Statement
Thisentryhasbeenorganizedwithreferencetotheadministrativeareaentryeditingguidelines;ifyouhavesuggestionsorwanttoparticipateinthecompilation,youarewelcometocommunicatewiththeGeographyGroupofBaike.
Historicalevolution
Originofthename
Beijingisanancientcapitalwithahistoryofmorethanthreethousandyears.Ithasdifferenttitlesindifferentdynasties.Morethantwentynicknames.
Yandu,accordingtohistoricalrecords,in1122BC,afterKingWuofZhouextinguishedShang,hesealedZhaoGonginYan.ThecapitalofYanisnamedafteritwasthecapitalofthecountryofYaninancienttimes.AmongthesevenheroesoftheWarringStatesPeriod,thereistheKingdomofYan,whichissaidtobenamedbecauseofitsproximitytotheYanshanMountain.
Youzhou,oneofKyushuinancienttimes.ThenameofYouzhouwasfirstseenin"Shangshu·Shundian":"YansaidYouzhou."DuringtheHan,Wei,Jin,andTangdynasties,Youzhouwassetup,andallofthemweregovernedbyBeijing.
Beijing,whichreferstothecapitalofthecountryingeneral,isoftenreferredtoasthecapitalafterBeijingbecamethecapitalofthecountry.
Nanjing,thefirstyearofEmperorTaizongoftheLiaoDynasty(938),theoriginalYouzhouwaspromotedtoYoudufu,andthenameNanjing,alsoknownasYanjing,wasestablishedastheaccompanyingcapitalofLiao.AtthattimethecapitalofLiaowasinShangjing.
Dadu,thenewcitywasrebuiltwithJin’sLigongJinBeihaiParkasthecenterintheYuanDynasty.KublaiKhanwasrenamedDaduinthe9thyearofYuanDynasty(1272),commonlyknownasYuanDadu.
Beiping,thefirstyearofHongwuintheMingDynasty(1368),afterZhuYuanzhangdestroyedtheYuanDynasty,inordertorecordtheachievementsofcalmingthenorth,theYuanDynastywasrenamedBeiping.
Beijing,inthefirstyearofYongleintheMingDynasty(1403),afterZhuDigainedthethrone,hechangedhisfiefBeipingMansionwhenhewasKingofYantoShuntianMansion,builtBeijingCity,andplannedtomovethecapitalhere.ItwasthebeginningoftheofficialnamingofBeijing,whichhasahistoryofmorethan600years.
ThecapitalofthecapitalwasmovedtoBeijingintheeighteenthyearofYongle(1420)andrenamedthecapitaluntiltheQingDynasty.
Jingzhao,ShuntianfuwasabolishedintheRepublicofChina,JingzhaowasplacedinthecentralgovernmentofZhili,anditsscopeincludedmostofBeijing.Inthe17thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1928),JingzhaowasabolishedandBeijingwaschangedtoPeiping.
Organizationalhistory
AsearlyastheearlyyearsoftheWesternZhouDynasty,KingZhouWucalledthepublicinBeijingandnearbyareas,calledYan.ThecapitalisinLiuliheTown,FangshanDistrict,Beijing.live.YuJiwasalsonamedthedescendantofHuangdi,inthesouthwestofpresent-dayBeijing.AftertheKingdomofYanannihilatedtheKingdomofJi,moveditscapitaltoJi,collectivelyreferredtoasYanduorYanjing.
BeijingwassetupasJixianCountyinQinDynastyandGuangyangCountywastheprefecture.
Inthe5thyearofEmperorHanGaozu,hewasplacedunderthejurisdictionofYanState.InthefirstyearofYuanfeng,itwasrestoredtoJixianCounty,GuangyangCounty,belongingtoYouzhou.Inthefirstyearofthefirstyear,itbecamethecapitalofGuangyangcountrybecauseoftheemperor'srelatives.
DuringtherestructuringofGuangwuintheEasternHanDynasty,theYouzhouGovernor'sDepartmentwasplacedinJixianCounty.IntheeighthyearofYongyuan,itwasrelocatedtoGuangyangCounty.
IntheWesternJinDynasty,theimperialcourtchangedGuangyangCountytoYanState,whileYouzhoumovedtoFanyang.AftertheSixteenKingdoms,ZhaoShi,theYouzhoustationmovedbacktoJiCounty,andtheStateofYanwaschangedtoYanCounty.Ithasgonethroughthepre-yan,pre-Qin,post-yanandNorthernWeiunchanged.
InthethirdyearofEmperorKaihuanginSuiDynasty(583years),YanCountywasabolished.Inthethreeyearsofthegreatcause(607years),YouzhouwaschangedtoZhuojunintheSuiDynasty.
DuringtheWudeperiodoftheearlyTangDynasty,ZhuojunwasrenamedYouzhou.InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627),YouzhouwasplacedunderHebeiProvince.LaterbecametheresidentofFanYangJiedu.DuringtheAnshiRebellion,AnLushanproclaimedtheemperorinBeijing,andthefoundingnamewas"Dayan".AftertheTangdynastysettledthechaos,Youzhouwasrestored,anditwascontrolledbytheenvoyLulongJiedu.
AtthebeginningoftheFiveDynasties,thewarlordLiuRengongestablishedalocalgovernmenthere,calledtheKingofYan,andwaslatereliminatedbytheLaterTangDynasty.
IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernSongDynasty,ZhaoGuangyifoughtLiaoatGaoliangRiver(nowHaidianDistrict,Beijing).HewasdefeatedintheNorthernSongDynasty.HewaseagertoseethesixteenstatesofYanyun.TheaccompanyingcapitalwasestablishedinBeijing,namedNanjingYouduMansion,andthenamewaschangedtoXijinMansioninthefirstyearofKaitai.
InthefirstyearofJinGuozhen(1153),WanyanliangwasformallyestablishedasthecapitalinYanjing,calledZhongdu,inthesouthwestofpresent-dayBeijing.
Tiemuzhen'sgeneralMuHualicapturedBeijingintheeighthyearofJiading(1215)andsetupDaxingMansiononYanjingRoad.FromtheYuanShizutothefirstyearoftheYuanDynasty(1264),itwasrenamedDaxingMansiononZhongduRoad.IntheninthyearoftheYuanDynasty(1272),theZhongduDaxingMansionwasofficiallyrenamedDadulu(Turkic:Khanbalik,meaning"Khancheng",transliteratedasKhanbalik,Ganbalik),whichisthecapitalofYuanDynasty.TheYuanDynastybecamethetransportationcenterofthewholeofChina,withthenorthtoLingbeiprovince,theeasttoNuergandusi(thelowerreachesofHeilongjiang),thewesttoTibet,andthesouthtoHainan.Theyallexchangedhere.Fromthisperiod,BeijingbecamethecapitalofChina.
IntheearlyMingDynasty,YingtianMansion(nowNanjing)wasusedasthecapital.DaduRoadwasrenamedBeipingMansioninAugustinthefirstyearofHongwu(1368).InOctoberofthesameyear,itwastransferredtoShandongProvinceformilitaryneeds..Inthe9thyearofHongwu(1376),itwaschangedtotheresidenceoftheDepartmentofPoliticalEnvoysinBeiping.AfterthekingofYanZhuDiwonthethroneafterthechangeofJingnan,inthefirstyearofYongle(1403),PekingwaschangedtoBeijing,whichwascalled"Xingzai"(theplacewheretheemperorXingluanresided,socalled"Xingzai")andResidinghere,today'sBeijingalsogetsitsnamefromthenon.Inthefirstmonthofthe19thyearofYongle(1421),thecentralgovernmentoftheMingDynastyofficiallymoveditscapitaltoBeijing,withShuntianfuBeijingasthecapital,andYingtianfuasthecapitalofNanjing.DuringpartofMingRenzongandMingYingzong,Beijingwasoncereducedtowalking,andthecapitalwasrestoredtoNanjingYingtianPalace.
IntheMingandQingDynasties,ShuntianPrefecturewassetuptogovernthecapitalarea.ItsstatusissimilartothatofBeijing,butitsjurisdictionisdifferent.
TheQingsoldiersstationedinBeijingimmediatelyafterenteringthecustoms,alsoknownastheShuntianPalaceoftheJingshi,whichbelongedtotheZhiliProvince.
InthetenthyearofXianfengintheQingDynasty(1860),theBritishandFrenchforcesenteredBeijingandsignedthe"BeijingTreaty."Inthetwenty-sixthyearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1900),theEight-PowerAlliedForcesinvadedBeijingagain,andalargenumberofculturalrelicswerelootedbytheinvadingarmyandbadpeople.In1901,hesignedthe"XinChouTreaty"withelevencountriesinBeijing.
OnJanuary1,thefirstyearoftheRepublicofChinaaftertheRevolutionof1911(1912),theRepublicofChinaestablishedNanjingasthecapital,andmoveditscapitaltoBeijinginMarchofthesameyear.AtthebeginningoftheRepublicofChina,Beijing'slocalsystemwasstillinaccordancewiththeQingsystemandwascalledShuntianMansion.
InthethirdyearoftheRepublicofChina(1914),ShuntianfuwaschangedtoJingzhaoplace,anditsscopeandspecificationswereroughlythesameasthoseofShuntianfu.ItwasdirectlygovernedbytheBeiyanggovernmentofthecentralgovernment.Duringthisperiod,Beijingbuiltanewtramsystemandanumberofmodernculturalandeducationalinstitutions,suchasPekingUniversity,BeijingNormalUniversity,YanjingUniversity,FuJenCatholicUniversity,andUnionMedicalCollege.
InJuneoftheseventeenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(1928),aftertheNorthernExpedition,thecapitalmovedbacktoNanjing,andtheoriginalJingzhaoareawasabolished.BeijingwasrenamedasPeipingSpecialCity,andlatertoPeipingCity,whichbelongedtoNanjingcitizens.GovernmentExecutiveYuan.
InJuneofthe19thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1930),PeipingwasdowngradedtoacityunderthejurisdictionofHebeiProvince,andinDecemberofthesameyear,itwasupgradedtoacityunderthejurisdictionofahospital.
AftertheJuly7thIncidentinthe26thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1937),theAnti-JapaneseWarbrokeout.PekingwasoccupiedbyJapan,andtheprovisionalgovernmentofthepuppetRepublicofChinawasestablishedhere,andPekingwasrenamedBeijing.TheCommunistPartyofChinaledthepeopletoestablishtheJinchajiAnti-JapaneseBaseandwagetheNationalRevolutionaryWar.
OnAugust21,the34thyearoftheRepublicofChina(1945),theJapanesearmythatinvadedBeijingannounceditssurrender.SunLianzhonginthe11ththeatertookoverBeijingandrenamedPeiping.TheareaunderthejurisdictionofBeipingCityissmallerthanthatofShuntianfu,Jingzhao,andBeijing.ItroughlyincludestheentireXichengDistrict,DongchengDistrict,mostofChaoyangDistrict,thesouthernhalfofHaidianDistrict,thesouthernpartofShijingshanDistrict,andthenorthernhalfofFengtaiDistrict.
InJanuary1949,32districtsweretemporarilydesignatedonthebasisofthe20districtsintheoriginalKuomintangperiod.InApril,the32districtsweremergedinto26districts.AfterthetakeovertaskwascompletedinJune,itwasadjustedto20districts.Area.
OnJanuary31,1949,FuZuoyiandtheCommunistPartyofChinareachedapeaceagreementandled250,000KuomintangtroopstotheCommunistParty.TheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyenteredBeipingCityandBeijingwaspeacefullyliberated.OnSeptember27,1949,theFirstPlenarySessionoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConferencepassedthe"ResolutionontheCapital,Chronicles,NationalAnthem,andNationalFlagofthePeople'sRepublicofChina",andPekingchangeditsnametoBeijing.OnOctober1,1949,theCentralPeople’sGovernmentofthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasestablishedinBeijing.
In1952,BeijingwasledbytheNorthChinaAdministrativeCommittee.InJuly,allWanpingCountyofHebeiProvinceandpartsofFangshanandLiangxiangcountieswereplacedunderBeijing.
OnMarch9,1956,ChangpingCountywasabolished,andtheadministrativeareaofChangpingCounty(exceptGaoliyingTown)wasplacedunderBeijingandnamedChangpingDistrict.Seventownships,includingJinzhan,Changdian,Beigao,Sunhe,CuiGezhuang,Shangxinpu,andQianweigou,belongedtoTongxianCountyofHebeiProvince,werereturnedtoBeijing.
InMarch1958,fivecountiesincludingTongxian,Shunyi,Daxing,Liangxiang,FangshanandTongzhouCitywereincludedintheBeijingMunicipality.Subsequently,theXidanDistrictandtheWestFourthDistrictwereabolished,andtheXichengDistrictwasmergedtoformtheXichengDistrict;theDongdanDistrictandtheEastFourthDistrictwereabolishedtoformtheDongchengDistrict;theQianmenDistrictwasabolishedandmergedintotheChongwenDistrictandtheXuanwuDistrict;theEastSuburbwasrenamedChaoyangDistrict;ShijingshanDistrictwasabolishedanddividedintoFengtaiDistrict,HaidianDistrictandMentougouDistrict;JingxiMiningDistrictwasrenamedMentougouDistrict;TongxianandTongzhouCitywereabolishedandTongzhouDistrictwasabolished;LiangxiangDistrictandFangshanDistrictwereabolishedandmergedEstablishZhoukoudianDistrict;revokeDaxingCountyandchangeittoDaxingDistrict;revokeNanyuanDistrictandplaceitunderChaoyangDistrict,FengtaiDistrictandDaxingDistrict;revokeShunyiCountyandchangeittoShunyiDistrict.InOctober,thefourcountiesofHuairou,Miyun,Pinggu,andYanqingunderHebeiProvincewereincludedinBeijing.
OnJanuary7,1960,ChangpingDistrictwasrevokedandChangpingCountywasrestored;ShunyiDistrictwasrevokedandShunyiCountywasrevoked;TongzhouDistrictwasrevokedandTongCountywasrevoked;DaxingDistrictwasrevokedandDaxingCountywasrevoked;ZhoukoudianDistrictwasrevoked,RestoreFangshanCounty.Bytheendof1960,Beijinghadjurisdictionover8districtsincludingDongcheng,Xicheng,Xuanwu,Chongwen,Haidian,Chaoyang,Fengtai,andMentougou,and9countiesincludingChangping,Yanqing,Huairou,Miyun,Shunyi,Pinggu,Tongxian,Daxing,andFangshan.
OnAugust7,1967,theShijingshanOfficewasabolishedandShijingshanDistrictwasestablished.
OnOctober20,1980,YanshanDistrictwasestablished.
OnNovember11,1986,FangshanCountyandYanshanDistrictwereabolishedandFangshanDistrictwasestablished.TaketheoriginaladministrativeareasofFangshanCountyandYanshanDistrictastheadministrativeareasofFangshanDistrict.
MapofBeijing(9photos)
OnApril29,1997,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil(GuoHan[1997]No.30),itwasagreedtorevokeTongxian,TheTongzhouDistrictwasestablished,andtheadministrativeareaoftheoriginalTongCountywastheadministrativeareaofTongzhouDistrict.OnMarch3,1998,withtheapprovaloftheStateCouncil(GuoHan[1998]No.17),ShunyiCountywasrevokedandShunyiDistrictofBeijingwasestablished.TheadministrativeareaofShunyiCountywastheadministrativeareaofShunyiDistrict.
OnSeptember16,1999,BeijingabolishedChangpingCountyandestablishedChangpingDistrict.
OnMarch2,2001,BeijingabolishedDaxingCountyandestablishedDaxingDistrict.
OnFebruary7,2002,thetwocountiesofHuairouandPingguwereabolishedinBeijing,andHuairouDistrictandPingguDistrictofBeijingwereestablished.
OnJuly1,2010,BeijingabolishedtheoriginalDongchengDistrictandChongwenDistrict,andestablishedthenewBeijingDongchengDistrict;theoriginalXichengDistrictandXuanwuDistrictofBeijingwereabolished,andthenewBeijingXichengDistrictwasestablished.
OnNovember17,2015,BeijingcanceledthetwocountiesofMiyunandYanqing,andestablishedtheMiyunDistrictandYanqingDistrictofBeijing.Sofar,Beijingbidfarewelltotheeraofcountygovernance.
FoundingCapitalDynasty
YanGuo | Beijing |
SpringandAutumnandWarringStates·Jiguo | BeijingGuanganmenoutside |
SpringandAutumnandWarringStates·YanGuo | LiuliheTown,FangshanDistrict,atalkoutsideGuang’anmen,Beijing |
Liao | BeijingGuang’anmenoutside |
Gold | BeijingGuang’anmenoutside |
Yuan | Beijing |
Ming | Beijing |
清 | Beijing |
RepublicofChina | Beijing |
People’sRepublicofChina | Beijing |
Administrativedivisions
Asof2020,Beijinghas16municipaldistrictsunderitsjurisdiction.TheyareDongchengDistrictandXichengDistrict,ChaoyangDistrict,FengtaiDistrict,ShijingshanDistrict,HaidianDistrict,ShunyiDistrict,TongzhouDistrict,DaxingDistrict,FangshanDistrict,MentougouDistrict,ChangpingDistrict,PingguDistrict,MiyunDistrict,HuairouDistrict,YanqingDistrict.ThePeople'sGovernmentofBeijingMunicipalityisstationedatNo.57YunheEastStreet,TongzhouDistrict.
DongchengDistrict | 41.84squarekilometers | 100010 | JingshanStreet |
XichengDistrict | 50.7squarekilometers | 100032 | FinancialStreet |
ChaoyangDistrict | 470.8squarekilometers | 100020 | ChaowaiStreet |
FengtaiDistrict | 304squarekilometers p> | 100071 | FengtaiStreet |
ShijingshanDistrict | 85.74squarekilometers | 100043 td> | LuguStreet |
HaidianDistrict | 431squarekilometers | 100089 | HaidianStreet |
ShunyiDistrict | 1021squarekilometers | 101300 | ShengliStreet |
TongzhouDistrict | 906squarethousandM | 101100 | LuyuanStreet |
DaxingDistrict | 1036squarekilometers | 102600 | XingfengStreet |
FangshanDistrict | 2019squarekilometers | 102488 | GongchenStreet |
MentougouDistrict | 1451squarekilometers | 102300 | DayuStreet |
ChangpingDistrict | 1344squarekilometers | 102200 | ChengbeiStreet |
PingguDistrict | 948.24squarekilometers | 101200 | BinheStreet |
MiyunDistrict | 2229squaremetersKilometers | 101500 | GulouStreet |
HuairouDistrict | 2123squarekilometers | 101400 | LongshanStreet |
YanqingDistrict | 1994squarekilometers | 102100 | RulinStreet |
Geographicalenvironment
Location
Beijingislocatedat115.7°—117.4°eastlongitudeand39.4°—41.6°northlatitude.Thecenterislocatedat39°54′20″northlatitudeand116°25′29″eastlongitude.Theareais16410squarekilometers.ItislocatedinthenorthernpartoftheNorthChinaPlain,adjacenttotheBohaiBay,ontheLiaodongPeninsula,andontheShandongPeninsula.BeijingisadjacenttoTianjinandissurroundedbyHebeiProvincetogetherwithTianjin.
BeijingTopography
ThemountainareaofBeijingis10,200squarekilometers,accountingforabout62%ofthetotalarea,andtheplainareais6,200squarekilometers,accountingforabout38%ofthetotalarea.%.TheterrainofBeijingishighinthenorthwestandlowinthesoutheast.TheaverageelevationofBeijingis43.5meters.ThealtitudeoftheBeijingPlainis20-60meters,andthemountainousareasaregenerally1000-1500metersabovesealevel.
ThewesternpartofBeijingistheTaihangMountains;thenorthandnortheastaretheJunduMountainsandtheYanshanMountains.ThehighestpeakisDonglingMountaininMentougouDistrict,Beijing,withanelevationof2303meters.ThelowestgroundisthesoutheastboundaryofTongzhouDistrict.ThetwomountainsintersectatNankouguangou,formingalargesemi-circularmountainbendextendingtothesoutheast.Peoplecallitthe"BeijingBend".ThesmallplainitsurroundsistheBeijingSmallPlain.Astheancientssaid:"Thelandofthesecludedstateissurroundedbytheseaontheleft,theTaihangisontheright,thenorthliesintheYong,thesouthliesintheriver,andthelandofabundanceissincere."
Climateenvironment
Beijing’sclimateisawarmtemperatezone,semi-humidandsemi-aridmonsoonclimate,withhightemperaturesandrainysummers,coldanddrywinters,andshortspringsandautumns.Theannualfrost-freeperiodis180to200days,andthewesternmountainousareaisrelativelyshort.Theaveragerainfallin2007was483.9mm,whichisoneofthemostrainyareasinNorthChina.Theseasonaldistributionofprecipitationisveryuneven.80%oftheannualprecipitationisconcentratedinthesummermonthsofJune,JulyandAugust,withheavyrainsinJulyandAugust.
TheannualaveragesolarradiationinBeijingis112～136kcal/cm.Thetwohigh-valueareasarelocatedintheYanqingBasinandthenorthwesternpartofMiyunCountytotheeastofHuairou,withannualradiationlevelsabove135kcal/cm;thelow-valueareaislocatednearXiayunlinginFangshanDistrict,withanannualradiationvolumeof112thousandCal/cm.TheannualaveragesunshinehoursinBeijingisbetween2000and2800hours.Themaximumisover2800hoursinYanqingCountyandGubeikou,andtheminimumisinXiayunling,with2063hoursofsunshine.Summeristherainyseason,thenumberofsunshinehoursisreduced,andthenumberofsunshinehourspermonthisabout230hours;althoughthenumberofsunshinehoursinautumnisnotasmuchasinspring,itismorethaninsummer,with230to245hoursofsunshinepermonth;Thesunshineislessthan200hours,generally170to190hours.
Naturalresources
Waterresources
Beijing’snaturalriversrunthroughfivemajorwatersystemsfromwesttoeast:JumaRiversystem,YongdingRiversystem,BeiyunRiversystem,ChaobaiRiverWatersystemandJiyunwatersystem.Mostofthemoriginatedfromthemountainsinthenorthwest,windingthroughtheplainstothesoutheast,andfinallymergedintotheBohaiSeaattheHaiheRiver(excepttheJiCanal).
Beijinghasnonaturallakes.Thereare85reservoirsinBeijing,includingtheMiyunReservoir,GuantingReservoir,HuairouReservoir,andHaiziReservoir.
TheannualaveragerechargeofgroundwaterinBeijingisabout2.921billioncubicmeters,andtheaverageannualextractablevolumeisabout2.4to2.5billioncubicmeters.Theannualaveragetotalamountofdisposablenaturalwaterresourcesis5.521billioncubicmeters.
In2013,Beijing’stotalwaterconsumptionwas3.53billioncubicmeters,anincreaseof1.4%over2012.Amongthem,domesticwaterwas1.45billioncubicmeters,anincreaseof4.3%;industrialwaterwas560millioncubicmeters,adecreaseof3.4%;agriculturalwaterwas1.2billioncubicmeters,adecreaseof3.2%.
MineralResources
In2013,therewere67kindsofmineralsdiscoveredinBeijing,including476depositsandminingsites,and44kindsofmineralslistedinthenationalreservetable,including:energyThereare2kindsofminerals;4kindsofferrousmetalminerals,11kindsofnon-ferrousmetals,preciousmetalsanddispersedelementminerals;7kindsofmetallurgicalauxiliarymaterialsnon-metallicminerals;5kindsofchemicalrawmaterialsnon-metallicminerals;15kindsofbuildingmaterialsandothernon-metallicminerals.Thereareatotalof300productionareas,including49ferrousmetalproductionareas,35non-ferrousmetalproductionareas,43metallurgicalauxiliaryrawmaterialsnon-metalproductionareas,chemicalrawmaterialsnon-metalproductionareas68,buildingmaterialsandothernon-metalproductionareas75,andcoalproductionareas30.
Plantresources
Beijing'szonalvegetationtypeisawarm-temperatedeciduousbroad-leavedforestwithtemperateconiferousforestsinbetween.
Mostoftheplainshavebecomefarmlandandtowns,andonlysomedepressionsonbothsidesoftheriverbankshavedevelopeddepressionvegetation,mainlyreeds,cattails,andcypressmushrooms,butmostdepressionshavebeenopenedupasfishponds.Therearemanyweedsinwasteland,fieldridges,androadsides;lakesandpondsdevelopsubmergedandfloatingleafaquaticvegetation.
Thesurfacevegetationtypesinthelowmountainzonebelow800metersabovesealevelarecorkoakforest,oakforest,ChinesepineforestandPlatycladusorientalis.TheforestcoverageinZhongshan,whichis800metersabovesealevel,hasincreased.ThelowerpartisdominatedbyQuercusliaotungensisforests.Therearemorebirchtreesatanaltitudeof1000to1800~2000meters.Inareaswheretheforestcommunityisseriouslydamaged,therearelespedezabicolorandhazel.Thegenusandspiraeaaredominantshrubs.Mountainweedsandmeadowsgrowonthetopofthemountainabovethealtitudeof1800~1900meters.
Animalresources
ThefaunaoftheBeijingareaincludestheeasterngrasslandoftheMongolian-Xinjiangarea,theChangbaiMountains,andtheSongliaoPlain,aswellasthefaunaoftheEastAsianmonsoonregionandthenorthandsouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Faunacomposition,therefore,thefaunaofBeijinghasthecharacteristicsofthetransitionfromPaleobectoOriental.Asof2009,thereareabout40speciesofbeasts,about220speciesofbirds,16speciesofreptiles,7speciesofamphibians,and60speciesoffishinthisfauna.
Population
Census
TheSixthNationalCensus
Permanentpopulation:19.612millionin2010(datafromthesixthnationalcensus)
Endof2019
Attheendof2019,thecity’spermanentpopulationwas21.536million,adecreaseof6,000fromtheendofthepreviousyear.Amongthem,theurbanpopulationis18.65million,accountingfor86.6%ofthepermanentpopulation;thepermanentmigrantpopulationis7.456million,accountingfor34.6%ofthepermanentpopulation.Thebirthrateofthepermanentpopulationwas8.12‰,thedeathratewas5.49‰,andthenaturalgrowthratewas2.63‰.Thepermanentpopulationdensitywas1,312peoplepersquarekilometer,onelessthantheendofthepreviousyear.
TheSeventhNationalCensus
Residentpopulation
At0:00onNovember1,2020,thecity’spermanentpopulationwas21.893million,whichisanincreaseof228.1intenyearscomparedwith19.612millionin2010(datafromthesixthnationalcensus,thesamebelow)10,000people,anaverageannualincreaseof228,000people,anaverageannualincreaseof1.1%.Thisis2.7percentagepointslowerthantheaverageannualgrowthrateof3.8%from2000to2010.Amongthepermanentpopulation,thepopulationfromotherprovincesandcitiesinBeijingis8.418million,accountingfor38.5%ofthepermanentpopulation.Comparedwith2010,anincreaseof1.373millionpeople,anincreaseof19.5%,anaverageannualincreaseof1.8%,theproportionofthepermanentpopulationincreasedby2.6percentagepoints.
Householdpopulation
Amongthepermanentresidentsofthecity,thereare8230792familyhouseholdsand907136collectivehouseholds.Thepopulationoffamilyhouseholdsis19014338,andthepopulationofcollectivehouseholdsThereare2,878,757people.Theaveragepopulationofeachhouseholdis2.31persons,whichisadecreaseof0.14personscomparedwith2.45personsinthesixthnationalcensusin2010.
Ethnicpopulation
Amongthecity’spermanentpopulation,theHanpopulationis20,845,166,accountingfor95.2%;theethnicminoritypopulationis1,047,929,accountingfor4.8%.Comparedwiththesixthnationalcensusin2010,theHanpopulationincreasedby2,034,012,anincreaseof10.8%,withanaverageannualgrowthof1%;thepopulationofethnicminoritiesincreasedby246,715,anincreaseof30.8%,withanaverageannualgrowthof2.7%.
Gendercompositionofpermanentpopulation
Amongthecity’spermanentpopulation,malepopulationis11,195,390,accountingfor51.1%;femalepopulationis10,697,705,accountingfor48.9%.Thesexratioofthepermanentpopulation(100women,theratioofmentowomen)was104.7,adecreaseof2.1comparedwiththesixthnationalcensusin2010.
Agecompositionofpermanentpopulation
Amongthecity’spermanentpopulation,thepopulationof0-14yearsoldis2,591,507,accountingfor11.9%;thepopulationof15-59yearsoldis15002998People,accountingfor68.5%;thepopulationof60yearsoldandaboveis4,298,590,accountingfor19.6%,ofwhichthepopulationof65yearsandaboveis2912060,accountingfor13.3%.
Comparedwiththesixthnationalcensusin2010,theproportionofthepopulationaged0-14increasedby3.3%,theproportionofpopulationaged15-59decreasedby10.4%,andtheproportionofpopulationaged60andoverAnincreaseof7.1percentagepoints,theproportionofthepopulationaged65andaboveincreasedby4.6percentagepoints.
CareerfortheElderly
TheaveragelifeexpectancyofBeijingregisteredresidents
OnSeptember6,2021,theBeijingAssociationofAgingofficiallyannouncedThe"BeijingAgingCareerDevelopmentReport(2020)"waspublished.In2020,theaveragelifeexpectancyofresidentswithregisteredpermanentresidenceinBeijingis82.43years,andthereare1,438centenariansinthecity.
From2016to2020,thenumberofregisteredelderlypeopleaged80andabovewillincreaseyearbyyear,from595,000to633,000,anincreaseof38,000.From2016to2020,thenumberofcentenarianshasincreasedyearbyyear,from751to1,438,anincreaseof687;amongthem,thetotalnumberofcentenariansforwomenishigherthanthatformen,anditisincreasingyearbyyear.In2020,theaveragelifeexpectancyofresidentswithregisteredpermanentresidenceinBeijingis82.43years.
Politics
Cityleaders(20photos)
BeijingCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina | Secretary | CaiQi |
DeputySecretary | ChenJining,ZhangYankun | |
MemberoftheMunicipalPartyCommittee | WeiXiaodong,CuiShuqiang,QiJing(female),YinYong,ZhangFandi,SunMeijun(female),ZhangJiaming,MoGaoyi,XiaLinmao | |
SecretaryGeneral | ZhangJiaming | |
TheStandingCommitteeoftheBeijingMunicipalPeople’sCongress | Director | LiWei |
DeputyDirector | DuFeijin,WeiXiaodong,PangLijuan,YanAoshuang,LiYingjin,ZhangQing,HouJunshu | p>|
SecretaryGeneral | LiuYunguang | |
BeijingMunicipalPeople’sGovernment | Mayor | ChenJining |
DeputyMayor | CuiShuqiang,YinYong,ZhangJiandong,SuiZhenjiang,LuYan,YangBin,WangHong(female,Manchu),YangJinbai,QiYanjun,LuYingchuan,JinWei | |
SecretaryGeneral | JinWei | |
BeijingCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference | Chairman p> | Jilin |
ViceChairman | WangNing,YangYiwen(female),ChengHong(female),NiuQingshan,LinFusheng,YuLuming,LiuZhongfan,ChenJun(female,Gaoshan),Yanying(female) | |
SecretaryGeneral | YanLiqiang |
Referencematerials:
Economy
Overview
In2020,BeijingTheannualGDPoftheregionwas3610.26billionyuan,whichwasanincreaseof1.2%overthepreviousyearand1.1percentagepointsoverthe1-3quartersatcomparableprices.Intermsofindustries,theprimaryindustryachievedanaddedvalueof10.76billionyuan,adecreaseof8.5%;thesecondaryindustryachievedanaddedvalueof571.64billionyuan,anincreaseof2.1%;thetertiaryindustryachievedanaddedvalueof3027.86billionyuan,anincreaseof1.0%.Thecompositionofthethreeindustriesis0.4:15.8:83.8.
In2020,Beijingwillcompleteageneralpublicbudgetrevenueof548.39billionyuan,down5.7%fromthepreviousyear.Amongthem,value-addedtaxwas165.31billionyuan,adecreaseof9.2%;corporateincometaxwas118.25billionyuan,adecreaseof3.7%;andpersonalincometaxwas61.19billionyuan,anincreaseof12.5%.
In2017,Beijingrankedfirstinthetop100citiesinChinaforthreeconsecutiveyears.Asoftheendof2016,thebalanceofBeijing'sgovernmentdebtwas405.28billionyuan(RMB).InAugust2020,itrankedamongChina'stoptenGDPinthefirsthalfoftheyear.
Primaryindustry
Beijing(17photos)
In2020,Beijingwillachieveatotaloutputvalueof26.34billionyuaninagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryandfishery,whichismorethanItwasdown6.5%lastyear.Amongthem,theoutputvalueofagriculturalplantingindustryincreasedby5.1%.Thetotaloutputofgrain,theoutputofvegetablesandediblefungiincreasedby6.2%and23.7%respectively,andthestockoflivepigsincreasedby1.4times.In2020,thesownareaoffacilityagricultureinBeijingwillbe435,000muandtheoutputvaluewillbe5.01billionyuan,anincreaseof7.2%and6.3%respectively.Thereare925agriculturalsightseeingparkswithatotalincomeof1.55billionyuan.Therewere5,832ruraltourismunits(farmerhouseholds)inoperation,withatotalincomeof950millionyuan.Thepercapitaconsumptionofleisureagricultureandruraltourismincreasedby22.2%.
Secondaryindustry
Industry:In2020,Beijingwillrealizeanindustrialaddedvalueof421.65billionyuan,whichisanincreaseof1.4%overthepreviousyearatcomparableprices..Amongthem,theaddedvalueofindustriesabovedesignatedsizeincreasedby2.3%.Amongtheindustriesabovedesignatedsize,theaddedvalueofhigh-techmanufacturingandstrategicemergingindustriesincreasedby9.5%and9.2%respectively;theaddedvalueofstate-ownedholdingenterprisesincreasedby2.5%;theaddedvalueofjoint-stockenterprises,foreigncompanies,andHongKong,MacaoandTaiwanenterprisesincreasedby1.0%and5.3,respectively%.Thesalesoutputvalueofindustriesabovedesignatedsizewas1998.35billionyuan,anincreaseof2.8%.Amongthem,thedomesticsalesoutputvaluewas184.273billionyuan,anincreaseof1.5%;theexportdeliveryvaluewas155.62billionyuan,anincreaseof20.1%.
Constructionindustry:In2020,Beijing'squalifiedgeneralcontractingandprofessionalcontractingconstructionenterpriseswillcompleteatotalconstructionindustryoutputvalueof1,290.59billionyuan,anincreaseof7.6%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,313.42billionyuanwascompletedinthiscity,adecreaseof7.7%;97.17billionyuanwascompletedinothercities,anincreaseof13.6%.Thevalueofnewlysignedcontractsthisyearwas1940.47billionyuan,anincreaseof12.3%.
Tertiaryindustry
Depositsandloans:Attheendof2020,Beijing’sfinancialinstitutions(includingforeigninvestment)hadRMB18808.16billionindepositsindomesticandforeigncurrencies,anincreaseof16677.3overthebeginningoftheyear.100millionyuan.Thecity’sfinancialinstitutions(includingforeigncapital)loanbalancesinlocalandforeigncurrenciesamountedto8,430.88billionyuan,anincreaseof743.32billionyuanoverthebeginningoftheyear.
Securities:In2020,Beijing’ssecuritiestransactionvolumewas126trillionyuan,anincreaseof33.1%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,stocktradingvolumewas31.9trillionyuan,anincreaseof72.4%;fundtradingvolumewas3.5trillionyuan,anincreaseof40.3%.
Insurance:In2020,Beijingwillrealize230.29billionyuanoforiginalinsurancepremiumincome,anincreaseof10.9%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,propertyinsurancepremiumincomewas44.14billionyuan,andpersonalinsurancepremiumincomewas186.16billionyuan.Inthewholeyear,variousinsurancecompensationexpenditureswere75.06billionyuan,anincreaseof4.4%.Amongthem,26.25billionyuanwaspaidforpropertyinsuranceand48.81billionyuanwaspaidforpersonalinsurance.
Marketconsumption:In2019,Beijingachievedatotalmarketconsumptionof27318.9billionyuan,anincreaseof7.5%overthepreviousyear.Fromtheperspectiveofinternalstructure,serviceconsumptionwas1504.88billionyuan,anincreaseof10.2%;thetotalretailsalesofconsumergoodswas1227.01billionyuan,anincreaseof4.4%.Amongthetotalretailsalesofconsumergoods,wholesaleandretailenterprisesabovedesignatedsizeachievedonlineretailsalesof336.63billionyuan,anincreaseof23.6%,accountingfor27.4%ofthetotalretailsalesofconsumergoods;dailynecessities,householdappliances,andaudio-visualequipmentachievedbywholesaleandretailenterprisesabovedesignatedsizeTheretailsalesofculturalandofficesuppliesincreasedby25.7%,21.5%and6.4%respectively.
Wholesaleandretail:In2018,thewholesaleandretailindustryachievedatotalpurchaseof6398.26billionyuan,anincreaseof1.8%overthepreviousyear;salesof6946.71billionyuan,anincreaseof1.9%.Amongthem,thewholesaleindustryachievedsalesof5738.31billionyuan,anincreaseof0.9%.
Foreigneconomy:In2019,thetotalimportandexportvalueofBeijingareawas232.59billionyuan,adecreaseof19.1%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,exportswere465.49billionyuan,down10.0%,exportsofmechanicalandelectricalproductsandhigh-techproductswere222.65billionyuanand137.01billionyuan,up3.3%and26.1%respectively;importswere1,856.1billionyuan,down21.1%.Theactualuseofforeigndirectinvestmentthroughouttheyearwas14.1billionU.S.dollars,adecreaseof0.8%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,scientificresearchandtechnicalservicesaccountedfor34.0%,informationtransmission,softwareandinformationtechnologyservicesaccountedfor31.6%,andleasingandbusinessservicesaccountedfor10.3%.Theannualforeigndirectinvestmentamountedto4.24billionU.S.dollars,adecreaseof41.7%fromthepreviousyear.TheturnoverofforeigncontractedprojectswasUS$3.71billion,down12.1%.Theforeignlaborservicecooperationdispatched15,000laborersofvarioustypes,andthetotalactualincomeoflaborerswas470millionUSdollars.
DebtbalanceAsoftheendof2019,Beijing'sgovernmentdebtbalancewas496.406billionyuan.
Socialbusiness
Educationbusiness
Overview
In2020,Beijingwillenroll134,000studentsforpostgraduateeducation,including387,000postgraduatestudentsand100,000graduates.Regularcollegesanduniversitiesenrolled159,000undergraduates,590,000students,and148,000graduates.Thecity’sadultundergraduateandjuniorcollegeenrolled42,000students,118,000students,and48,000graduates.
Thegeneralhighschoolenrolled61,000students,160,000students,and52,000graduatesthroughouttheyear.Regularjuniorhighschoolsenrolled122,000students,330,000students,and88,000graduates.Regularprimaryschoolsenrolled202,000students,including995,000studentsand137,000graduates.Thereare222,000childreninkindergartensand526,000childreninkindergartens.Varioustypesofsecondaryvocationaleducation(includingtechnicalschools)enrolled26,000students,73,000students,and28,000graduates.Specialeducationenrolled1,218students,7,308enrolledstudents,and1,507graduates.
Thereare15privatecollegesanduniversitiesinthecitywith53,000students.Thereare115privatesecondaryeducationschoolswith33,000students.Thereare51privateprimaryschoolswith43,000students.Thereare934privatekindergartenswith211,000childreninthekindergartens.
Basiceducation
BeijingFirstExperimentalPrimarySchool | BeijingZhongguancunFirstPrimarySchool | |
ChongwenPrimarySchool | ZhongguancunNo.2PrimarySchool,HaidianDistrict,Beijing | |
ShijiaHutongPrimarySchool | ZhongguancunNo.3PrimarySchool,HaidianDistrict,Beijing | |
FuxuePrimarySchool | ErligouPrimarySchool | BeijingSecondExperimentalPrimarySchool |
ThePrimarySchoolAffiliatedtoRenminUniversityofChina | BeijingNormalUniversityExperimentalPrimarySchool | BeijingPrimarySchool |
BeijingYucaiSchool(PrimarySchool) | BeijingYuminPrimarySchool | BeijingDengshikouPrimarySchool |
BeijingNo.SecondExperimentalPrimarySchoolBaiyunRoadBranch | QinglongqiaoPrimarySchool | BeijingCuiweiPrimarySchool |
AffiliatedtoRenminUniversityofChinaMiddleSchool | BeijingFourthMiddleSchool | TheExperimentalHighSchoolAffiliatedtoBeijingNormalUniversity |
BeijingNo.2MiddleSchool | BeijingFifthMiddleSchool | BeijingNo.8MiddleSchool |
BeijingXichengDistrictExperimentalSchool | PekingUniversityAffiliatedHighSchool | TsinghuaUniversityAffiliatedHighSchool | tr>
BeijingNo.80MiddleSchool | TheAffiliatedMiddleSchoolofBeijingNormalUniversity | TheSecondAffiliatedMiddleSchoolofBeijingNormalUniversity |
BeijingHuiWenMiddleSchool | LuheMiddleSchool | BeijingEleventhSchool p> |
ChenJinglunMiddleSchool | Beijing101MiddleSchool | BeijingBayiMiddleSchool |
TheHighSchoolAttachedtoCapitalNormalUniversity | BeijingNo.161MiddleSchool | BeijingNo.12MiddleSchool |
HigherEducation
Beijingisalsooneofthemostdevelopedareasofeducationinthecountry.Asof2017,Beijinghas92generalhighereducationinstitutions,includingPekingUniversity,TsinghuaUniversity,RenminUniversityofChina,BeijingNormalUniversityandothermostfamousinstitutionsinthecountry.Thenumberofundergraduateandjuniorcollegestudentsreached581,000throughouttheyear.Thereare58collegesanduniversitiesand88scientificresearchinstitutionsinthecitytotraingraduatestudents,with312,000graduatestudentsenrolled.
BeijinghasthethirdlargestlibraryintheworldandthelargestlibraryinAsia:theNationalLibraryofChina,formerlyknownastheBeijingLibrary,wasfoundedin1909astheBeijingNormalUniversityLibrary.PekingUniversityLibraryandtheNationalScienceLibraryoftheChineseAcademyofSciencesarealsoamongthelargerlibrariesinAsia.
Beijingisthecenterofhighereducationinstitutionsinthecountry,gatheringthelargestnumberofkeyuniversitiesinthecountry.
PekingUniversity | MinistryofEducation | Buildingaworld-classuniversity |
RenminUniversityofChina | ||
TsinghuaUniversity | ||
BeijingJiaotongUniversity | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
UniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing | ||
BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology | ||
BeijingUniversityofPostsandTelecommunications | ||
ChinaAgriculturalUniversity | Buildingaworld-classuniversity | |
BeijingForestryUniversity | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
BeijingUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine | ||
BeijingNormalUniversity | Buildingaworld-classuniversity | |
BeijingForeignStudiesUniversity | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
BeijingLanguageUniversity | - | |
CommunicationUniversityofChina | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
CentralUniversityofFinanceandEconomics | ||
UniversityofInternationalBusinessandEconomics | ||
SchoolofInternationalRelations | - | |
CentralConservatoryofMusic | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
CentralAcademyofFineArts | ||
CentralAcademyofDrama | ||
ChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw | ||
NorthChinaElectricPowerUniversity | - | |
ChinaUniversityofMiningandTechnology(Beijing) | - | |
ChinaUniversityofPetroleum(Beijing) | - | |
ChinaUniversityofGeosciences(Beijing) | - | |
BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics | MinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology | Buildingaworld-classuniversity |
BeijingInstituteofTechnology | ||
CentralUniversityforNationalities | NationalEthnicAffairsCommission | |
DiplomaticAcademy | MinistryofForeignAffairs | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities |
People’sPublicSecurityUniversityofChina | MinistryofPublicSecurity | |
PekingUnionMedicalCollege | NationalHealthCommission | |
BeijingSportUniversity | StateSportsGeneralAdministration | |
UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences | ChineseAcademyofSciences | |
UniversityofChineseAcademyofSocialSciences | ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences | - |
BeijingElectronicScienceandTechnologyInstitute | CentralOffice | - |
ChinaInstituteofLaborRelations | AllChinaFederationofTradeUnions | - |
ChinaYouthUniversityforPoliticalSciences | TheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistYouthLeague | - |
ChinaWomen’sCollege | ChinaWomen’sFederation | - |
BeijingUniversityofTechnology | Beijing | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities |
NorthChinaUniversityofTechnology | - | |
BeijingTechnologyandBusinessUniversity | - | |
BeijingInstituteofFashionTechnology | - | |
BeijingInstituteofGraphicCommunication | - | |
BeijingArchitectureUniversity | - | |
BeijingInstituteofPetrochemicalTechnology | - | |
BeijingAgriculturalCollege | - | |
CapitalMedicalUniversity | - | |
CapitalNormalUniversity | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
CapitalInstituteofPhysicalEducation | - | |
BeijingInternationalStudiesUniversity | - | |
BeijingMaterialsUniversity | - | |
CapitalUniversityofEconomicsandBusiness | - | |
ChinaConservatoryofMusic | World-classdiscipline-buildinguniversities | |
ChinaNationalOperaAcademy | - | |
BeijingFilmAcademy | - | |
BeijingDanceAcademy | - | |
BeijingInformationTechnologyUniversity p> | - | |
BeijingUnionUniversity | - | |
ShougangInstituteofTechnology | - | |
BeijingPoliceAcademy | - | |
BeijingCityCollege | BeijingEducationCommittee | Private-run |
BeijingGeelyCollege | ||
ScienceCollegeofCapitalNormalUniversity | ||
BeijingTechnologyandBusinessUniversityJiaHuaCollege | ||
BeijingUniversityofPostsandTelecommunicationsCenturyCollege | ||
GengdanCollege,BeijingUniversityofTechnology | ||
ZhongruiHotelManagementSchool,BeijingInternationalStudiesUniversity |
BeijingIndustrialVocationalandTechnicalCollege | Beijing | NationalDemonstrativeHigherVocationalCollegeSchool |
BeijingInstituteofInformationTechnology | - | |
BeijingElectronicTechnologyVocationalCollege p> | NationalDemonstrativeHigherVocationalColleges | |
BeijingJingbeiVocationalandTechnicalCollege | - | |
BeijingTransportationVocationalandTechnicalCollege | - | |
BeijingYouthUniversityforPoliticalSciences | - | |
BeijingAgriculturalVocationalCollege | NationalDemonstrativeHigherVocationalColleges | |
BeijingPoliticsandLawVocationalCollege | - | |
BeijingVocationalCollegeofFinanceandTrade | NationalDemonstrativeHigherVocationalCollege | |
BeijingVocationalCollegeofOperaArts | - | |
BeijingEconomicManagementVocationalCollege | - | |
BeijinglaborsecurityoccupationCollege | - | |
BeijingVocationalCollegeofSocialManagement | - | |
BeijingSportsVocationalCollege | - | |
BeijingTransportationVocationalCollege | - | |
BeijingHealthVocationalCollege | - | |
BeijingPekingUniversityFounderSoftwareVocationalandTechnicalCollege | BeijingMunicipalEducationCommission | private |
BeijingVocationalCollegeofEconomicsandTrade | ||
BeijingVocationalCollegeofEconomicsandTechnology | ||
BeijingHuijiaVocationalCollege | ||
BeijingInstituteofScienceandTechnologyManagement | ||
BeijingScienceandTechnologyVocationalCollege | ||
BeijingPeiliVocationalCollege | ||
BeijingVocationalCollegeofArtMedia | ||
BeijingCyberVocationalCollege |
BeijingHaidianDistrictWorkersCollege | Beijing |
BeijingDongchengDistrictWorkersAmateurUniversity | |
BeijingChongwenDistrictWorkersCollege | |
BeijingXuanwuHongqiAmateurUniversity | |
BeijingShijingshanAmateurUniversity | |
Chaoyang,BeijingDistrictWorkersCollege | |
BeijingPharmaceuticalGroupWorkersCollege | |
BeijingFederationofTradeUnionsWorkersCollege | |
BeijingInstituteofEducation | |
BeijingOpenUniversity | |
BeijingFengtaiDistrictWorkers’College | |
BeijingXichengUniversityofEconomicsandScience | |
BeijingCityAgriculture,IndustryandCommerceJointHeadquartersWorkersCollege | |
NorthChinaElectricIndustryJointWorkersCollege | |
CapitalUnitedWorkers'University | |
NationalOpenUniversity(CentralRadioandTelevisionUniversity) | MinistryofEducation |
CivilAviationManagementCadreAcademy | MinistryofTransportation |
AdministrativeCadreAcademyoftheMinistryofPublicSecurity | MinistryofPublicSecurity |
NationalAcademyofJudges | SupremePeople'sCourt |
NationalProsecutorsCollege | SupremePeople’sProcuratorate |
ZhongnanhaiAmateurUniversity | TheGeneralOfficeoftheCPCCentralCommittee |
CentralPartySchoolContinuingEducationCollege | TheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaPartySchool |
ChinaJournalistAssociationStaffJournalismCollege | AllChinaAssociationofJournalists |
Referencematerials:
ChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyNationalDefenseUniversity | CentralMilitaryCommission |
ChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyArmoredForceAcademy | ChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyArmy |
ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyArmyAviationAcademy | |
ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyArmyChemicalDefenseAcademy | |
ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyAirForceCommandAcademy | ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyAirForce |
ChinaAerospaceEngineeringUniversityofthePeople’sLiberationArmyStrategicSupportForce | TheStrategicSupportForceofthePeople’sLiberationArmy |
ChinesePeople’sArmedPoliceForceSpecialPoliceAcademy | ChinesePeople’sArmedPoliceForce |
ScienceandTechnology
Beijingisthecountry’slargestscientificandtechnologicalresearchbase,withscientificresearchessuchastheChineseAcademyofSciencesOrganizationsandBeijing’sZhongguancunScienceandTechnologyPark,knownasChina’sSiliconValley,earnone-thirdofthecountry’sachievementseachyear.Since1998,alarge-scaleinternationaleventwiththethemeofhigh-techindustries-BeijingHigh-techIndustryInternationalWeekhasbeensuccessfullyheldeveryyear.InDecember2017,theBeijingXiJinpingResearchCenter(Academy)ofSocialismwithChineseCharacteristicsforaNewErawasestablished.
In2017,Beijing’sresearchandexperimentaldevelopment(R&D)expenditurewas159.53billionyuan,anincreaseof7.5%overthepreviousyear,whichisequivalentto5.7%oftheregionalGDP.Thecity'sresearchanddevelopment(R&D)activitystaffwas388,000,anincreaseof3.9%.Thenumberofinventionpatentsper10,000peoplewas94.6,anincreaseof17.8overthepreviousyear.Inthewholeyear,thetotalincomeofhigh-techenterprisesabovethescale(designatedsize)oftheZhongguancunNationalIndependentInnovationDemonstrationZoneachievedatotalincomeof511.579billionyuan,anincreaseof11.1%;ofwhich,technologyincomewas832.77billionyuan.
Forthewholeyearof2020,thenumberofpatentapplicationsandauthorizationsinBeijingwillbe257,000and163,000,respectively,anincreaseof13.7%and23.6%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,thenumberofinventionpatentapplicationsandauthorizationswere146,000and63,000,respectively,anincreaseof12.6%and19.1%.Attheendoftheyear,ithad336,000validinventionpatents,anincreaseof18.0%;thenumberofPCTinternationalpatentapplicationswas8,283,anincreaseof15.6%.Atotalof84,451technicalcontractsofvarioustypesweresignedthroughouttheyear,anincreaseof1.5%;thetotaltransactionvolumeoftechnicalcontractswas631.62billionyuan,anincreaseof10.9%.
Medicalandhealth
Attheendof2020,therewere11,211medicalandhealthinstitutionsinBeijing,including733hospitals.Thereare127,000bedsinmedicalinstitutions,including119,000inhospitals.Thereare304,000healthtechnicians,including119,000licensed(assistant)physiciansand135,000registerednurses.Thetotalnumberofconsultationsinmedicalinstitutionswas192.6693million.Inthewholeyear,theincidencerateofClassAandBinfectiousdiseaseswas94.34per100,000,andthemortalityratewas0.67per100,000.Theinfantmortalityratewas1.98perthousand,andthematernalmortalityratewas4.98per100,000.Inthefaceofsuddenepidemics,thecity’spublichealthemergencyresponsecapabilitieshaverapidlyimproved,withaflowadjustmentteamof3,600peopleformed,thenumberofnegativepressureambulancesincreasedto121,andthelargestdailysinglesampledetectioncapacityof252nucleicacidtestinginstitutionsreached753,000.
Culturalundertakings
Bytheendof2020,therewillbe24publiclibrariesinBeijing,withatotalcollectionof72.08millionvolumes;18archives,withacollectionof9.773millionvolumes;197museums,Ofwhich90areopenforfree;20aremassartmuseumsandculturalcenters.ThetotalnumberofregisterednewspapersandperiodicalsinBeijingis3,512;544publishinghouses;9,744publicationissuingunits;8212publicationcopyrightsand1.003millioncopyright(copyright)registrationswereintroducedthroughouttheyear.Attheendoftheyear,theactualusersofcableTVwere6.05million,ofwhich3.953millionwerehigh-definitionusersand1.663millionwereultra-high-definition(4K)users.Throughouttheyear,weproduced43TVdramaswith1802episodes,26TVcartoonswith5548minutes,82onlinedramas,15onlinecartoons,and215onlinemovies.Inthewholeyear,185movieswereproduced,266theatersin29theatersinBeijing,showingatotalof1.46millionmovies,21.171millionviewers,andboxofficerevenueof1.03billionyuan.
Beijingisthe"MuseumCapital",with151registeredmuseums.TheNationalMuseumisthelargestmuseumintheworld.ThePalaceMuseumisoneofthefivelargestmuseumsintheworld.
ChinaMillenniumMonument | BeijingPlanetarium | ChinaScienceandTechnologyMuseum | NatureMuseum | p>
CapitalMuseum | NationalArtMuseum p> | Anti-JapaneseWarMemorial | MilitaryMuseum |
ChinaAviationMuseum | ChinaNationalMuseum | ThePalaceMuseum | - |
Sportsbusiness
Beijinghashostedthefirst,second,third,fourth,andseventhNationalGames,the1990BeijingAsianGames,andthe21stWorldUniversityGames,2008BeijingOlympicGamesand2008BeijingParalympicGames,2014FINASynchronizedSwimmingGrandPrix.Beijinghaswontherighttohostthe24thWinterOlympicGamesin2022.In2009,therewere6,149sportsvenuesinBeijing.
Mainstadiums:NationalStadium(Bird’sNest),NationalAquaticsCenter(WaterCube),Workers’Stadium,WukesongStadium,NationalTennisCenter,BeijingOlympicWaterPark,CapitalStadium,BeijingUniversityStudentStadium,OlympicSportsCenterGymnasium,BeijingShootingHall,FengtaiSoftballField,YuetanGymnasium.
In2020,Beijingathleteswonatotalof3medalsininternationalcompetitions,including1goldmedaland1silvermedal.Won95nationalmedals,including34goldmedalsand26silvermedals.
People’sLivelihood
In2020,thepercapitadisposableincomeofBeijingresidentswas69,434yuan,anincreaseof2.5%overthepreviousyear;afterdeductingpricefactors,theactualincreasewas0.8%.Fromtheperspectiveofthefourincomecomponents,thepercapitawageincomeofresidentsis41439yuan,thepercapitanetoperatingincomeis812yuan,thepercapitanetpropertyincomeis11789yuan,andthepercapitanettransferincomeis15,394yuan.Inthewholeyear,thepercapitaconsumptionexpenditureofresidentsinthecitywas38,903yuan,adecreaseof9.6%overthepreviousyear.
Duringthe"14thFive-YearPlan"period,Beijingwillcreateademonstrationzonefornationalcommonprosperity.Beijingwilladheretothedirectionofcommonprosperity,increasetheincomeoflow-andmiddle-incomegroups,andstrivetoachieveanetincreaseof1millionmiddle-incomegroups.
SocialSecurity
Attheendof2020,thenumberofpeopleinBeijingparticipatinginthebasicpension,basicmedicalcare,unemployment,work-relatedinjuryandmaternityinsuranceforenterpriseemployeeswas16.8million,17.416million,and1318.4,respectively.Tenthousandpeople,12.672millionpeopleand13.411millionpeople,upby1.7%,3.5%,1.8%,2.0%and15.2%respectivelyovertheendofthepreviousyear.
Attheendof2020,thenumberofpeopleparticipatinginthepensioninsuranceforurbanandruralresidentsinBeijingwas2.005million,andthenumberofpeopleparticipatinginthebasicmedicalinsuranceforurbanandruralresidentswas3.983million.
Attheendof2020,thenumberofpeopleenjoyingtheminimumlivingguaranteeofurbanresidentsinBeijingwas69,000,andthenumberofpeopleenjoyingtheminimumlivingguaranteeofruralresidentswas39,000.
Attheendof2020,therewere615adoptionunitsinBeijingwith120,000bedsand50,000peopleinhospitalsattheendoftheyear.Attheendoftheyear,therewere12473variouscommunityserviceorganizations,including202communityservicecenters.
UrbanConstruction
OnOctober31,2019,Beijingwasselectedasoneofthefirstbatchof5Gcommercialcities.
OnDecember15,2019,itwasrankedamongthetop10Chinesecitybrandsoftheyear.
Safetyinproduction
In2020,therewillbe383industrial,miningandcommercialproductionsafetyaccidents,productionandbusinessroadtrafficaccidents,productionandbusinessfireaccidents,railwaytrafficaccidents,andagriculturalmachineryaccidents.,408peopledied.Thedeathrateofproductionsafetyaccidentsintheareaof100millionyuanofGDPis0.0113peopleper100millionyuan.Thenumberofdeathsper10,000vehiclesinroadtrafficis1.47.
Transportation
Railway
Railwayline
BeijingisoneofthecentersofChina'srailwaynetwork.DomesticlinesmainlyincludeBeijing-KowloonRailway,Beijing-ShanghaiRailway,Beijing-GuangzhouRailway,Beijing-HarbinRailway,Beijing-BaotouRailway,JingyuanRailway,JingtongRailway,Beijing-ChengduRailwayandBeijing-Shanghaihigh-speedrailway,Beijing-Guangzhouhigh-speedrailway,Beijing-Harbinhigh-speedrailway,Beijing-Tianjinintercityrailway,etc.
Intermsofinternationalrailwaytransportation,itgoestocitiesinRussiathroughManzhouli,InnerMongolia,andtoMongoliathroughErlianhot,InnerMongolia.ThenationalcapitalofUlaanbaatar,NorthKorea’scapitalofPyongyang,andtheVietnamesecapitalofHanoialldepartfromBeijing.
MainStation
BeijingStation:LocatedonthewestsideofDongbianmen.Builtin1959,itisanimportantnationalrailwaypassengertransportationhubandthethirdlargestrailwaystationinBeijing.
BeijingSouthRailwayStation:LocatedonYongwaiStreet.Thereconstructionwascompletedin2008,becomingthesecondlargestrailwaystationinAsiaandanimportantstationfortheBeijing-Shanghaihigh-speedrailway(secondonlytoShanghaiHongqiaoRailwayStation).
BeijingWestRailwayStation:LocatedatLianhuachiEastRoad.Builtin1996.
BeijingNorthRailwayStation:LocatedatXizhimen.Builtin1905,itisoneofthestationsontheBeijing-ZhangjiakouRailway.ThereconstructionofBeijingNorthRailwayStationwascompletedin2009.
BeijingEastRailwayStation:LocatedinBaiziwan.Builtin1938.
BeijingChaoyangStation:LocatedinChaoyangDistrict,itwillbeputintouseonJanuary22,2021.
BeijingDaxingStation:LocatedinDaxingDistrict,BeijingDaxingStationwasputintouseonSeptember26,2019.
BeijingDaxingAirportStation:LocatedinDaxingDistrict,BeijingDaxingStationwasputintouseonSeptember26,2019.
BeijingQingheStation:LocatedinHaidianDistrict,BeijingQingheStationwasputintouseonDecember30,2019.
Aviation
TherearetwolargeairportsinBeijing,namelyBeijingCapitalInternationalAirportandBeijingDaxingInternationalAirport.
BeijingCapitalInternationalAirportisoneofthelargestairportsintheworldandthemainoperationcenterofAirChina.ItislocatedinShunyiDistrict,Beijing(administrativelyinChaoyangDistrict),20km.Thepassengerthroughputreached81.929millionin2012,secondonlytoAtlantaAirportintheUnitedStates,rankingsecondintheworld.TheairportandBeijingareconnectedbytheBeijingCapitalAirportExpresswayandtheBeijingMetroCapitalAirportLine.
BeijingDaxingInternationalAirportislocatedatthejunctionofDaxingDistrict,BeijingandLangfangCity,HebeiProvince.ItofficiallyopenedonSeptember25,2019.In2019,BeijingDaxingInternationalAirportcompletedatotalpassengerthroughputof3.135074millionpassengersandacargoandmailthroughputof7362.3tons.
Beijingalsohas5airports:BeijingNanyuanAirport(closed),BeijingLiangxiangAirport,BeijingXijiaoAirport,BeijingShaheAirport,BeijingDaxingInternationalAirport,andBeijingBadalingAirport.
Urbantraffic
Intra-cityhighway
BeijingTheurbanroadsintheurbanarea(withinthesecondringroad)haveachessboardpattern,horizontalandvertical.Theeast-westroadsincludeChang'anAvenue(FuxingGatetoJianguomen),PingAnAvenue(DongsishitiaogaptoChegongzhuang),andGuang'anAvenue(Guang'anmentoGuangqumen).Theroadinthenorth-southdirectionhasacentralaxis,theeastlinefromYutingBridgetoLamaTempleandthewestlinefromKaiyangBridgetoJishuitanBridge.TheeastlinepassesthroughFangzhuang,Hongqiao,Chongwenmen,Dongdan,Dongsi,BeixinqiaoandLamaTemple;thewestlinepassesthroughCaishikou,Xuanwumen,Xidan,XisiandXinjiekou.BecauseofTiananmenSquareandtheForbiddenCity,thecentralaxisofBeijingisdividedintothenorthcentralaxisandthesouthcentralaxis.ThenorthcentralaxisrunsfromDi’anmentothenorthviaGulouandBeichenRoad,reachingtheOlympicSportsCenter;thesouthcentralaxisrunsfromQianmentothesouthviatheflyoverandYongdingmentoSanyingmen.TheSouthCentralAxiscoincideswiththe104NationalHighway.
Attheendof2018,thecity'shighwaymileagewas22255.8kilometers,anincreaseof29.8kilometersovertheendofthepreviousyear.Amongthem,thehighwaymileagewas1114.6kilometers,anincreaseof101.6kilometers.Attheendoftheyear,theurbanroadmileagewas6394.8kilometers,anincreaseof35.8kilometersovertheendofthepreviousyear.
Bus
Attheendof2020,therewillbe1207publicelectricvehiclesandpublicelectricvehiclesoperatinglines,Anincreaseof49overtheendofthepreviousyear;thelengthoftheoperatingroutewas28,418kilometers,anincreaseof786kilometers;thenumberofoperatingvehicleswas23,948,anincreaseof938;thetotalnumberofpassengertransportintheyearwas1.83billion,adecreaseof41.7%.
Taxi
In2013,Beijing’staxiscarriedanaverageof1.9millionpassengersperday,Accountingfor6.6%ofthetotaltravelvolume,andthemileageutilizationrateisabout68%.FromJune10,2013,theBeijingtaxipricestandardwasadjusted.Thenewtaxipriceis13yuanwithin3kilometers,andthebasicunitpriceis2.3yuanperkilometer.Fuelsurchargeis1yuanpershipment.Low-speeddrivingandwaitingfeeswillbechargedanadditional2kmrentalprice(excludingemptydrivingfee)every5minutesduringthemorningandeveningpeakperiods,andanadditional1kmrentalprice(excludingemptydrivingfee)duringotherperiods.Theservicechargeforcar-hailingreservationis6yuanperreservationformorethan4hoursinadvance,and5yuanperreservationforlessthan4hours.Aone-waypassengertravelingover15kilometerswillbechargedanemptydrivingfee,andanadditional50%ofthebasicunitpricewillbecharged.
Carlicenseplate
JingA(before1996);JingB(taxi);JingC(1996);JingE(1997);JingF(2002);JingG(suburbanhouseholdregistrationcar);JingH(2003);JingJ(2005);JingK(2006));JingL(2007);JingM(2008);JingN(2008);JingO(PublicSecurity);JingP(2008);JingY(suburbanhouseholdregistrationvehicle);JingV(directlyunderthecentralgovernment));JingQ(2012).
RailTransit
Mainentry:BeijingSubway
TheBeijingSubwaywasbuiltonJuly1,1965,andthefirstsubwaylinewascompletedandopenedtotrafficonOctober1,1969,makingBeijingthefirstsubwayinChinacity.OnDecember28,2014,thenewfareplanwasimplemented,thebasepricewas3yuan,thefarewascalculated,anda4-hourtimelimitwassetduringtheride.
Note:Theopeningdateonlyindicatestheopeningdateofthefirstopeningsection.Fordetails,pleaserefertothelineentry.
BeijingMetroLine1 | 31.04 | PingguoyuanStationtoSihuiEastStation | 23 | 1969,10.1 | China’sfirstsubway,alllines |
BeijingMetroLine2 | 23.1 | XizhimenStationtoXizhimenStation | 18 | 1971.1.15 | CircleLineMetro,alllines |
BeijingMetroLine4 | 27.8 | AnheqiaoNorthStationtoGongyixiqiaoStation | 24 | 2009.9.28 | Fullline |
BeijingMetroLine5 | 27.6 | TiantongyuanNorthStoptoSongjiazhuangStation | 23 | 2007.10.7 | Fullline |
BeijingMetroLine6 | 42.8 | Jin'anqiaoStationtoLuchengStation | 26 | 2012.12.30 | Fullline |
BeijingMetroLine7 | 23.7 | BeijingWestRailwayStationtoUniversalStudiosStation | 30 | 2014.12.28 | 全线 |
北京地铁8号线 | 26.6 | 瀛海站至珠市口站； 中国美术馆站至朱辛庄站 | 18 | 2008.7.19 | 一期 称奥运支线，三期建设中 |
北京地铁9号线 | 16.5 | 郭公庄站至国家图书馆站 | 12 | 2011.12.31 | 一期 有二期规划 |
北京地铁10号线 | 57.1 | 巴沟站至巴沟站 | 45 | 2008.7.19 | 全线 |
北京地铁13号线 | 40.9 | 西直门站至东直门站 | 16 | 2002.9.28 | 全线 |
北京地铁八通线 | 18.964 | 四惠站至花庄站 | 14 | 2003.12.27 | 全线 |
北京地铁首都机场线 | 28.1 | 东直门站至3号航站楼站或2号航站楼站 | 4 | 2008.7.19 | 终点分别至首都机场T2和T3航站楼， 全线，有西延规划 |
北京地铁15号线 | 41.4 | 清华东路西口站至俸伯站 | 8 | 2010.12.30 | 全线，有西延规划 |
北京地铁房山线 | 24.6 | 东管头南站至阎村东站 | 11 | 2010.12.30 | 中段 |
北京地铁燕房线 | 14.4 | 阎村东站至燕山站 | 9 | 2017.12.30 | 全线 |
北京地铁亦庄线 | 23.3 | 宋家庄站至次渠站 | 14 | 2010.12.30 | 全线 |
北京地铁大兴线 | 21.8 | 公益西桥站至天宫院站 | 11 | 2010.12.30 | 全线 |
北京地铁昌平线 | 31.9 | 昌平西山口站至西二旗站 | 12 | 2010.12.30 | 全线 |
北京地铁14号线 | 12.4； 31.4 | 张郭庄站至西局站； 善各庄站至北京南站 | 7； 19 | 2013.5.5 | 西段、东段和中段大部分 中段剩余段建设中 |
北京地铁16号线 | 49.8 | 西苑站至北安河站 | 10 | 2016.12.31 | 北段 南段建设中 |
北京地铁大兴机场线 | 41.4 | 草桥站至大兴机场站 | 3 | 2019.9.26 | 全线 |
北京地铁S1线 | 10 | 金安桥站-石厂站 | 7 | 2017.12.30 | 全线 |
亦庄新城现代有轨电车T1线 | 13.25 | 定海园站-屈庄站 | 14 | 2020.12.31 | |
北京现代有轨电车西郊线 | 9.4 | 巴沟站-香山站 | 6 | 2017.12.30 |
历史文化
宗教文化
北京地区居民宗教信仰者50多万，约占北京市4%。北京现有宗教活动场所达100多处。
信仰的宗教主要是佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教、基督教，其中佛教、道教和伊斯兰教对北京的历史、文化、艺术产生过较大的影响。
佛教 | 潭柘寺 | 雍和宫（喇嘛教） | 广化寺 | 广济寺 |
云居寺 | 戒台寺 | 法源寺 | 报国寺 | |
道教 | 白云观（全真道） | 东岳庙（正一道） | - | - |
伊斯兰教 | 牛街礼拜寺 | 东直门外清真寺 | 东四清真寺 | - |
天主教 | 西什库天主堂 | 宣武门天主堂 | 王府井天主堂 | 西直门天主堂 |
东交民巷天主堂 | 天主教东堂 | 天主教南堂 | - | |
基督教 | 文门堂 | 缸瓦市堂 | 市口堂 | 宽街堂 |
海淀堂 | 崇文门基督教堂 | 尼古拉教堂（东正教） | - |
建筑文化
北京在历史上曾为六朝都城，在从燕国起的2000多年里，建造了许多宫廷建筑，使北京成为中国拥有帝王宫殿、园林、庙坛和陵墓数量最多的城市。
皇家建筑
北京故宫，明朝时叫大内宫城，清朝时叫紫禁城，这里原为明、清两代的皇宫，住过24个皇帝，建筑宏伟壮观，体现了中国传统的古典风格和东方格调，是中国乃至全世界现存最大的宫殿，是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。天坛以其布局合理、构筑精妙而扬名中外，是明、清两代皇帝“祭天”的地方。
传统民居
主词条：北京四合院
四合院是以正房、倒座房、东西厢房围绕中间庭院形成平面布局的北方传统住宅的统称。北京四合院源于元代院落式民居，是老北京城最主要的民居建筑。
宗教建筑
北京现存著名的有：佛教的法源寺、潭柘寺、戒台寺、云居寺、八大处等。道教的白云观等。伊斯兰教的北京牛街礼拜寺等。藏传佛教（喇嘛教）的雍和宫等，天主教西什库天主堂、王府井天主堂等。基督教的缸瓦市教堂、崇文门教堂等。
中轴线建筑
主词条：北京中轴线
北京中轴线是指元、明、清时的北京城的中轴线，北京的城市规划具有以宫城为中心左右对称的特点。北京的中轴线南起永定门，北至钟鼓楼，长约7.8千米。从南往北依次为：永定门，前门箭楼，正阳门，中华门，天安门，端门，午门，紫禁城，神武门，景山，地安门，后门桥，鼓楼和钟楼。从这条中轴线的南端永定门起，就有天坛、先农坛；太庙、社稷坛；东华门、西华门；安定门，德胜门以中轴线为轴对称分布。中国著名建筑大师梁思成先生曾经说：“北京的独有的壮美秩序就由这条中轴线的建立而产生。”永定门、中华门、地安门都在中华人民共和国成立后被拆毁，后重新修建了永定门城楼。
城池
主词条：北京城池
北京城池是中国历史上最后两代王朝明和清的都城城防建筑的总称，由宫城、皇城、内城、外城组成，包括城墙、城门、瓮城、角楼、敌台、护城河等多道设施，曾经是中国存世最完整的古代城市防御体系。北京城门是明清北京城各城门的总称。根据等级以及建筑规格的差异，分为宫城城门、皇城城门、内城城门、外城城门四类。明清北京城有宫城城门四座（一称六座）。
饮食文化
北京小吃(14张)
北京被《福布斯》列为世界第八大美食之城。北京的风味小吃历史悠久、品种繁多、用料讲究、制作精细，堪称有口皆碑。清代《都门竹枝词》云：“三大钱儿卖好花，切糕鬼腿闹喳喳，清晨一碗甜浆粥，才吃茶汤又面茶；凉果炸糕甜耳朵，吊炉烧饼艾窝窝，叉子火烧刚卖得，又听硬面叫饽饽；烧麦馄饨列满盘，新添挂粉好汤圆。”这些小吃都在庙会或沿街集市上叫卖，人们无意中就会碰到，老北京形象地称之为“碰头食”。京味小吃的代表有豆汁儿、豆面酥糖、酸梅汤、茶汤、小窝头、茯苓夹饼、果脯蜜饯、冰糖葫芦、艾窝窝、豌豆黄、驴打滚、灌肠、爆肚、炒肝等。
文化遗产
京剧
京剧名旦(20张)
京剧是中国国粹。京剧的源头还要追溯到几种古老的地方戏剧，1790年，安徽的四大地方戏班——三庆班、四喜班、春公班、和春班——先后进京献艺。徽班常与来自湖北的汉调艺人合作演出，于是，一种以徽调“二黄”和汉调“西皮”为主，兼收昆曲、秦腔、梆子等地方戏精华的新剧种诞生了，这就是京剧。风俗特产
北京是中国四大古都之一，有很多地方特色的民风习俗：北京小吃、京剧、京韵大鼓、相声、舞台剧、铁板快书、景泰蓝、牙雕、毛猴、漆雕、赛蝈蝈和蝈蝈笼、吹糖人、捏面人等等。
智化寺京音乐、天坛神乐署中和韶乐、门头沟京西幡乐、通州运河船工号子、顺义曾庄大鼓 |
门头沟京西太平鼓、延庆旱船、昌平后牛坊村花钹大鼓、密云蝴蝶会、米粮屯高跷会、海淀扑蝴蝶、白纸坊太狮老会、大栅栏五斗斋高跷秧歌、沙峪村竹马、汤河川大班小班米粮屯高跷、蝴蝶舞、童子大鼓老会、花钹大鼓、蝴蝶会 |
昆曲、京剧、河北梆子、大兴诗赋闲、柏峪燕歌戏 |
相声、岔曲、单弦、京韵大鼓、密云蔡家洼村五音大鼓、平谷调、京西太平鼓、和韶乐、曾庄大鼓、京西幡乐沙峪竹马、柏峪秧歌戏、赋弦 |
天桥中幡、抖空竹、帽山满族二魁摔跤、围棋、中国象棋 |
北京牙雕工艺、曹氏风筝工艺、北京玉器工艺 |
景泰蓝制作技艺、聚元号弓箭制作技艺、荣宝斋木版水印技艺、北京雕漆工艺、全聚德挂炉烤鸭技艺、北京便宜坊焖炉烤鸭技艺、宝刀衡制作工艺、绒布唐工艺、曹氏风筝工艺 |
同仁堂中医药文化 |
北京春节厂甸庙会、门头沟妙峰山庙会、东岳庙行业祖师信仰习俗、房山大石窝石作文化村落、石景山古城村秉心圣会、通州区漷县镇张庄村龙灯会、门头沟龙泉务童子大鼓老会、张庄龙灯会、大石窝石作文化村落、全聚德烤鸭 |
老字号
全聚德，便宜坊，东来顺，仿膳饭庄，稻香村，沙锅居，白魁老号，烤肉季，六必居，都一处烧麦馆，鸿宾楼，烤肉宛，王致和，正明斋，信远斋，泰丰楼，正阳楼，全素斋，东兴楼，一条龙，曲园酒楼，鸿兴楼，爆肚冯，燕雅轩，丰泽园，仿膳饭庄，东兴楼，西来顺，又一顺，恩元居 |
瑞蚨祥，内联升，元隆顾绣，步瀛斋，谦祥益，丽丰祥，盛锡福，马聚源，天成斋，黑猴儿、同升和 |
同仁堂，南庆仁堂，长春堂，永仁堂，千芝堂，万全堂，鹤年堂 |
吴裕泰，元长厚，张一元，庆林春，永安茶庄，森泰茶庄，吴肇祥 |
一得阁，文盛斋，戴月轩，荣宝斋，成文厚，萃文阁，清秘阁，文房四宝堂 |
年糕杨，小肠陈，都一处，褡裢火烧，老磁器口豆汁店，华天小吃，爆肚冯，天兴居，庆丰包子，锦芳小吃、青云阁、天福号，坐地户，羊头马，豆腐脑白，年糕钱，老舍茶馆，姚记炒肝店，锦馨豆汁店，隆福寺小吃店，馄饨侯，东兴顺爆肚张，李记白水羊头，老磁器口豆汁店 |
普兰德，张顺兴，龙顺成，天蕙斋，大明眼镜，亨得利，亿兆百货，中国照相馆 |
旅游
概述
故宫(18张)
北京是全球拥有世界遗产（7处）最多的城市，是全球首个拥有世界地质公园的首都城市。北京对外开放的旅游景点达200多处，有世界上最大的皇宫紫禁城、祭天神庙天坛、皇家园林北海公园、颐和园和圆明园，还有八达岭长城、慕田峪长城以及世界上最大的四合院恭王府等名胜古迹。北京市共有文物古迹7309项，99处全国重点文物保护单位（含长城和京杭大运河的北京段）、326处市级文物保护单位、5处国家地质公园、15处国家森林公园。2019年全年接待旅游总人数3.22亿人次，比上年增长3.6%；实现旅游总收入6224.6亿元，增长5.1%。其中：接待国内游客3.18亿人次，增长3.7%；国内旅游总收入5866.2亿元，增长5.6%。接待入境游客376.9万人次，下降5.9%。入境游客中，外国游客320.7万人次，下降5.6%；港、澳、台游客56.2万人次，下降7.3%。国际旅游收入51.9亿美元，下降5.9%。全年经旅行社组织的出境游人数484.5万人次，下降5.2%。
旅游景点
世界文化遗产 | 故宫 | 长城 | 周口店北京人遗址 | |
天坛 | 颐和园 | 明十三陵 | 大运河 | |
世界地质公园 | 北京房山世界地质公园 | 中国延庆世界地质公园 | ||
国家级风景名胜区 | 八达岭―十三陵 | 石花洞 | 八大处 | 恭王府 |
中国历史文化名街 | 国子监街 | 烟袋斜街 | 大栅栏 | 地安门内大街 |
中国历史文化名镇 | 密云县古北口镇 | 九渡河镇 | 东坝古镇 | 王四营 |
中国历史文化名村 | 斋堂镇爨底下村 | 斋堂镇灵水村 | 龙泉镇琉璃渠村 | 密云新城子吉家营 |
中国世界遗产预备名单 | 大运河 | 北京云居寺塔 | 藏经洞及石经 | 北京古观象台 |
北海公园 | 卢沟桥 | - | - |
太液秋风 | 琼岛春阴 | 金台夕照 | 蓟门烟树 |
西山晴雪 | 玉泉趵突 | 卢沟晓月 | 居庸叠翠 |
现代文化
798艺术区 | 北京国际音乐节 | 糖果俱乐部（TANGO） | |
Cargo | Babyface | Banana舞会俱乐部 | |
唐会 | 三里屯酒吧街 | 后海酒吧街 | 南锣鼓巷 |
LostInBeijing | 地铁客 | 北京时尚地图 | SOHO |
购物街区
北京是唯一入选世界15大购物之都的内地城市，拥有百余家大中型购物商场。王府井大街、前门大栅栏、西单商业街是北京的传统商业区；国贸商城、东方新天地、中关村广场。琉璃厂或潘家园的古玩城拥有各类古玩。秀水街和雅秀服装批发市场销售各类服装。景泰蓝、玉器、丝绸刺绣等历史悠久；民间手工艺品，如泥人、京剧脸谱、风筝、剪纸等物美价廉，都可以作为馈赠亲友的礼品。
著名人物
部分名录
爱新觉罗·溥仪 | 曹雪芹 | 老舍 | 梅兰芳 | 程砚秋 |
马连良 | 刘宝瑞 | 袁隆平 | 李连杰 | 张怡宁 |
海岩 | 侯耀文 | 王治郅 | 崔健 | 关汉卿 |
王朔 | 施明慎 | 王菲 | 大张伟 | 张若昀 |
王毅 | 耿爽 | 王晨 | 刘结一 | - |
城市荣誉
2012年中国特色休闲城市——文化休闲之都称号
中国大陆创新能力最强城市
2012年中国特色魅力城市
2012年度城市科学发展指数排名，北京居第二
中国“首善之城”
2015年当选为“2015中国十大智慧城市”
2015年荣获“2015中国最具幸福感城市”荣誉称号
2016年中国百强城市排行榜，北京排名第一
福布斯2017年“中国大陆最佳商业城市排行榜”第3位
2017中国特色魅力城市200强
2017年度中国最具投资潜力城市50强
2017世界特色魅力城市200强
2017年中国百强城市排行榜，北京排名第一
2016年、2017年中国城市分级榜单第一位
2017中国城市综合发展指标第一位
2018年4月，入选“2018畅游中国100城”
2018年全球城市竞争力排行榜，北京排名第22
2018年中国城市综合实力排行榜，北京排名第一
《2018自然指数－科研城市》全球第一
2018年11月，“国家中心城市指数”报告发布，北京排名第一，为国家综合中心，中国法治政府评估排名第七，中国城市营商环境质量报告第二，2018年城市产业竞争力指数排名第1，GaWC发布2018年世界级城市名册，北京位居世界一线城市第四位，英国皇家学会发布《2018-亚洲50强城市综合排名》，北京位列第六位。
2018年12月，2018中国大陆最佳商业城市排名第1，2018中国城市科技创新发展指数排名第一，创新力最强的30个城市第2名，2018年中国城市创新竞争力排名第1，2018年中国城市营商环境综合排名第1，被授予第二批“国家公交都市建设示范城市”。2018中国最佳旅游目的地城市第2名。
2019年8月，中国海关总署主办的《中国海关》杂志公布了2018年“中国外贸百强城市”排名，北京排名第10。
2019年8月9日，“中国人工智能产业发展潜力城市20强榜单”发布，北京进入前20名。
2019年8月，中国海关总署主办的《中国海关》杂志公布了2018年“中国外贸百强城市”排名，北京排名第10。
2019年9月，2019世界旅游城市发展排行榜第五名。
2019年9月19日，在第26期全球金融中心指数报告（GFCI26）中排名第七位。
2019年9月23日，“2019年中国百强城市排行榜”发布，北京排名第一。
2019年11月3日，“中国城市绿色竞争力排名TOP100”发布，北京排名第一。
2019年11月12日，“2019年全球城市经济竞争力榜单”发布，北京位列第17位；“2019年全球可持续竞争力榜单”第38位。
2019年12月，北京获“新时代中国繁荣城市荣誉”，2019中国城市创意指数榜第一名，2019年中国康养城市排行榜50强第16位，中国“数字一线城市”排名第五，
2019年12月26日，位列2019年全球城市500强榜单第14名。
2020年1月，“中国城市科技创新发展指数2019”发布，北京排名第一。
2020年1月，北京入选“综合型信息消费示范城市”。
2020年3月，成为综合运输服务示范城市。
2020年6月18日，《2019中国城市营商环境报告》发布，北京综合排名第一。
2020年7月6日，中央广播电视总台《中国经济生活大调查》重磅发布2019-2020年度“中国十大美好生活城市”榜单，北京上榜。
2020年8月，入选“2019年中国外贸百强城市”名单。
2020年11月28日，被评为2020中国宜居宜业城市。
2021年2月，入选交通运输部ETC智慧停车试点城市名单。
2021年4月16日，入选2020年十佳数字阅读城市。
2021年5月6日，住建部官网公布智慧城市基础设施与智能网联汽车（“双智”）协同发展首批示范城市，北京等6市入选。
2021年5月，智联招聘和泽平宏观联合发布的《中国城市人才吸引力排名报告》显示，北京位居“2020年最具人才吸引力城市100强”第一名。
2021年7月12日，入选商务部等8单位公布的第一批全国供应链创新与应用示范城市名单。
2021年9月2日，北京市东城区、石景山区入选全国首批30个城市一刻钟便民生活圈试点地区。
2021年9月8日，入选国家首批营商环境创新试点城市。
对外交流
截至2017年，北京市与72个国家的124个首都和大城市有友好往来关系，其中已与55个城市建立了友好关系。在读的外国留学生29452人。北京现有外国驻华大使馆137个，国际组织和地区代表机构17个，外国新闻机构190个。在北京设立的国外驻京代表机构已超过7000家，全球最大500家跨国公司已有185家来京投资。外国留学生17000多人。
2019年10月9日，北京宣布解除与布拉格市友城关系并暂停一切官方往来。
澳大利亚首都领地 | 澳大利亚 | 2000年9月14日 | 阿姆斯特丹 | 荷兰 | 1994年10月29日 |
东京 | 日本 | 1979年3月14日 | 莫斯科 | 俄罗斯 | 1995年5月16日 |
纽约 | 美国 | 1980年2月25日 | 巴黎 | 法国 | 1997年10月23日 |
贝尔格莱德 | 塞尔维亚 | 1980年10月14日 | 罗马 | 意大利 | 1998年5月28日 |
利马 | 秘鲁 | 1983年11月21日 | 豪登省 | 南非 | 1998年12月6日 |
华盛顿特区 | 美国 | 1984年5月15日 | 雅典 | 希腊 | 2005年5月10日 |
马德里 | 西班牙 | 1985年9月16日 | 布加勒斯特 | 罗马尼亚 | 2005年6月21日 |
里约热内卢 | 巴西 | 1986年11月24日 | 哈瓦那 | 古巴 | 2005年9月4日 |
巴黎大区 | 法国 | 1987年7月2日 | 马尼拉 | 菲律宾 | 2005年11月14日 |
科隆 | 德国 | 1987年9月14日 | 伦敦 | 英国 | 2006年4月10日 |
安卡拉 | 土耳其 | 1990年6月20日 | 亚的斯亚贝巴 | 埃塞俄比亚 | 2006年4月17日 |
开罗 | 埃及 | 1990年11月28日 | 惠灵顿 | 新西兰 | 2006年5月10日 |
雅加达 | 印度尼西亚 | 1992年8月4日 | 赫尔辛基 | 芬兰 | 2006年7月14日 |
伊斯兰堡 | 巴基斯坦 | 1992年11月8日 | 努尔苏丹 | 哈萨克斯坦 | 2006年11月16日 |
曼谷 | 泰国 | 1993年5月26日 | 特拉维夫 | 以色列 | 2006年11月21日 |
布宜诺斯艾利斯 | 阿根廷 | 1993年7月13日 | 圣地亚哥 | 智利 | 2007年8月7日 |
首尔 | 韩国 | 1993年10月23日 | 里斯本 | 葡萄牙 | 2007年10月22日 |
基辅 | 乌克兰 | 1993年12月13日 | 利隆圭 | 马拉维 | 2008年1月15日 |
柏林 | 德国 | 1994年4月5日 | 吉隆坡 | 马来西亚 | 2009年1月15日 |
布鲁塞尔 | 比利时 | 1994年9月22日 | 墨西哥城 | 墨西哥 | 2009年10月21日 |
河内 | 越南 | 1994年10月6日 | 都柏林 | 爱尔兰 | 2011年6月2日 |
哥本哈根 | 丹麦 | 2012年6月28日 | 新南威尔士州 | 澳大利亚 | 2012年8月3日 |
德里 | 印度 | 2013年10月23日 | 德黑兰 | 伊朗 | 2014年2月27日 |
乌兰巴托市 | 蒙古国 | 2014年8月17日 | 万象 | 老挝 | 2015年4月24日 |
明斯克市 | 白俄罗斯 | 2016年4月26日 | 里加 | 拉脱维亚 | 2017年9月15日 |
参考资料：
发展历程
2021年7月19日，商务部部长王文涛在培育国际消费中心城市工作推进会上宣布，经国务院批准，在北京市率先开展国际消费中心城市培育建设。
卫星图片
2021年8月24日晚上9点29分，当核心舱组合体划过北京上空时，航天员聂海胜拍下了一张北京夜景。在这张珍贵的照片中，在夜色中，北京散发着迷人的光芒，右侧还有一颗金光熠熠的“星星”，那是北京大兴国际机场。
2019年、2020年和2021年北京卫星夜景图：
在2019年，北京的夜景亮度主要体现在中心城区和首都机场，以及正在举办世园会的延庆城区。到了2020年，除了中心城区和首都机场，大兴国际机场异军突起，成为了北京南部地区最亮的区域。与此同时，随着城市副中心的建设和发展，这个区域夜在逐渐“点亮”。到了2021年，北京夜间亮度进一步增强，城六区整体亮度提升。
