Overview
The so-called integrated wiring system refers to the compilation and layout of various systems in various buildings (or groups of buildings) in a standard, unified and simple structured way. Lines, including network systems, telephone systems, monitoring systems, power supply systems and lighting systems, etc. Therefore, the integrated wiring system is a standard and universal information transmission system.
The integrated wiring system is an intelligent office building digital information system infrastructure. It is a structured wiring system that integrates all voice, data and other systems for unified planning and design, and provides information and intelligent materials for the office. The medium supports integrated applications such as voice, data, graphics, and multimedia in the future.
Integrated wiring standard
The main foreign standards of integrated wiring system are:
ISO/IEC 11801:2010 Information Technology-User Basis Structured wiring for facilities
ISO/IEC 14763: 2012 Information Technology-Installation and Operation of Structured Wiring for User Infrastructure
ISO/IEC 14763-3: 2014 Information Technology-Installation and Operation of Structured Cabling for User Infrastructure-Optical Fiber Testing
ANSI/ EIA / TIA -569 Commercial Building Communication Channel And Space Standards
ANSI/ EIA / TIA -568-C Commercial Building Communication Wiring Standards
ANSI/ EIA / TIA -606-B Commercial Building Communication Infrastructure Management Standards
The domestic standards for integrated wiring systems are:
GB 50311- 2016 Generic Cabling System Engineering Design Specification
GB/T 50312-2016 Generic Cabling System Engineering Acceptance Specification
JGJ/T 454-2019 Intelligent Building Engineering Quality Inspection Standard
Standards Committee
The responsibility of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is to ensure that all universal standards are owned The unanimous endorsement of the member states. ISO is responsible for standards ranging from manufacturing and quality control procedures to electrical and telecommunications distributed wiring systems. In the ISO organization, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25 WG3 is responsible for the formulation and revision of integrated wiring standards.
The National Information Technology Standardization Technical Committee Information Technology Equipment Interconnection Technical Committee (SAC/TC 28/SC 25) is responsible for organizing the formulation of domestic standards for integrated wiring systems, the improvement of the standard system and the promotion of international standardization, and the international counterpart Standardization organization ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25.
In North America, there are four standardization organizations that develop or implement market-line standards for the North American market. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was established in the United States in 1918. The main task of the organization is the coordination, formalization and adoption of national standards in the United States. The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is a separate organization authorized by ANSI. And affiliated to the Electronics Industry Association (EIA). TIA’s most famous activity is the development of wiring standards for the design and installation of today’s structured wiring systems.
Development process
The wiring system before 1985 was not standardized. There are several reasons for this. First of all, local telephone companies always care about their basic wiring requirements. Secondly, companies that use host systems rely on their suppliers to install wiring systems that meet system requirements. With the increasing maturity of computer technology, more and more organizations have installed computer systems, and each system needs its own unique wiring and connectors. Customers began to complain loudly that every time they changed their computer platform, they had to change their wiring accordingly. In order to win and maintain the trust of the market, the Computer Communications Industry Association (CCIA) and EIA jointly developed building wiring standards. The discussion started in 1985 and reached a consensus that both commercial and residential voice and data communications should have corresponding standards. EIA delegated the task of developing wiring standards to the TR-41 committee. Recognizing the arduous nature of this task, the TR-41 Committee established a sub-committee and several working groups to take charge of the extensive work on all aspects of the wiring standards for developers and residential buildings. When these committees develop these standards, the focus of Bian’s attention is to ensure that the standards developed are independent of the technology and production plants.
The development of integrated wiring is closely related to building automation systems. Traditional wiring such as telephone and computer LAN are independent of each other. Each system is designed and installed by different manufacturers, and traditional wiring uses different cables and different terminal sockets. Moreover, the plugs, sockets and distribution frames connecting these different wirings are not compatible with each other. Office layout and environment changes often occur. When office equipment needs to be adjusted or with the development of new technology, the wiring must be replaced when the equipment needs to be replaced. In this way, the old cables that are not used due to the addition of new cables will last for a long time, resulting in a pile of messy cables in the building, causing great hidden dangers. Maintenance is inconvenient and transformation is also very difficult. With the in-depth development of global social informatization and economic internationalization, people's demand for information sharing is becoming more and more urgent, and a cabling solution suitable for the information age is needed.
After years of research, experts from Bell Laboratories of AT&T took the lead in launching in the late 1980s on the basis of successful tests in office buildings and factories. PDS (Comprehensive Cabling System for Buildings and Buildings), SCS has now launched a structured cabling system. It is named GCS (Generic cabling system) by the national standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T50311-2000.
Main features of the system
Compared with traditional wiring, integrated wiring has many advantages, which cannot be compared with traditional wiring. Its characteristics are mainly manifested in its compatibility, openness, flexibility, reliability, advancement and economy. And it also brings a lot of convenience to people in terms of design, construction and maintenance.
Compatibility: The primary feature of integrated wiring is its compatibility. The so-called compatibility means that it is completely independent and has nothing to do with the application system, and it can be applied to a variety of application systems. In the past, when wiring the voice or data lines in a building or a group of buildings, cables, wiring sockets, and connectors produced by different manufacturers were often used. For example, subscriber exchanges usually use twisted-pair cables, and computer systems usually use thick coaxial cables or thin coaxial cables. These different devices use different wiring materials, and the plugs, sockets, and terminal boards that connect these different wirings are also different and incompatible with each other. Once you need to change the location of the terminal or telephone, you must lay new cables and install new sockets and connectors.
Integrated cabling integrates the signal lines of voice, data and monitoring equipment through unified planning and design, using the same transmission media, information sockets, cross-connecting equipment, adapters, etc., to integrate these different signals into one set In standard wiring. It can be seen that this kind of wiring is much simplified than traditional wiring and can save a lot of materials, time and space.
When in use, the user does not need to define the specific application of the information socket in a certain work area, but only plug a certain terminal device (such as personal computer, telephone, video equipment, etc.) into this information socket, and then Do the corresponding wiring operations on the transfer equipment between the management room and the equipment, and the terminal equipment will be connected to their respective systems.
Openness: For traditional wiring methods, as long as the user selects a certain device, he also selects the appropriate wiring method and transmission media. If you replace another device, all the original wiring must be replaced. For a completed building, this change is very difficult and requires a lot of investment.
Since the integrated wiring adopts an open architecture and conforms to a variety of current international standards, it is open to almost all the products of well-known manufacturers, such as computer equipment, switch equipment, etc.; Communication protocols are also supported, such as ISDN, 100BASE-T, 1000BASE-T, 10GBASE-T, etc.
Flexibility: The traditional wiring method is closed, and its architecture is fixed. It is quite difficult and troublesome, even impossible, to migrate or add equipment .
The integrated wiring adopts standard transmission cables and related connecting hardware, with modular design. Therefore all channels are common. Each channel can support terminals, Ethernet workstations and token ring network workstations. The opening and modification of all equipment do not need to change the wiring, only need to increase or decrease the corresponding application equipment and perform necessary jumper management on the distribution frame. In addition, the networking can be flexible and diverse, and there can even be multiple user terminals in the same room. Ethernet workstations and token ring network workstations coexist, providing necessary conditions for users to organize information flow.
Reliability: Traditional wiring methods are incompatible with each other due to the incompatibility of various application systems, so there are often multiple wiring schemes in a building. Therefore, the reliability of the building system should be ensured by the reliability of the selected wiring. When the wiring of the application systems is improper, it will also cause cross-interference.
The integrated wiring uses high-quality materials and combined crimping to form a set of high-standard information transmission channels. All wiring ducts and related connectors have passed ISO certification, and each channel must use special instruments to test the link impedance and attenuation rate to ensure its electrical performance. All application system wiring adopts point-to-point termination, and any link failure will not affect the operation of other links. This provides convenience for link operation and maintenance and troubleshooting, thus ensuring the reliable operation of the application system. Each application system often uses the same transmission medium, so it can be used as a backup for each other, which improves the backup redundancy.
Advancedness: Integrated wiring, using a hybrid wiring method of optical fiber and twisted pair, constitutes a complete set of wiring extremely reasonably. All wiring adopts the latest communication standards in the world, and the links are configured according to eight-core twisted pairs. The bandwidth of category 5 twisted pair can reach 100MHz, the bandwidth of category 6 twisted pair can reach 250MHz, and the bandwidth of category 6 twisted pair can reach 500MHz. For the needs of special users, the fiber can be led to the desktop (Fiber To The Desk). The voice trunk part uses copper cables, and the data trunk part uses optical cables to provide sufficient bandwidth capacity for simultaneous transmission of multiple channels of real-time multimedia information.
Economy: Comprehensive wiring has economic advantages over traditional wiring. The main comprehensive wiring can meet the needs of a long time. The transformation of traditional wiring is time-consuming, and the loss caused by delayed work is even greater. It cannot be calculated with money.
Through the above discussion, it can be seen that integrated wiring has solved many problems in traditional wiring methods. With the rapid development of science and technology, people’s requirements for information resource sharing are becoming more and more urgent, especially Communication networks dominated by telephone services are gradually transitioning to integrated services digital network (ISDN) and VOIP technologies, and more and more attention is paid to integrated communication networks that can provide voice, data and video transmission at the same time. Therefore, the replacement of single, expensive and complicated traditional wiring by integrated wiring is a requirement of the "information age" and an inevitable trend of historical development. With the rapid development of wireless networks and the Internet of Things, in addition to meeting the requirements of voice and data transmission, the future integrated wiring system should also take into account the high-speed access requirements of wireless networks. For example, 802.11ac has an access rate of more than 1000M. Appropriate cabling products are essential.
The user's network system must have a certain fault tolerance to ensure that the user's normal work will not be interrupted under unexpected circumstances. The selected technology and equipment are mature and standardized. If conditions permit, the backbone network and various equipment should have redundant backups, and the computer room should be designed with uninterrupted power supplies.
System composition
The basic structure of the integrated wiring system is star-shaped. According to the GB 50311 standard, the integrated wiring system can be divided into seven subsystems: working area subsystem, wiring ( Horizontal) subsystem, trunk (vertical) subsystem, equipment room subsystem, incoming line subsystem, management subsystem, building group subsystem.
Working area: An independent area where terminal equipment (TE) needs to be set up can be divided into a working area. The working area shall consist of connecting cables and adapters extending from the information socket module (TO) of the wiring subsystem to the terminal equipment.
Wiring subsystem: The wiring subsystem shall consist of the information socket module in the work area, the information socket module to the wiring equipment (FD) of the telecommunications room, the wiring cables and optical cables, and the wiring equipment of the telecommunications room And equipment cables and jumpers.
Trunk subsystem: The trunk subsystem should be composed of trunk cables and optical cables from the equipment room to the telecommunications room, building wiring equipment (BD) installed in the equipment room, and equipment cables and jumpers.
Building group subsystem: The building group subsystem should be composed of backbone cables and optical cables connecting multiple buildings, building group distribution equipment (CD), equipment cables and jumpers.
Equipment room: The equipment room is a place for network management and information exchange at an appropriate place in each building.
Inlet room: The inlet room is the entrance of the external communication and information pipelines of the building, and can be used as the installation site for the entrance facilities and the wiring equipment of the building group.
Management: Management should identify and record the wiring equipment, cables, information socket modules and other facilities in the work area, telecommunications room, equipment room, incoming line room according to a certain pattern.
The integrated wiring design of intelligent buildings and intelligent building parks should be divided into multiple work areas according to the actual needs of the building types and regional functions. The area requirements of the work areas can refer to the relevant recommendations of GB50311, and each work The number of district information socket modules should not be less than 2, and meet the needs of various businesses. When using optical fiber information sockets, the number of optical fiber information sockets should not be less than 2 cores. When the optical fiber reaches the working area to meet the needs of the user group and large customers, the number of optical fiber cores should be at least 2 cores backed up and configured according to the 4-core horizontal optical cable.
The integrated wiring system should be able to meet the transmission rate requirements of the supported data system, and the corresponding level of cables and transmission equipment should be selected.
The integrated wiring system should be able to meet the transmission standard requirements of the supported telephone, data and television systems.
The integrated wiring system engineering design, the selected cables, optical cables, various connecting cables, jumpers, and wiring equipment and other hardware facilities should comply with the ISO/IEC 11801:2010 international standards. Provisions to ensure the implementation of system indicators.
Hanxian computer information management system should be installed in the integrated and line system. Manually log in the working status information of the hardware facilities related to the integrated wiring system. These status information include: the purpose and use department of the equipment and cables, the topology structure of the local area network, the transmission information rate, the configuration status of the terminal equipment, the occupied hardware number and color The functions and main characteristic parameters of the link and the link, the integrity of the link and the fault record, etc. The device location and cable direction content, as well as the building name, location, area code, floor number, and room number, etc. should also be registered.
When designing the system, the selected cables, connecting hardware, jumpers, connecting wires, etc. of the whole system must be consistent with the selected category. If shielding measures are adopted, the whole system must be designed according to shielding, and the continuity of shielding must be maintained.
Copper twisted-pair rating
Cat 5e cable system (Cat 5e): It is produced after improving some of the existing Category 5 UTP twisted-pair performance In the new cable system, many performance parameters such as near-end crosstalk (NEXT) and attenuation crosstalk ratio (ACR) have been improved, but its transmission bandwidth is still 100MHz. There are currently two types of unshielded cables and shielded cables.
Cat 6 cable system (Cat 6): A new level of cable system, in addition to greatly improved performance parameters, its bandwidth will be expanded to 250MHZ. In fact, this level of wiring system has been proposed very early and is currently widely used. There are shielded and unshielded cables.
Category 6A cableSystem (Cat 6A): A category above the category 6 cable system, except for various performance parameters. In addition to the big improvement, its bandwidth will be expanded to 500MHZ, which is suitable for 10 Gigabit transmission.
Category 7 cable system: Category 7 cable system is a cable standard proposed by Europe. Its bandwidth is 600MHZ, but the structure of its connection module is completely incompatible with the current RJ-45. Due to the increase in frequency, a copper mesh weave layer must be added to the outer layer. Only shielded cables are realized with the structure of shielding the aluminum foil and shielding with an outer braid (S/FTP).
Category 7A cableSystem: Category 7A is a higher-level cable with a bandwidth of 1000MHZ. The structure of the corresponding connection module is The current RJ-45 is not fully compatible. At present, GG45 (backward compatible with RJ45) and Tear modules (requires TERA-RJ45 transfer jumper) can be seen on the market. Due to the increase in frequency, a copper mesh weave layer must be added to the outer layer. Only shielded cables are realized by shielding the aluminum foil with an outer copper mesh braided layer. Cables prepared for 25G and 40G.
Category 8 cableSystem: Category 8 is the highest-level transmission cable currently known. Its bandwidth is 2000MHZ, divided into CAT 8.1 and CAT 8.1. CAT 8.2 has two different structural levels, both of which can support 40GBASE-T within a range of 30 meters, and the 8 types of cable specifications are still being drafted.
Wiring tool
Copper media information module
Optical fiber module
Panel/Socket
Twisted pair< /p>
Jumper
Optical cable
Optical jumper
Optical fiber pigtail
Patch frame
Wiring tools
Desktop terminal products
Smart wiring box
Overview of home wiring standard ANSI/TIA/EIA-570
The TR-41.8.2 working group of the American National Standards Committee (ANSI) and the TR-41.8 subcommittee of the TIA/EIATR-41 committee established the first ANSI/TIA/EIA570 home wiring standard 1224 meeting in May 1991 Officially revised and updated the standard for home wiring, and re-established it as ANSI TIA/EIA-570A-Residential Telecommunications Cabling Standard (Residential Telecommunications Cabling Standard).
In this development requirement, the working group mainly made the following technical changes:
The standard does not involve commercial buildings
The basic specifications will follow the TIA manual. Updated content and standards
The standard does not involve the number of external wires in the home wiring
Set the level of home wiring
The approved interfaces include optical cables, coaxial cables, Category 3 and Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP)
The length of the key path from the socket to the wiring box cannot exceed 90 meters, and the channel length cannot exceed 100 meters.
Included
Fixed device wiring, such as walkie-talkies, fire alarm sensors will be included
Communication sockets are only suitable for T568-A wiring method and use four pairs of UTP cables to terminate eight positions Module or plug
Standard purpose
The requirements drafted by TIA/EIA 570-A are mainly to provide new The generation of home telecommunications cabling provides current and future telecommunications services. The standard mainly proposes new levels of wiring, and establishes a basic specification and standard for wiring media. The main applications support voice, data, image, video, multimedia, home automation systems, environmental management, security, audio, television, probes, alarms and Intercom and other services. The standard is mainly planned for new buildings, updating and adding equipment, single residences and building complexes, etc. B. Standard scope
The TIA570-A standard is applicable to the current cabling standards and related pipelines of complex buildings. The space standards are in the building complex, and it can support different types of telecommunications to be used in different home environments. . The standard mainly includes indoor home wiring and indoor main wiring.
The standard specifications mainly follow the International Electric Code (NationaI Electric Code), the International Electric Safety Code (NationaI Electric Saftey Code), and the rule management in FCC Item 68.
2. Home wiring grade
The establishment of the grade system helps to choose the wiring infrastructure suitable for the different services of each home unit.
Level 1:
Provide a universal wiring system that can meet the minimum requirements of telecommunications services. This level can provide telephone, CATV and data services. Level 1 mainly uses twisted pair and star topology connection. The minimum requirement for level 1 cabling is a four-pair unshielded twisted pair (UTP), which must meet or exceed the three requirements specified by ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A. Category cable transmission characteristics requirements: and a 75 ohm coaxial cable (Coaxial), and must meet or exceed the requirements of SCTE IPS-SP-001, it is recommended to install Category 5 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) to facilitate the upgrade to level 2.
Level 2:
Provide a general wiring system that can meet basic, advanced and multimedia telecommunications services. This level can support current and developing telecommunications services. The minimum requirement for Class 2 cabling is one or two four pairs of unshielded twisted pairs (UTP), and must meet or exceed the transmission characteristics of Category 5 cables specified by ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A, and one or two A 75-ohm coaxial cable (Coaxial), and must meet or exceed the requirements of SCTE ZPS-SP-001. Optional optical cable, and must meet or exceed the transmission characteristics of ANSI/ICEA S-87-640.
3. General single household wiring system
General household wiring requirements are to follow two levels to set the plan, and set a delineation point in each family (Demarcation point) or an auxiliary separate outlet (Auxiliary & discount outlet) to connect to the terminal equipment. Regarding grounding and protection regulations for imported equipment, you must refer to appropriate electrical codes or local electrical codes.
General distribution device (Distributor Device)
Every household must install a distribution device (DD), the distribution device is a cross-connected distribution frame, which mainly terminates all Cables, jumpers, sockets and equipment connections. Distribution device patch panels mainly provide users with adding, changing or changing services, and provide connection ports to provide different system applications with external service providers. The distribution frame must be installed in a place suitable for installation and maintenance, and can provide a protective device to introduce the wiring into the building. If all terminations need to be connected to a building, grounding must be installed and building equipment must be introduced, and comply with the relevant appropriate standards and specifications. The distribution frame can include general cross-connect equipment, and can be connected to electromechanical equipment, such as HUB, etc., both of which must comply with the standard.
The following are general requirements for patch panel configuration and a single typical home:
The patch panel must be installed in every household and provide a comfortable installation and maintenance environment. Minimize the length of the jumper. The distribution frame should be installed on the wall, and a wooden back panel should be added to fix the position of the distribution frame.
The required area and location of the patch panel are mainly determined by the number of sockets and the service level.
The distribution frame may need a power socket, if necessary, please install a 15A independent power socket, and must comply with the local power voltage, such as 120V/220V. The distribution frame and power switch should be installed in an appropriate location, about 1.5 meters (5 feet) apart, and must follow local electrical codes and regulations.
The length of the cable from DD to the user socket/plug must not exceed 90 meters (295 feet). If jumpers and connections are added at both ends, the length must not exceed 100 meters (328 feet). The type of cable can be Use grade one or grade two media.
The wiring system must use the star topology method.
Some fixed devices, such as walkie-talkies, security system keyboards, probes and smoke detectors can be directly installed using the base wiring method. Even though the standard recommends using the star topology method, the fixed devices can be connected using loops or daisy chains.
Sufficient number of communication sockets is necessary, mainly for the purpose of adding points in the future. The sockets must be installed in all rooms, and the sockets are located at some fixed wall positions.
All cables from sockets to distribution frames in new buildings must be buried in pipes, and the cables must not be exposed. For the design and standards of pipes or pipes, please refer to ANSI/TIA/EIA-569-A.
The socket must be installed in a fixed position. If an unshielded twisted pair is used, the 8-core T568A wiring method must be used. For example, some networks and services need to connect some special electronic components, such as frequency dividers, amplifiers, matching devices, etc., all electronic components must be installed outside the socket.
The patch cord can be used for patch cords. Equipment cords and cross cords provide an interconnection method or cross cords. The length of the cords, equipment cords and cross cords shall not exceed 10 based on the channel. Meters (33 feet).
Quality Assurance
First of all, do not regard the product or system warranty provided by the manufacturer for several years as a guarantee that the product will not fall behind for many years. With the rapid development of human science and technology and the rapid development of communication technology, no one can foresee what will happen in a few years, ten years or even decades. In other words, the manufacturer’s several-year warranty does not guarantee that the system will not Obsolete in a period of time. But users can rest assured that a major feature of the wiring system itself is that it is easy to expand and upgrade.
The wiring system itself is a passive physical connection system. Once installed and passed the test, there is no need to maintain it under normal circumstances, and it only needs to be properly managed; so the manufacturer’s so-called several years The quality assurance is mainly for the quality of the whole series of market-line products provided in the engineering project. For product quality problems caused by non-human factors, the manufacturer is fully responsible; and the real after-sales service should be completed by the system integrator responsible for the implementation of the project. Therefore, users should choose high-quality products, get the goods through the formal channels provided by the manufacturer, and choose domestic system integrators with good reputation and high technical level to construct, so that after they get a reasonable profit, the users can also get these integrators. Provided value-added services and long-term after-sales service and quality assurance.
How to choose
The choice of cable system needs to proceed from the actual application, consider the room for future development and investment costs, and ensure the quality of installation.
Starting from reality means to consider how high the current user requirements for network applications are, how long 10Mbit/S Ethernet can support the user’s application requirements, and whether 100Mbit/S Ethernet is sufficient .
Because the network cabling system is a one-time long-term investment, considering the future development means to consider whether the network application will have high-speed networks such as Gigabit Ethernet or higher-speed networks in the future. Demand.
Finally, how to ensure the quality of the installation. In addition to the quality of the wiring system itself (usually guaranteed by the manufacturer, and usually not the main cause of the problem), whether it is a Category 5 or Category 6 cable system, it must be completed by construction and installation, and the construction process has an impact on the cable system. The performance impact is great. Even if a high-performance cable system is selected, such as Category 6 or Category 6, if the construction quality is rough, its performance may not reach Category 5 indicators. Therefore, no matter what level of cable system you choose to install, the final result must achieve the corresponding performance, that is to say, the installed cable system needs to be certified by relevant standards to ensure that it is tested.
Common terminology of integrated wiring (Chinese-English bilingual)
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
AU: Administration Unit Management Unit
AUG: Administration Unit Group Management Unit Group
BAC: Building Automation & Control net
B-ISDN: Brand band ISDN broadband integrated service digital network
BMS: Building Management System intelligent building management system
CD: Campus Distributor building cluster distribution frame
>ER: Equipment Room
FCC: Fire Alarm System
FCS:Field Control System
FDDI: Fiber distributed Data Interface Optical Fiber Cable Distributed Data Interface.
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
FPD: Fire Public Device Fire protection facilities
Integrated wiring
FTTB:Fiber To The Building Fiber To The Building
FTTC: Fiber To The Curb Fiber To The Curb
FTTH: Fiber To The Home Fiber To The Home
FW: fire Wall Firewall
ACR: Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio.
GC: Generic Cabling
GSM: Global System for Mobile communications
HFC: Hybrid fiber coax fiber-coaxial cable hybrid system
I:Interference crosstalk
IA: Intruder Alarm
IB: Intelligent Building
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
IDC: Insulation Displacement Connection Insulation Displacement Connection
IDF: Intermediate Distribution Frame
IDS: Industrial Distribution System
IMA: Interactive Multimedia Association
IN: Information Network Information Network< /p>
IO: Information Outlet Information Outlet
IT:Information Technology
ITU: International Telecommunications Union
LE:Local Exchange Local Exchange Network
MDF: Main Distribution Frame Main Distribution Frame
MIC: Medi um Interface Connector
MIO:Multiuser Information Outlet
MMO: Multimedia Outlet
MN-NES:MN-Network Element System network element management system
MN-RMS:MN-Region Management System network management system
MO:Managed Object management target.
NEXT: Near End Crosstalk Near-end crosstalk
NMS: Network Management System
O/E: Optical to Electrical converter
OAM&P: Operation Administration , Maintenance and Provisioning operation, management, maintenance and preset
OAM: Operation, Administration and Maintenance operation, management and maintenance
OSI: Open Systems Interconnection
>OTDK: Optical Time Doman Reflect meter
OTDM: Optical Time Division Multiplexing
PA: Power Amplifier
PABX: Private Automatic Branch Exchange Program-controlled Digital Automatic Exchange
Paging: Wireless Calling System
PBX: Private Branch Exchange Program-controlled User Exchange
PDS: Premises Distribution System Building Wiring System
PSNT: Power Sun Next Integrated Near-End Crosstalk
PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride
PWS: Power system< /p>
ITU-T:International Telecommunication Uni on-Telecommunication Sector International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunications Standards Department
SC: Subscriber Connector (Optical Fiber Connector) User Connector (Optical Fiber Connector)
SC-D: Duplex SC Connector Industrial SC connector
STI: Surface Transfer Impedance
ST: Straight Tip straight-through optical fiber connector
SCS: Structured Cabling System structured cabling System
SLC: Satellite Communication
SNR: Signal To Noise Ratio
STB: Set -Top -Box Set-Top Box
< p>TC: Telecommunication Closet communication socketTP: Tunst Pair
TP: Transition Point
TR: Token Ring
VI: Video interphone video interphone doorbell
VCS: video confer-phone system conference television system
VOD: Video on demand video on demand
Precautions
According to years of experience in structured wiring and troubleshooting, I have summarized a few things that need to be paid attention to when wiring. We need to pay attention to these when wiring, so as to ensure our smoother Enjoy the web.
1. Hardware must be compatible
In the selection of network equipment, try to make all network equipment use the products of one company, so as to minimize the incompatibility between high-end and low-end devices, or even different devices of the same level. And don't choose network basic materials without quality assurance in order to save tens of dollars, such as jumpers, panels, network cables, etc. These things will be placed in the ceiling or wall when wiring, and it is difficult to solve problems after they occur. At the same time, even large-brand products should be tested for quality with professional tools before installation.
2. Correct termination
When we finish the structured wiring work, we should remove the excess wires and equipment to prevent ordinary users from connecting these wires randomly. In addition, in some cases, the private use of devices such as one-point two-wire heads can also cause broadcast storms in the network. Therefore, it is necessary to follow a strict management system when wiring. Do not leave any parts after wiring, because users are generally not familiar with the network. When a problem occurs, it is likely to be rushed to the doctor, and if you see the extra equipment, you will use it casually, making the problem more serious.
3. Anti-magnetic
Why electromagnetic equipment can interfere with the network transmission speed? Because the electrical signal runs in the network cable, and the magnetic field will be generated near the high-power electrical appliances, and this magnetic field will have an effect on the nearby network cable. When a new electric field is generated, the signal will be weakened or lost.
It should be noted that in addition to avoiding interference sources, the connection method of the network cable connector is also very important to prevent interference. No matter whether the 568A or 568B standard is used to make the network cable, you must ensure 1 and 2 , 3 and 6 are two pairs of core wires, so as to have a strong anti-interference ability. When structured wiring, the network cable must be designed well in advance, away from large radiation equipment and large interference sources.
4. Heat dissipation
In a high temperature environment, the equipment always fails frequently.为什么会这样呢?使用过计算机的读者都知道，当CPU风扇散热不佳时计算机系统经常会死机或自动重启，网络设备更是如此，高速运行的CPU与核心组件需要在一个合适的工作环境下运转，温度太高会使它们损坏。设备散热工作是一定要做的，特别是对于核心设备以及服务器来说，需要把它们放置在一个专门的机房中进行管理，并且还需要配备空调等降温设备。
5.按规格连接线缆
众所周知网线有很多种，如交叉线、直通线等，不同的线缆在不同情况下有不同的用途。如果混淆种类随意使用就会出现网络不通的情况。因此在结构化布线时一定要特别注意分清线缆的种类。线缆使用不符合要求就会出现网络不通的问题。
布线经验谈：虽然目前很多网络设备都支持DIP跳线功能，也就是说不管你连接的是正线还是反线，它都可以正常使用。但有些时候设备并不具备DIP功能，只有你在连线时特别注意了接线种类，才能避免不必要的故障。
6.留足网络接入点
确实如此，很多时候在结构化布线过程中没有考虑未来的升级性，网络接口数量很有限，刚够眼前使用，如果以后来住宅布局出现变化的话，就会出现上述问题。因此在结构化布线时需要事先留出多出一倍的网络接入点。
众所周知，网络的发展非常迅速，几年前还在为10Mbps到桌面而努力，而今已经是100Mbps，甚至是1000Mbps到桌面了。网络的扩展性是需要我们重视的，谁都不想仅仅使用2～3年便对布线系统进行翻修、扩容，所以留出富余的接入点是非常重要的，这样才能满足日后升级的需求。
施工方面
1．明确要求、方法
施工负责人和技术人员要熟悉网络施工要求、施工方法、材料使用，并能向施工人员说明网络施工要求、施工方法、材料使用，而且要经常
在施工现场指挥施 工，检查质量，随时解决现场施工人员提出的问题。
2.掌握环境资料
尽量掌握网络施工场所的环境资料，根据环境资料提出保证网络可靠性的防护措施：
为防止意外破坏，室外电缆一般应穿入埋在地下的 管道内，如需架空，则应架高(高4米以上)，而且一定要固定在墙上或电线杆上，切勿搭
架在电杆上、 电线上、墙头上甚至门框、窗框上。室内电缆一般应铺设在墙壁顶端的电缆槽内。
通信设备和各种电缆线都应加以固定，防止随意移 动，影响系统的可靠性。
为了保护室内环境，室内要安装电缆槽，电缆放在电缆槽内，全部电缆进房间、穿楼层均需打电缆洞，全部走线都要横平竖直。
3.区分不同介质
保证通信介质性能，根据介质材料特点，提出不同施工要求。计算机网络系统的通信介质有许多种，不同通信介质的施工要求不同，具体如下：
光纤电缆
光纤电缆铺设不应绞结；
光纤电缆弯角时，其曲率半径应大于30cm;
光纤裸露在室外的部分应加保护钢管，钢管应牢固地固定在墙壁上；
光纤穿在地下管道中时，应加PVC管;
光缆室内走线应安装在线槽内；
光纤铺设应有胀缩余量，并且余量要适当，不 可拉得太紧或太松。
同轴粗缆
粗缆铺设不应绞结和扭曲，应自然平直铺设;
粗缆弯角半径应大于30cm;
安装在粗缆上各工作站点间的距离应大于25米；
粗缆接头安装要牢靠，并且要防止信号短路;
粗缆走线应在电缆槽内，防止电缆损坏；
粗缆铺设拉线时不可用力过猛，防止扭曲;
每一网络段的粗缆应小于500米，数段粗缆可以用粗缆连结器连接使用，但总长度不可大于5 00米，连接器不可太多；
每一网络段的粗缆两端一定要安装终端器，其中有一个终端器必须接地;
同轴粗缆可安装在室外，但要加防护措施，埋 入地下和沿墙走线的部分要外加钢管，防止意外损坏。
同轴细缆
细缆铺设不应绞结；
细缆弯角半径应大于20cm;
安装在细缆上各工作站点间的距离应大于0. 5米；
细缆接头安装要牢靠，且应防止信号短路;
细缆走线应在电缆槽内，防止电缆损坏；
细缆铺设时，不可用力拉扯，防止拉断;
一段细缆应小于183米，183米以内的两段细缆一般可用"T"头连结加长；
两端一定要安装终端器，每段至少有一个终端 器要接地;
同轴细缆一般不可安装在室外，安装在室外的部分应加装套管。
4、网络设备安装
Hub的安装
Hub应安装在干燥、干净的房间内；
Hub应安装在固定的托架上;
Hub固定的托架一般应距地面500mm以上；
插入Hub的电缆线要固定在托架或墙上，防止意 外脱落。
收发器的安装
选好收发器安装在粗缆上的位置(收发器在粗缆上安装，两个收发器最短距离应为25米);
用收发器安装专用工具，在粗缆上钻孔，钻孔 时要钻在粗缆中间位置，要钻到底(即钻头全部钻入);
安装收发器连结器，收发器连结器上有三根针( 中间一只信号针，信号针两边各有一只接地针)，信号针要垂直接入粗缆上的孔中，上好固定螺栓(要安 装紧固);
用万用表测信号针和接地针间电阻，电阻值约为25欧姆(粗缆两端粗缆终端器已安装好)，如电阻无穷大，一般是信号针与粗缆芯没接触上，或收 发器连结器固定不紧，或钻孔时没有钻到底，需要重新钻孔或再用力把收发器连结器固定紧；
安装好收发器，固定好螺钉;
收发器要固定在墙上或托架上，不可悬挂在空 中；
安装好收发器电缆;
收发器电缆首先与粗缆平行走一段，然后拐弯，以保证收发器电缆插头与收发器连接可靠。
网卡安装
网卡安装不要选计算机最边上的插槽，最边上的插槽有机器框架，影响网络电缆的拔插，给调试带来不便；
网卡安装与其它计算机卡安装方法一样，因网 卡有外接线，网卡一定要用螺钉固定在计算机的机架上。
5、设备安装
为保证网络安装的质量，网络设备的安装应遵循如 下步骤：
首先阅读设备手册和设备安装说明书。
设备开箱要按装箱单进行清点，对设备外观进行检查，认真详细地做好记录。
设备就位。
安装工作应从服务器开始，按说明书要求逐一接好电缆。
逐台设备分别进行加电，做好自检。
逐台设备分别联到服务器上，进行联机检查，出现 问题应逐一解决。有故障的设备留在最后解决。安装系统软件，进行主系统的联调工作。
安装各工作站软件，各工作站可正常上网工作。
逐个解决遗留的所有问题。
用户按操作规程可任意上机检查，熟悉网络系统的各种功能。
试运行开始。
1.构架设计合理，保证合适的线缆弯曲半径。上下左右绕过其他线槽时，转弯坡度要平缓，重点注意两端线缆下垂受力后是否还能在不压损线缆的前提下盖上盖板。
2. 放线过程中主要是注意对拉力的控制，对于带卷轴包装的线缆，建议两头至少各安排一名工人，把卷轴套在资质的拉线杆上，放线端的工人先从卷轴箱内预拉出一部分线缆，供合作者在管线另一端抽取，预拉出的线不能过多，避免多根线咋场地上缠结环绕。
3.拉线工序结束后，两端流出的冗余线缆要整理和保护好，盘线时要顺着原来的旋转方向，线圈直径不要太小，有可能的话用废线头规定在桥架、吊顶上或纸箱内，做好标注，提醒其他人员勿踩勿动。
4.在整理、绑扎、安置线缆时，冗余线缆不要太长，不要让线缆叠加受力，线圈顺势盘整，固定扎线绳不要勒得过紧。
5.在整个施工期间，工艺流程及时通报，各工种负责人做好沟通，发现问题马上通知甲方，在其他后续工种开始前及时完成本工种任务。
6.如果安装的是非屏蔽双绞线，对接地要求不高，可在与机柜相连的主线槽处接地。
7.线槽的规格是这样来确定的：线槽的横截面积留40%的富余量以备扩充，超5类双绞线的横截面积为0.3平方厘米。线槽安装时，应注意与强电线槽的隔离。布线系统应避免与强电线路在无线屏蔽、距离小于20cm情况下平行走3米以上。如果无法避免，该段线槽需采取屏蔽隔离措施。进入家居的电缆线管由最近的吊顶线槽沿隔墙下到地面，并从地面镗槽埋管到家居隔离下。
管槽过渡、接口不应有毛刺，线槽过渡要平滑。
线管超过两个弯头必须留分线盒。
墙装底盒安装应该距地面30厘米以上，并与其他地和保持等高、平行。
线管采用镀锌薄壁钢管或PVC。
综合布线系统要综合考虑。由于结构化布线大多数都是由布线工人完成的，这些工人都拥有专业的布线合格证，因此大多数故障都是可以避免的。不过在铺设线路时仍然需要我们对技术把关，只有我们注意到了上面提到的这些常见问题才能真正地在结构化布线中做到“少出钱、多办事、办好事、不坏事”。
综合布线需求者不能只一味追求产品的价格，应考虑到综合布线是属于生命周期长的隐蔽工程，不能只追成本，更要考虑长期的使用。