Guidancetypeclassification
Semi-active
Usingalaserlocatedonthecarrierorthegroundtoilluminatethetarget,thelaserseekeronthemissilereceivesthereflectionfromthetargetThelaserthustracksthetargetanddirectsthemissiletothetarget.
Theattackwarheadandthe"lasertargetdesignator"usedtoguidethetargetareseparatelyconfigured.Whenattacking,firstusealasertargetindicatortolaunchalaserbeamfromthegroundorintheair.The"seeker"atthefrontofthelaunchedordroppedoffensivewarheadwillcapturethelaserdiffuselyreflectedfromthetargetsurface,andcontrolandguideit.Thewarheadrushestowardsthetargetuntilithitsthetargetandblowsitup.Duetotheexcellentdirectivityofthelaserbeamandtheextremelysmalldivergenceangle,thelaser-guidedweaponhasaveryhighhitaccuracy,whichcanbesaidtomeanwheretohit.Forexample,the"Paveway"laser-guidedbombproducedandequippedbytheUnitedStateshasahitaccuracyof1.5meters.
Active
Thelaserirradiatorismountedontheseeker.Thiskindoflaserguidancehasahighdegreeofautomation,butithasnotactuallybeenappliedtoanti-tankmissiles.Thiskindofilluminatorcanencodethemissile'spresettrajectoryinthelaser,andthelasercannavigateautonomouslythroughthereflectionoflight.Thismethodhasstronganti-interferenceabilityandpreciseguidance,whichissuitableforhittinggroundtargetsintheair,suchastanks.
Laserbeamsteeringguidance
Thelaserreceiverisplacedonthemissile.Whenthemissileislaunched,thelaserisdirectedatthetarget,andthelaunchedmissilefliesinthelaserbeam.Whenthemissiledeviatesfromtheaxisofthelaserbeam,thereceiverissensitivetothesizeandazimuthofthedeviationandformsanerrorsignal,andformsacontrolcommandaccordingtotheguidancelawtocorrecttheflightofthemissile.
Beamcodingisthekeytechnologyofbeamsteering.Thekeytothecontrolofmissilesbylaserbeamsteeringweaponsystemsistoformalaserbeamsteeringcontrolfieldwithencodedinformation.Therearemanyencodingschemesforlaserbeamdriving,suchasdigitalencoding,spatialpolarizationencoding,spatialscanning,andmodulationdiscspatialencoding,amongwhichthelaserspatialfrequencyencodingmethodiswidelyused.Thismethodhasgoodanti-interferenceperformanceandsimpledecodingmethod.Yishihasnohighrequirementsontheuniformityoflightintensitydistribution,buthasstrictrequirementsonthestabilityofthespeedofthemodulationdisc.
Commandguidance
Uselaserpulsestoreplacethewiresusedtotransmitcontrolcommandsininfraredsemi-automaticcommandguidance.Laserreceiverforbomb-onreceiver.Thelaserpulseisemittedafterbeingencoded,suchasusingHammingcode(acodethatcanautomaticallycorrecterrors)toencodethelaserpulse.
Thelaserbeamhasstrongdirectivityandnarrowbeam,sothelaserguidanceaccuracyishighandtheanti-interferenceabilityisstrong.However,thelaserinthe0.8-1.8micronbandiseasilyabsorbedbyclouds,fog,rain,etc.,anditstransmittanceislow,soitsall-weatheruseisrestricted.Ifa10.6micronlong-wavelaserisused,itcanbeusedunderpoorvisibilityconditions.
Laserguidanceisanewtechnologythatonlybegantodevelopinthe1960s.Air-to-groundandsurface-to-airmissilesandlaser-guidednavigationalairbombshaveemergedwithlasersemi-activeguidanceandlaserbeamridingguidance.Laserbeamdrivingandlasersemi-activeguidancehavebeenusedinanti-tankmissiletechnology.
Countermeasurestrategy
Precisionstrategy
Laserguidanceincludeslaserhomingguidanceandlaserbeamridingguidance.Thelaserhomingguidanceincludesthreeforms:activehomingguidance,semi-activehomingguidanceandpassivehomingguidance.Amongthem,themostmaturetechnologyandthemostusedonthebattlefieldissemi-activehomingguidance.Laser-guidedbombsandlaser-guidedmissilesallusethisguidancemethod.
Thelasersemi-activehomingguidanceisconfiguredseparatelyfromtheattackwarheadandthe"lasertargetindicator"forguidingthetarget.Whenattacking,firstusealasertargetindicatortolaunchalaserbeamfromthegroundorintheair.The"seeker"atthefrontofthelaunchedordroppedoffensivewarheadwillcapturethelaserdiffuselyreflectedfromthetargetsurface,andcontrolandguideit.Thewarheadrushestowardsthetargetuntilithitsthetargetandblowsitup.Duetotheexcellentdirectivityofthelaserbeamandtheextremelysmalldivergenceangle,thelaser-guidedweaponhasaveryhighhitaccuracy,whichcanbesaidtomeanwheretohit.Forexample,the"Paveway"laser-guidedbombproducedandequippedbytheUnitedStateshasahitaccuracyof1.5meters.
Laser-guidedbombsareextremelypowerful.AtthebeginningoftheVietnamWar,theU.S.militarydispatchedmorethan600aircrafttoblowupabridgenearHanoianddroppedmorethan2,000tonsofammunition.Asaresult,thebridgewasintact,but20U.S.aircraftwereshotdown.Atthebeginningof1968,theUSmilitaryusedthe"Paveway"laser-guidedexperimentalbomb.Only12aircraftweredeployedandmorethan10laser-guidedbombsweredroppedtocompletelydestroythebridge,buttheUSdidnotloseasingleaircraft.DuringtheGulfWar,themultinationalforcesledbytheUnitedStatesdropped6,520tonsoflaser-guidedbombs,90%ofwhichhitthetarget,whilethe80,000-tonunguidedbombsdroppedduringthesameperiodhadahitrateofonly25%.
Allmilitarypowershavesteppedupthedevelopmentoflaser-guidedbombs.Howtopreventlaser-guidedweaponattacksinfuturewarsisanunavoidablesubject.
Guidancebarrier
Thecommonwaytodealwithlaser-guidedweaponsistoprotectthetargetwithasmokescreen,thatis,tocastasmokescreenaroundthetargetthatmaybeattacked,andhidethetargetinthethicksmokescreen.middle.DuringtheVietnamWar,aftertheU.S.militaryusedlaser-guidedbombstoachievebrilliantresultsforthefirsttime,theVietnamesesidepromptlyusedsmokescreenstocoverpowerplants,bridgesandothertargets.WhentheUSmilitarybombedthesetargetsagain,manyofthelaser-guidedbombsdroppedinthefaceofthethickwhitesmokebecame"blind"whocouldnotseethetarget.Asaresult,noneofthemhitthetarget.
Thereasonwhythesmokescreenmakeslaser-guidedweapons"blind"isthatthesmokescreencanproducestrongscatteringandabsorptionoflightwaves.Thiskindofscatteringandabsorptioneffectivelyblocksthepathoflightwaves,makingitdifficultforthe"lasertargetindicator"toaimatthetarget,andalsomakesthe"finder"ofthelaserguidedweaponunabletoreceivetheguidedlightwavesdiffuselyreflectedbythetarget.Inthiscase,laser-guidedweaponswillnaturallybecome"blind."
Smokescreenprotectioncanbeusednotonlytodealwithlaserguidedweapons,butalsotodealwithothertypesofopticalprecisionguidedweapons,suchasinfraredguidedweapons,televisionimagingguidedweapons,etc.However,thesmokescreenmustbecastatanappropriatetimebeforetheenemy'sopticallyguidedweaponstrikes,anditmustbecarriedoutatthenecessaryplaceintheupperhand.Ifthesmokescreenisnotthickorcannotfullycoverthetargetatthebeginningoftheenemy'sattack,itsprotectiveeffectwillbegreatlyweakened.Therefore,smokescreenprotectionnotonlyrequiresthecooperationofaneffectiveearlywarningsystem,butalsoconsumesalargeamountofsmokingequipment.Itisdifficulttoeffectivelydefendagainstsuddenenemyattacks.
Blackeningprotection
Thekeytothesuccessoflaser-guidedweaponsliesinthefactthatthetargetbeingattackedusuallyhasastrongdiffusereflectioneffectontheirradiatedlaser.Forthesakeofbeauty,manybuildingsadoptlight-coloredappearance,whichcanproducestrongdiffusereflectionoftheirradiatedlaser,andprovideastrongtargetindicatorsignalforlaser-guidedweapons.Sincethelaserguidanceisinseparablefromthediffusereflectionofthetargettotheirradiatedlaser,itisnecessarytofindwaystoreducetheintensityofthediffusereflectionofthetargettothelaserasmuchaspossible.Blackeningthesurfaceisaneffectivewaytoreducetheintensityofdiffusereflection.
Laser-guidedweaponsusuallyusealaserwithawavelengthof1.06micrometersastheirradiatinglight(10.6micrometersarealsouseful).Generally,thereflectivityofthesurfaceofthebuildingtotheirradiatedlightisrelativelylarge,usuallyaround50%,andthewhitesurfacecanevenreacharound90%.Therefore,theyareeasytargetstobehitbylaser-guidedweapons.Ifthesurfaceiscoveredwithamaterialwithhighabsorptivityandlowreflectivityforlightwithwavelengthsof1.06micronsand10.6microns,the"stealth"oflaser-guidedweaponscanbeachievedtoalargeextent,andthelaser-guidedweaponscannotreceiveenough.Reflectedlaserlight,soitisimpossibletocarryoutanaccurateattackonthetarget.Forexample,thereflectivityoflampblackpainttolightwavesof1.06micronsand10.6micronsisonlyabout5%.Suchweakdiffusereflectedlightisdifficulttobereceivedbylaser-guidedweapons.[(Orcover)onthesurfaceofthebuilding,andatthesametime,payattentiontooftenremovethedustontheblackenedsurface,becausethedustwillenhancethediffusereflection,butalsopayattentiontofrequentlysprinklesomewaterontheblackenedsurfacetokeepitmoist.Themoistblackenedsurfacecanenhancetheabsorptionoflightwavesandreducethereflection,andcanalsoplayaroleincoolingandcooling.
Mirrorprotection
Thelaser-guidedweaponfindsthetargetbyirradiatinglaserlightdiffuselyreflectedfromthetarget.Becausethediffusereflectioniscarriedoutinalldirections,theseekerofthelaser-guidedweaponcancapturethelaserlightreflectedbythetargetatanytimeandaimtheattackdirectionatthetarget.Ifaflatmirrorisusedforprotectiononthesurfaceofthetarget,regardlessofwhetherthelaserbeamilluminatingthetargetcomesfromtheairortheground,theflatmirrorwillproduceconcentrateddirectionalreflectionofthelaserilluminatingitaccordingtothelawofreflection.Thereflectedlightisalsoaverynarrowbeam.Itisextremelydifficultfortheseekeroflaser-guidedweaponstocatchit.Evenifitaccidentallyhitsthereflectedbeam,itwillquicklystaggerthereflectedbeamand"missthetarget"duetomutualmovement.Moreover,duetotheconcentratedenergyofthemirror-reflectedlaser,theopticalelementsofthefinderarealsopronetobeblownupandbecomeinvalidwhentheyencounterthereflectedbeam.
Protectiveglassescanbemadeofglass,plexiglass,polyesterandothermaterialswithsmoothandtransparentplatesorsheets(evenharderfilms)throughmetalizedreflectivefilm.Theglassmirrorhasgooddurabilityandisconvenientforbothpeaceandwar.Theorganicmaterialislightandnoteasilybroken,whichismoresuitableforthewarenvironment.Especiallyorganicmaterialsareeasytocutandeasytostickontargetsurfacesofvarioussizes.
Whenusingmirrorprotection,becausethebuildingisrelativelylarge,theprotectionmirrorisusuallycomposedofmanyflatmirrors.Therefore,itisnecessarytopayattentiontokeepthemirrorsinthesameplaneinthesamedirectionwheninstalling,soastoreducetheprobabilityofthetargetbeingfound.
Inordertoachieveabetterprotectioneffect,youcanalsouseacombinationofsmokescreen,blackenedsurfaceandmirrorprotection.Sincetheblackenedsurfaceandthemirrorprotectionworkfrequently,thismakesupfortheshortcomingsofthesmokescreenprotection.Eveniftheearlywarningsystemdoesnotprovideearlywarningoftheenemy'sattack,theincominglaser-guidedweaponisdifficulttoperform.Ifsomesmokescreensarecastbeforethebattle,regardlessoftheircoveragecapabilities,theywillfurtherdeprivetheincomingopticallyguidedweaponsofaccurateguidancecapabilities.
Typesoflaser-guidedweapons
Missiles
Asthemainweaponofthe21stcentury,missilesneedtohaveextremelyhighaccuracy,solaser-guidedweaponsareveryimportantinthefieldofmissiles.Guang,theUnitedStatessuccessfullydevelopedthe"Paveway"laser-guidedbombin1965,anditwasusedintheVietnambattlefieldin1967.Thefirsttimeitwasused,itachievedamazingresults.Asaresult,militaryscientistsfromvariouscountriesbegantopaymoreattentiontolaserguidance.Themajorcountriesarebeginningtostudy.
Guidedprojectiles
Guidedprojectilesareprojectilesthatcanbecontrolledandguidedattheendofthetrajectoryafterlaunchingusingtheirownguidancedevices.Itmainlydealswithtargetssuchastanks,armoredvehicles,andships.Laser-guidedprojectilesarewidelyusedinthefieldofanti-tank.Duetothehighaccuracyofstrikes,theyhaveextremelyhighapplicationsinthearmiesofvariouscountries.RepresentativesincludetheAmerican"BronzeSnake"guidedartilleryshellsandtheSwedish"Stellex"guidedartilleryshells.
Guidedtorpedoes
Asafast-developingservice,theNavyinthe21stcenturygavebirthtocountlessnewweapons.Guidedtorpedoeswereoneofthem.GermansubmarinesthoughtaboutitasearlyasWorldWarII.Tocreateahigh-precisiontorpedoinordertofurtherattacklargeshipssuchasaircraftcarriers,theinventionoflasersmadethisideaareality.Thehighprecisionofthelaserallowsthetorpedotostrikeshipsatlongdistancesmoreaccurately.
Guidedbullets
InearlyFebruary2012,theSandiaNationalLaboratoryofLockheedMartinCorporationannouncedthedevelopmentofalaser-guidedbulletsimilartoadart.Thislaser-guidedbulletis4inches(about10.16cm)longandissuitableforpoint50caliber(referringtotheshelldiameterof0.5inches,about12.7mm)gunfamilyweapons.Researchersclaimthatthelaser-guidedbulletcanautomaticallyadjustitsdirectionduringflightandhitatarget1mile(about1.6kilometers)awaylikeaminiaturemissile.Thiskindofbulletcanbewidelyequippedwiththearmy,therebyincreasingthehitrateofshooting,sothatordinarysoldiersalsohavethemagicalmarksmanshipofsnipers.
Accordingtoreports,onthebattlefieldsinAfghanistanandIraq,duetofactorssuchasweather,windspeed,light,andtargetmovement,Americansoldiersoftenconsumealargenumberofbulletsandcannothitthetarget.Inordertoimproveweaponrangeandshootingaccuracy,theUSDepartmentofDefenseAdvancedResearchProjectsAgency(DARPA)secretlylaunchedaprojectcalledEXACTO(ExtremeAccuracyTaskedOrdnance)asearlyas4yearsago,whichisaprojectwitharangeofupto5kilometers.High-precisionweaponproject.Thelaser-guidedbulletdevelopedbyLockheedMartin’sSandiaNationalLaboratoryispartoftheEXACTOproject.Althoughitisstillinthepreliminarydevelopmentstage,itsultimategoalistodevelopasystemthatcanautomaticallysearchandlocktargets,andAbulletthathitsthetargetprecisely.
Theuniquedesignof"longfronteyesandlongfishfinsbehind"
Peopleoftensaythat"bulletsdonothaveeyes",butthisstatementhastobechangedinthefaceoflaser-guidedbullets.Differentfrombulletsinthetraditionalsense,laser-guidedbulletsbreakthroughtheinertialtrajectoryofbulletsflyingstraightafterbeingfiredfromthethreadedbarrel,settingaprecedentforunpoweredcurvedflight,anddirectlysubvertingthetraditionalshootingprinciple.
Thereisauniquemicro-controlsysteminsidethelaserguidedbullet,whichismainlycomposedoftwoparts:oneistheguidancesystem.Thereisanopticalsensoronthefrontendofthebullettosearchforandtrackthelaserguidancepointofthetarget.Theinternalsensorcantransmittheconstantlychanginginformationofthetargettotheguidanceandcommandelementinatimelymanner.Thelatterusesan8-bitcentralprocessingunit.Calculatetherequiredflightpathandcommandtheelectromagnetictransmissiondevice.Thesecondisthetransmissionsystem,whichismainlyadrivemotorandamicro-projectiletailsimilartoa"fin".Thedrivemotorcanprovidecontinuouspowerforthetransmissionsystem.Themicro-projectiletailcancontinuouslyrotate,adjustthedirection,andcontroltheroundaboutandzigzaghittingofthebullet.Target.Therefore,somepeoplevividlyrefertothistypeofbulletasa"smartbullet"with"longeyesinthefront,longfinsintheback"and"brain".
The"miniversion"oftheminiaturelasermissiles
Comparedwiththeoldweaponsofaimingandshooting,thelaser-guidedbulletsclearlybroughttheinfantryindividualweaponsintoanewera.Itissaidthat,unlikeordinarybullets,thislaser-guidedbulletdoesnotrelyongroovesorthreadedriflingtoachievehigh-speedrotationtomaintainstraightflight.Itadoptsauniquesmoothboredesign,thebulletdoesnotneedtorotateafterlaunching.Theminiature"fin"onitstailcanadjustthedirectionaccordingtothetargetmovementandotherinformationduringtheflight,andcompletetheballisticdeviation,automaticguidanceandaccuratehittingofthetarget..Researchersclaimthatitcanautomaticallyadjustthenavigationpathupto30timespersecondtoensurethatitcanachievetheeffectof"ahundredstepsthroughYang".
Researchersalsoconductedaerodynamicsimulationteststhroughcomputersandfoundthatordinarybulletsdeviatedfromthetargetbyatleast9.8metersevery1kilometeradvancedbytheoutsideworld,whilethislaser-guidedbulletwouldonlydeviateby0.2metersunderthesamecircumstances.Meter.Becauseitsuniquetailwingcanadapttochangesinaerodynamics,toacertainextent,offsettheeffectsofwindspeedandtheearth'sgravity,therebyincreasingthesystem'saiminganddirectshootingdistance,andimprovingcombateffectiveness.
ResearchersatSandiaNationalLaboratorysaidthatwhensoldiersonthebattlefielduselaser-guidedbullets,theydonotneedtorelyonthesightforpreciseaiming.Aslongastheylockthetarget,nomatterwhichdirectiontheyshoot,thebulletswillbeSelf-revisionandadjustmentoftheflightdirectionthroughlasernavigationcanhitthetargetfasterandmoreaccurately.Thisgreatlyweakenstheroleofthesniperknownasthe"deathofdeath."Somepeoplejokinglysay,"Thesnipercanbelaidoff."Otherssay,"The"threepointsandoneline"areabouttobecomeathingofthepast."Guidedbulletsalsohaveanoutstandingfunction:theycanhitenemieshiddeninwalls,trenches,stonesorhouses.
Thislaser-guidedbullethasbroadprospectsfordevelopment.Imaginethatmaybeinthenearfuture,soldierscanusesmooth-boregunsfilledwithlaser-guidedbulletsinsteadofflyinglikerain,butcankillonewithoneshot.Therefore,someexpertssaidthattheuseoflaser-guidedbulletsmarkedthebeginningoftheeraofprecisionstrikesfortheoldestarmofinfantry.Thepersoninchargeofthelaboratorysaidthatitspotentialmajorcustomersincludethemilitaryandlawenforcementagencies.
Althoughthislaser-guidedbullethasbeentestedsuccessfullyandtheresultsareencouraging,therearestillsomeproblemsthatneedtoberesolved.EventhepersoninchargeofSandiaNationalLaboratoryhastoadmitthatthebiggestchallengeisthatthisbullethashightechnologicalcontentandhighcost,whichleadstoinsufficientinvestmentinresearchanddevelopment.Inaddition,someexpertssaidthatthelethalityofthislaser-guidedbulletisnotstrong.Itsmuzzlevelocityisonly2400feetpersecond(about732meterspersecond),whichisfarbehindthestandardmilitaryspeed.Atthesametime,sinceithasnocontinuouspower,onceitchangesitsforwarddirectionduringflight,itwillinevitablyconsumepartofthekineticenergy,soitslethalityismuchweakerthanthatofunguidedbullets.
Futuredevelopments
Laserhomingguidanceisthefuturedevelopmentdirectionoflaserguidance.Thelaserhomingguidanceistousealasertoemitalaserbeamtothetarget,andusethelaserbeamreflectedbythereceiver'ssensitivetargettoguidetheguidedweapontothetarget.mycountryhasbeenconductingresearchonlaserguidancesincethe1970sanddevelopedthe7712laser-guidedbomb.However,duetotheunsatisfactoryhitaccuracy,itwasnotequippedwithtroops.Sincethen,ithasbeencompletelymasteredbyimitatingtheRussianKAB-5090Llaser-guidedbomb.ThistechnologywasusedandequippedintheSecondArtilleryCorps.Inrecentyears,withthetestfiringoftheDongfeng21-Dmissile,mycountryhasdevelopedextremelyfastinthefieldoflaser-guidedmissiles,andcountrieshavealsomadegreatinvestmentsinthisareaandarecommittedtothedevelopmentofstrongermissiles.
Withthedevelopmentoftechnologyinthe21stcentury,nationaldefenseconstructionhasbecomeextremelydifficult.Thedevelopmentoflaserguidancetechnologyhasmademissilesmoreaccurate,whichallowstheenemytoattackmycountry'scommunicationlinesfromalongdistance.IntheIraqWar,atthebeginningofthewar,theUSmilitaryusedlaserprecision-guidedmissilestoblowuptheIraqibridges,makingtheIraqimilitary'slogisticssupplieschaoticandthuswinning.Inmodernwarfare,anti-missilehasbecomeanewsubjectofmodernnationaldefense.Tomakeasimpleanalogy,laser-guidedweaponsareequivalentto"spears",andtheircountermeasuresareequivalentto"shields."Fromapointofview,"spears"areaheadof"shields".Asthemilitariesofvariouscountriesdeepentheirunderstandingoflaser-guidedweapons,theconfrontationoflaser-guidedweaponshasbecomeincreasinglyfierce.Mostofthesemi-activelaser-guidedweaponsinservicearepulsedlaserbeamswithawavelengthof1.06μm,andthebeamcodesarepresetinadvance.Incombat,ifalasersignalequivalenttotheenemy'slaser-guidedweaponislaunchedtosuppresstheenemy'slaserreceiverorsendfalseinformation,theopponentcannotusethelaser-guidedweapon,orthemissileismisguidedandcannothittherealtarget.Usesmokeinterference.Smokeinterferenceisstillanimportantcountermeasure.Itcannotonlyinterferewiththereconnaissancesystemandmaketheirradiatinghandinvisibletothetarget,butalsocanstronglyabsorb1.06μmlaser,sothatthelasersignaloflaser-guidedweaponsisblockedandlosescombateffectiveness.Theuseoflaser-guidedweaponsrequiresaprocessofreconnaissanceandidentification.Ifyourtargetiscamouflagedandinvisibleinadvance,laser-guidedweaponscannotbeused.Configurelaseralarm.Configurealaserwarningsystemonyourowntarget.Laser-guidedweaponsmustirradiatelaserstothetargetduringflight.Whenthewarningdevicedetectsit,youcanimmediatelytakemeasurestomakeitlosecombateffectiveness.Allinall,thedevelopmentoflaserguidancetechnologyinthe21stcenturywillbemorepowerful,anditsdefensewillbebetter.
Inthe21stcentury,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,laserguidancetechnologyisboundtogetgreaterdevelopment.Thebattleforspearandshieldinthemilitaryisalsothedrivingforceoftechnologicaldevelopment,fromthediscoveryoflasertoLater,itwasappliedtoavarietyofweapons,andthepaththatthelasertookwasextremelybroad,anditalsohadgreatprospects.Theadventofvariouslaserweaponshasmadewarsmorecruel,butmoreprecisestrikeshavealsoreducedciviliancasualties,shortenedthedurationofthewar,andfurtherreduceddeaths.Therefore,weshoulddevelopscienceandtechnologywithasingleandmorepositiveattitude,sothatscienceandtechnologycanbetterbenefitmankindandplayagreaterpositiverole.