Introduction
Becauseopticalfibercommunicationhastheadvantagesoflargecapacity,longdistanceandanti-electromagneticinterference,opticalfibercommunicationiswelladaptedtotheneedsoftoday'spowercommunicationdevelopment.Especiallytheopticalfibercompositeoverheadgroundwire(OPGW),whichcombinesthehighmechanicalproperties,highconductivityandgoodcorrosionresistanceofthealuminumcladsteelwire,effectivelycombinesthepoweroverheadgroundwireandthecommunicationfiber,soitisaffectedbythepowersystemTheindustryattachesgreatimportancetoitandisgraduallybeingpromotedandused.
Therearemanyarchitecturesoffibertothehome,ofwhichtherearetwomainones:oneisapoint-to-pointtopology,whichusesafiberfromthecentralofficetoeachuser;theotheristousepoint-to-multipointThepassiveopticalnetwork(PON)oftheformaltopologymodeadoptsapoint-to-multipointsolution,whichcangreatlyreducethenumberofopticaltransceiversandfiberconsumption,andreducetherackspacerequiredbythecentraloffice.Ithascostadvantagesandhasbecomethemainstream.
Therearetwomaintypesofequipmentusedforopticalfiberaccess.Oneisthecentralofficeequipmentdeployedinthetelecomoperator’scomputerroom,calledopticallineterminal(OLT),andtheotheristheequipmentclosetotheuser’send,calledOpticalNetworkUnit(ONU).Judgingfromthecurrentdevelopmentsituation,fiber-to-the-homealsoinvolvesmultipleindustriesandcategories,suchasindoorfiberoptics,engineering,andapplications,whichareofstrategicsignificancetotheentiretelecommunicationsindustryandeventheinformationindustry.
Inthefieldofopticalfiberaccess,thehotspotofdebateintheindustryistwotechnicalsolutionsforpassiveopticalnetworks:GPONandEPON.Simplyput,theformerhasstrongerbusinesssupportcapabilitiesandhighertransmissionefficiency,andissuitablefordeploymentbyhigh-endcommercialandresidentialcustomersintheeraoffull-serviceoperation,butthecostisrelativelyhigher.EPONismainlyaimedatdatatransmission,anditscoreadvantageliesinitsrelativelylowcost.Bothtechnologieshavebeencommerciallyavailableindifferentapplicationenvironments,andeachhasitsownmerits.ItisworthnotingthatbothEPONandGPONareadvancingtowardsthe10Gera.Intheshortterm,10GEPONhasadvantagesover10GGPON,whichismainlyacostissue.Moreover,manyoperatorsbelievethatbandwidthwillbesufficientinthenextfewyears.Therefore,theeraofmixeduseofthetwoPONsshouldalsoexistforsometime.Infact,intheprocessofnetworkconstructionandnetworking,thereisnotmuchdifferencebetweentheconstructionmodesofGPONandEPON,itisjustdifferenttechnicalchoicesofoperators.TheserviceprovisioncapabilityofGPONisbasicallythesameasthatofEPON,andthereisnoserviceaccessthatGPONcandobutEPONcannot.Inthefuture,inthe10Gera,thetwotechnologiesmaymovetowardsconvergence,thatis,thesamehardwareplatformsupportsboth10GEPONand10GGPON.Existingequipmentmanufacturershavebeguntoplaydownthedifferencebetweenthetwotechnologies.
Ingeneral,withouttheemergenceofotherepoch-makingtechnologies,fibertothehomeistheultimategoalofbroadbandaccesstotelecommunicationsnetworksinthenextfewyearsorevendecades,anditwilldriveaseriesofThedevelopmentofrelatedindustrieshasformedamarketscaleofhundredsofbillionsoreventrillions.Therefore,fibertothehomeisoneofthecoretechnologicalpowersforthetelecommunicationsindustrytomaintainsustainabledevelopment,anditisalsoanimportanttoolforthetelecommunicationsindustrytopromotesocialinformatization.
Fiber-to-the-homeispartoftheFTTXplan.Asthebackboneofthecommunicationtransmissionsysteminthefuture,theanti-interferenceandanti-electromagneticpropertiesofopticalfiberwillmorecatertothefuturehumandemandforlargeamountsofinformationandhighprecision,andthelowpriceenablesopticalfiberasatransmissionmediumtobewidelypromoted..Butrelativelyspeaking,FTTHneedstobepopularizedverywell,andtherearestillmanyproblemstobesolved,suchasthetechnologyandhardwareofthetransmittingandreceivingend,andthespeedofthetransmissionsystem.AlthoughthespeedofthetransmissionsystemcanbementionedinthespeedofGbytes,itisForusers,theprocessingoflargeamountsofinformationrequiresbettercomputerstoprocess.Therefore,theimprovementofcommunicationsystemsalsodependsontherapiddevelopmentofcomputertechnologytoacertainextent.
Speed-upandfeereduction
TheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentissuedthe"GuidingOpinionsonSpeed-upandFeeReduction",whichwillcleanupthephenomenonofarbitrarychargesforfiberaccess.
Thenoticeclarifiedthetasksofthissystem:strengtheningtheplanningandconstructionmanagementofbroadbandnetworkfacilities,increasingthesupervisionandinspectionoftheimplementationofthenationalfiber-to-the-homestandard,andsupportingthefiber-opticrenovationofexistingresidentialcommunities.
Inaddition,itisnecessarytomakeclearrequirementsinthepreparationoftheplantoensurethepassageofbroadbandnetworkconstruction;strengthentheguidanceandsupervisionoftheimplementationoftheplan,andgothroughrelevantproceduresinaccordancewithlawsandregulations;andincorporatecommunicationfacilitiesintotheurbanundergroundcomprehensivepipegallery.
Implementtheconstructionoffiber-to-the-homeengineeringfacilitiestoensureusers'freechoice;strengthendesigncontrol,strengthenthereviewofconstructiondrawings;increasesupervisionandinspection,andstrengthentheimplementationofthenationalfiber-to-the-homestandard.
Supportfiber-to-the-homerenovation,andresolutelycleanupandrectifyillegalcharges;incorporatefiber-to-the-homerenovationintothecontentofcommunityrectification,andpropertyserviceunitsshallnotobstructtheconstructionofcommunicationfacilitieswithoutreason;strictlyenforcecompensationstandardsandshallnotinfringeonbroadbandnetworksThelegitimateinterestsoftheownerofthefacility.
Speedincreaseandfeereductionareonlyameans.Toachievehigh-qualityandlow-costbandwidth,thekeyistoimprovethemacrodevelopmentenvironment,reducethemacroandmicrocostsofvariousbandwidths,andadheretotheroadoftechnologicalinnovation.Asthefoundationofbroadbanddevelopment,cablingshouldplayitsownroleinthis,sothatthegeneralpublicwillultimatelybenefit.
Fiber-to-the-homeinformationbox
Thefiber-to-the-homeinformationboxisoftenusedinprojectssuchassmarthomewiring,homelocalareanetwork,andintelligenthomeappliances.
Fiber-to-the-homerealizesInternetbroadbandaccess,telecommunications,cabletelevisionbroadcasting(CATV)access,andIPphonetripleplayintheaccessnetwork,whichcancompletelyreplacetheCMaccessmethodofHFC;Bandwidthis100timesthatofADSL;Telephone:IPtelephoneandordinarytelephoneareoptional;CATVisfullycompatiblewithdigitalTVandhigh-definitionTV.
BroadbandChina
InAugust2013,theGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilannouncedthe"SeveralOpinionsoftheStateCouncilonAcceleratingthePromotionofInformationConsumptionandExpandingDomesticDemand.""Strategytoacceleratetheupgradingandtransformationofbroadbandnetworks,promotefiberaccesstohouseholds,andmakeoverallplanstoimprovethelevelofpopularizationandaccesscapabilitiesofurbanandruralbroadbandnetworks.
ThisisaftertheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyproposedinthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlanforBroadbandNetworkInfrastructure"inMay2012that"focusonthedevelopmentofopticalbroadbandnetworkpromotionprojects",thenationallevelonceagainproposedtoacceleratethepromotionofopticalfibertothehome.
Asthefiber-to-the-homeprojectfurtheraccelerates,thethreemajortelecomoperatorswillfurtherincreasetheprocurementandconstructionofrelatedequipment.TheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologypredictsthattheinvestmentinopticalfiberbroadbandinfrastructureduringthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"periodwillreach500billionyuan.Domesticopticalfibermanufacturersareexpectedtotaketheleadtobenefit.
AsofDecember2014,thenumberofFTTHinAsiahasreached338million,anincreaseof36.8%comparedto2013.
Atthebeginningof2016,UniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)intheUnitedKingdomdesignedandtestedanewtypeofopticalreceiver,whichisexpectedtogreatlyreducethecostoffibertothehomeandconnecteachfamilydirectlytotheglobalInternet.
InMay2016,itwaslearnedfromtheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologythatinordertospeeduptheconstructionofhigh-speedbroadbandnetworksandpromotetheimplementationofthefiber-to-the-homestandard,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandtheMinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopmentdecidedtoconductanationwideinspectionoftheimplementationofthefiber-to-the-homenationalstandard.
SincetheGeneralOfficeoftheStateCouncilissuedthe"GuidingOpinionsonAcceleratingtheConstructionofHigh-speedBroadbandNetworksandPromotingNetworkSpeed-upandFee-Reduction"in2015,relevantnationalauthoritieshavevigorouslypromotedbroadbandspeed-upandfee-reductionwork,andmycountry'sbroadbandnetworkusheredinanewWitharoundofrapiddevelopment,broadbandnetworkspeedhasachievedcontinuousandrapidimprovement.Atpresent,allcitiesinthecountryhavebasicallybuiltopticalnetworkcities,andfiber-opticaccesshasbecomethe"standardconfiguration"ofurbanhouseholds.
Unicomfibertothehome
InOctober2014,ChinaUnicomfullylaunchedthenetworkfiberoptictransformationproject.
ThenewsfromtheofficialwebsiteofChinaUnicomshowsthatChinaUnicomhasconscientiouslyimplementedtherequirementsofthePartyCentralCommitteeandtheStateCouncil,aswellasthedeploymentoftheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandtheState-ownedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommission.Socialresponsibility.Asabasiccommunicationsoperator,ChinaUnicomisdeeplyawareoftheimportanttasksandmissionsundertakeninthenationalstrategy.Ontheonehand,itisstrengtheningtheconstructionofinformationinfrastructure,andontheotherhand,itiscarryingouttheindustrialpracticeof"Internet+",thuscontributingtooursociety.Economicdevelopmentprovidesastrongdrivingforce.ChinaUnicomactivelyrespondedtotherequirementsoftheStateCouncilandrelevantministriesandcommissions,andputforwardspecificplanstoincreaseinfrastructureinvestment,increasenetworkspeed,andreducetariffs,andintroducedaseriesofspecificmeasures.
I.Acceleratetheconstructionofnetworkinfrastructureandcontinuouslyincreasethenetworkspeed
(1)Acceleratetheconstructionoffibertothehomeandincreasethefixed-linebroadbandconnectionIncomingrate
Unicomwillincreasethespeedto10Mfortheolduserswhohavecompletedthefibertothehomebefore2014andthebandwidthislessthan10M,andallthosewhohavenotcompletedthefibertransformationandthebandwidthisbelow4M.Speedto4M.BeforeMarch31,2014,ChinaUnicomhasintensifieditseffortstocomprehensivelypromotethetransformationofbroadbandnetworkfiberoptics.Bytheendof2015,thebroadbandaccesscapacityofurbanhouseholdsinthenorthern10provinceswillbasicallyreach20M,andruralhouseholdswillbasicallyreach4M.Theopticalfibertransformationofthenetwork.
SinceChinaUnicomlaunchedthenetworkopticalfibertransformationprojectinOctober2014,ChinaUnicomhasbuilt9all-opticalnetworkprovinces,127all-opticalnetworkcities,andfibertothehomecoveringhouseholds.180millionhouseholds.Thedifficultyofthiskindofconstructionisattractingworldwideattention,andthespeedofconstructionisobvioustoall.Firstofall,theachievementsbenefitedfromChinaUnicom'sfar-sightedplanninganddeploymentunderthenationalstrategy.
Itisestimatedthatbytheendof2016,theopticaltransformationwillbefullycompletedinthenorthernleadingareas,andalltennorthernprovinces(autonomousregionsandmunicipalities)willachieveall-opticalnetworkcoverage.Urbanareaswillbasicallyhave100Mbpsaccesscapability.RuraladministrativevillagesRealizefibertothevillage.TheproportionofFTTHportsinthecountryhasreached78%(ofwhich85%inthenorthernregion),andtheproportionoffiberbroadbandportshasreached93%.ItisexpectedthattheStateCouncil's"speedupandfeereduction"workgoalwillbeachievedoneyearaheadofschedule.
(2)Intensifytheconstructionof4GmobilenetworksandincreasetheInternetspeedofusers’mobileterminalssuchasmobilephones
In2015,ChinaUnicomwillacceleratethedeploymentof4Gnetworks.Makethe3G/4Gmobilebroadbandnetworkcoveragetargettomorethan95%ofthepopulation.Lowerthethresholdforusing4Gnetworks,andhelpusersreplace4Gterminalsthroughavarietyofcontractsubsidiestoenjoy4Ghigh-speedInternetservices.
2.OptimizethechargingmodeltoreduceInternetaccesscosts
(1)Directlyreducefixedbroadbandtariffs
ChinaUnicomreducedthe20MfixedbroadbandtariffinBeijingfrom1780yuan/yearto1480yuan/year,50Mtarifffrom2680yuan/yearto1780yuan/year,and100Mtarifffrom3280yuan/yearto1980yuan/year.
(2)Takingmultiplemeasurestoreducemobilebroadbandtarifflevels
ChinaUnicomadoptsfourmeasurestoreducetheoverallunitpriceofmobileuserdatatrafficby20%above.Thefirstistocarryoutahalf-yearpackagepromotionforaslowas10yuanfor1.5GBofintra-provincialtraffic,thetrafficisnotclearedacrossmonths,andisvalidforhalfayear;thesecondistolaunchsuper-valueandaffordabletargetedtraffic.Launchedvideotargetedtrafficpackage,themostfavorabletrafficpackagepriceis18yuan6GBpermonth;thirdistolaunchatrafficbankplatform,whichcanrealizetraffictransfer,sharing,exchangeandotherfunctions;fourthistoconductin-depthanalysisofbigdataincombinationwithusercommunicationconsumptionbehaviorandguideUserschoosesuitablepackagestoimprovepackagematchingandreduceusercommunicationexpenditures.
(3)Developfixedbroadbandand4Gconvergenceservicestofurtherreduceoverallcosts
Basedonfixed-mobileconvergence,ChinaUnicomlaunchessmarthomeconvergencePackages,whichincludebroadbandandmobilephonetraffic,canprovideuserswithmoreavailabletrafficunderthepremiseofthesametarifflevel.
Intermsofspeedincrease,ChinaUnicomstatedthatitwillincreasebroadbandpenetrationandspeedupthisyear,andstrivetoincreasetheproportionofuserswith20Mandabovefrom19%atthebeginningoftheyearto50%,andtheproportionofuserswith50Mandabovefrom2%.Increaseto15%.Thespeedofkeycitiesisincreasedto50M,andbroadbanduserswithspeedsbelow50Marefreeofchargeto50M;othercitieswillincreasethepopularizationspeedto20M.
ChinaTelecom'sfibertothehome
Inearly2011,ChinaTelecomtooktheleadinlaunchingthe"BroadbandChina·OpticalNetworkCity"project.In2013,thecountryofficiallyimplementedthe"BroadbandChina"strategy.Inthefiveyearsofthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan",ChinaTelecomhasovercomemanydifficultiesinresources,capital,geographicalenvironment,anddifficultyinenteringthehome,andhasbuiltaubiquitous,accessible,andnationwideintegratedopticalfiberbroadbandnetwork.Thenational"BroadbandChina"strategyhaslaidasolidfoundation.
Opticalnetworkfirst
AsoftheendofDecember2015,ChinaTelecom’swiredbroadbandnetworkcapacityhasdoubled:thenumberofbroadbandportshasexceeded300million,exceedingBytheendoftheFive-YearPlanperiod,itwasthreetimesasmuch;100Mfiber-to-the-homecoveredapproximately270millionhouseholds;ChinaNet'sbackboneInternetbandwidthreached113T,andtheinternationalexportbandwidthexceeded1T,anincreaseof5.6timesand2.5timesrespectivelyfromtheendofthe“EleventhFive-YearPlan”period.
Inthefieldofmobilebroadbandnetworks,ChinaTelecomhasinvestedmorethan140billionyuanduringthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"period:ontheonehand,high-quality3Gnetworkscover100%ofcities,towns,andmorethan87%ofadministrativevillages;ontheotherhand,Ontheonehand,the4Gnetworkhaseffectivelycoveredalltownsandvillagesacrossthecountrybytheendof2015,andthefaster4G+networkwillincreasethenetworkspeedto300Mbps.
Speedincreaseandfeereduction
In2015,ChinaTelecomconscientiouslyimplementedthenationalbroadband"speedincreaseandfeereduction"policyrequirements,throughthe"speedincreasewithoutpriceincrease"and"trafficMeasuressuchas"noclearing"and"gradualabolitionofdomesticlong-distanceandroamingcharges"havecontinuouslyreducedtheunittariffsofbroadbandnetworks,benefitinghundredsofmillionsofbroadbandusers.