Genetic gene

Definition

Geneshavetwocharacteristics,oneisthattheycanreplicatethemselvesfaithfullytomaintainthebasiccharacteristicsoforganisms;theotheristhatgenescan"mutate",mostofwhichcancausedisease,Theothersmallpartarenon-pathogenicmutations.Non-pathogenicmutationshavebroughtrawmaterialstonaturalselection,sothatorganismscanbeselectedinnaturalselectionforindividualsthataremostsuitablefornature.

Thenucleotidesequencecontainingspecificgeneticinformationisthesmallestfunctionalunitofgeneticmaterial.Exceptforsomeviruseswhosegenesarecomposedofribonucleicacid(RNA),thegenesofmostorganismsarecomposedofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)andarearrangedlinearlyonchromosomes.Thetermgeneusuallyreferstochromosomalgenes.Ineukaryotes,becausethechromosomesareinthenucleus,theyarealsocallednucleargenes.Geneslocatedinorganellessuchasmitochondriaandchloroplastsarecalledextrachromosomalgenes,extranucleargenesorcytoplasmicgenes.Theycanalsobecalledmitochondrialgenes,plasmidsandchloroplastgenes,respectively.

Genewasoriginallyanabstractsymbol,anditwaslaterconfirmedthatitisafunctionalunitofinheritancethatoccupiesacertainpositiononthechromosome.TheisolationofgenesinthelactoseoperonofEscherichiacoliandtherealizationoftranscriptioninvitrofurtherindicatethatgenesareentities.Itisnowpossibletomodifygenesintesttubes(seerecombinantDNAtechnology)andevenartificiallysynthesizegenes.Thestudyofgenestructure,function,recombination,mutation,andtheregulationandinteractionofgeneexpressionhasalwaysbeenthecentralsubjectofgeneticsresearch.

Characteristics

Genehasthreecharacteristics:①stability.Themolecularstructureofgenesisstableandnoteasytochange.Thestabilityofgenescomesfromthepreciseself-replicationofgenes,andtheyaredistributedtodaughtercellswithcelldivision,orpassedontooffspringthroughsexcells,thusensuringgeneticstability.②Determinethedevelopmentoftraits.Thespecificgeneticinformationcarriedbythegeneistranscribedtomessengerribonucleicacid(mRNA),whichistranslatedintoapolypeptidechainontheribosome,andthepolypeptidechainisfoldedintoaspecificprotein.Someofthemarestructuralproteins,andmoreareenzymes.Itisthroughthecontrolofenzymesynthesisthatgenescontroleverybiochemicalprocessoftheorganism,therebycontrollingthedevelopmentoftraits.③Variability.Genescanbemutatedduetotheinfluenceofmutagenicfactorsinsideandoutsidethecell.Asaresultofmutation,allelesandmultipleallelesareproduced.Becauseofthisvariabilityofgenes,itispossibletorecognizetheexistenceofgenes,increasebiologicaldiversity,andprovidemoreopportunitiesforselection.

GeneDecoding

OnApril14,2003,scientistsfromChina,theUnitedStates,Japan,Germany,France,andtheUnitedKingdomannouncedthesuccessofthehumangenomesequencemap.Allgoalshavebeenachieved.Thecompletedsequencemapcovers99%ofthegeneregioncontainedinthehumangenome,withanaccuracyrateof99.99%.ChromosomesarethecarriersofDNA.GenesaresegmentsofDNAwithgeneticeffects.ThebasicunitsofDNAarefourbases.Sinceeachpersonhas3billionpairsofbases,decipheringthesequenceofallDNAbasesisundoubtedlyahugeproject.Comparedwithtraditionalgenesequencingtechnologies,genechipscandecipherthehumangenomeanddetectgenemutationsthousandsoftimesfaster.

Thereasonwhythedetectionspeedofthegenechipissofastismainlybecausetherearethousandsofmicrogelsonthegenechip,whichcanbetestedinparallel;atthesametime,becausethemicrogelisthree-dimensional,itItisequivalenttoprovidingathree-dimensionaldetectionplatformthatcanfixproteinandDNAandanalyzeit.

TheUnitedStatesisconductingresearchongenechips,andhasdevelopeda"genechip"thatcanquicklyinterpretthegeneticcode,increasingthespeedofinterpretinghumangenesby1,000times.

GeneDiagnosis

Byusinggenechipstoanalyzethehumangenome,itispossibletofindoutthegeneticgenesthatcausedisease.Cancer,diabetes,etc.,arealldiseasescausedbygeneticdefects.Medicalandbiologicalresearcherswillbeabletoidentifymutatedgenesthatwilleventuallycausecancerandmoreinamatterofseconds.Withthehelpofasmalldropoftestfluid,doctorscanpredicttheefficacyofthedrugonthepatient,diagnosetheadversereactionofthedrugduringthetreatmentprocess,andidentifyonthespotwhatkindofbacteria,virusorothermicroorganismsthepatienthasbeeninfected.Theuseofgenechipstoanalyzegeneticgeneswillenablethediagnosisrateofdiabetestoreachmorethan50%after10years.

Genescomefromtheirparentsandremainalmostthesamethroughouttheirlives.However,duetogeneticdefects,somepeoplearenaturallypronetocertaindiseases.Thatistosay,theexistenceofsomegenotypesinthehumanbodywillincreasetheriskofcertaindiseases.Theriskofadisease,thisgeneiscalledadiseasesusceptibilitygene.

Aslongasweknowwhichdiseasesaresusceptibletothehumanbody,wecaninferwhichdiseasespeoplearesusceptibleto.However,howcanweknowwhichdisease-susceptibilitygeneswehave?Thisrequiresgenetictesting.

Howisgenetictestingdone?Useaspecialsamplingrodtoscrapetheexfoliatedcellsfromtheoralmucosaofthetestsubject.Withadvancedequipment,researcherscanobtainthetestee'sDNAsamplesfromtheseexfoliatedcells,andperformDNAsequencingandSNPmononucleionthesesamples.Theglycidylpolymorphismtestwillclearlyknowhowthetestee’sgeneticsequenceisdifferentfromotherpeople.Aftercomparingwiththegeneticsamplesofmanytypesofdiseasesthathavebeenfound,itcanbefoundinthetestee’sDNAWhichdiseasesaresusceptiblegenes.

Genetictestingisnotequivalenttomedicaldiagnosisofmedicaldiseases.Theresultsofgenetictestingcantellyouhowhighyourriskofdevelopingacertaindiseaseis,butitdoesnotmeanthatyouhavealreadycontractedacertaindisease,orthatyouwillhaveacertaindiseaseinthefuture.Youwilldefinitelygetthisdisease.

Throughgenetictesting,personalizedhealthguidanceservices,personalizedmedicationguidanceservicesandpersonalizedphysicalexaminationguidanceservicescanbeprovidedtopeople.Itispossibletocarryoutaccuratepreventionintheyearsorevendecadesbeforetheoccurrenceofthedisease,ratherthanblindhealthcare;peoplecanadjustdietandnutrition,changelifestyles,increasethefrequencyofphysicalexaminations,andreceiveearlydiagnosisandtreatment.Avoidtheenvironmentalfactorsofdiseaseoccurrence.

Genetictestingcannotonlytellushowhightheriskofdiseaseisinadvance,butitmayalsoclearlyguideustousemedicinescorrectlytoavoidtheharmofmedicinestous.Itwillchangethesituationofindiscriminateuseofdrugs,ineffectiveandharmfuldrugs,andblindhealthcareintraditionalpassivemedicine.

7.5millionpeoplediefromirrationaldruguseintheworldeveryyear.Rankedfourthinthenumberofdeaths.Approximately2.5millionpeoplearehospitalizedduetoadversedrugreactionsinmycountryeachyear,and200,000peoplediedirectly.Inmycountry,morethan30,000childrensufferfromdrug-induceddeafnesseachyear.Amongthemorethan1milliondeaf-mutechildren,about50%aredrug-induceddeafness.Everyyear10,000peopleinShanghaidiefromtakingthewrongmedicine.

Genetictestingisbenefitingthousandsofhouseholds.Genetictesting:itisthe"savings"forthesafetyofchildren,the"investment"forthemselves,andthe"insurance"forthelongevityofparents.Onetest,lifelongbenefit.

Inthefuture,whenpeopleareundergoingphysicalexaminations,adiagnosticrobotequippedwithagenechipwillcollectbloodfromtheexaminee,andtheresultsofthephysicalexaminationcanbedisplayedonthecomputerscreeninaninstant.Usinggeneticdiagnosis,medicalcarewilladvancefromtheageof"popularmedicalcare"totheeraof"customizedmedicalcare"basedonindividualgeneticgenes.

GeneEnvironmentalProtection

Genechipsalsohavegreatpotentialinenvironmentalprotection.Genechipscanefficientlydetectpollutioncausedbymicroorganismsororganicmatter,andcanalsohelpresearchersfindandsynthesizenaturalenzymegenesthathavethefunctionsofdetoxificationanddigestionofpollutants.Oncetheenvironmentallyfriendlygenesarediscovered,researcherswilltransferthemintoordinarybacteria,andthenusethegeneticallymodifiedbacteriatocleanupcontaminatedriversorsoil.

GeneComputing

DNAmoleculesaresimilarto"computerdisks"andhavefunctionssuchasinformationstorage,copying,andrewriting.StraighteningthespiralDNAmoleculewillexceedtheheightofaperson,butifitisfoldedup,itcanbereducedtoasmallballwithadiameterofonlyafewmicrons.Therefore,DNAmoleculesareregardedasultra-high-density,high-capacitymolecularmemory.

Thegenechiphasbeenimprovedandcanbeusedtomakebiologicalcomputersafterexpressingdifferentnumbersindifferentbiologicalstates.Basedongenechipsandgeneticalgorithms,inthefuturebioinformaticsfield,itisexpectedthattherewillbebioinformaticscompaniesthatcanrivaltoday'scomputerhardwaregiants-IntelCorporationandsoftwaregiants-MicrosoftCorporation.

Geneticfactors

Geneticsisanindependentsubject,andtheprecisestudyofit,namelymoderngenetics,beganwithMendel.Mendelchosethecorrecttestmaterial-pea,andappliedmathematicalstatisticalmethodstogeneticanalysisforthefirsttime,successfullyrevealingthetwolawsofinheritance:thelawofseparationandthelawoffreecombination.

RelatedQuestionsandAnswers

Modernmedicalresearchhasprovedthat,exceptforinjuries,almostalldiseasesarerelatedtogenes.Likebloodisdividedintodifferentbloodtypes,normalgenesinthehumanbodyarealsodividedintodifferentgenotypes,namelygeneticpolymorphisms.Differentgenotypeshavedifferentsensitivitytoenvironmentalfactors,andsensitivegenotypescancausediseasesundertheactionofenvironmentalfactors.Inaddition,abnormalgenescandirectlycausediseases,andthediseasesthatoccurinthiscasearegeneticdiseases.

Itcanbesaidthattherearethreebasiccausesofdisease:(1)Acquiredmutationsofgenes;

(2)TherelationshipbetweennormalgenesandtheenvironmentInteraction;

(3)Inheritedgeneticdefects.

Thecauseofmostdiseasescanbefoundingenes.

Genes,throughtheirguidanceonproteinsynthesis,determinetheefficiencyofourabsorptionoffood,eliminationofpoisonsfromthebodyandresponsetoinfections.

Therearemorethan4,000typesofgenetic-relateddiseasesinthefirstcategory,whichareinheritedbythefatherormotherthroughgenes.

Thesecondtypeofdiseasesarecommondiseases,suchasheartdisease,diabetes,variouscancers,etc.,whicharetheresultoftheinteractionofmultiplegenesandmultipleenvironmentalfactors.

Geneisthechemicalcarrierofhumangeneticinformation,whichdeterminesthesimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesbetweenusandourpredecessors.Whengenes"work"normally,ourbodiescandevelopnormallyandfunctionnormally.Ifageneisabnormal,evenaverysmallfragmentofthegeneisabnormal,itcancausedevelopmentalabnormalities,diseases,andevendeath.

Ahealthybodydependsonthebody'sconstantrenewaltoensurethenormalquantityandqualityofprotein.Theseproteinscooperatewitheachothertoensurethenormalexecutionofvariousfunctionsofthebody.Eachproteinistheproductofacorrespondinggene.

Genescanchange,somechangesdonotcausechangesinproteinquantityorquality,andsomedo.Suchchangesingenesarecalledgeneticmutations.Changesinthequantityorqualityofproteincancauseabnormalbodyfunctionsandcausediseases.

Application

Clone

CloneisthetransliterationoftheEnglishwordclone.CloneisderivedfromtheGreekwordklone,whichoriginallymeansseedlingsortwigs,reproducedasexuallyorThewayofvegetativereproductionistocultivateplants,suchaspoleinsertionandgrafting.

Nowadays,cloningreferstotheasexualreproductionoforganismsthroughsomaticcells,andapopulationcomposedofoffspringindividualswithidenticalgenotypesformedbyasexualreproduction.Cloningcanalsobeunderstoodascopying,copying,thatis,thesamecopyisproducedfromtheprototype,anditsappearanceandgeneticgenesareexactlythesameastheprototype.Forexample,clonedsheepDolly

detailed

transgenictechnology

Introduceartificiallyisolatedandmodifiedgenesintotheorganism’sgenome.Duetotheexpressionoftheintroducedgenes,Thetechnologythatcausestheheritablemodificationofthetraitsoforganismsiscalledtransgenictechnology.Peopleoftensay"geneticengineering","geneticengineering",and"genetictransformation"aresynonymouswithtransgene.Organismsmodifiedbytransgenictechnologyareoftenreferredtointhemediaas"geneticallymodifiedorganisms"(GMO).

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