Historical background
After the evolution of the international situation after the Second World War, European countries formed two Northern Atlantic Treaty organized by the United States for alliances and Warsaw Treaty organized by the Soviet Union. Military Groups against each other. A large number of armed forces and modern weapons are set up in Europe, causing the isolation between the East and Western Europe and the situation of the cold war confrontation. In the 1960s, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Treaty Organization Initiative, held European National Conference, discuss European security and cooperation, but did not raise the United States to participate in the map to eliminate American dyeing Europe. It was resolutely opposed by the United States. On December 1, 1964, the 19th United Nations General Assembly opened. The former Soviet Union puts forward the recommendations of the Safety Conference in the European Safety Conference at the General Assembly through the Polish Foreign Minister Latsky. In the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Bremen, the 23rd Congress of the Soviet Union, on March 29, 1965, at the 23nd Congress of Su, on April 8, also proposed this issue. From July 4th to 6th, 1966, Warsaw Treaty Member States held a meeting in Bucharest to discuss East and West relationships and Vietnam War. The meeting adopted the "Declaration on Strengthening the European Peace and Security", which proposed to convene a European National Conference to discuss European security issues. The former Soviet Union presents the purpose of holding the European Security Conference, mainly to consolidate its interests obtained in the Second World War (such as 480,000 square kilometers of land), further control Eastern European countries, penetrate to Western Europe.
June 24, 1968, the Minister of Foreign Minister, North Atlantic Convention, held an example in Lekjavik, Iceland, and called for each other to be equilibrated with each other to promote East and West. The advocation of the OSCE was held with the former Soviet Union. On March 17, 1969, Warsaw Treaty organized a meeting in Budapest, calling for the early OSCA to discuss European security and peaceful cooperation. On April 3, the former Soviet Union said to the United States, not against the United States to participate in the OSE. Just starting the United States against the meeting, but when some major countries in Western Europe have been held in the European Security Conference, I am afraid that in the Western European Union, it is also consent to the meeting with the Sui, and agree to participate.
In the early 1970s, the relationship between the East and West has a mild. The Federal Germany has signed a series of treaties in the Soviet Union, Poland, and Democratic Germany; Soviet, United States, Britain, and France signed the "Agreement on Berlin"; Su, United States signed "Restriction Strategic Nuclear Weapons Agreement". These incidents improve the atmosphere on the basis of maintaining the status, and prepared the conditions for the Constantiase Conference. The Soviet Union also expressed the agreement with non-European countries in the Northern Atlantic Convention Organization.
In May 1972, the US President R.M. Nixon visited the Soviet Union, and the two sides reached a compromise. I agree with the European Association and the European Equilibrium Disarmament Conference.
Soviet chart uses the wishes of European countries to hoping peace and security. Through the conference, the European countries borders are conducive to the status quo of the Soviet Union, and consolidate its status in Eastern Europe, differentiation of Western European countries. Relationship with the United States. The intent of the United States is to limit the further expansion of the Soviet Union while penetrating Eastern Europe. European countries attempt to use the contradiction between the United States and Su, to improve their situation. Although the meeting discussed is European issues, the protagonist is the United States and Su. The competition between them determines the processes and results of the OSE.
Conference Process
November 22, 1972 to June 8, 1973, 33 European countries and representatives of Canada held a preparatory meeting for the OSCE in Helsinki to prepare "Helsinki finally proposes Blue Book", which specifies the scope of the meeting, the conference organization, address, etc. of the agenda, and stipulates that the meeting is divided into three phases.
Preparatory meeting agenda
(1) European security and national relationship guidelines;
(2) Economic technology and environment cooperation;
(3) Personnel, intelligence exchanges and cultural cooperation;
(4) may carry out future cooperation.
three conference phases
first class
July 3 to 6, 1973, held in Helsinki, 33 European countries, USA, Canadian Foreign Minister join. The meeting approved the "Helsinki finally recommended Blue Book", and the meeting agenda is: European security issues; economic, scientific cooperation issues; humanitarian cooperation; formulating the final document of the conference.
The second stage
starts on September 18, 1973, and 375 experts from the will be held in Geneva. The conference was divided into three committees, respectively discussed the top three issues. Since the difference between the two parties is big, the meeting is time to continue, it has been used for nearly two years before and after, and there are more than 2,400 meetings. After several bids, it is basically issued on July 21, 1975, and "European security and Cooperate the last document. " The document stipulates that the first meeting of the country will be held in the near future and sign this document.
third stage
July 30 to August 1, 1975, European 33 countries and the United States, Canada, etc., the heads of the United States, the head of the government or their representatives were held in Helsinki The meeting, signed "European Safety and Cooperation Final File".
formal meeting
July 30 to August 1, 1975, the European Security and Cooperation Conference was held in Helsinki, and the representatives of the meeting were from Europe, the United States and Canada 35 countries. Signed the "last file". The first summit of the OSC was held in Helsinki, the capital of Finland. At that time, Albania announced that they did not participate in the meeting (June 19, 1991, Albania was received as 35th Member States).
Conference content
"Confucius and safety and disarmament", "cooperation between economic science and technology", etc. The Soviet Union is most concerned about European security issues, hoping to secure the European border status through the OS. "Final Document" (full name "European Safety and Cooperation Final Document", documentation includes four parts are also called "four baskets). Treatment of 10 principles in handling the relationship between the relevant countries in the declaration of the principles of the relationship between the Council, Specially mentioned "Invasive inferiority", "prohibiting the use of force or threats with force". "The measures for establishing trust and security and disarmament" also stipulates that the participating countries are in the same boundary between the United States. When the military exercise attended by the military exercise of more than 50,000 people within 250 kilometers, it should be notified 21 days ago and invite it to visit the observer to watch the exercise. Discuss "economic, scientific technology and other cooperation" issues The Soviet Union hopes to introduce Western technology and funds through the cooperation in this area. Western countries want to carry out economic penetration to the Soviet, Eastern Europe, and want to use this as a means of application of pressure.
"final document" < / h3>
(1) "Declaration of the principle of guiding the relationship between the National Relationship"
(2) "The measures to establish trust and certain documents of security and disarmament";
(3) "Humanitarian and other partnership";
(4) "Cooperation in Economic, Science and Technology", etc. ","
Conference Effects
The "final document" is the product of both parties to compromise, and the Soviet Union basically obtains the admission of the current situation of the European border after the war, and has made some concessions in the third agenda. The document is not disclosed. Force. On some controversial issues, the documents have contradiction before and after the provisions of the documents, all parties can take each other to make different interpretations. For regard to border problems, the documents are both stipulated that the boundary is not inviolability, but also confirmed that it can pass the peaceful means and agreement according to international law. Changes. About East and Western European personnel, tourism and reporter working conditions, etc., documents have made some provisions in line with Western requirements, and restrict the provisions to respect national laws and customs. "The last document" signed ink, The Soviet Union takes many offensive actions in Europe and other regions. The United States has greatly protected its stakeholders, and the two sides will continue to intensify. The east and west of the East and West is increasingly silent. The agreement of the OS will be eclipsed. According to the agreement, In 1977, in Belgrade, in 1980, two OS will meet twice in Madrid. The task of renewal is to check the implementation of the "final document" and increase the exchange of European security and cooperation. In fact, these loet-lasting meetings It's just beautiful, Su Mutual attacked forums, quarrels, did not reach any substantive agreement.
Historical Development
The country after the Soviet Union and the United States and Canada are the only one including all European countries and safety agencies associated with North America, the main mission is to provide platforms for Member States to provide platforms on European affairs, especially security matters. The OSC can only agree with all Member States. Plays, it is decided to have only political effects on Member States. Force without legal effect. With the establishment of the organization secretariat and other institutions in the early 1990s, the establishment of Member States, the work of European Safety and Cooperation Conference is increasing and strengthened. In December 1994, at the European Conference on the European Conference held in Budapest in Hungary, the OSCA was thinking that the European Safety Cooperation Conference has far more than "a meeting", which determines the organization from January 1, 1995. Rainted to "European Safety and Cooperation Organization".
OS organizes 57 member states, headquartered in Vienna, Austria, held a summit meeting every two years, held a foreign ministerial meeting every year. Publications are: "European Safety and Cooperation Annual Report", "European Security and Cooperative Organization Communication" (monthly), "European Safety and Cooperation Organization Manual" and "Construction and Member States Statement".