefourthyearofYuanShou(119BC),generalssuchasWeiQing,HuoQubingandotherslaunchedthe"DuMu"operation,wentdeepintoMobeianddefeatedtheHuns.However,theHanDynastyalsopaidconsiderablelosses.Inaddition,HuoQubingdiedtwoyearsafterenteringthecountry.Afterthat,he"willnotattacktheHusforalongtime,"andtheoffensiveagainsttheHunscametoanend.

AfterthewaragainsttheHunscametoanend,LiuChepointedinotherdirectionsandcontinuedtoexpand.InthefourthyearofYuanding(113yearsago),LiuChesentAnguoShaojiandJunjuntoSouthVietnamtopersuadetheNanyueKingZhaoXingtobeattached.However,LuJia,theprimeministerofNanyue,wasunwillingtoreturntotheHanDynasty.Inthefollowingyear,hekilledNanyueKingZhaoXingandhismother,HananddaughterXun.LiuChethensentLuBode,YangPuandotherstodestroySouthVietnamandsetupninecountiesincludingtheSouthChinaSeatomergethepresent-dayGuangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,andthecentralandnorthernregionsofVietnamintotheterritory.Inthefollowingyears,theregimesornationsofXiqiang,WeishiKorea,Dongyue,andSouthwestYiweresuccessivelysuppressed,andtheeasternpartofQinghai,thenorthernpartoftheKoreanpeninsula,andtheYunnan-GuizhouPlateauweremergedintotheterritory.

Inthelateperiodoftimerolling

InJuneofthefourthyearofYuanding(113years),theBaodingwasunearthedinFenyin,whichwasconsideredasignofauspiciousness.Afterthat,LiuCheorderedadiscussiononthematterofenforcingZen.Yearslater,thegrandceremonyofFengChanTaishanwascompleted,andYuanYuanFengwaschanged.FengchanTaishanisasymbolofsuccessingovernance,butLiuChedidnotstopusinghistroopsandmovedhistroopstoDawan,amoredistantplaceintheWesternRegions.SointheearlyyearsofLiGuangli’sbattleagainstDawaninthewest,afterseveralyearsofhardwork,finallyThekingofDawanwaskilled,YuluntaiandQuliwerefarmed,andheinitiallycontrolledtheWesternRegions.However,theHunsstillmaintainedalargeinfluenceintheWesternRegions,whichledtothesmallcountriesintheWesternRegionschoosing"twogens"toprotectthemselves.Aftermorethantenyears,theXiongnu"restedthehorsesandpracticedshootingandhunting",andtheirvitalityrecovered.InadditiontothedeathofWeiandHuo,theyrefusedtosendtheprincetotheHanDynastyasperLiuChe'srequest,andbecametheHanDynasty'sborderlineagain.Therefore,LiuCheissuedanedicttoconquertheHunsinthefourthyearoftheTaichuperiod(101yearsago)inanattempttocompletelyresolvetheHunsproblem.However,thepreviousandsubsequentcampaignswereunfavorable,andLiLing,LiGuangliandothergeneralsallsurrenderedtotheHuns.LiuChehasusedsoldiersfordecades,causingthepeopletobeexhausted.BythefourthyearofYuanfeng(107yearsago),thereweremorethantwomillionrefugeesintheKantoarea,and400,000peoplewhowerenotregistered.,Peoplecaneateachother'ssituation.LiuChere-usedcruelofficialsagain,societybegantobeturbulent,andthieveswereeverywhere.LiuChenaipromulgatedthe"ShenMingLaw"tostrictlyurgelocalofficialstoeliminatethieves.However,localofficialswereafraidofthelawsandoftenconcealedthemwithoutreportingthem.Thisformedaviciouscircle.

Inadditiontotheemergenceofsocialcrises,thestrugglewithinthecourthasbecomeincreasinglyintensified.AfterthelastyearofYuanShuo,asthehusbandandwifeofWeiZibecamedepressedandrelaxed,LiuChefavoredMrs.WangandMrs.Liandgavebirthtomanyprinces.WhenthecrownprinceLiuZhigrewup,hewas"renshuandgentle"andrepeatedlyadmonishedLiuChe'spoorsoldiers.LiuChebelievedthatLiuZhiwasnotlikehimself,andhisfatherandsonwereseparated.WeiZifu,motherandsonwereveryuneasyaboutthis.AfterLiuChefoundout,hesaidtoWeiQing:"EverythingintheHanfamilyhasjustbeencreated,andthefourbarbarianshaveinvadedandbulliedChina.IfIdon'tchangethesystem,futuregenerationswillhavenothingtoimitate.Withouttroopsandconquests,theworldwillnotbestable.Forthisreason,thepeoplecannotbedenied.Tired.Iflatergenerationsdolikemeagain,it’srepeatingthemistakesoftheQinDynastythathasbeendestroyed.Theprinceissincereandlikesquiet,andhewillsurelystabilizetheworldandnotletmeworry.Toseekamasterwhokeepsthetext,thereisbetterthanIstheprincebetter?Iheardthatthequeenandtheprinceareupset,howcantherebeanythingtoworryabout?GoandtellthemwhatImean,motherandson."AfterWeiZifuheardaboutit,heturnedoffthehairpinandpleadedguilty.EverytimeLiuZhienterstoconquerthefourbarbarians,LiuChesmilesandsays,“I’mheretodohardworkandleavethecomforttoyou,can’tyou?”

Nevertheless,therelationshipbetweenLiuCheandhissonThecontradictionhasnotbeenalleviated.TheDPRKandChinahavesplitintotheanti-princelingfactiondominatedbythe"MinisterofLaw"andthepro-princelingfactiondominatedbytheso-called"magnanimouselders".AfterthedeathofWeiQinginthefifthyearofYuanFeng(106BC),LiuZhengsaidMoreisolated.InthethirdyearoftheTaishi(94yearsago),LiuChe’snewfavorite,ZhaoJieyu,was14monthspregnant.HegavebirthtotheprinceLiuFulin.LiuChewasoverjoyed.OnthegroundsthatitcoincidedwiththenumberofmonthspregnantbeforeEmperorYaowasborn,ZhaoJieyu’sThepalacegateisnamed"Yao'smothergate".ThissentasignaltotheoutsideworldthatLiuChewantedtoreplaceLiuShiwithLiuFuling,whichledtoanincreasinglyfiercestrugglebetweentheanti-princelingsandthepro-princelings,andfinallyledtothe"WitchGu"inthesecondyearofZhenghe(91yearsago).".LiuZhengcommittedsuicidebydefeatinghisarmy.Hiswife,concubineandchildrenwerekilled,andWeiZihucommittedsuicide,andtheWeifamilywassubsequentlybanished.Thefollowingyear,LiuChelearnedthattheprimeministerwhosuppressedLiuShi,LiuQu,wantedtomakeMrs.Li’sson,ChangyiWangLiuJi,theprince,soheexecutedLiuQu,andalsokilledLiGuangli,whowasfightingabroad,andJiangChong,whohadbeenkilledbyLiuShi.Thefamilyofotherscleansedtheanti-princelings,andbuiltthewombofthoughtandtheplatformofreturntolookandthink,toshowtheirnostalgia.GaoQianLangTianQianqiu,whodefendedtheprince,waspromoted,andwaspromotedtotheprimeministerwithinafewmonths.However,LiuZheng'sonlysurvivinggrandson(laterHanXuanEmperorLiuXun)wasstillimprisonedinChang'anPrisonandgrewupsafelyundertheprotectionofBingji,whowasresponsiblefortheprison.

Theheroislate

InthespringofthefouryearsofZhenghe(89yearsago),LiuChepersonallywenttoDonglaitoseekimmortality.Ithappenedduringthestorm,thecurrentwashighandthetidewassurging,andhecouldnotgoouttosea.Hestayedformorethantenyears.Returnitlater.AfterFengTaishanandZenShiluweresealed,LiuChesummonedtheofficialstorepentofpastmistakes,orderedthealchemiststobedismissedandstoppedseekingimmortals.Inthesameyear,SangHongyang,thecaptainofSouSu,andothersrequestedthattheybeinLuntaitomobilizetheland.LiuCheissuedthe"LuntaiEdict",vetoingtheproposal,andemphasizedthat"thecurrentbusinessistobanharshness,stoparrogance,forcethefarmer,repairhorsesandrestoreorderstofillthegaps.It'sjustlackinginmilitaryequipment."Sincethen,LiuChehasstoppedsendingtroops,andhasnamedPrimeMinisterTianQianqiua"richman,"toshowhisintentiontorestwiththepeople;hehasalsoappointedZhaoGuoasthecaptainofSousu,andaskedhimtopromotethemethodoffarmingandadvancedfarmingtools.

Inthefirstyearofthefirstyear(88BC),JiangChongyu,partyMaTong,MaHoloandothersattemptedtoassassinateLiuChe,andJinRixiong,acloseattendant,foundoutthattheyworkedwithtwoothercloseattendants,HuoGuangandShangguanJie,tosmashthem.TheconspiracyprotectedLiuChe.Atthistime,LiuChewasnearlyseventyyearsold,andtimewasrunningout,andhebegantoarrangefuneralaffairs.AmongthesonsofLiuChe,thekingofQiLiuHongdiedearly,thekingofChangyiLiuLiwasexcludedfromthesuccessionofthethronebecauseoftheprisonofLiuQuyu,thekingofYanLiuDanandthekingofGuanglingLiuXuwerealienatedbecauseofviolationofthelaws,andLiuDansenttorequesttoentertheBeijingSuweiThemessengerwasalsobeheadedbyLiuCheasawarning.Inthisway,theyoungestsonLiuFulinbecametheonlycandidate.Inordertopreventtheharemfrominterferinginpolitics,LiuChekilledLiuFulin'sbiologicalmotherZhaoJieyu,andarrangedHuoGuang,JinRixi,ShangguanJieandSangHongyangasauxiliaryministerstoensureasmoothtransitionofthepoliticalsituationbehindhim.

InthespringofthesecondyearoftheYuanDynasty(87yearsago),LiuChewasseriouslyillandmovedtoChangyangPalaceandWuzhaPalaceinthesuburbs.Duringtheperiod,therewasa"watcher"whosaidthatChang'anPrisonhadtheemperor'sspirit.LiuChetooktheopportunitytoordertheexecutionofalltheprisonersinChang'anPrison,includingLiuCheng'sgrandson,butBingjitriedhisbesttostophim.LiuChewasmovedbyGod'swillandgaveuptheordertoslaughtertheprison..ShortlyafterFebruary12,LiuChe,whowasstillalive,formallyorderedLiuFulinasthecrownprince.Thenextday,HuoGuang,JinRixi,ShangguanJie,andSangHongyangwereorderedtoworshipunderthebedinLiuChe'sbedroom.OnFebruary14,LiuChediedandwasburiedinMaolinginMarch.TheposthumousnameisEmperorXiaowu.LiuFulincametothethroneasEmperorZhao.Thirteenyearslater,LiuXu'sgrandson,LiuXun,inheritedthethroneasEmperorXuan.Inthefirsttwoyears(72yearsago),heovertookLiuChe'stempleas"Sejong".

Politicalmeasures

Politics

• Officialsystemreform

Inordertostrengthentheauthoritarianimperialpowerandcentralization,LiuChecarriedoutthefollowingreformstotheofficialsystem:

1. Thepostofthelieutenantwasabolished,andtheDaSimawasestablishedafterWeiQingandHuoQubingResponsible,butonlyforthehonorablepositionofthenoblerelatives,notresponsibleformilitaryaffairs.Therefore,thepositionofprimeministerhaschangedfromthreeofficials(primeminister,yushidoctor,andTaiwei)tosecondgovernment(primeminister,yushidoctor);

2. appropriateministerstoparticipateindecision-makingtocheckandbalancetheprimeministerthatpower.LiuChepromotedagroupoftalentedscholarstoserveasgenerals,servants,regularservants,andotherofficialsinthepalaceastheemperor'scloseattendants,andbecame"ministersoftheforbiddendoor".LiuCheusedrepresentativeexamplesoftheparticipationofrecentministersindecision-making.HevetoedTianFu’spolicywithstrictassistance,senttroopstoattackFujianandVietnam,rescuedDongou,andweakenedtheprincesandkingswiththehelpofthemaster’sfatherYan’spolicyofTweet.Thefourministersarealsocloseministers.Asaresult,adualsystemof"Chineseofficials"representedbyShizhongand"foreignofficials"representedbytheprimeministerwasgraduallyformed;

3. Strengthenthesupervisoryoffice,YuanshouFiveyears(118yearsago),apostofdirectorwasaddedtotheprimeminister'sofficetoassisttheprimeministerinprosecutingillegalacts.InthefifthyearofYuanFeng(106yearsago),accordingtoancientbookssuchas"Yugong"and"Zhifang",theworldwasdividedinto13states.Eachstatesetupagovernorandusedsixquestionstomonitorlocalofficialsandtycoonsinthestate.InthefourthyearofZhenghe(89yearsago),alieutenantwassetuptosupervisetheHundredOfficialsinNorthKoreaandthesevencountiesofGyeonggi.InthelaterperiodofLiuChe'sreign,therewasalsoaspecialembroideredclothingZhizhi(embroideredclothingmessenger),representingtheemperorinhandlingthievesandmajorcases.

• Legalreform

LiuCheadherestotheruleoflaw,Hedidn'tcondonetheimperialrelativesandrelativeswhoviolatedthelaw,andhedidnothesitatetoexecutehisnephewandson-in-lawZhaopingjun,andpraisedandpromotedthearrestofhisothernephew(thesonofthehalf-sisterJinsu).Butthereareexceptions,suchasforgivinghisnursingmotherforadvocatingGuoSheren'scleverpleading(themotherofDongbuHouGuoandhismotherwasmovedtotheborderforviolationofthelaw).

Inordertostrengthenthelegalsystem,LiuChehitthedoctorsZhangTangandZhaoYutoamendthelawinthefifthyearofYuanguang(130yearsago),andfinallyestablishedtheframeworkoftheHanlaw,thatis,thelawandordertotaled359chapters,andthedeathpenaltywas409Article,1882,capitalconvictionismorethan13,472.Oneoftherepresentativeexamplesisthestrengtheningoftheprovisionsofthe“LawofthePresidencyoftheTemporaryPrisonsonKnowledge”,thatis,iftheofficialinchargedeliberatelyletgoofthecriminal,itwillbethesameastheperpetrator;atthesametime,“slowthecrimeofthecrime”,thatis,relaxtheinjusticeagainsttheofficial.Theconvictionoffalsewrongdoing.ThisledtotheseverepenaltiesandtheprevalenceofcruelofficialsduringLiuChe'sreign.LiuChealsocrackeddownontheheroesoftheKwantungsociety,migratingtheKwantungheroestoGuanzhong,andpunishingtheheroesoftheclanGuoJie,inordertopromotethesinkingoftheHanlawtothebasicsocietyoftheKwantung.Inaddition,duringthereignofLiuChe,undertheimpetusofDongZhongshuandothers,thepreliminaryConfucianizationofthejudiciarywasrealized,whichopenedthewayfortheSpringandAutumnPeriodtodecidetheprison.

InthelaterperiodofLiuChe'sreign,socialcontradictionsweresharpandpeasants'uprisingswerefrequent.Forthisreason,LiuChesentembroideredclothestopunishofficialswhowerenoteffectiveenoughtosuppressthem,andpromulgatedthe"ShenMingLaw"tostrictlyurgelocalofficialstowipeoutthieves.However,localofficialswereafraidofthelawsandoftenconcealedthemwithoutreportingthem.Thisformedaviciouscircle.

• EmploymentPolicy

SincethebeginningofHanDynasty,importantpositionsintheimperialcourthavebeen(Orforeignrelatives)monopolize,andbecomeofficialsfromgenerationtogenerationthroughthemethodof"renzi".LiuCheiseclectic.Heusesonlytalents,boldlypromotestalents,andappointstalents.Thispolicyofemployingtalentsisreflectedintheedictforseekingmeritorioustalents(EmperorWuQiuqiu).)middle.Amongthetalentshepromoted,therearemanypeoplefromlowlyorinferiorbackgrounds.WenYoufuYan,BuShi,Gongsunhong,Erkuan,ZhuMaichen,SangHongyang,etc.,WuYouweiqing,HuoQubing,LiGuangli,etc.,andevenpromotedinhislateryears.TheHunscapturedJinRixiastheMinisterofGuMing.LatergenerationsBanGupraised"thesuccessofHan,YuZiisprosperous",sotheperformancecreatedbyLiuChewas"unmatchedbylatergenerations."

LiuChealsoperfectedthetalentpromotionmechanismfromthesystem.Hevigorouslydevelopedthesystemofinvestigationandexamination.InOctoberofthefirstyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(141BC),thefirstyearofYuanguang(134BC),andthefifthyearofYuanguang(130BC)atleastthreeimperialedictsforvirtuousliteraturewereawardedbyDongZhongshu,DongfangShuo,GongsunHong,YanZhuandothertalents.InNovemberofthefirstyearofYuanguang(135yearsago),LiuChegaveafilialpietyandanhonestofficialeachyearintheimperialcourt,andlatercollectivelyreferredtoasfilialpiety.Thismadeinvestigationandinspectionacustom,andfilialpietybecamethecoreoftheinspectionandinspectionsystem.suject.

Ontheonehand,LiuCheboldlypromotestalentsandgenerouslyrewardsthem.Ontheotherhand,heis"serious"anddemandingofofficials.Hebelievesthat"thetalentsarenotusedtothefull,andtheincompetentarethesame",soheoftenkillsthem.Incompetentordeceivedofficials.Therewere13primeministersbeforeandafterhisreign.Amongthem,fourdiedofillness,fourwereremovedfromofficeforcrime,twocommittedsuicide,andthreewereexecuted.Otherofficialswereimprisonedandexecutedcountless.JiAnonceadvisedLiuChenottokillofficialsindiscriminately,butLiuChedisagrees.

• Weakentheprinces

OnthebasisoftheHanJingEmperor'spolicyofcuttingthevassal,LiuChefurtherpromotedMeasurestoweakentheprincesandkings.InthesecondyearofYuanshuo(127yearsago),LiuCheimplementedtheTweetingOrderaccordingtotheproposalofthemaster'sfatherYan,stipulatingthattheprincescan"Tweet"tosubscribetheirfieftochildrenotherthantheeldestsonwhosucceededtothethrone,andreportedtothecourt,whichwasformulatedbytheemperor.Thetitlesoftheprinces,theprincesandkingshavenorighttoabolishorchangethem.TheenfeoffedHouStateisunderthejurisdictionoftheprefectureandshallnotbeinvolvedinpoliticalaffairs,andonlyaccepttherentandtaxwithinthefief.InthefirstyearofYuanshou(122BC),aftersmashingtherebellionconspiracyofKingHuainanandKingHengshan,LiuChepromulgatedtheZuoguanLawandBenefitLaw.Theformerdevaluedtheofficialsofthevassalsas"Leftofficials"andstipulatedthatofficialsoftheZengshiKingdomwerenotallowedtoholdpostsinthecentralgovernment;Thelatterprohibitscourtiersfrommakingfriendswithprincesandmakingprofitforthem.AfterLiuChe'sseriesofmeasurestocutthevassalvassal,thepowerandfiefdomsoftheprincesbecamemoreandmorereduced,andtheyexistedinnameonly.

• Travelingaroundthecounty

AfterthefifthyearofYuanding(112yearsago),LiuChebegantopatrolthecountiesfrequently,andhisfootprintsstretchedfromoutsidetheGreatWallinthenorth,toXianghenginthesouth,totheseaintheeast,overLongshaninthewest,andalloverthefivemountainsandfourdunes.ThepurposesofLiuChe'stourinclude:inspectinglocalpolitics,inspectinglocalofficialsincountiesandcounties;understandingthepeople'ssentiments,persuadingfarmingandmulberry,andpromotingeducation;coordinatingthemilitary,securingtheborders,andsoon.Duringthisperiod,featssuchassealingTaishanMountain,offeringworshiptoMingtang,andharnessingtheYellowRiverwerecompleted.However,LiuChe'stouralsocontainsnegativeaspectssuchasseekingimmortalsandaskingghosts.

• Regionaladjustment

TheWesternHanDynastypursuedageopoliticalstrategybasedonGuanzhongandusedinternalcontrolTheprinces,theforeignimperialHuns.LiuBangshifocusedoninternalcontrolandusedLuoyangasthemaintowntocontroltheprincesoftheKwantung;LiuCheshifocusedontheoutsideworld,andtheruleoftheprincesoftheKwantungshiftedfrommilitarycontroltopoliticalcontrol.Luoyangwasimportantingeostrategy.Sexalsodeclinesaccordingly.Inresponsetotheneedtoadapttothechangeingeostrategy,LiuCheadjustedtheregionalstructurebetweenChang'anandLuoyang.InthethirdyearofYuanding(114BC),LiuChemovedHanguGuantotheeastbyaboutthreehundredmilesattherequestofLouChuanGeneralYangPu,whichwascalled"GuangGuan".Sincethen,theeasternboundaryofthenorthernpartoftheHanguancentralregionhasadvancedeastwardfromtheYellowRiverlinemarkedbyLinJinguantotheTaihangMountain;theeasternboundaryofthecentralregionhasadvancedeastwardfromtheoldHanguPasstothenewHanguPass;theeasternboundaryofthesouthernareahasbeenextendedfromThesoutheasternedgeoftheSichuanBasinadvancessoutheasttothemountainousareasbetweenYunnanandGuangxiandGuizhouandGuangxionthelineofZhupuPassandSangguan.LiuChedongmovedtoHanguPass,aimingtoenclosetheentireXiaohanMountainareaintothepasstostrengthencontrolofLuoyangandpreventchangesintheGuandong,andalienforcesattackedLuoyangtothreatenGuanzhong;setupHongnongCountytobuildYihongNong,Xin'an,andYiyangarethenodesofthedefensesystem,andstrengthenthecontrolofWeihanRoadandWuguanRoadtomakeupforthedefenseomissionsinGuanzhongcausedbytherelocationofHanguGuandong,andachievethedualpurposeofcontrollingLuoyanganddefendingGuanzhong.ByincreasingthescopeoftheGuanzhongarea,especiallytheeastwardmovementofHanguPassandthedivisionoftheareaeastofTaihangMountainintoGuanzhong,LiuChegreatlyenhancedtheeffectivenessofthebasicgovernancestrategyofthecourtrelyingonGuanzhongtocontroltheGuandong.

• CalendarReform

LiuCheimplementedthe"YiZhengshuo"policy,Years,calendars,etc.haveundergonecomprehensivereformswithfar-reachinginfluence.DuringthetwoemperorsWenandJing,theHanDynastyhadmeasuresto"reformtheYuan",butdidnotestablishareign.AfterLiuChecametothethrone,hechangedhisyuaneverysixyears.However,hehasnotestablishedatitleformorethan30yearsafterhetookthethrone.Instead,heusedoneyuan,twoyuan,threeyuan,fouryuan,fiveyuanandsoon.Infiveyuan(ieYuanding)threeyears(114BC),therelevantdepartmentoftheimperialcourtsuggestedtochangethenamingmethodoftheera,abolishtheprevioussimplenumberarrangementmethod,andreplaceitwithacertain"Tianrui"tocometotheera.Thefollowingyear,theBaodingtripodwasunearthedinFenyin,andthefiveyuanwasnamed"Yuanding",andtheone,two,threeandfouryuanwereaddedwiththereignsofJianyuan,Yuanguang,Yuanshuo,andYuanshourespectively.Threeyearslater,LiuChenamedZenTaishanandchangedYuanYuanYuan.ItwasnotuntilthefirstyearofTaichu(104BC)thattheeraoftheyearwasofficiallylaunched,butinthelasttwoyears,theerawasnotestablished,andlatergenerationsareoftencalledHouyuan.TherenaissancesystembecamethechronologymethodadoptedbymostemperorsinChinaafterwards,andithasaffectedEastAsiancountriesandcontinuestothisday.

Whilecreatingtheeraoftheyear,LiuChealsobegantorevisethecalendar.TheHanDynastyinheritedtheQinsystem,followedtheZhuanxucalendar,withOctoberasthebeginningoftheyear.LiuCheorderedDengPing,TangDu,Luoxiahongandotherstocreateanewcalendarbasedoncelestialobservationsandlong-termastronomicalrecords.TheTaichucalendaradoptsXiaZheng,withthefirstmonthasthefirstyear,andthetwenty-foursolarterms.Forthefirsttime,itisstipulatedthatthemonthswithoutmiddleairaredividedintoleapmonths,andthemethodofcalculatingthecycleofeclipseandpushingthepositionofthefiveplanetsisofepoch-makingsignificance.

Economy

DuringLiuChe'sreign,heusedsoldierseverywhere.Thesavingsof70yearsintheHanDynastygraduallybecameinsufficientforuse.Thewealthyprivatemerchantsandpowerfullandlordsweresittingonlargeamountsofwealth,but"notNationalUrgency".Therefore,LiuChe’seconomicpolicyiscenteredonfiscalexpansion,competingwiththe"people"forprofit,andimplementedthefollowingmeasures:

• CurrencyReform

IntheearlyHanDynasty,thecurrencysystemwaschaotic,andtheprefectureswereallowedtomintmoney,resultinginseriousprivatecoinage.LiuChedecidedtolaunchcurrencyreformsinviewoftheincreasinglyseriousrealityofthe"PovertyPovertyoftheLebanese"causedbythewealthybusinessmen's"criminationofwealthandpoverty".HefirstchangedfromWendifourbahttothreebaht,thenfromthreebahttohalftwo,thenhalftwotothreebaht,andthenchangedthreebahttoplatinumthirdgrade.Repeatedchangesinthecurrencysystemhadlittleeffectandcausedinflation.InthefifthyearofYuanShou(118yearsago),LiuCheissuedaunifiedfive-bahtcoin,stipulatingthatthecircumferenceofthefive-bahtcoinandthesurroundingsquareholeinthemiddlewereuplifted,andthediameter,diameter,andthicknessofthecoinwerestipulatedtobethesame.However,becauseofthescatteredcoinageofthecountyandthestate,thequalityofcoinageisdifficulttobeunified,leavingagapforthepiratecasting,andthepiratecastingisstillrepeatedlybanned.InthefourthyearofYuanding(113yearsago),LiuCheissuedanedicttostopthecountyfrommakingmoney.AllthecoinspreviouslymintedweremelteddownandcastedbythethreeofficialsofShanglin.MoneyfromthethreeofficialsofShanglinwasnotallowedtocirculate.Violatorswereseverelypunished.Atthispoint,therightofcoinagewascompletelyreturnedtothecentralgovernment.

Inaddition,LiuChealsointroducedtheWhiteDeerskinCoinsonthegroundsofrestoringancientrituals,askingtheprincestoexchangecashfortheWhiteDeerskinCoinswhenmeetingatthecourttolineupthetributejadebib.Itisnotdifficulttoobtainwhitedeerskins,anditisextremelyeasytomakecoins.However,theartificiallystipulatedone-square-footwhitedeerskincoinsareworth400,000yuan.Thepurposeistomaketheprincespaymoretothecourttosolvefinancialproblems.

• Calculatedandreportedtobeunsuccessful

ThesixthyearofYuanguang(129yearsago),LiuCheissuedthecalculationorderforthefirsttime,butonlycollectedtransportvehicletaxonmerchantswithcityregistration.Tenyearslater,thecalculationorderwasissuedagaintotargetallmerchantsandhandicraftsmen,andpropertytaxwasleviedonthebasisofassets.Forbusinessandusurycapital,2000yuaniscounted(onecountfor120yuan),handicraftsarehalved;merchantsreceivetwocountsforonecar,andordinarypeoplearehalved;forboatsabovefivefeet,onecountiscounted.Self-reportingofpropertywasadopted,butmanymerchantsandhandicraftsmenconcealeditorunderreportedit,soLiuCheencouragedthereportandorderedYangKetopresideoverthereport.Towhistleblowers,thetrendofstigmatizationprevailed,andthegovernmentoftendealtwithitstrictly,resultingin"alargerateoffailuresinmerchantsandabove",andthecourt'sincomewasgreatlyincreased.InthefourthyearofYuanding(113yearsago),LiuChewasdissatisfiedwiththeborderdefensesituationinXinqinzhong(Hetaoarea).HekilledofficialsbelowtheprefectofNorthlandandencouragedthepeopletogotoXinqinzhongforanimalhusbandryinexchangefortheprivilegeofexemptionfromprosecution;YuanFengInthefirstyear(110BC),LiuCheorderedthatthosewhocandonatecorntoGanquanCangwouldbeexemptedfrommilitaryserviceforlifeandbeexemptfromprosecution,sothepeopledonatedcornoneafteranother,sothat"thepeopledonotbenefitandtheworldusesforgiveness."

• SaltIronWineOfficialCamp

YuanShoufouryears(119yearsago),LiuCheannouncedthatthesaltandironofficialcampwouldbemanagedbysaltofficialsandironofficials,andthepeoplewereforbiddentocastironandboilsaltwithoutpermission.Themainroleofthesaltofficialwastoorganizetheproductionofsaltandtotransferandcollectthesaltmonopolytax.Ironwarewasofficiallyoperatedfromthemanufacturingtothesale,whichgreatlyincreasedtheincomeoftheimperialcourt.Inaddition,theofficialsaleofironorgansalsodelayedthespreadofironweaponsandensuredtheweaponsuperiorityoftheHanarmy.Butontheotherhand,manyironsproducedbytheofficiallymonopolizedcastironindustryareverycost-effective,whichreducesproductivitytoacertainextent.

InthethirdyearoftheTianhanDynasty(98yearsago),inordertosupplementthemilitaryexpenditure,LiuChefollowedthesuggestionsoftheShaofutodiscussthewineandbanthepeoplefrommakingwine,andthegovernmentmonopolizedit.

• Alllossesareequalized

ThesecondyearofYuanding(115yearsbefore),LiuCheAccordingtothesuggestionofDaNongLingKongzhiandDaNongChengSangHongyang,agovernmentofficialshallbeestablishedunderthecentralgovernment’smajornationalfinancedepartmenttotransfergoodsthatshouldbeexportedtoBeijingfromvariousplacestovariousplacesforsale,therebyincreasingtheincomeoftheimperialcourt.,Torestrainmerchantsfrommonopolizingthemarket,therebystabilizingprices.InthefirstyearofYuanfeng(thefirst110years),alevellingofficerwassetupinChang'an,thecapitalofthecapital,usingthematerialsstoredbythegovernmentofficialstosellthemathighpricesandbuythematlowprices.Theimplementationofequalizationandstandardizationhasgreatlyincreasedthematerialsheldbythecourt,stabilizedmarketprices,andcrackeddownonthehoardingofwealthybusinessmenandmonopolizingthemarket.However,duetoimproperemployment,someofficialsresponsibleforequallossesandlevellingcolludedwithbusinessmen,whichinsteadcausedpricestorise.

Culture

• RespectConfucianism

LiuChejustsucceededtothethroneDemonstratingtheintentofadvocatingConfucianism,hedidnotemploythosewhostudied"Shen,Shang,HanFei,SuQin,andZhangYi'swords"whenhefirstpromotedvirtuousliteratureinOctoberofthefirstyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(141BC),Atthesametime,AnchePulun,ShuboJiabirecruitedLuShixueandChunqiuGuliangxuegreatConfucianShenGong,andShenGong'smasterandapprenticediscussedMingtangandotherritualsystems,butsoonhewasfrustratedbytheQueenMotherDou,whowasadvocatingHuangLao'sschool.

InthefifthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(136yearsago),LiuChesetupadoctoroftheFiveClassics,reiteratinghisrespectforConfucianism.InthefirstyearofYuanguang(134BC),LiuChepresentedvirtuousliteratureforthesecondtime.PrimeMinisterTianYu“dismissedHuangLao,thecriminalnameofahundredschoolsofwords”,andenrolledhundredsofConfucianscholars.ThestudentscompetedtolearnConfucianism.IntheprocessofrespectingConfucianism,LiuChepaidthemostattentiontotheChunqiuGongyangstudiesrepresentedbyGongsunhongandDongZhongshu,andaskedtheprinceLiuZhengtostudythe"ChunqiuGongyangBiography".

Atthattime,DongZhongshuproposedthat“everyonewhoisnotinthedisciplinesofthesixartsortheartofConfuciusshouldbethebest,don’tgohandinhand.”However,LiuChedidnotreallyadoptit.Theprincipleof"Road,YanYanBaiDuanZhiXue"istopromoteConfucianismtotheofficialideology,butalsotoretainthescholarsofthevariousschoolsofthought.Inthepracticeofstategovernance,legalistthoughtwasvaluedandmixedandusedwithConfucianthought,thusformingasetof“Hanistsystem”of“hyperty,domination”,andlaterclassifiedas“yang,Confucianism,Yinmethod”and“externalism”.Confucianism"influencedChinesesocietyforthenexttwothousandyears.

• Callforbooksandcollections

WhenLiuChewasinpower,itwasthefirsttimeinChinesehistorythatthegovernmentorderedCollectbooksnationwide.LiuChelamentedthelackofbooks,soheestablishedastrategyforbookcollection,appointedanofficialwhowrotethebook,openeduptheroadofdonatingbooks,andorderedallthebooksofthevariousschoolstobeincludedinthesecretmansion.Afterahundredyearsofhardwork,hefinallymade"booksaccumulatelikehills"andpreserved.Alargenumberofvaluableancientdocuments.Atthattime,theGovernmentLibraryhadcollectionsofTaichang,Taishi,andDoctors,andthepalacehadYange,Guangnei,andsecretrooms.ThisisthefirsttimeinChinesehistorythattheNationalLibraryhasbeenclearlyrecorded.

• Establishingaschool

ThefifthyearofYuanShuo(124yearsago),theprimeminister,SunHongItisrecommendedtosetup50doctoraldisciplestostudyConfucianclassicswithdoctorsoftheFiveClassics.TheplacewheretheystudyisTaixue.Thesedoctoraldisciplesoftenenteredthecourtasofficialsaftergraduation.Inaddition,LiuChealsoorderedallcountiesintheworldtoestablishschoolofficials,justlikeWenWengestablishedschoolofficialsinShuCounty.

• EstablishingYuefu

DuringLiuChe’sreign,hewasthegreatmusicofficialinchargeofYaleInaddition,hefoundedYuefuinShanglinYuan,inchargeoffolkmusic,andwasresponsibleforcollectingfolksongs.The"XieluDuwei"whopresidedovertheaffairsofYuefuwasservedbythefamousmusicianLiYannian,andSimaXiangruandothersparticipatedinit.Atthesametime,asystemof"PickingPoemsandNightSongs"wasestablishedfortheYuefucollectionoffolksongs.Inordertorecordfolksongs,Yuefuusesanotationcalled"soundtwistsandturns",whichcanrecordthetunesoffolksongs.PoemsfromWu,Chu,Yan,Qi,Zhengandotherplacesarerecordedinthe"YuefuPoetryCollection",sothatfolksongsfromvariousplaceshavebeencollectedandsortedtoacertainextent.TheestablishmentofYuefuhasmadeanindeliblecontributiontothedevelopmentofChinesepoetry.

Military

• Militarysystemreform

WhenLiuChewasinpowerInordertostrengthenthesecurityofthecapitalofChang’an,inadditiontotheexistingSouthernArmyandNorthernArmy,theQimenArmyandtheHabayashiArmyweresetuptorecruitstrongandbravechildrenassoldiers,andeightlieutenants(centerbases,tuncavalry,infantry,Yueqi,Changshui,Shesheng,HuBen,HuQi),amongwhichthemiddlebasecaptainbelongstotheNorthernArmy.

• ConqueringtheQuartet

AfterLiuChetookthethrone,hechangedhispreviousdefensivenationaldefensepolicy.AttackedthesurroundingSiyi,andtheforeignwarlastedmostofhistimeinpower.Atleast20countriesorethnicgroupssuchastheXiongnu,Minyue,Dongyue,SouthVietnam,Korea,SouthwestYi,Xiqiang,Cheshi,Loulan,andDawanwerelaunched.Intheeightwars,Nanyue,Minyue,Dongyue,andNorthKoreaweredestroyed,andCheshi,Loulan,Dawan,Xiqiang,andNanyiweresubdued,whichgreatlyreducedtheXiongnu'sthreattotheHanDynasty.LiuChe'sseriesofwars"hadalotofrespectforthehigh,favored,cultural,andscenictimeoftheterritoriesopenedup,"whichenabledChinato"succumbtoitsbenefitsforthousandsofyears."LiuChe’sforeignwarsituationisasfollows:

year

Objectivesforsoldiers

Armycomposition

Maingenerals

Results

tr>

ThreeyearsafterthefoundingofYuanDynasty(138yearsbefore)	MinYue	HuaijiSoldier	Strictassistance	MinYuefled,DongOureturnedtoShun
ThesixthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(135yearsago)		WangHui,HanAnguo	MinyuekilledhisWangYinganddescended,andNanyuesenthissonstotheservantsThankyou
ThesixthyearofYuanguang(129yearsago)	TheXiongnu	Fortythousandrides	WeiQing,Gongsunao,Gongsunhe,LiGuang	OnlyWeiqingwinsalltheway
ThefirstyearofYuanshuo(thefirst128years)	Morethan30,000rides	WeiQing,LiXi	WeiQingcaptainedthousandsofpeople
ThesecondyearofYuanshuo(127yearsbefore)		WeiQing,LiXi	Greatvictory,recoverHetao,setShuofangCountyandWuyuanCounty
Yuanshuofiveyears(124yearsago)	Morethanonehundredthousand,mostlybicyclerides	WeiQing,LiXi,Gongsunhe,ZhangCigong,SuJian,LiCai,LiJu	Captured15,000peopleandmillionsofanimals
ThesixthyearofYuanshuo(previously123Years)	Morethan100,000rides	WeiQing,Gongsunao,Gongsunhe,SuJian,LiGuang,LiJu,XinZhao	cutthousandsoflevels
YuanshuoSixthYearofSummer(123yearsago)	WeiQing'svictory,Captain19,000;LiGuangwuGong;ZhaoXindefeated.
YuanshouSpringofthesecondyear(thefirst121years)	10,000rides	HuoQubing	Greatvictory,overathousandmilesoverYanzhiMountain,killtheKingofLan,cutKingLuhou,PrincePrisonerHunxie,etc.,ReceivingTuKingtosacrificetotheHeavenlyGoldenMan
ThesecondsummerofYuanshou(121yearsbefore)		HuoQubing,Gongsunao	HuoQubingdaVictory,overJuyan,pastXiaoyueshi,toQilianMountains,captured2,500people,cut32,000levels; GongsunAolosthisway
ThesecondsummerofYuanshou(121yearsbefore)	14,000rides	ZhangQian,LiGuang	ZhangJianlosthisarmy;LiGuangliwasdefeatedandfled
Yuanshoufouryears(119yearsago)	Hundredsofthousandsofhorsesandhundredsofthousandsofinfantry	WeiQing,HuoQubing,Gongsunhe,Gongsunao,LiGuang,ZhaoShiqi	WeiQingandHuoQubingwonabigvictoryinMobei,WeiQingencircledShanyu,andShanyubrokethrough;HuoQubingclosedthewolftoXu,ChanGuyan,andLinHanhai;LiGuangandZhaoShiqilosttheirway,theformercommittedsuicide,andlaterRansomfordeath.ShanYuyuanDun,Monanhasnoroyalcourt
ThefifthyearofYuanding(112yearsago)	SouthVietnam	TheworldTherearemorethan200,000prisoners,boatssouthofJianghuai,andYelangsoldiers.	LuBode,YangPu,ZhengYan,TianJia,HeYi	NanYuediedthefollowingyear,andninecountiesincludingNanhaiweresetup
SixthyearofYuanding(thefirst111years)	SouthwesternYi	BashuSinner	GuoChang,WeiGuang	MieQilan,Qiongdu,Chendu;Yelang,RanhuWaitforthedescending,setupthefivecountiessuchasthe牂牁,etc.
ThesixthyearofYuanding(thefirst111years) p>	Xiqiang	Longxi,Tianshui,StableKnights,Lieutenant'ssoldiers,Henan,andHanoitotal100,000soldiers	LiXi,XuZiwei	PingXiqiang,protectQiangschoollieutenant
TheSixthYearofYuanding(thefirst111years)	Dongyue	Buildingboats,pawns	Hansaid,WangWenshu,YangPu	EasternVietnamdescendsandmovesitspeoplebetweenJianghuaiRiver
SixthyearofYuanding(111yearsago)	Xiongnu	Morethan25,000rides	Gongsunhe,ZhaoPonu	Morethan2,000milesoutofthefortress,IreturnedwithoutseeingtheHuns
ThefirstyearofYuanfeng(thefirst110years)	180,000rides	LiuChe(PrivatebytheRoyalDriver)	DanYuNimobei,darenotfight
ThesecondyearofYuanFeng(109yearsbefore)	NorthKorea	Deathrowprisonersintheworld	YangPu,XunYu	NorthKoreakilleditskingYouquanddescended,andsetupfourcountiessuchasLelang
Yuanfeng2ndyear(First109years)	SouthwesternYi	TensofthousandsofsinnersandBashusoldiers	GuoChang,WeiGuang	Destroylabordeepandextravagant;DianKingdomdescendsandYizhouCountyisestablished
Yuanfengthreeyears(thefirst108years)	CheShi(auntteacher)),Loulan	Tensofthousandsofnationalcavalryandcountysoldiers	ZhaoPonu,WangHui	LuolanWang,Pogushi
SixyearsofYuanfeng(thefirst105years)	Kunming	ChanganOutlaws	GuoChang	IncorporatedinKunming,belongingtoYizhouCounty
ThefirstyearofTaichu(104yearsago)	Dawan,Luntai(Luntou),Yucheng	Theworldbansthepeople,evilAbout100,000youngpeople,thousandsofnationalriders	LiGuangli	Mostofthelostteachers,threeyearsNaike,Tuluntai,cutYutobecomeking,Dawannoblemankilledthekingandsurrendered,wontheBMWthreethousandandreturned
ThesecondyearofTaichu(thefirst103years)	TheXiongnu	Twothousandrides	赵破奴	ThearmywasannihilatedandZhaoPonuwascaptured
ThesecondyearofTianhan(99yearsago)	30,000rides,5,000paces	LiGuangli,GongsunAo,LiLing	LiGuanglibeheadedtenthousandranks,andHansoldiersdiedinbattle;LiLingledfivethousandinfantrysoldierstokilltenthousandHunsandsurrendered.
Tianhanfouryears(thefirst97years)	70,000rides,14WanBuzu	LiGuangli,GongsunAo,HanShuo,LuBode	Allthebattlesarenotgoodandreturn
ContractingThreeyears(first90years)	130,000people	LiGuangli,Shangqiucheng,MaTong	LiGuanglidefeatedandsurrenderedtotheXiongnu;Shangqiucheng,MaTongdidnotfight
Zhenghefouryears(thefirst89years)	CarDivision	Loulan,Yuli,Weixu,etc.SixNationsSoldiers	Cultivation	BreakthecardivisionandforceittosurrendertotheHanDynasty

• Consolidateborderdefense

LiuChe'smainmeasurestoconsolidateborderdefenseare:

1. Immigration:LiuChecontinuestheimmigrationpolicysinceEmperorWen.InthesecondyearofYuanshuo(127yearsago),onehundredthousandpeoplewererecruitedtoenrichthe"XinQinzhong"areainShuofang.InthethirdyearofYuanshou(thefirst120years),floodsoccurredintheKantoregionandmanypeoplewerehungry.Morethan700,000peoplemigratedtoKansai,andthebordercountiessuchasShuofang,Longxi,Beidi,Xihe,andShangjunwereenriched.Inaddition,somepeoplemovedtoKuaijiCounty.Forthesouthwestfrontier,therearealsomeasuresto"raisetyrantsandpeoplefromNanyi".

2. Militaryfarming:InthefourthyearofYuanshou(119yearsago),theHanDynastylaunchedtheMobeiCampaignandattackedthecourtoftheXiongnuindepth.TheXiongnuwashithardandShanYuwasalmostcaptured..Sincethen,theXiongnu'sstrengthwasgreatlydamaged,andtheywereunabletoinvadetothesouth.LiuCheusedthestrategicwindowperiodtoorderfromShuofangtoLingjutopassthecanalandsetupfields,andmobilize50,000to60,000officials,soldiers,andsoldierstomobilizethefields,andthenmobilize600,000soldierstomobilizethefieldsinShangjun,Shuofang,Xihe,andHexicounties.Toacertainextent,theproblemofthesupplyoffrontiertroopshasbeensolved,andthemilitaryhasopenedaprecedent.AfterthedefeatofDawan,hundredsofsoldierswerearrangedtofarminLuntaiandQuli,andenvoysandschoollieutenantsweresetupundertheirjurisdiction.Ontheonehand,theymaintainedtheinfluenceoftheHanDynastyintheWesternRegions,andontheotherhand,theyassistedtheHanenvoyswhowereenvoystotheWesternRegions.However,inthefourthyearofZhenghe(89yearsago),SangHongyangandothersrequestedthatLuntaibestationedatLuntai.LiuCheissueda"LuntaiZhao",vetoedhisproposal,andtemporarilywithdrewfromtheXiyuTuntian.

3. BuildingtheGreatWall:FromthesixthyearofYuanding(111BC)tothefirstyearofTianhan(100BC),LiuCheorganizedsevenlarge-scalefrontierfortresses.TheactionresultedintheconstructionofanewGreatWallabout2,000kilometerslong,extendingtheGreatWallwestwardtoYumenPass.

4. Setupcaptains:Foreachcounty,LiuChesetupseveralcaptainsinadditiontotheoriginalcaptainstostrengthenborderdefense.

Ethnicity,ForeignRelations

• TotheXiongnu

IntheearlyHanDynasty,inordertorecuperateandrejuvenate,theytookadefensivepositionagainsttheHuns,implementedapeace-to-marriagepolicy,andcrossedthecustoms.AfterLiuChetookthethrone,hemaintainedtheestablishedpolicytowardstheHunsonthesurface,andevenprovidedmoresuppliestotheHunstoparalyzetheHuns,whilesecretlyaccumulatingstrengthto"destroyHu"asthegoal,andatthesametimesentZhangQiantotheWesternRegionstotrytofighttheHuns.DaYueshiformedamilitaryalliance.ZhangQianwasdetainedbytheHunsontheway,butultimatelydidnotrealizethisplan.

InthesixthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(135yearsago),theXiongnusentpeopletotheHanDynastytoaskforpeace.Hefaction,aftersomearguments,LiuCheadoptedthepropositionoftheLordHefactionandpreparedtohidehispowerandbidehistimeforaperiodoftime.However,inthesecondyearofYuanguang(133BC),WangHuiproposedtoLiuChetheMaYiplotbasedonthesuggestionofthebusinessmanNieYi,tryingtoluretheXiongnumilitaryofficialsintoenteringthecountryalone,andsetupannihilationintheMayiValley.LiuCheapproved,buttheplanwasunsuccessfulduetopooractions,andWangHuicommittedsuicideinjail.Afterthat,theHunsbrokeofftheirpeacewiththeHanDynastyandinvadedtheHanDynastyborderfortressesmorefrequently.However,theXiongnustillreliedonmaterialsfromtheHanDynasty,soGuanshiremained.

InthesixthyearofYuanguang(129yearsago),WeiQingandotherfourgeneralsambushedtheHunsinGuanshi,openingthepreludetotheall-outwarbetweentheHanandtheHuns.InthesecondyearofYuanshuo(127yearsago),thepreliminaryresultswereobtained,namely,theHetaoareawasrecovered,andShuofangCitywasbuilthere,butontheotherhand,italsoabandonedtheninehundredmilesnorthofShangguCounty.InthesecondyearofYuanshou(121BC),afterHuoQubing'sblow,theHunxieKingoftheXiongnudescendedtotheHanbymorethan40,000people.ThepavilionbecameanoutpostformarchingintotheWesternRegions,andthestrengthoftheXiongnuwasgreatlyweakened.Therewaseventhetragedyof"DestroyingmyQilianMountains,leavingmysixbeastswithoutrebirth;losingmyYanzhiMountain,makingmywomencolorless".InthefourthyearofYuanshou(119BC),theHanDynastymobilizedhundredsofthousandsoftroopstogodeepintoMobeiandlaunchedthebiggestattackontheXiongnu.WeiQingpursuedZhaoXinchenginTianyanMountain,andYiZhixianwasalmostcaptured;HuoQubingbrokeZuoXian.Wang,FenglanglivesinXushan.Sincethen,ShanYutingmovedfromDaijunandYunzhongtoMobei,andthethreattothehinterlandoftheHanDynastywasbasicallylifted.However,theHanDynastyalsopaidaconsiderableprice,tensofthousandsofdeaths,lossofmorethan100,000horses,andHuoQubing'sdeathsoon,sotheHanDynastyalsosuspendedtheattackontheXiongnu,onlystrengthenedthenewQinzhong(Hetao)area.Thetwosidesbegantoenterthestalematestage.

Afterescaping,YiZhi,whilerecharginghisenergy,obeyedXinZhao’sstrategyofdeferral,sentpeopletoseekpeaceintheHanDynasty’shumbleresignationandaskforresumptionofpeace.Butatthistime,theHanDynastywasalreadyatastrategicadvantage,andwasnolongersatisfiedwithmakingpeaceasbefore.Instead,itaskedtheHunstosubmittotheHan.TheHunsrefusedtocomplyanddetainedRenChang,theHanambassador.AfterWuWeidancametothethrone,LiuChesentGongsunHeandZhaoPonuoutoftheNorthernExpeditioninordertoforcetheHunstosurrender,buthedidnotseetheHunsalone.InthefirstyearofYuanfeng(110BC),LiuCheledtwelveof180,000riderstopatrolthefrontierandboardedShanyutai."Theflagtrailismorethanathousandmiles,andtheXiongnuispowerful."HesentGuoJitoconveyhiswill.AskingtheHunstoeithercometofightorbecomeacourtier,WuWeiShanyudetainedGuoJiandexiledtoBeihai,butcontinuedtoreplenishhisenergyandrefrainfromconfrontingtheHanDynasty.Later,theHunssentenvoystobegforreinstatementmanytimes.LiuChesentWangWu,whowasfamiliarwithHusu,tosendtheHunsasanenvoy,andproposedtheconditionsfortheXiongnutosendtheprinceasahostage.HealsothreatenedtoenterthecourttomeetLiuCheandmeethisbrotherfacetoface.LiuChewasrepairingShanyuDiinChang'an,preparingtowelcomeShanYu'sentryintothecourt.However,UwesoonusedtheexcuseofthedeathoftheHunsenvoysintheHanDynastyanddetainedLuChongguo,theenvoyoftheHanDynasty,andsentsmalltroopstoinvadethefrontierfortresses.TheHan-Hungariannegotiationsbrokedown.BythetimeofWuShiluDanyu(ErDanyu),therelationshipbetweentheHanandHungariansbecamemoretense,withmorethanadozenenvoysdetainingeachother.

InthefirstyearoftheTaichuperiod(104BC),theHunsleftDaduLieutenanttokillhissonShanyu,andhewasabouttosurrendertotheHanDynasty.LiuCheorderedGongsunAotobesurrenderedtothecityoutsidetheGreatWall.Thefollowingyear,LiuChebelievedthatthecitywasstilltoofarawayfromShanYuting,sohesentZhaoPonutoleadanattackwith20,000horsesandtraveledtoJunjiMountain,morethan2,000milesnorthwestofShuofang.ZuoDaduwasdefeatedandkilled,andErShanYusenttroopstopursuehim.ZhaoPonueventuallybesiegedandwipedouttheHanarmyfourhundredmilesoutsideShoujiangCity,butwhenhefurtherattackedShoujiangCity,hediedofillness.Fromthenon,theHan-Hungarianwarbeganagain.TheHanandHungariansalsocompetedintheWesternRegions.WhenLiGuanglidefeatedDawan,theHunstriedtostopbutfailed.AfterDawanwassettled,LiuCheconqueredtheHunsinthefourthyearoftheTaichuperiod(101yearsago)andvowedtoreportthehumiliationofLiuBangpingandthehumiliationofEmpressLu.AndHouDanYuXinli,hispositionwasunstable,soheshowedhisfavortotheHanandreleasedLuChongguoandothers.LiuChealsosentSuWutoescorttheHunsenvoyswhohaddetainedtheHanDynastytotheHuns,andbroughtalargenumberofgifts.Tame,SuWuwasalsodetainedandexiledinBeihaibecausehisdeputyZhangShengwasinvolvedinanattemptedcoupd'etat.TherelationshipbetweenHanandHungarians,whichhadjustimproved,deterioratedagain.LiuChethendispatchedtroopstoattacktheHunsinthesecond,fourthandthirdyearsoftheTianhanPeriod(99,97,and90yearsago),buttheyallfailed.LiLingandLiGuangliweredefeatedandsurrendered.AlthoughLiuCherelievedtheXiongnu'sthreattotheHandynasty'sheart,hefinallyfailedtoobtainthesurrenderoftheXiongnu.ItwasnotuntiltheHanXuanEmperorGanlureign30yearsafterhisdeaththattheXiongnufinallysurrenderedtotheHanDynasty.

• TotheWesternRegions

BeforeLiuChecametothethrone,theWesternRegionswereoriginallyXiongnu’ssphereofinfluence.ThechildservantcaptainwassetuptosupervisethecountriesoftheWesternRegions.LiuChebegantoactivelymanagetheWesternRegions,cutofftherightarmoftheHuns,andatthesametimeachievedthegoalof"avastareaof​​thousandsofmiles,ninetranslations,specialcustoms,andmightyvirtueseverywhere."AfterZhangQian’stwomissionsandtheownershipoftheHexiCorridorintheHanDynasty,LiuChelaunchedadiplomaticandmilitaryoffensiveagainstthecountriesoftheWesternRegionsafterYuanFeng.Themainmeasuresare:

1. Wusun,alargercountryintheWesternRegions,initiallytriedtopersuadehimtomoveeast,butfailed.Later,hemarriedPrincessXijunandPrincessJieyouoneafteranother,formingamarriagerelationshipwiththemto"dividetheXiongnu'sWesternaidtothecountry."

2. TakeeconomicincentivestotheWesternRegions,andontheonehand,theywill"usethelegacyofbriberytobenefitthecourt",thatis,lettheWesternRegionsenterthedynastythroughproperty,andfacetheWesternRegions.TheenvoysboastedoftheprosperityandpoweroftheHanDynasty.EverytimeLiuChevisitedtheEastChinaSea,hewouldbringtheWesternRegionsenvoystorewardthewealthandsilk,setupcorners,dramasandwinepondstowatchtheaccumulationoftreasuryandtreasury.TheHanDynastyalsoobtainedspecialproductsfromtheWesternRegionssuchasgrapesandalfalfa.

3. Forthepro-Hunsoranti-Hancountries,militarystrikeswerecarriedout,andCheShi(Gushi),Loulan,Luntai(Luntou),YuCheng,Dawanandothercountries,especiallyafterLiGuangli’sthree-yearstruggletopacifyDawan,thecountrieseastofDawan"allmadetheirchildrenjointhearmy"tomeettheemperorandremainhostages.

ThroughLiuChe'sseriesofmeasures,theHanDynastyinitiallyestablisheditsinfluenceandcontrolovertheWesternRegionseastofCongling.InthesecondyearofEmperorXuanjueoftheHanDynasty(60yearsago),theWesternRegionswereprotected,andtheWesternRegionseastofConglingwerefinallyincludedintheHanDynasty'sterritory.

• ForBaiyue

ForsouthernZhejiang,DongouandMinyueinFujian,LiuCheadoptedaninlandmigrationpolicy(seeentryVietnameseinlandmigration),andtheDongoupeopleweremainlysettledinpresent-dayJiangxiProvince,andtheDongoukingwasrenamedthePengzeking.Anothergroupmovedsouthtotoday'sJi'ancity;whileFujianandYuemovedtoWuxiinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,nearLushan,betweentheJianghuaiRiver,Huaibeiarea,HanshuiBasin,YellowRivermouthandotherplaces,whicharerelativelyscattered.

FortheLuoyue(Luoyue)intheJiaozhiandJiuzhenregionsofnorth-centralVietnam,LiuChegovernedbycustomandcontinuedtograntthelocalchief"Luojiang"autonomy.

• Tothesouthwesternbarbarians

InthesixthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty(135yearsago),LiuChelistenedTangMeng’ssuggestionbegantoexploretheSouthwesternBarbarians.Inthebeginning,thepolicyof"thickbribery"wasadopted,andTangMengandSimaXiangruweresenttothesouthwesternbarbarianstousematerialbenefitstoinducethechiefsofthesouthwestbarbarianstoagreetotheHandynastyto"setupofficials"inthelocalarea,andthenopenedQianasacounty.InthethirdyearofYuanshuo(126yearsago),becauseLiuCheconcentratedondealingwiththeXiongnu,hesuspendedhismanagementoftheSouthwesternBarbarians.InthefirstyearofYuanshou(122BC),LiuChelearnedfromZhangQianthattheSouthwesternbarbarianscouldleadtotheShenducountry(nowIndia),sohesentseveralenvoystotheSouthwesternbarbarians,whichwasblockedbythelocalKunmingbarbarians.AftertheexterminationofNanyueinthesixthyearofYuanding(111BC),LiuCheofficiallybegantousemilitaryforceagainstthesouthwesternbarbarianstofightagainstthechiefswhodisobeyedtheHanDynasty.Theanti-HantribessuchasShenandMimo;forcedYelang,Ranzha,Dian,etc.tobeattached,andtheHanDynastycanonizedtherulerasaprince,anddividedthelandintosixprefectures.WhilepacifyingXinanYi,LiuCheadoptedpoliciessuchasemigratingtosolidbordersandopeningroads,whichstrengthenedtheeconomicandculturaltiesbetweenXinxiYiandtheinlandareas,andgraduallyformedasocietycenteredonNanzhongsurnames.

• BianCountyManagement

WhenLiuChewasinpower,ShaoxincountieshavethreecountiesinHenan(Suofang,Wuyuan,Xihe),andninecountiesinLingnan(Nanhai,Cangwu,Yulin,Hepu,Jiaozhi,Jiuzhen,Nichinan,Zhuya,Dan'er),NorthKoreahasfourprefectures(Lelang,Zhenfan,Lintun,Xuantu),Hexihasfourprefectures(Jiuquan,Wuwei,Zhangye,Dunhuang),andhassevenprefecturesinSouthwestChina(Jianwei,Zangyan,Yuexuan,Wudu,WenShan,Shenli,Yizhou),thesenewlydevelopedprefectureswere"earlyprefectures".Ontheonehand,theHanDynastyappointedprefectsandcaptainstobeunderthejurisdiction,andontheotherhandretainedtheautonomyofthelocalpeoplesandgrantedtheirleadersasprinces.Inaddition,fivevassalstateswereestablishedinthefivebordercountiesofLongxi,Beidi,Shangjun,Shuofang,andYunzhongtomanagetheXiongnudescendants;theHuqiangschoollieutenantandtheHuwuhuanschoollieutenanttomanagetheQiangandWuhuanpeoplerespectively.

• SilkRoad

WhenLiuChewasinpower,YuJianyuanthreeyearsago(before138)andYuanshoufouryears(119BC)twicesentZhangQianasanenvoytotheWesternRegions.AlthoughhefailedtoachievethestrategicgoalofunitingtheDayueshi,hecontactedWusun,Dawan,Kangju,Dayueshi,andDayueshi.CountriessuchasXia,Rest,Shentou,Khotan,andTomigraduallymadetheSilkRoadsmooth.Sincethen,manypeoplerushedtorequestanenvoy,andLiuCheapprovedit.Therewereevenmorethanadozenenvoysinoneyear.Duetothedistanceoftheroad,theenvoysoftheHanDynasty“areoftenlackingfoodandmorethanhalfofthedead”.Ontheotherhand,becausetheXiongnustillhadaninfluenceontheWesternRegions,theHanenvoyshadtogivemoneytothesmallcountriesoftheWesternRegionstogetfood."Theambassadorofthebitterman"makes"theambassadoroftheHanDynastyislackingandaccumulatesgrievances,sothattheyattackeachother."AfterLiGuanglikilledtheHanenvoyDawan,thetreatmentoftheHanenvoyontheSilkRoadintheWesternRegionswasgreatlyimproved.Sincethen,LiuChesentmorethanadozendelegationstovariouscountrieswestofDawan,seekingraretreasuresandpreachingthemightyvirtueofpacifyingDawan.

WhenZhangQianmadehisfirstmissiontotheWesternRegions,hesawShuclothandQiongbamboosticks,aspecialproductoftheShuareaof​​theHanDynasty,inDaxia.ThetraderoadistheSouthernSilkRoad.AfterLiuChelearnedaboutit,heorderedWangRanyu,BaiShichang,andLuYuerentosendthebodypoison,butwasblockedbytheKunmingbarbarianinthesouthwesternbarbarianandfailedtoreachthebodypoison.InthethirdyearofYuanshou(120yearsago),LiuCheexcavatedKunmingLakeinChang'aninpreparationforfightinginDianchiLake.AlthoughKunmingwaslaterdefeatedbytheHanDynasty,itcontinuedtocausechaosandhindertheenvoys,whichpreventedLiuChefromopeninguptheSouthernSilkRoad.

AfterLiuChepingsettledSouthVietnam,theMaritimeSilkRoadwasalsoincludedintheHanDynasty’svision.HanDynastycontacts.

Historicalevaluation

TwoHanDynasties

• SimaQian:Hanprosperedthefifth,LongwasinthefoundingoftheYuanDynasty,outsidetheYidi,internallyrepairedthelaw,FengChan,correctShuo,easytowear.

• DongZhongshu:Today,yourMajestyisthesonofemperor,richintheworld,occupyingthepositionofexcellence,thepotentialtobeabletoachieve,andtheabilitytoachieve,tobehighandkind,Knowingclearlyandconcentratingonbeauty,lovingthepeopleandbeingkind,canbesaidtobethemasteroffriendship.However,theheavenandtheearthhavenotresponded,butthebeautyisnotthebest,why?Everyoneisnotrighteousifitisnotestablishedbyenlightenment.

• LiuXun:EmperorXiaowu’sbenevolenceandrighteousness,theelectionoftheMinggenerals,inconvenience,theXiongnufaraway,Pingdi,Qiang,Kunming,Nanyue,Baimanstyle,styleSaiLaiXiang;buildTaixue,repairJiaoSi,setZhengShuo,harmonyrhythm;FengTaiShan,SaiXuanFang,FuRuiying,BaoDingChu,BaiLinHuo.Themeritsareprosperousandcannotbefullyproclaimed.

• XiaHousheng:AlthoughEmperorWuhadthepowertosmashtheSiyi'svastlandandscoldtherealm,hekilledmanypeople,exhaustedthepeople’sfinancialresources,wasextravagantanddied,andtheworldwaswasted,thecommonpeopleDisplaced,halfdead.Thelocustshaveriseningreatnumbers,thousandsofmilesintheredland,orthepeoplehaveeateneachother,andtheherdhasnotrecovered.Destroyingvirtuestothepeople,itisnotsuitablefortheestablishmentoftemplemusic.

• GongYu:EmperorWufirstcametotheworld,respectedthetalentsandusedthescholars,openedupavastterritoryforthousandsofmiles,andsawthathewasgreatandmajestic.,Itistomakeallchanges,sothatthecriminalscanatonefortheirsins,andthosewhoenterthevalleycanmakeupfortheofficials.Itistheworld'sluxury,thegovernmentchaosthepeopleandthepoor,thethievescoexist,andthedesperate.Thecountyisafraidtopunishit,soitchoosescleverofficialswhocandeceivethemansionandthinksthatitisright.Bit.Therefore,thosewhoperishrighteouslyandhavewealthappearintheworld,thosewhodeceiveandaregoodbooksrespectthedynasty,andthosewhoarerebelliousandbravearemoreexpensivethanofficials.

• LiuXin:EmperorXiaowustunnedChinatostoplabor,andwhentherewasnopeace,hesentGeneralFuboandLouChuan'ssubordinatestodestroythesevencountiesofBaiyue.TheNorththrewtheHunsdown,broughtdowntheKunxiepeople,setupthefivevassals,andmadenewplacestoseizetheirfertileland.EasternexpeditiontoNorthKorea,Xuantuo,LelangtobreaktheleftarmoftheHuns.TheWesternExpedition,Dawan,andthethirty-sixkingdoms,formedWusun,raisedDunhuang,Jiuquan,andZhangyetoseparatetherightshoulderoftheXiongnufromDiqiang.GeneralShanYugufleestothenorthofMobei,andhasnothingtodowithhim.Theaccomplishmentisestablished,anditistomaketheprimeministeraprosperousprince,soastosecuretheworldandenrichthepeople,anditsscalecanbeseen.Healsorecruitedtalentsfromallovertheworldtocomplicitywiththeco-conspiracy,revitalizethesystem,correctShuo,changeclothes,andsetupthesacrificeofheavenandearth.JianfengZen,specialofficialtitle,aftersavingtheweek,thesystemofdecidingthelords,thereisneveradesiretofightagainsteachother,andithasbeenreliedonformanygenerations.OnlykeepingtheFan,obeyinghundredsofbarbarians,isthefoundationofallages.ZTE’smeritsarenothigh.

• HuanTan:EmperorWuoftheHanDynastyhasexcellenttalentsandhastherulesofadvocatingthefirstandbroadunification.Therefore,heascendedtothethroneanddevelopedgreatambitions.HewastestedbyancientandmodernmodelsandwonthestoryoftheformerSundae.Shuo,customization,recruitmentoftalentedpeople,bravemajesty,fourplusesofWuyi,conquertheconquered,theriseofthesixarts,andtheConfucianism.Mainly.However,theaboveismorethanthedifference,notonlywantingtocondemnthevastterritory,butalsotheunhelpfulwhoisgreedyforprofitandvyingforthings.ItissaidthattherearefamoushorsesinXiyiDawanState,thatis,alargenumberofsoldiers.AlsoGeerWeiZifubecauseoffortuneandlove,NaiyinbeggedEmpressChenforevilandretired.Thatis,thesonofthehusbandandthesonoftheprince.Afterlisteningtotheevilofficials,thequeenguarddiedwithsorrow,andtheprinceranawayandperishedwithoutknowingwhere.BelieveinitsWitchGu,trytoconquertheevilspirits,andaskfornorush;buildupthepalace,exhaustthetreasuryinside,andattacktheworldoutside.Thedeathofthepeopleisinnumerable.Thiscanbedescribedasapassablebutablindone.

• BanGu:(1)Xiaowufirstestablished,ZhuoRandismissedahundredschools,listedthesixclassics,andthenconsulteddomestically,exemplifiedhisbrilliance,andmadecontributionstoit.XingTaixue,cultivatingJiaoSi,correctingShuo,decidingcalendarnumbers,harmonyrhythm,composingpoetryandmusic,JianfengZen,ritualBaishen,ShaoZhou,orderingarticles,rejuvenatedandnarrative,descendantshavetofollowHongye,andtherearethreegenerationsofstyle.JustlikeEmperorWu’sheroictalentandgenerality,Wenjing’sfrugalandfrugalarenotchangedtohelpthepeople.②SejongYeYe,thinkingabouttheancestralindustry,doingcounseling,andmakingfashionableandhandsome.JueZuoYiHe?Hundredsofbarbariansarehumiliation,regainingmyborders,andarrogance.Wugongisnotonlyanti-,butalsodisciple,thesixstudiesofthecharter,andtheunificationofsacredtruth.FengChanJiaoJi,ascendtheranksofahundredgods;XieLvcorrected,feastforever.③Intheeraoffilialpiety,theXiongnuwasdrawn,andthepatientwasfromtheWestandformedapartyinNanqiang.ItwasatableofHexi,listedfourcounties,openedYumen,andconnectedtothefourdomainstocutofftherightarmoftheHunstoisolateNanqiangandYueshi.Justbecauseofthelossofsupport,thereasonisfaraway,andMunanhasnoroyalcourt.SufferedbythevalueofWen,JingXuanmo,nourishedthepeopleforthefifthgeneration,theworldisrich,withmorethanfinancialresources,andShimaisstrong.Therefore,toseerhinocerosclothandtortoiseshellswillbuildsevenZhuyaprefectures,whilefeelingcitronsauceandbamboostickswillopenZongkeandYuexuan,andsmellTianmaandPutaowillpassDawanandrestinpeace.Sincethen,thetreasuresofthePearl,WenJia,TongRhinoceros,andCuiyuhavebeenintheharem,thinshoots,dragons,fisheyes,andsweatyhorseshavebeenintheHuangmen,andgiantelephants,teachers,bulldogs,andbigfincheshaveeatenYuWai.Foreignobjectsinaspecialsidecomefromallsides.Therefore,Shanglinwasopenedwidely,throughKunmingPond,thepalaceofthousandsoffamilieswasestablished,theplatformofgodsandheavenswasestablished,andthetentsofAandBwerebuilt.Andinit.SetuptheJiuchiRoulintofeastontheguestsofthefourbarbarians,make"Bayu"Dulu,"Dangji"inthesea,spreadthefishanddragon,andwatchtheplayofJiaoDa.Andbribesandgifts,thousandsofmiles,theexpensesoftheteacher'stravelareinsurmountable.Asfortheinadequacyofthecost,itisthewine,saltandiron,platinum,leathercoins,andcountedascarsandboats,rentandsixanimals.Thepeopleareweakandthefinancialresourcesareexhausted.Becauseofthefierceyears,thebanditsandrobbersrisetogether,theroadisblocked,andtheystartoutbypointingthemdirectly.Soabandoningthelandofthewheelinthelastyearandissuingtheedictofsorrow,isitnottherepentanceofthebenevolentsage!

• CuiQi:EmperorXiaowuwasthesonofemperor,hewaseighteenyearsold,hebelievedintheholyway,andtheteacherwasthefirstking.Infiveorsixyears,hewonthetitleofliteratureandscenery.Later,youwillchooseyourselfandforgetwhatyouwerebeforeforgood.

• DuDu:Becauseofthesavingsoftherestofthefinances,Xiaowuhasthemeaningofdeepandfar-reaching,probingthecrimeofMaodun,andthehatredofthecity.Thenheorderedtoride,workhardtoserveWeiqing,bravetheeagletorise,thearmyislikeameteor,thedeepHuns,splittheroyalcourt,sweptMobei,knockedQilian,crossedShanyu,andslaughteredhundredsofbarbarians.Burningtents,tyingtheclanfamily,burnthome,huizhenqi,shimingdysprosium,naildeercaladium,chikengshore,winningkunmi,captive(a+number),drivingmuleanddonkeys,imperialhorses,whiplashes.Expandingthousandsofmiles,Megatron.Setupfourcounties,accordingtoguardDunhuang.Andthedomainbelongstothecountry,theleaderofacounty.LiHouYuNorth,buildandprotecttheWestQiang.Punchdrive,僰,lonelywolf,stubborn.DongmoWuhuan,smashed.NanjigouTown,thewaterswordisstrongerthanever.Remnantbarbarianstattoo,Haibomoblood.InthecountyofNichinan,Zhuyaisdrifting.Lieutenantsoutheast,alsohasayellowbranch.LianSlowears,trivialcarvingquestions,destroyingthesky,holdingelephantrhinoceros,vertebralclams,brokenglass,tortoiseshells,舕舕觿.Therefore,theterritoryofQiuhuinthesameacupoint,thecountryofSichuanandthecountryofnoseanddrink,areallunconsciousandfrustrated.Intheprosperousworldofthenon-husbandbigman,theworldborrowstheforgivenessoftheearthtogaintheskillsoftheoutsideandtheinside.Whocanmakethemerit?

• KongRong:XiXiaowuinheritsthereign,willpromotetheancestors,consultandreign,andthegroupwillreachthebest.

• XunYue:EmperorXiaowurulesthecauseofeternallife,andsolidifiesthebaseforfuturegenerations.Itisworthwhiletostudyliteratureinternally,showgreatpowerexternally,extendthescholarsoftheworld,andthestyleofthefirstkingscanbetested.However,it'sjustasgoodasthetext,butit'snotthetruth;thebeginningisnottheend.奢侈而无限，穷兵极武，百姓空竭，万民罢弊。当此之时，天下骚然，海内无聊，而孝文之业衰焉。

魏晋

• 曹丕：孝武帝承累世之遗业，遇中国之殷阜，府库余金钱，仓廪畜腐粟，因此有意乎灭匈奴而廓清边境矣。故即位之初，从王恢之画，设马邑之谋，自元光以迄征和四五十载之间，征匈奴四十余：举盛余，逾广汉，绝梓岭，封狼居胥，禅姑幕，梁北河，观兵瀚海，刈单于之旗，剿阏氏之首，探符离之窟，扫五王之庭。纳休屠昆邪之附，获祭天金人之宝。斩名王以千数，馘酋虏以万计。既穷追其散亡，又摧破其积聚，虏不暇于救死扶伤，疲困于孕重堕殒。元封初，躬秉武节，告以天子自将，惧以两越之诛，彼时号为威震匈奴矣。

• 曹植：世宗光光，文武是攘。威震百蛮，恢拓土疆。简定律历，辨修旧章。封天禅土，功越百王。

• 刘渊：世宗孝武皇帝拓土攘夷，地过唐日。

• 王敦：汉武雄略，亦惑江充谗佞邪说，至乃父子相屠，流血丹地，终能克悟，不失大纲。

• 庾信：献书路广，藏书柱开。秦儒出谷，汉简吹灰。芝泥印上，玉匣封来。坐观风俗，不出兰台。

唐宋

• 王珪：昔秦皇、汉武，外则穷极兵戈，内则崇侈宫室，人力既竭，祸难遂兴，彼岂不欲安人乎？失所以安人之道也。

• 李世民：①近代平一天下，拓定边方者，惟秦皇、汉武。始皇暴虐，至子而亡；汉武骄奢，国祚几绝。②汉武杀王恢，不如秦穆用孟明。③汉武帝穷兵三十余年，疲弊中国，所获无几。

• 虞世南：汉武承六世之业，海内殷富，又有高人之资，故能总揽英雄，驾御豪杰，内兴礼乐，外开边境，制度宪章，焕然可述。方于始皇，则为优矣。至于骄奢暴虐，可以相亚，并功有余而德不足。

• 马周：孝武帝虽穷奢极侈，而承文、景遗德，故人心不动。向使高祖之后，即有武帝，天下必不能全。

• 司马贞：孝武纂极，四海承平。志尚奢丽，尤敬神明。坛开八道，接通五城。朝亲五利，夕拜文成。祭非祀典，巡乖卜征。登嵩勒岱，望景传声。迎年祀日，改历定正。疲秏中土，事彼边兵。日不暇给，人无聊生。俯观嬴政，几欲齐衡。

• 赵恒：昔漢武事邊，逞一時之志，不顾中國疲敝，誠不足慕。然訖孝宣世，天下無事，四夷请吏，亦其余威之所及也。

• 苏轼：①漢武帝無道，無足觀者，惟踞厕見衛青，不冠不見汲长孺，為可佳耳。若青奴才，雅宜舐痔，踞厕見之，正其宜也。②武帝罪戾，有增無損。③自古人主好动干戈，由败而亡者不可胜数，臣今不敢复言，请为陛下言其胜者……汉武帝承文景富溢之余，首挑匈奴，兵连不解，遂使侵寻及于诸国。岁岁调发，所向成功。建元之间，兵祸始作。是时蚩尤旗出，长与天等。其春戾太子生，自是师行三十余年，死者无数。及巫蛊事起，京师流血，僵尸数万，太子父子皆败。班固以为太子生长于兵，与之终始。帝虽悔悟自克，而殁身之恨，已无及矣！

• 何去非：孝武帝以雄才大略，承三世涵育之泽，知夫天下之势将就强而不振，所当济之以威强而抗武节之时也。方是时也，内无奸变之臣，外无强逼之国，而世为汉患者独匈奴耳。夫匈奴自楚、汉之起，乘秦之乱，复践河南之地，而其势始强。高帝曾以三十万之众困于白登之围，盖士不食者七日，已解而归，不思有以复之，而和亲始议矣。高后被其嫚书之辱，临朝而震怒矣，终之以婉辞顺礼慰适其桀骜之情。凡此者，皆欲与民息肩，姑置外之而不校也。孝文之立，其所以顺悦输遗者甚，至饰遣宗女以固其欢。盖送车未返，而彼已大举深入，候骑达于甘泉、雍梁矣。其后乍亲乍绝，盖为寇患至于近，严霸上、棘门、细柳之屯以卫京都。以孝文之宽仁镇静，摄衣发奋，亲驾而驱之者再，乃至乎辍饭搏髀而思颇、牧之良能也。孝景之世，其所以悦奉之情与夫遗给之数又加至矣。然其寇侵之暴，纷然其不止也。由是观之，汉之于匈奴，非深惩而大治之，则其为后患也，可胜备哉？是以孝武抗其英特之气，选待习骑，择命将帅，先发而昌诛之。盖师行十年，斩刈殆尽，名王贵人俘获百数，单于捧首穷遁漠北，遂收两河之地而郡属之。刷四世之侵辱，遗后嗣之安强。至于宣、元、成、哀之世，单于顿颡臣顺，谒期听令以朝，位次比内诸侯。虽曰劳师匮财，而功烈之被远矣。使微孝武，则汉之所以世被边患，其戍役转饷以忧累县官者，可得而预计哉？甚矣！昧者之议，不知求夫天下之势、强弱之任所当然者，而猥曰：“文、景为是慈俭爱民，而武帝黩于兵师祈祀。”至与秦皇同日而非诋之，岂不痛哉！使孝武不溺于文成、五利之奸以重秏天下，攘敌之役止于卫、霍之既死，而不穷贰师之兵，则其功烈与周宣比隆矣！

• 司马光：①孝武穷奢极欲，繁刑重敛，内侈宫室，外事四夷，信惑神怪，巡游无度，使百姓疲敝，起为盗贼，其所以异于秦始皇者无几矣。然秦以之亡，汉以之兴者，孝武能尊先王之道，知所统守，受忠直之言，恶人欺蔽，好贤不倦，诛赏严明，晚而改过，顾托得人。此其所以有亡秦之失而免亡秦之祸乎？②武帝虽好儒，好其名而不好其实。慕其华而废其质，是以好儒愈于文、景，而德业后之。

• 李纲：茂陵仙客，算真是，天与雄才宏略。猎取天骄驰卫霍，如使鹰鹯驱雀。战皋兰，犁庭龙碛，饮至行勋爵。中华疆盛，坐令夷狄衰弱。追想当日巡行，勒兵十万骑，横临边朔。亲总貔貅谈笑看，黠虏心惊胆落。寄语单于，两君相见，何苦逃沙漠。英风如在，卓然千古高著。

• 洪迈：①汉之武帝，唐之武后，不可谓不明，而巫蛊之祸，罗织之狱，天下涂炭，后妃公卿，交臂就戮，后世闻二武之名则憎恶之。②汉武帝天资高明，政自己出，故辅相之任，不甚择人，若但使之奉行文书而已。其于除用郡守，尤所留意……郡国之事无细大，未尝不深知之，为长吏者常若亲临其上，又安有不尽力者乎？惜其为征伐、奢侈所移，使民间不见德泽，为可恨耳！

• 朱熹：武帝病痛固多，然天资高，志向大，足以有为。使合下便得个真儒辅佐，岂不大有可观？惜乎无真儒辅佐，不能胜其多欲之私，做从那边去了！欲讨匈奴，便把吕后嫚书做题目，要来掩盖其失。他若知得此，岂无“修文德以来”道理？又如讨西域，初一番去不透，又再去，只是要得一马，此是甚气力！若移来就这边做，岂不可？末年海内虚耗，去秦始皇无几。若不得霍光收拾，成甚么！轮台之悔，亦是天资高，方如此。尝因人言，太子仁柔不能用武，答以“正欲其守成。若朕所为，是袭亡秦之迹”！可见他当时已自知其罪。向若能以仲舒为相，汲黯为御史大夫，岂不善！……汉武狂，然又不纯一，不足言也。

明清

• 朱元璋：①漢武帝購求遺書，而六經始出，唐虞三代之治始可得而見。武帝雄才大略，后世罕及。至表章六经，开阐圣贤之学，又有功于后世。②后世中才之主，当天下无事，侈心纵欲，鲜克有终，至如秦始皇、汉武帝好尚神仙，以求长生，疲精劳神，卒无所得。使移此心以图治天下，安有不理？③汉武帝获一角兽、产九茎芝，当时皆以为瑞。乃不能谦抑自损，抚辑民庶，以安区宇，好功生事，卒使国内空虚，民力困竭。后虽追悔，已无及矣！

• 朱棣：汉武帝穷兵黩武，以事夷狄，汉家全盛之力，遂至凋耗。当时虽得善马，岂足偿中国万一之费？

• 朱瞻基：汉武好大喜功，海内费耗，末年能惩前过。玄宗初政有贞观之风，久而恣欲，疏忠任邪，遂至祸乱，窜身失国。武帝犹为彼善于此。善心生则明，欲心生则闇。武帝以田千秋为贤，玄宗以李林甫为贤，此治乱所由异也。

• 爱新觉罗·弘历：至汉武帝在汉室，为振作有为之主。且兴贤使能，独持纲纪。虽黩武、惑溺神仙，乃其小疵，岂得直书其名，与秦政、曹丕并论乎？

• 王夫之：①武帝之劳民甚矣，而其救饥民也为得。虚仓廥以振之，宠富民之假贷者以救之，不给，则通其变而徙荒民于朔方、新秦者七十余万口，仰给县官，给予产业，民喜于得生，而轻去其乡以安新邑，边因以实。此策，晁错尝言之矣。错非其时而为民扰，武帝乘其时而为民利。故善于因天而转祸为福，国虽虚，民以生，边害以纾，可不谓术之两利而无伤者乎！史讥其费以亿计，不可胜数，然则疾视民之死亡而坐拥府库者为贤哉？司马迁之史，谤史也，无所不谤也。②武帝平瓯、闽，开南越，于今为文教之郡邑。而宋置河朔、燕、云之民，画塘水三关以绝之，使渐染夷风，于是天地文明之气日移而南，天且歆汉之功而厌宋之偷矣。安挟私以讦武帝，言虽辩，明者所弗听也。③武帝曰：“朕不变更制度，后世无法；不出师征伐，天下不安；为此者不得不劳民。若后世又如朕所为，是袭亡秦之迹也。”有是心，为是言，而岂不贤乎？戒后世以为情，立大法、谨大防以为才，固通志成务者所不废也。然而终以丧德而危天下者，才利而遂无所择，情动而因滥于他也。因是而慕神仟、营宫室、侈行游，若将见为游刃有余之资，可以唯吾意而无伤；而淫侈妖巫之气，暗引之而流。无他，才无所诎而忘其诎于道，情无所定而不知定以性也。固其得于天者，偏于长而即有所短。而方其崇儒访道，董仲舒、儿宽之流，言道言性，抑皆性道之郛郭，而味其精覈，无能儆所不逮，而引之深思以自乐其天也。

• 赵翼：①汉书武帝纪赞……专赞武帝之文事，而武功则不置一词。仰思帝之雄才大略，正在武功。②史称武帝招英俊，程其器能，用之如不及。宜乎兴文治，建武功，为千古英主也。又戾太子死巫蛊之祸。车千秋上书为太子讼冤，帝大感悟，召见，即拜为大鸿胪。不数月，遂为丞相。帝之度外用人如此，而当时禁网疏阔，怀才者皆得自达，亦于此可见矣。③武帝长驾远驭，所用皆跅弛之士，不计流品也。……至其操纵賞罰，亦实有足以激劝者。……赏罚严明如此，孰敢挟诈避险而不尽力哉？史称雄才大略，固不虛也。

• 吴裕垂：武帝雄才大略，非不深知征伐之劳民也，盖欲复三代之境土，削平四夷，尽去后患，而量力度德，慨然有舍我其谁之想。于是承累朝之培养，既庶且富，相时而动，战以为守，攻以为御，匈奴远遁，日以削弱。至于宣、元、成、哀、单于称臣，稽玄而朝，两汉之生灵，并受其福，庙号“世宗”，宜哉！……太史公为李陵而遭腐刑，其大不足于武帝，而多所讥讽明矣。宋人竭中国之财力，纳币赂寇，偷安旦夕，致使生民左袒，肝脑涂地，退而渡江航海，竟以议和误国，则武帝听为，又岂宋人所敢议乎？

• 曾国藩：自古英哲非常之君，往往得人鼎盛。若汉之武帝，唐之文皇，宋之仁宗，元之世祖，明之孝宗。其时皆异材勃起，俊彦云屯，焜耀简编。

现代

• 孙中山：①秦皇汉武、元世祖、拿破仑，或数百年，数十年而斩，亦可谓有志之士矣。拿破仑兴法典，汉武帝纪赞，不言武功，又有千年之志者。②文王以百里而兴，亦以有良政治感化人耳。传武力者，莫如秦皇、汉武，而终归失败，足为佐证。

• 毛泽东：①高祖之后，史家誉为文景之治，其实，文、景二帝乃守旧之君，无能之辈，所谓“萧规曹随”，没有什么可称道的。倒是汉武帝雄才大略，开拓刘邦的业绩，晚年自知奢侈、黩武、方士之弊，下了罪己诏，不失为鼎盛之世。②汉武帝罢黜百家，独尊儒术。结果汉代只有僵化的经学，思想界死气沉沉。武帝以后，汉代有几个大军事家、大政治家、大思想家？

• 吕思勉：中国自汉以后，儒术盛行，其事实始于武帝，此人人能言之。然武帝非真知儒术之人也。武帝之侈官室，乐巡游，事四夷，无一不与儒家之道相背。其封禅及起明堂，则惑于神仙家言耳，非行儒家之学也。然儒术卒以武帝之提倡而盛行，何哉？则所谓风气既成，受其鼓动而不自知也。……汉武帝东征西讨，所开拓者颇广，后世盛时之疆域，于此已略具规模，读史者或称道之。然汉人之议论，则于武帝多致讥评。何哉？予谓是时之开拓，乃中国之国力为之，即微武帝，亦必有起而收其功者。而武帝轻举寡虑，喜怒任情，用人以私，使中国之国力为之大耗，实功不掩其罪也。……此其所为，与隋炀帝亦何以异？获保首领，没于五柞，岂不幸哉？……汉武帝之举事也，好大喜功，而不顾其后。……语曰：种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。因果之理，不可诬也。汉世迷信本深，武帝纵恣尤甚。事祠祭，求神仙，民脂民膏为所浪费者，盖不知凡几。而又喜怒任情，刑杀不忌，惑于女谒，而不能守法。恶之既稔，安得不变生骨肉之间，祸起宫廷之内哉？

• 翦伯赞：说到汉武帝，会令人想到他是生长得怎样一副严肃的面孔？实际上，汉武帝是一位较活泼、较天真、重感情的人物。他除了喜欢穷兵黩武以外，还喜欢游历，喜欢音乐，喜欢文学，喜欢神仙。汉武帝，是军队最英明的统帅，又是海上最经常的游客，皇家乐队最初的创立人，文学家最亲切的朋友，方士们最忠实的信使，特别是他的李夫人最好的丈夫。他决不是除了好战以外，一无所知的一个莽汉。

• 范文澜：汉武帝凭借前期所积累的财富与汉景帝所完成的全国统一，再加上本人雄材大略的特征与在位五十四年的长久时间，对外用兵．扩张疆土，对内兴作，多所创建（主要是水利），把道家思想的无为政治，改变为以儒家学说为装饰的多欲政治。通过汉武帝，农民付出“海内虚耗，人口减半”的代价，造成军事、文化的极盛时期。西汉一朝各方面的代表人物如大经学家大政论家董仲舒，大史学家司马迁，大文学家司马相如。大军事家卫青、霍去病，大天文学家唐都、落下闳，大农学家赵过，大探险家张骞，以及民间诗人所创作经大音乐家李延年协律的乐府歌诗，集中出现在汉武帝时期。这是历史上非常灿烂的一个时期．汉武帝就是这个灿烂时期的总代表。

• 田余庆：①汉武帝在反击匈奴的长期过程中，开边兴利，继往开来，对中华民族的历史有很大的贡献。但是他竭天下民力资财以奉其政，数十载无宁日，加之以重刑罚，穷奢丽，弄鬼神，终使民怨沸腾，社会后果极其严重。文武之道，一张一弛。汉武帝要保存所取得的积极成果，必须及时地在政策上实现转折，使社会安定下来，使人民得以休养生息。②历史动向向我们昭示，汉武帝作为早期的专制皇帝，实际上是在探索统治经验，既要尽可能地发展秦始皇创建的专制主义中央集权的统一国家，又要力图不蹈亡秦覆辙。在西汉国家大发展之后继之以轮台罪己之诏，表明汉武帝的探索获得了相当的成功。汉武帝罪己之诏虽然不能象所谓“禹汤罪己，其兴也勃焉”那样，臻汉室于鼎盛，毕竟挽回了将颓之局。不过，轮台诏能够奏效，是由于它颁行于局势有可挽回之际，而且有可挽回之方……所以汉武帝虽然提供了专制帝王收拾局面的先例，而直到有清之末为止的王朝历史中，真能成功地效法汉武帝以“罪己”诏取得成效的皇帝，却不多见。

• 黄仁宇：在中国历史书内“秦皇汉武”经常互相衔接。而且一提到汉武帝，又离不开“好大喜功”的评价。今天我们看他的纪录，不能否定他是一个特出的人物；但他的功业，仍要在长期的历史上评判。最重要的一点，则是他所开创的局面，后人无法继续。

• 辛德勇：汉武帝一生都在祸国殃民，终其一生，并没有做出根本性的改变。其祸国殃民的具体表现，就是通过盐铁专卖、均输等措施疯狂搜刮民财，而且严刑峻法，压迫民众；同时，还大量徵发民众从军，四方出击，扩张领土，不仅耗费巨额资财，还使无数生灵涂炭。在其晚年，对外出征作战虽然明显减少，但这并不是其治国路线发生了改变，而是汉朝的疆域已经达到中原政权所能扩张的极限，是没的打了，而不是不想打了……汉武帝是中国历史上一位“划时代”的人物……是由暴君汉武帝完成了暴君秦始皇开始的社会大变革。完成这一变革的具体时间，大致可以定在太初元年（前104年），所谓“太初改制”，是中国历史上的一个大事件。我认为，从这一意义上认识汉武帝的历史地位，才能更好地评判其是非功过。……若是让我从感情上对汉武帝做一个评价，那倒十分简单明了，就八个字——独夫民贼，恶贯满盈。

人际关系

刘彻的家庭成员中，嫔妃应不止此数，史载刘彻“多取好女至数千人，以填后宫”，女儿亦恐不止此数。以下仅录见于正史及其注疏书中所记载者。

称号

姓名

备注

祖父

汉文帝

刘恒

祖母

孝文皇后

窦猗房

外祖父

共侯

王仲

刘彻即位后追封

外祖母

平原君

臧儿

燕王臧荼孙女

父亲

汉景帝

刘启

母亲

孝景皇后

王娡

异母兄弟

平阳公主

刘氏

嫁曹寿、夏侯颇、卫青

南宫公主

刘氏

嫁张坐、耏申

隆虑公主

刘氏

一说为刘彻妹，嫁陈蟜，其子昭平君陈某娶刘彻女夷安公主

异父姐

修成君

金俗

王娡与前夫金王孙之女，刘彻即位后方知有此姊，接回长安，封修成君

皇后

陈氏

野史记载名为陈阿娇，刘彻姑母馆陶公主与陈午之女，因巫蛊被废

思后

卫子夫

原为平阳公主家歌女，元朔元年（前128年）立后，巫蛊之祸时自杀

孝武皇后

李氏

即李夫人，出身倡女，昭帝时被霍光追尊为孝武皇后

齐王太后

王氏

即王夫人，刘彻追封齐王太后

婕妤

赵氏

即钩弋夫人，刘彻死前一年被刘彻处死，一说忧死

婕妤

尹氏

即尹夫人，出身倡女

娙娥

邢氏

即邢夫人

李氏

即李姬，无宠

戾太子

刘据

卫子夫所生，元狩元年（前122年）立储，巫蛊之祸时自杀，孙为宣帝刘询

齐怀王

刘闳

王夫人所生，元狩六年（前117年）封齐王

燕剌王

刘旦

李姬所生，元狩六年（前117年）封燕王，后卷入上官桀谋反案而自杀

广陵厉王

刘胥

李姬所生，元狩六年（前117年）封广陵王，后涉嫌诅咒宣帝而自杀

昌邑哀王

刘髆

李夫人所生，天汉四年（前97年）封昌邑王，子刘贺曾做过27天皇帝

汉昭帝

刘弗陵

钩弋夫人所生，刘彻临终前立为皇太子

当利公主

刘氏

卫子夫所生，又称卫长公主，嫁曹襄、栾大

鄂邑长公主

刘氏

生母不详，又称盖长公主，曾抚养汉昭帝，后卷入上官桀谋反案而自杀

诸邑公主

刘氏

史记索隐称其母为卫子夫，死于巫蛊之祸

石邑公主

刘氏

史记索隐称其母为卫子夫，生平不详

阳石公主

刘氏

生母不详，又称德邑公主，死于巫蛊之祸

夷安公主

刘氏

生母不详，嫁刘彻外甥昭平君陈某

关系
祖辈
父辈
平辈	共十三人，参见刘启词条“家族成员-子女”目录
胞姐
妻妾	正妻
嫔妃
子女	儿子
女儿

（以上主要参考资料）

轶事典故

命名奇谈

野史《汉武故事》记载，刘彻尚在王娡腹中时，景帝梦见刘邦托梦，生子可取名为“彘”，于是在刘彻出生后的名字是刘彘，立他为太子时，景帝说：“彘者，彻也。”于是改名刘彻。

另一野史《汉武帝内传》则记载，刘彻出生前，景帝梦见一只赤彘（红色野猪）从云中降下，直入崇芳阁，醒来时就坐在阁下，然后看见“赤龙如雾，来蔽户牖”，阁上出现丹霞，丹霞散后赤龙仍在栋宇之间盘桓。景帝询问卜者姚翁，姚翁回答是吉兆，生于此阁者“攘夷狄而获嘉瑞，为刘宗盛主”，但也是“大妖”。后来景帝又梦见神女捧日以授王娡，王娡吞下。王娡怀孕十四个月生下儿子，景帝就取名刘彘。三岁时，景帝抱刘彘于膝上，问刘彘“乐为天子否？”刘彘回答：“由天不由儿。愿每日居宫垣，在陛下前戏弄。”景帝便对这个儿子另眼看待。刘彘有惊人的记忆力，求知欲特别强，尤爱读书中古代圣贤帝王伟人事迹，过目不忘。景帝深感诧异，以其“圣彻过人”，改名为“彻”。

金屋藏娇

野史《汉武故事》记载，刘彻还是胶东王时，馆陶长公主刘嫖把他抱在膝盖上，问：“你想娶媳妇吗？”胶东王说：“想。”长公主指着左右长御百余人，刘彻都不要，指着女儿陈阿娇（即陈皇后）说：“那娶阿娇好吗？”刘彻回答：“好啊！如果阿娇嫁给我，我就盖一栋黄金屋，把她藏之于内！”馆陶公主大喜，最终刘彻和陈阿娇结为夫妻。

宠爱韩李

据《史记·佞幸列传》记载，刘彻还是胶东王时，就与学伴韩嫣“相爱”。当了太子后，愈发亲密，后来发展到常常与韩嫣一起睡觉的地步。韩嫣擅长骑射，并响应刘彻“灭胡”之志，学习匈奴战法，由此更加得到刘彻的宠幸，官拜上大夫，赏赐无数。后来江都王刘非入朝，在上林苑打猎时，看到韩嫣的盛大排场，误以为是皇帝，跪拜道旁，韩嫣还真的像皇帝一样疾驰而过。刘非发现他不是皇帝，就在皇太后王娡面前告了韩嫣的状。王娡从此厌恶韩嫣，后来得知韩嫣在后宫的奸情，派人赐死韩嫣，即使刘彻为其谢罪也搭救不了。后来刘彻又宠幸一个叫李延年的擅长音乐的宦官，情形与韩嫣类似，连同其妹李夫人一起受宠。但李延年后来也因“出入骄恣”，与其弟皆伏诛。

求仙问鬼

刘彻以热衷求仙问鬼著称，先后七次巡海求仙，并在建章宫神明台建造铜仙人承露盘，高二十丈，为铜铸仙人伸掌捧铜盘玉杯，来承接天上的甘露，将甘露掺和玉屑饮服，以求得仙道长生。刘彻一生多次被方士所骗。元光年间就开始宠幸方士李少君。李少君炼丹未成而先死，又有一个方士齐人李少翁因能为刘彻宠妃王夫人招魂而得宠，被刘彻拜他为文成将军。后来他的方术不灵了，鬼神不至。于是他把帛书偷偷给牛吃下，假装不知道，说牛肚子里有异物，杀牛得书，上面讲得很怪。刘彻认识他的笔迹，问献牛的人，果然是伪造的，于是将李少翁处死，而将事隐秘下来。后来又有人推荐方士栾大，栾大提起李少翁被处死之事，刘彻不承认，说李少翁是吃马肝而死的。栾大被拜为五利将军、地士将军、天士将军、大通将军，封乐通侯，刘彻还把自己的女儿卫长公主嫁给他。后来栾大因为东海求仙失败而被腰斩。再后来，刘彻又宠幸一个叫公孙卿的方士。直到征和四年（前89年）求仙东莱失败后，刘彻才幡然悔悟，承认没有所谓仙人，命令遣散方士，停止求仙。

由于刘彻热衷求仙问鬼，所以关于他的神仙鬼怪故事也就非常多，例如他和西王母之间的青鸟使者、歌声绕梁、东方朔偷桃等故事，在甘泉宫和玉女下围棋、后因欲霸占玉女而被其唾面得病的故事，以及死后在市集卖玉杯的故事，等等。

广修宫苑

刘彻在位时，大兴土木，即位后就大规模扩建上林苑，并在原有的未央、长乐二宫外又筑建章、明光二宫。此外还兴建了柏梁台、通天台、飞廉馆等建筑。东方朔曾形容刘彻“以城中为小，图起建章，左凤阙，右神明，号称千门万户；木土衣绮绣，狗马被缋罽；宫人簪玳瑁，垂珠玑；设戏车，教驰逐，饰文采，丛珍怪；撞万石之钟，击雷霆之鼓，作俳优，舞郑女”，其宫苑之富丽堂皇可见一斑。

柏梁高宴

元鼎二年（前115年）春，刘彻在长安城内建柏梁台。台高二十丈，用香柏为殿梁，数十里之外都能闻到其芳香。刘彻在台上摆酒设宴，诏群臣一起作诗，会作七言诗的才能参加。柏梁台诗是中国最早同时也是很完整的七言诗，在中国文学史上具有重要意义。

山呼万岁

元封元年（前110年），刘彻在封禅途中，率众登上了中岳嵩山东麓的一座山峰，此时吏卒皆闻大山"呼万岁者三"。于是吏卒皆恭维刘彻说：“这是中岳山神在迎接陛下。”刘彻大悦，于是封所登之峰为万岁峰。同时，下令祠官大规模增建祭祀嵩山的“太室祠”，并划嵩山下三百户设立“崇高县”，免除一切赋税、徭役，专管祭祀岳神之事。后来发展为“呼嵩”的朝仪，为历代所传承，“万岁”也成为了皇帝的专属。

主要作品

刘彻不但是政治家，也是一位爱好文学、提倡辞赋的文学家。后人将其诗文整理为《汉武帝集》二卷（今佚），因此他成为中国历史上第一位有文集的皇帝。清代严可均所辑《全汉文》第三、四卷就收录刘彻的诗文，包括《李夫人赋》《秋风辞》以及制、诏、册书、策书、敕书、玺书、报书、鼎文、刻石文共100篇。另有与群臣联句的《柏梁台诗》。

刘彻所创作的歌曲颇多，有《瓠子歌》（两首）《天马歌》《西极天马歌》《李夫人歌》《思奉车子侯歌》《落叶哀蝉曲》《白麟之歌》（《朝陇首》）《宝鼎》（《景星》）《帝临》《华烨烨》《天门》《芝房之歌》（《齐房》）《象载瑜》（《朱雁之歌》）《日出入》十五首歌曲的歌词传世。另有《盛唐枞阳之歌》《交门之歌》内容失传。

人物争议

出生年日

《史记》《汉书》均记载，刘彻在孝景四年、七年、十六年分别为四岁、七岁、十六岁。因古人计虚岁，故刘彻当生于汉景帝元年（乙酉年，公元前156年）。而两书中的孝景王皇后传记又记载，刘彻于景帝即位后出生而孕于文帝去世前，即受孕时间在汉文帝后七年六月己亥（公元前157年7月6日）之前，两者之间尚可调和。

然而，《汉武故事》称“帝以乙酉年七月七日生于猗兰殿”，即刘彻生于景帝元年七月七日（公元前156年7月31日），如此则孕期超过十三个月，非正常孕期。就此至少可有三种推论：

• 《汉武故事》所记不误。《汉书·外戚传》记载，刘彻晚年宠妃钩弋夫人怀孕十四个月才生刘弗陵。这样，上述超过十三个月的孕期客观上亦有可能；然而，同为异象却不一同记载，仍有疑问。

• 《汉武故事》所记月日不误，年份错误。准此，则刘彻当生于汉文帝后七年七月七日（公元前157年8月10日），而《汉书·孝武本纪》所记刘彻年岁为周岁；这与古人言虚岁的一般状况相违背。

• 《汉武故事》所记月日错误，年份不误。《汉武故事》以志怪为主，本非记述史实的著作，所记日期“七月七日”当不可信，而乙酉年仍可得到《史记》《汉书》的印证。

晚年路线

征和四年（前89年），刘彻下轮台诏，拒绝桑弘羊等提出的在西域轮台屯田的建议。西汉后期的刘向指出“孝武皇帝后悔之，御史大夫桑弘羊请佃轮台，诏却……封丞相号曰富民侯，遂不复言兵事，国家以宁，继嗣以定”，班固则在《汉书·西域传》中强调下轮台诏是出于“深陈既往之悔”，并称赞刘彻晚年“遂弃轮台之地，而下哀痛之诏，岂非仁圣之所悔哉！”因此轮台诏历来被视为哀痛诏乃至罪己诏，是刘彻晚年幡然悔悟的象征。当代历史学家田余庆在1984年发表了影响很大的学术论文《论轮台诏》，系统性地阐述了刘彻晚年从“兴利开边”到“守文”的路线转变。他认为刘彻与其太子刘据之间早就存在“兴利开边”和“守文”的路线之争，并且是导致“巫蛊之祸”的根本原因。然而由于频繁的农民起义、刘屈氂案的东窗事发、对匈奴用兵的失利以及田千秋为太子讼冤等警钟，刘彻及时悔误，利用桑弘羊奏请屯田轮台之机发布了罪己诏（轮台诏），将汉朝的路线调整为“守文”，扶大厦于将倾，从而造就了昭宣中兴。

这一观点几成定论，然而也有质疑的声音。如陈苏镇认为“细读轮台之诏，武帝兴兵数十年，而诏中所‘悔’的只是征和三年之役”，并且刘彻到死都无意调整自己的路线，而是要求继承者延续自己的未竟事业，所以昭宣时期依然在继承并推进“武帝事业”，到宣帝时大体完成，汉元帝时期才调整了路线。陈金霞亦认为刘彻在轮台诏中没有表现出对过去穷兵黩武的悔悟，也没有反思自己一生过失，谈不上是罪己诏。

2014年以来，学者辛德勇发表论文《汉武帝晚年政治取向与司马光的重构》并著书《制造汉武帝》，逐条推翻田余庆的观点。他认为：

• 轮台诏只是调整对外作战策略的权宜之计，不是从根本上转变政治路线；

• 刘彻和刘据之间不存在路线之争，真相是刘据不堪父亲暴虐，诅咒刘彻早死，被发觉后引发巫蛊之祸；

• 田余庆认为刘彻父子之间的路线之争以及刘彻晚年的治国路线出现了重大转变，主要依据的史料是《资治通鉴》，但《资治通鉴》相关记载不见于《史记》《汉书》等汉代史籍，而是出自小说《汉武故事》；另一依据是甘肃玉门花海汉代烽燧遗址出土的被推定为刘彻下达给太子的遗诏，其中有告诫太子“善遇百姓，赋敛以理”并以胡亥为戒等内容，但这道遗诏未必是刘彻所写，更有可能是刘邦的遗诏；

• 《汉武故事》的作者为南朝王俭，他所描写的刘彻父子之争意在影射当时（刘宋时期）宋文帝刘义隆与其太子刘劭之间的矛盾，内容系以汉代某些史事为原型而杜撰，不可用作研究刘彻的史料；

• 司马光在《资治通鉴》中采录《汉武故事》，刻意建构了一个幡然悔悟、痛改前非的刘彻形象，希望以此劝谏同样热衷于兴利开边的宋神宗。

有学者李浩对此进行批驳，其观点为：

• 刘彻晚年的政治转向体现在悔过、劝农、休兵等一系列见诸《盐铁论》《汉书》的实际行动里，《资治通鉴》叙事与上述原始史料高度吻合，不存在重构现象；

• 遍检《资治通鉴》全书，叙事绝不采《汉武故事》，司马光仅将其作为史料异文和批判对象列入《资治通鉴考异》，原书俱在，不容置疑；

• 历史阐释不等于历史重构，班固早已在《汉书》中强调刘彻晚年悔过，《资治通鉴》仅是对公认史实不同视角的历史观察，司马光没有也不可能重构历史；

• 《汉武故事》作者、年代迄无定论，辛德勇以刘宋比附西汉系悬拟之辞。

此外，亦有学者认为既不可否认《轮台诏》有重民生的调整倾向，在一定程度上开启了政策转折，但另一方面不能得出刘彻对其政治方略有根本转折的打算，更没有转向“守文”的意向。

后世纪念

茂陵

刘彻葬于茂陵，位于兴平市东北12公里处。建元二年（前139年）开始建筑陵墓。茂陵封土为覆斗形，现高46.5米，顶端东西长39.25米，南北宽40.60米。底边长:东边243米，西边238米，南边239米，北边234米。至今东、西、北三面的土阙犹存，茂陵陪葬墓尚有李夫人、卫青、霍去病、霍光、金日磾等人的墓葬。它是汉代帝王陵墓中规模最大、修造时间最长、陪葬品最丰富的一座。

据《西京杂记》记载，“汉帝送死皆珠襦玉匣，匣形如铠甲，连以金缕。”梓宫内，刘彻口含蝉玉，身着金缕玉衣，“匣上皆镂为蛟龙鸾凤龟麟之象，世谓为蛟龙玉匣”。茂陵的地宫内充满了大量的稀世珍宝。康居国王赠送刘彻的玉箱、玉杖，以及刘彻生前阅读的30卷杂经，盛以金箱，一并埋入陵内。

一百多年后，赤眉军入长安，茂陵被掘空，宫廷档案《茂陵书》很可能便是在此时从茂陵中被取出。《茂陵书》现已失传，但部分内容被臣瓒、张华等转载，为后世对西汉政区地理和秩禄职官的研究做出了巨大贡献。

武帝台

刘彻出巡外地，留下多处古台遗迹，主要有三：

• 昌黎碣石山仙台顶，又称汉武台。后唐太宗东征高句丽班师时，曾在此汉武台刻石纪功。

• 沧州武帝台古遗址。位于沧州渤海新区中捷产业园区以东5公里处，面积约1300平方米。武帝台下部基址为西汉遗迹，上部系后世修筑。《魏土地记》载：“章武县东百里有武帝台，南北有二台，相距六十里，谷云汉武帝东巡海上所筑。”《大清一统志》载此为南台，北台在今沙井子村（今天津大港），已被夷为平地。

• 陕西黄陵县汉武仙台，位于黄帝陵左侧，高24米，台旁立一石碑，上书“汉武仙台”四字，为明代嘉靖七年（1528年）闰七月所立，落款为“池南唐琦书”。此台始建于元封元年（公元前110年）。《史记·封禅书》记载，刘彻“北巡朔方，勒兵十余万还，祭黄帝冢桥山”。有“登台一次，增寿一年”之说。

祠庙

陕西省澄城县王庄镇良甫河村有汉武帝庙，当地村民于每年农历三月廿五举行武帝庙会，祭拜刘彻神像，祈求风调雨顺、五谷丰登、吉祥平安。2017年12月，澄城武帝庙会入选陕西省第六批非物质文化遗产名录。

陕西省合阳县西北武帝山西峰山亦有汉武帝祠。武帝祠现存献殿系民国初年重建，明万历四年（1580年）所建献殿、正殿毁于火灾。1998年春，群众自发投工捐料，整修了南天门和献殿、重塑了武帝像。

影视形象

1954

《汉武帝梦会卫夫人》

吴楚帆

1959

《汉武帝梦会卫夫人》

任剑辉

1988

《汉武之恋》

赵秀治

1989

《大汉春秋》

黄香莲

2001

《大汉天子》

黄晓明

2008

《东方朔》

靳东

2020

《霍去病》

黄维德

年份	名称	饰演者	图集
汉武帝影视形象(27张)
1996	《汉武帝》	周里京
1997	《司马迁》	许还山
1997	《凤求凰》	杨佩衡
2001	《乌龙闯情关》	柯受良
2003	《奔月》	刘威
2004	《汉武大帝》	陈宝国（中老年），杜淳（青年） 白钰（少年），万昌皓（童年）
2004	《大汉天子2》	黄晓明
2005	《凤求凰》	刘小峰
2006	《东方朔》	靳东
2006	《大汉天子3》	黄晓明
2007	《夜郎王》	吕士刚
2007	《剑行天下》	郑国霖
2010	《仙女湖之墨仙》	陈颢文
2010	《美人心计》	茅子俊
2014	《卫子夫》	林峯
2015	《大汉情缘之云中歌》	胡兵
2018	《沧海丝路》	张丰毅