Introduction
Motion Picture Association of America MPAA's full name "The Motion Picture Association of America" The Motion Picture Association Of America, "American Film Association", headquartered in California ( Encino, California). The organization was established in 1922, which was originally an example of a trading organization in the film industry. Today, it is involved in the fields that are released on the cinema, but also have a home video and other transport systems that may occur in the future.
In May 2018, the first batch of members of the International Film Festival Association Film Festival Committee was selected.
Hierarchical
(General Audiences All Ages Admitted): Mass, all age can be viewed, the level of movie content can be accepted by parents There is no naked body, very small sex scenes, very small drug abuse and violent scenes. Dialogue is also usually exposed to daily life;
pg level
(Parental Guidance Suggested Some Material,: Ordinary tutorial, some content may not be suitable Children watching, some lenses may have an insequence, it is recommended to watch with their parents - this level of movie is basically no sex, drug abuse and naked scenes, even if there is a short time, the terror and violent scenes will not exceed moderate Range;
PG-13
(PARENTS STRONGLY CAUTIONED SOME MATERIAL MAY BE INAPPRIAT for Children Under 13): Special Guide Level, Not suitable for children under 13 years old, children under 13 years old Especially if you have parents to accompany to watch, some content is very unsuitable for children - the level of movies do not have a rough persistent vulnerability, generally no nude lens, sometimes drug abuse lens and swearing words;
R-level < / h3>
(Restrical OR 17 Requires Accompanying Parent OR ADUARDIAN): Restricting Level, 17 years old must be accompanied by parents or guards - This level of film contains adult content, there are more sex, violence Scenes and swear words such as drug abuse;
NC-17 grade
(no one 17 and under admitted): 17 years old or less: This level of film is set to adult movie The minor is resolutely banned. There is a clear sex scene in the film, a large number of drug abuse or violent lenses and swearing.
Other rating
Hong Kong
Hong Kong implements a film three-level system:
i-level : suitable Any age person viewed
No. II : Subtome is IIA level (child less than children) and IIB (adolescents and children should not be suitable)
Class III : Only 18 years of age or more people to watch
Taiwan
Normal level , any age can be viewed.
Protection level , 6 years old is not available.
Coaching , you are not available under 12 years old.
Restricted level , not available under 18 years old.
United Kingdom
"u" level: normal level - suitable for all audience . In this level, you can only use "DAMN", "Hell", "Hell" (see ghost, bastard), very little spell language;
"PG" level : parent guiding level;
"12A" and "12" level : suitable for young people over 12 years old;
"15" level : Suitable for mature audience over 15 years old;
"18" level : Suitable for 18 years old or earned.
Mainland China
No Symbolization System
Special rating
nr or u: NR belongs to an unified movie, And u is a grade for filmmaking before 1968.
M, X or P: The movies in this stage are basically unsuitable in the premises, and they are limited.
United States
The main member of the American Film Association is held by the Chairman and President of the Big Seven 's video media giants (six houses outside the dream factory) The film company is also known as BIG Six, including:
1, Walt Disney company
2, Sony film and video entertainment (in front of Colombia, Sony acquired by Sony $ 3.4 billion in 1989
3, Paramount
4, Global Movie
5, Warner Brothers
(MGM, 2005 Sony acquisition failed to exit MPAA)
6, Netflix Nafei Company
(20th Century Fox was officially acquired by Disney on March 20, 2019), $ 71.3 billion, Hollywood pattern From "the original six" to "new six")
business activities
American Film Association hopes to revise the US copyright law and criminal law through political lobbying to achieve commercial interests of the members the goal of. It also strongly supports the improvement of digital copyright management techniques: Some people think that these technologies have violated users' rights, but others believe that they can maintain the balance between consumer demand and artist rights.
The American Film Association has great effort to ban a movie document sharing site. Within 2005, the two large-scale BT servers website Lokitorrents and ElitEthorrents are forced to ban because it is allowed to disseminate copyright video files.
October 28, 2013, the US Sound Radio website reported that the American Film Association submits a world illegal release video and TV show to the US Trade Representative in accordance with the Notice of the US Trade Representative Office September 30. The wrong market list. The Notice of the US Trade Representative Office requires US industry to propose a list of infringers for the non-scheduled review of the special 301 worsen market.
Chairman of the American Film Association and Chief Executive, Frostal Christopher Dove D D Dord, the US film TV industry is an important employer in the United States, providing 2 million jobs in the United States and 100 billion dollars. Total wages, the association submitted the harsh behavior of these overseas markets, not only, "the workers who have worked hard to make audiences, but also endanger their billions of dollar contributions to the US economy."
In the letter of assistant trade representative of intellectual property rights and innovation, the US Movie Association implemented Vice-General Mercai Oli, 2011 US film and television service exports to the world The product revenue is $ 14.3 billion, an increase of 5 is one of the industries of a few minority trade surplus than the previous year. The subjects issued by the Association are spread over more than 140 countries around the world.
The American Film Association is submitted by the US Movie Association, including the network market and the entity market infringement. The network impact market includes point-to-point two-way transmission, file sharing, and download websites, the following website, and website, and the website of the system link to the system link. Chinese websites listed in the wrong market include fast broadcast, Thunder and Renren, others spread in Eastern European countries such as Ukraine, Estonia, Czech, Romania, etc., and Canada, Russia, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Brazil and Argentina.
Related News
On August 21, 2017, the US Movie Association member company sued Shenzhen Xunlei Network Technology Co., Ltd. invades the copyright case to win, Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Court sentenced Shenzhen City Thunder Network Technology Co., Ltd. compensates a total of 1.4 million yuan in the US Film Association member company.