Countryname
TheZhoupeoplelivedintheJishuiareaintheearlydays.WhenGongLiu,theZhoutribehadmovedtoBin.TheclanstookthesettledBinasthecountry,andthecountrywasthecity.Itwaspasseddownbytheninthgeneration.WhenGuGongfuwastheleaderofthetribe,ZhoupeoplewereinvadedandpersecutedbytheXunyuRong,andhadtoleavetheirhometowns.Afterallthehardships,theycrossedQi,Ju,andLiangshan,andmovedtoQishanintheWeiheRiverBasin.SouthernZhouyuan.
History
TheoriginofZhoupeople
TheZhounationalityisanancienttribelivingintheLoessPlateauandWeishuiValleyofShaanxi,Gansu,anditissaidtobederivedfrom"JiShui"ThelastnameisJi.Zhou'sfirstancestor,Mingqi,wasborntoJiangYan,adaughteroftheTaifamily."TheBookofSongs·Daya·Shengmin"describesthemythsandlegendsofabandoningbirth.JiangYanprayedforachild,butbecausehesteppedonahugefootprint,hebecamepregnantandgavebirthtoYi.TheZhouclanwasstillinthematrilinealclansocietyduringtheperiodwhenJiangChanglived,butbythetimeZisuilived,ithadalreadytransitionedtothepatrilinealclansocialstage,soQiistheancestoroftheZhouclan.Accordingtothe"BookofSongs",thefirstgrandmotheroftheZhouclanwasnamedJiangChang.JiangandQiangareconnected,andtheancestorsofZhoupeopleareprobablyabranchfromtheQiangpeople.SomepeoplealsothinkthattheZhouethnicgroupshouldcomefromtheBaidiethnicgroupintheLoessPlateauofnorthernShaanxi,thatis,theHuangdiethnicgroupinancienttimes.IntheearlyyearsoftheShangDynasty,thedescendantofHouji,GongLiu,ledthetribefromTaitoCi.TheZhoupeoplelivedintheWugongareaofShaanxiintheearlydays.WhentheycametoGongliu,theZhoutribehadmovedtoBin.Fromthefarmingandanimalhusbandrytribetoafarmingcity.FromGongliutotheninthgeneration,whenGuGongfuwastheleaderofthetribe,ZhoupeoplewereinvadedandpersecutedbyXunyuRongandhadtomove.TheycrossedQi,Ju,andLiangshan,andmovedtoZhouyuan,southofQishanintheWeiheRiverBasin.
Zhouyuanisrichinproducts,fertileland,convenientirrigation,superiorfarmingconditions,andrapideconomicdevelopment.GuGongandhisfatherbuiltfieldsandcamps,builttownsandcities,andthenationalpowerquicklyrecoveredandstrengthened.AftermovingtoZhouyuan,thepeopleofZhoubecamesubjectsoftheGreatShangDynasty,whichwastheco-lordoftheYellowRiverrealm.UndertheprotectionoftheShangDynasty,WuYi,thebusinessking,gatheredhisstrengthandacceptedtheculturalsystemoftheShangDynasty,especiallytheconceptofdestiny.AftertheestablishmentoftheZhouDynasty,thisconceptofdestinywasre-organizedbyZhouGongdan(JiDan)andbecamethepoliticalandlegalbasisforrulingtheworldandbuildingacountry,andthenformedtheconceptofmonarchyanddivineentrustmentthatinfluencedfuturedynastiesforthousandsofyears.
Atthetimeoftheoldmanandhisfather,theZhoutribewasalreadyquitelarge.Andtherearethreesonswhopreferthechildren'scalendar.Theeldestson,TaiBoandsecondson,ZhongYong,werepasseddownbythefather'swillandJiLi.TheyfledtoJingmanbythemselves,combinedwiththelocalclan,andlaterbecametheStateofWu.Accordingtothe"ZhuShuJiNian"andtheopinionsofGuJiegang,theskepticalschoolaftertheRepublicofChina,theideaof"Jianshang"wasalreadyinmindinZhouduringthisperiod.
TheriseofZhoupeople
Atthetimeoftheseasoncalendar,therelationshipbetweenShangandZhoubegantobeclose.MarriagewiththeDashangDynasty,marriedawifetothemerchanthouse,andwasalsonameda"pastor"bytheShangWangWending,andbecamethemostimportantFangBooftheShangDynastyintheWest.Therefore,thecalendarissometimescalledGongjiintheoracleboneinscriptions.ZhouwasalreadyapowerfulstateundertheShangDynasty.Althoughtherelationshipwasclose,YinandShangwerealwaysonguardagainstthisnewforce.Zhoualsograduallyannexedothersmallcountries,especiallythepro-businessprinces.Intheend,theShangWangWendingkilledthenolongerobedientJiliinordertocurbthedevelopmentoftheZhouclan'spowerandprotectthestatusoftheShangdynasty.However,hestillregardedtheZhoupeopleastheXibo.TherelationshipbetweentheShangDynastyandtheZhoupeoplecanrefertotheZhouDynastyandChu.Humanrelations.
AfterXiboJichangsucceededtothethrone,hisnationalpowerwasinsufficienttofightagainstShang,sohecontinuedtosurrendertoShangandbecameShangXibo.ButYinandShangwerenotateasewithZhou.ShangZhouonceimprisonedJiChangYuyi,andkilledhissonasabrothforKingWentodrink.ZhoupeoplebribedDiXinwithBMWandbeautifulwomentogetthereleaseofKingWen.AfterWangWenreturnedtothecountry,hisdesiretoseekbusinessdidnotrelax.Ontheonehand,hestrengthenedtheZhouclan'sstrengthandbroughtsometribesaroundtheZhoukingdomtobeattached.Ontheotherhand,itcarriedoutmilitaryexpansion.AccordingtotherecordsofShangShu,ZhoufirstattackedthesmallwesterncountriessuchasKenRongandMixu,toconsolidatetherear,andthenattackedQiState(inthesouthwestofChangzhi,Shanxi)andHan(thatis,Meng,(InQinyang,Henan),hefinallydefeatedChongguoandpenetratedintothesphereofinfluenceoftheShangDynasty.Atthistime,ZhouDynastyhad“one-thirdoftheworld”,andKingWenmovedhiscapitaltoFengdu(nowwestbankofFengheRiver,HuCounty,Xi'anCity,ShaanxiProvince),readytoentertheShangDynasty.
AnnihilationofShangDynastyandEstablishmentofZhouDynasty
WhenZhouWenwangchangwastheleader,thestateofZhouprosperedunderhisrule.KingWendiedandthesecondsonJiFaascendedthethrone.HaoJingwasbuiltontheeastbankoftheriver.FengHaoandFengHaoJingwereconnectedbyabridgeacrossthewater,andtheywerecalledFengHaoCity.JiFaledtheBinghuialliesinMengjin(nowMengjin,Henan).Inthe11thcenturyBC,heledthreehundredmilitarychariotsandthreethousandtigers.County).ZhouJunhadagreatvictory,andKingZhousethimselfablazebyjewelleryandjade.TheShangdynastydiedbecausetheZhoutribemovedtoZhouyuanwhenthefatherofGuGongandhisfather,aftertheEmperorWudestroyedYin,thedynastynamewas"Zhou",andtheZhoudynastywasestablished.TaigongJiangplayedahugeroleintheZhoupeople'sbusinesseradication.HisfamilynamewasJiang,andhecamefromtheLuclanoftheQiangpeople.
ZhougongRegent
AfterZhouWuwangdestroyedtheShangDynasty,in1045BC,thesystemofentrustingtheprinceswasimplemented,andtheroyalfamilyandheroesweresealed,suchasFengTaigongWangYuQi,ZhaoGongSunYuYan,etc.Inaddition,WuGeng,sonofZidiXin,YuChaoge,andShuxian,Shudu,andShuchuweredesignatedasthe"ThreeSupervisors"tomonitorWuGeng’sactions.ZhouChengwangwasassistedbyZhouGongdan.In1041BC,thethreeprisonguards(CaiShudu,GuanShuxian,andHuoShuchu)couldnotunderstandZhouGongdan'sauxiliaryadministration,andGuanShuxianresentedZhouGongdan'sadministrationwhenhewasyoungerthanhimself,soheunitedwithWuGengtorebelInhistory,knownasthe"ThreePrisonsRebellion",ZhouGongdanputdownthechaos,WuGengandGuanShuxianwerekilled,CaiShuduwasexiled,andHuoShuchuwasdeposedasacommoncitizen.ZhouGongdanbuiltLuoyiintheYiandLuoErshuiareasoftheLuoyangBasinforthepurposeofChengZhou.
TheRuleofChengkang
In1021BC,thekingofZhouChengcollapsed,andhissonJiZhaocametothethrone.HewasthekingofZhouKang.In996BC,thekingofZhouKangcollapsed.Duringtheforty-sixyearsfrom1042BCto996BC,theworldwaspeaceful,andthepunishmentwasnotusedformorethan40years.ZhouGongreturnedtopowerandZhoubecameking.TheZhouDynastyenteredaperiodofconsolidation.]Thehistorysaid"TheGovernanceofChengkang".
HeZun-theinscription"ZhaiZiChina"(3photos)
AfterthedeathofKingZhouKang,hissonJiXiasucceededasKingZhouZhao.InthesixteenthyearofKingZhouZhao,KingZhaopersonallyconqueredJingchu,andNanguoZhenguoZengguoEguoandothervassalssenttroopstogodeepintotheareasouthofJianghan.Therewereatotalof3southernexpeditions.ThelasttimewhenKingZhouZhaoreturnedtocrosstheHanRiver,hedrownedinanaturaldisaster,andthethreearmieswerewipedout.Hisson,JiMan,succeededtothethroneasKingMu,whowasfiftyyearsoldwhenhesucceeded.KingMudevelopedtowardstheQuartet,theWesternExpeditionDogRong,andtheSouthernExpeditionJingchu.Butitwasagoodparade,sothatthegovernmentwasslack.EasternXuGuotookadvantageofZhouMu'swestwardjourneyandledtheJiuyitorebelagainstZhou,ZhouMu'seastconquest,EasternQiKingdomLuandothervassalstatessenttroopstoquellthechaos.DuringthereignofKingZhouMu,heconqueredtheeastandthewest,andtheterritoryofthedynastycontinuedtoexpand,whicheffectivelyconsolidatedtheruleoftheZhoudynasty.ThereisaviewthatthereisacontroversyregardingthetransferofthecapitaltoNanzheng(thelaterZhengCounty)duringthereignofKingZhouMu.
Fromprosperitytodecline
TheThreeTreasuresofChina(3photos)
AftertheZhaomuera,theZhouDynastygraduallylostitsstrength.Duringthisperiod,thenorthwesternRongdigraduallyprospered.InthereignofZhouYi,RongDiinvadedandabusedChina.ZhoupeoplesuffereddeeplyandmovedtheircapitaltoDogHill(Xi'an,Shaanxi).DuringtheperiodofKingZhouLi,therewereyearsofwarandchaos,andthepeopleweremiserable.Atthesametime,KingZhouLiregardedRongYiGongashisservant,monopolizingsocialwealthandresources.Inordertosuppressthedissatisfactionofthepeople,KingZhouLiorderedWeiwutomonitorandkillanyonewhoslanderedtheking.Asaresult,everyonewasindanger,andfinallycausedariotamongtheChinesepeople.In841BC,duringtheZhouriots,KingLiwentoutandrushedtoXu(nowHuoCounty,Shanxi).IntheDPRK,twoministers,ZhaoMuGonghuandZhouDinggong,wereundertheadministration,andtheywerecalledtheRepublic(onesaidthattheprincesGongbohetookadministrativeaffairs).
InthefourteenthyearoftheRepublicofChina(828BC),KingLidiedinXun,andtheprinceascendedtothethrone.HewasKingZhouXuanandreignedfor46years.KingXuanmovedhiscapitaltoGaojing,triedhisbesttogovern,politicallyandharmoniously,andtheprincescametothedynasty.KingZhouXuansuccessivelyputdowntherebellionsinthenorth,Rongdiinthewest,Huaiyiintheeast,andChuinthesouth.Heopenedupavastterritoryandrevivedtheprosperousscene.Itwascalled"XuanwangZhongxing"inhistory.Inhislateryears,KingXuaninterferedwiththesuccessionoftheLuKingdomandestablishedLuXiaogongbyforce,whichcausedunhappinessamongtheprinces.Inthirty-sixyears,theyconqueredTiaoRongandBenRong,butfailedmiserably.Thirty-nineyears,hefoughtthebattleofJiangClanofXirongBiezhiinQianmu,andthendefeatedmiserably.
TheBaneofDogRong
In781BC,KingZhouYousucceededtothethroneandhelovedPraiseSi.ForthethirdyearofKingYou(779BC),defeatingtheArmyoftheSixErafailed,andatthesametimeNaturaldisastersarestillfrequent,andthedaughterofShenhouandtheprinceYijiuaftertheresignationofthekingofYou,changedtopraiseSiasthequeen,andhissonBofubecametheprince.YijiufledtoShenState,andShenHousoughtjusticeforhisnephewanddaughter,andjoinedZhuanStateandDogRongtoattackHaojing(nowXi'an,Shaanxi).BothZhouYouwangandBofuwerekilledbythedogRongintheplay.In771BC,theWesternZhouDynastyperished.
PingWangmovedtotheeast
EasternZhouculturalrelics(3photos)
TheWesternZhousocietymaintainedbythethreesystemsofenfeoffment,patriarchyandwell-fieldsystemOrder,aftermorethan270yearsoftimeeroding,bytheendofthe8thcenturyBC,itwasalreadyriddledwithtearsandfragments,anditwasmaintainedonlybytheinertiaofhistory.Variouscontradictionscoexistinthesociety,andthewholesocietyisinturmoil.AlthoughKingZhouXuanlearnedlessons,changedpolicies,andrealized"Zhongxing"afterhesucceededtothethrone,thedeclineoftheZhouDynastyreappearedinhislateryears,andthedemiseoftheWesternZhouDynastywasirreversible.AfterKingZhouYouwaskilled,ShenHou,ZhangHouandZheng,Wei,JinandotherprincesdefeatedDogRong,andDogRongretreated.TheprincesofZheng,Wei,JinandotherprincesmadeZhouyou,theprinceYijiu,astheking.HewasthekingofZhouping.ThekingofPingmovedeast,andthecapitalwasLuoyi(nowLuoyang,Henan),whichwascalledtheEasternZhouDynasty.Atthesametime,GuoGonghanandotherdynastyministersappointedtheprinceYuchenastheking,knowninhistoryas"carryingtheking",sotherewasasituationof"twokingsstandingsidebyside".ButtheoverwhelmingmajorityoftheprincesonlyrecognizedKingZhouPinganddidnotrecognizeKingZhouXie.Inthe21styearofKingZhouPing(750BC),JinWenhoukilledZhouandtheking,endingthesituationoftwokingsstandingsidebyside.
TheSpringandAutumnPeriod
DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodfrom770BCto476BC,someofthelargervassalstatescompetedforland,population,anddominanceoverothervassalstatesRight,andcontinuetoengageinmergerwars.Whoeverprevailswillconveneaparliamentaryallianceoftheprincestoforcetheprincestorecognizetheir"hegemony"status.Intheprocessofprinces'struggleforhegemony,bigcountriesmergedwithsmallcountries,andthenumberofprincesgraduallydecreased.TheactivitiesoftheHuaxianationalityaremainlyinthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYellowRiver.ThereareBeidiandHuanghuinthenorth,Diqianginthenorthwest,BaandShuinSichuan,ChuinHunan,Hubei,andAnhui,andWuinJiangsuandZhejiang.,Yueethnicgroup.Withthelongstruggleforhegemonyamongtheprinces,variousethnicgroupscontinuetomergetogether.DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,somearistocratsturnedpubliclandintoprivateland,andgraduallyadoptednewmethodsofexploitation,allowinglaborerswhofarmedtosurrendermostoftheirproductswhileretainingsomeoftheirproducts.
ZhengZhuanggongdominates
JiuLi(RitualInstrumentsofZhengKingdom)(3photos)
AfterthebeginningoftheEasternZhouDynasty,thefatherandsonsofZhengWuandZhengZhuangcontrolledthedynasty.Theytookadvantageoftheadvantagesofservingasofficialsofthedynastyandoftenusedtheking'scommandtoexpandviolently,makingZhengapowerfulcountryintheearlySpringandAutumnPeriodandknownasasmallhegemon.DuetothefactthatZhengZhuanggong'spowerwastoogreat,itcauseddissatisfactionwithKingZhouPing.SoZhouPingWanggraduallyusedGuoGongtoweakenZhengZhuangGong'spower,whicharousedstrongdissatisfactionwithZhengZhuangGong.However,KingZhouPinghadtorelyonZhengZhuanggongformanythings,sohehadtoexplaintoZhengZhuanggong,sotheincidentofZhouZheng'sintercourseoccurred.In720BC,ZhouPingWangcollapsed,andtheZhoucourtpreparedtoappointGuoGongtogoverntoreplaceZhengZhuangGong.Duringthisyear,ZhengGuosuccessivelyharvestedthewheatinthewarmlandandthewheatintheZhoudynasty.TherelationshipbetweenZhouandZhengfurtherdeteriorated.In717BC,DukeZhengZhuangenteredthedynasty,andKingZhouHuandidnotreceiveDukeZhengZhuangwithcourtesybecauseZhengGuoledthearmytotakeWangJi'swheatwithoutauthorization.ZhengZhuanggongwasdissatisfiedwithZhouWang'spractice,andin716BCheexchangedterritorywithLuKingdomwithoutreportingtoZhouWang(theagreementwasimplementedin711BC).
In706BC,ZhouHuanregainedthepowerofZhengZhuanggongintheZhouDynasty.ZhengZhuanggongdidnotseeZhouHuaninfrontofhim,soZhouHuanorganizedacoalitionarmytoattackZhengGuo,butwasdefeatedbyZhengGuo.It'sthebattleofJiange.
Overlordcontendsforhegemony
QihuanShouba
TheritualvesselsoftheEasternZhouDynasty(7photos)
In685BC,QiHuangongtookthethroneashisprimeminister,rectifiedstateaffairs,abolishedtheminefieldsystem,anddeterminedtaxesaccordingtothefertilityoftheland.Theestablishmentofsalt,ironofficials,andmoney,increasedfiscalrevenue,incorporatedsoldiersinagriculture,integratedgrassrootsadministrativeorganizationsandmilitaryorganizations,increasedthesourceoftroopsandcombatcapabilities,andquicklybecametherichestandstrongestcountryinChina.Thenheslogan"respectthekingandfightagainstthebarbarians",heldmeetingswiththeprincesmanytimes,helpedorinterferedwithothercountries,andfoughtagainstthebarbarians,andfinallybecametheoverlordinthethirdyearofZhouXi(679BC).Inthetwenty-firstyearofKingZhouHui(656BC),QiHuangongledacoalitionofeightvassalstatestoforceChuStatetoyieldwithsuperiorforces,andformedtheZhaolingAlliance,becomingtheheadoftheSpringandAutumnFiveHegemonies.QiHuangongestablishedanagreementsystemforthehegemonyalliance.AfterQiHuan'sdeath,therewaschaosinthegangandYifang.Thefivesonsseizedtheposition,andQi'sdomesticchaoscontinued.ItissaidthatQiHuangong'sfivesonsfoughtwitheachother,andthearrowwasshotonQiHuangong'scorpse,andnoonecaredaboutit.TheKingdomofChuinthesouthrose,andKingChuChengdestroyedseveralsmallcountriesinthenorthandthenpointedhisfingerattheCentralPlains.
SongXianggong,adescendantoftheShangDynasty,triedtoreconciletheprincestobecometheoverlordbysupportingQiXiaogongandquellingthechaos.However,theSongDynastywasinsufficientinstrengthandhadaseriousaristocratictemperament.InsultingtothebarbariansofChu,SongXianggongfifteenyears(638BC),thetwoarmiesofSongandChufoughtinHongshui(nowShangqiu,Henan),knownasthebattleofHongshuiinhistory.WhentheChuarmycrossedtheriver,SongDaSimaZiyusuggestedthatSongXianggong"half-crossandhitit."SongXiangdeclaredthatattackingwhiletheenemycrossedtheriverwasunjustandrejectedthesuggestion;aftertheChuarmycrossedtheriver,ZiyusuggestedtakingadvantageofthechaosoftheChuarmy.Toattack,SongXianggongrefusedagainonthegroundsofinjustice.AftertheChuarmylinedup,theyattacked.TheSongarmywasdefeated.SongXianggongwashitbyanarrowinhisthigh.Hediedofseriousinjuriesthefollowingyear.AlthoughKingChuChengruledtheroostforawhile,heranintoQiHuanGongandJinWengongsuccessively,andChuwassuppressedbyQiandJinsuccessively.
JinWenzhiba
InthenorthernJinKingdom,hewasinthesameclanastheZhouclan.JinXiangongfavoredAiJi,causinggreatchaosinnationalpolitics.In636BC,Chong'er,thesonofJinXian,inheritedthethroneofJinDynastyundertheescortofthearmysentbyQinMugong,andhewasJinWengong.Hereformedpolitics,developedtheeconomy,consolidatedthemilitaryandmilitary,gainedthetrustofthepeople,stabilizedtheroyalfamily,madefriendshipwiththeQincountry,andhadhighprestigeamongtheprinces.Inthe20thyearofKingZhouXiang(633BC),theChuarmysurroundedShangqiu,thecapitalofSongDynasty.Atthebeginningofthenextyear,JinWengongledhistroopstosavetheSongDynasty,defeatingtheChuarmyintheBattleofChengpuandbecametheoverlord.
AfterthedeathofJinWengong,hissonJinXianggongsucceededtothethroneandbecamethenewkingofJinandtheoverlordofthevassals.In628BC,QinMugongtookadvantageofWenGong'snewfuneralandsenttroopstoattackZheng.JinXianggongdispatchedtroopstodefeatQinintheBattleofWeiandcapturedthethreegeneralsofQin.Afterthat,QinrepeatedlyattackedJin.StillunabletobreakthestrategicblockadeoftheJinKingdom,DukeJinxiangtookthepositionoftheoverlord.
QinBaXirong
AfterthedeathofJinWengong,QinMugongsoughttodevelopeastward,WasblockedbyJin.TheQinarmywasdefeatedinthebattleofWeiandPengYa.QinMugongdecisivelyadjustedthenationalpolicy,turnedwestward,annexedsomeRongditribes,anddominatedXirong.
Chuziwinsthetitle
AfterthebattleofChengpu,ChuStatekeptalowprofileandkeptalowprofile.Theeastdeveloped,andmanysmallcountrieswerewipedout.Thepowerreachedpresent-dayYunnaninthesouthandtheYellowRiverinthenorth.ThekingofChuzhuangreformedhisinternalaffairs,calmedtheriots,builtwaterconservancyprojects,andmadehiscountrystronger.HeaskedthemessengerofKingZhouDingaboutthesizeofthetripodsacrificingtotheworld,revealinghisambitiontocovettheworld.InthetenthyearofKingZhouDynasty(597BC),ChuandJinfoughtatPiandwonagreatvictory.SoonaftertheyenteredthearmytoencircletheSongDynasty,thepeopleofJindidnotdaretorescuethem,sothesmallcountriesoftheCentralPlainsreturnedtoChuoneafteranother,andtheChupeopledominatedtheCentralPlains.
Jinchusawing
VariousdragonearrecipesPot(4photos)
AfterthedeathofKingChuzhuangin591BC,thehegemonyofChugraduallydeclined.JinStatehasexperiencedtwogenerationsofmanagementbyJinJingGongandJinLiGong,andgraduallysurpassedChuState.IntheBattleofSaddlein589BCandtheBattleofMatunin578BC,theJinStatedefeatedQiandQinrespectively,andthecountryrecovered.Later,thethirdgreatbattlebetweenJinandChubrokeoutagain-theYanlingBattle.Jinendedinvictory,andChu'shegemonywasmoreseverelyweakened.ButsoonaftercivilstrifebrokeoutinJin,DukeJinLiwaskilled.Atthisstage,JinwasgenerallydominantinthestruggleforhegemonybetweentheCentralPlainsandChu,butbecauseJinhadtofacethepressureofQin,QiandthenorthernRongditribeatthesametime,theCentralPlainstug-of-warwasformed.
JinMourningDomination
AfterJinLi’sdeath,JinMourninghissuccession,Reformpoliticsinternally,appointtalentsandusetheirpower,controltheofficials,joinforceswithSongandWu,frightenQinwithQi,dividetheJinarmyintothreeparts,fightforZhengandweakenChu,completelymasterthestrategicinitiative,overwhelminglystrongerthanChu,andallprincesAttachedtotheJinDynasty,thenineprincesofJinMourningGongwithineightyears.TherejuvenationofJin'shegemony.TheKingdomofChuwasforcedbyJin'sre-emergenceandhadtogiveupthestruggleforhegemonyintheCentralPlains.
MibingLeague
AfterJinmournedthedeathofhisfather,themonarchymoveddownagain,ThesixofficialsoftheJinStatewereexpertinnationalpolitics,prosperedininternalfriction,andintendedtomakeallianceswiththeChuState.Continuouswarshavebroughthugedisasterstothepeople,andhavealsocausedtheboredomofsmallandmedium-sizedcountries.GiventhatthetwopowersofJinandChuareevenlymatched,noonecaneateachother.SoinitiatedbytheHuaYuanandXiangXuoftheSongDynasty,inthe7thyearofKingZhouJian(579BC)andthe26thyearofKingZhouLing(546BC),twoallianceswereheldfor"MissingSoldiers".Sincethen,thewarhasbeengreatlyreduced.
TheHegemonyofWuyue
WhenthedustoftheCentralPlainsprinces'battleforhegemonysettled,itwaslocatedWuandYueinJiangsuandZhejiangbegantodevelop.WuWangHelureusedSunWu,WuZixuandothers.InthefourteenthyearofKingZhouJing(506BC),KingWutookWuZixuashisgeneralandruledtheChuarmy.WuJuninvadedChuDuYing,WuZixuavengedhisfatherandbrother,excavatedthetombofKingChuping,whipthreehundredcorpses.Inthetwenty-fourthyearofKingZhouJing(496yearsago),WuJunsenthisarmytothesouthandexpeditiontoYue.TheYueKingGoujianledhistroopstofight,andtheoldermanLinggufuhitHeluwithonego,andHeludiedofinjury.
Inthetwenty-sixthyearofKingZhouJing(494BC),KingWuFuchaiavengedhisfatheranddefeatedhim.GouJianseekspeace.KingWurejectedWuZixu'ssuggestiontojoinforcestodestroyYue,acceptingtheYuecountry'srequestforpeace,andforcingKingGoujiantoclaimhimasacourtier.Continuetotransfertroopstoattacknorth,defeatQiJunandbecomeasmalltyrant.GouJianwasacourage,tenyearsoflife,tenyearsoflessons,andfinallyinthethirdyearofZhouYuanwang(473BC),GoujianwipedoutthestateofWuintheemptinessoftheCentralPlainsUnionprinces,andthehusbandcommittedsuicideinembarrassment.GouJianwentnorthandjoinedQiJintojoinXuandbecamethelastoverlord.
TheWarringStatesPeriod
From475BCto221BC,China’sWarringStatesPeriod.AfteralongandfiercewarforhegemonyintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,untilthebeginningoftheWarringStatesperiod,themainprincesThesevencountriesofChu,Yan,Han,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerecalled"SevenHeroesoftheWarringStatesPeriod"inhistory.
Threepointsofpromotion
AfterJinWengongreturnedtothethrone,thereweremanyfollowersFollowinghisreturntoChina,thedescendantsofthesepeoplegraduallybecamearistocratsintheJincountryafterbeingbaptizedbylong-termbattles.From550BCto497BC,JinGuozhengwascontrolledbytheFanfamily,Zhongxingfamily,Zhaofamily,Hanfamily,Zhifamily,Weifamilyandothernobles.
In455BC,therewereonlyfourclansoftheJinDynastynobles:Zhi,Zhao,Wei,andHan.TheZhiclansenttroopstoattacktheZhaoclan,andforcedtheWeiandHanclantosendtroops.Thewarlastedfortwoyears,andtheZhaofamilypersuadedtheWeiandHanfamiliestoturnagainsteachother,destroytheZhifamily,dividethewiselyandcontrolthestateaffairsofJin.In438BC,theHan,Zhao,andWeifamiliesweredividedintoJin,andJinYougonghadonlyYujiangandQuwo.In403BC,thekingofZhouWeiliesetupHan,Zhao,andWeiaslords,andenteredtheWarringStatesPeriodfromthistime.
Weiruledthehegemony
Weiwasthefirsttwomonarchs,WeiWenhouandWeiWuhouThroughthereformandreform,thenationalpowergraduallybecamestrongerandbecamethestrongestvassalstateintheearlyyearsoftheWarringStatesPeriod.IntheSevenHeroesoftheWarringStatesPeriod,WeiWenhoufirstcarriedoutreforms,reformedpolitics,rewardedfarmingwars,builtwaterconservancy,developedfeudaleconomy,destroyedZhongshanKingdominthenorth(nowPingshanandLingshouinthewestofHebei),andtookQinxiRiverinthewest(betweentheYellowRiverandLuoshuiintoday)ThelandbecamethemostpowerfulcountryintheearlyWarringStatesperiod.WeiWenhouappointedLiLi,WuQi,Leyang,SimonLeopard,Zixia,ZhaiHuang,WeiChengandotherstomakethecountryrichandstrong,restrainZhao,destroyZhongshan,defeatQin,Qi,andChucountriesinarow,andopenuplargeareasofterritory.MakeWeiGuothehegemonoftheCentralPlains.
AfterWeiWenhou'sdeath,hissonWeiWuhoucametothethrone.DuringWeiWuhou'sreign,heappointedmilitarystrategistWuQitocarryoutreforms,andthenationalpowercontinuedtorise.BythetimeWeiHui,thesonofWeiWuhou,reigned,theStateofWeihaddominatedtheCentralPlainsforahundredyears.In343BC,KingWeiHuiledtheprincestomeetwithEmperorZhou,whichofficiallymarkedthatWeibecametheoverlordofthenewgeneration.
QinQinisking
Theswordsoftheprinces(8photos)
WhenQiStatepassedtoKingQiWei,KingWeiappointedZouJiastheministertoreformpolitics,andTianJiandSunBinasgenerals,andQibecamepowerful.In353BC,theStateofQidefeatedtheStateofWeiinGuiling.In341BC,QidefeatedWeiJunagainatMaling.In334BC,KingWeiandKingWeiHui"willmeetthekingofXuzhou"andofficiallybecamekings.Inhislateryears,theprimeministerZouJicompetedwiththegeneralTianJi.In322BC,TianJiattackedLinziandsoughtZouJi.Afterlosingthewar,TianJifledtoChuState.ItwasnotuntilKingXuancametothethronethathewascalledbacktothecountrytoresumehisoldpost.In338BC,QinXiaogongdied,andthecrownprincewasstandingasthekingofQinHuiwen.Atthistime,theoldaristocratswhowere"persecuted"byShangYang'snewlawanddeprivedoftheirpoliticalprivilegesattackedtogetherandlaunchedacounterattackagainstShangYang.Inordertoeasethecontradiction,KingQinHuiwentookoutShangYangasascapegoatandchasedShangYang.AlthoughShangYangdied,"QinFawasnotdefeated."KingQinHuiwencontinuedtopursuethestatepolicysinceShangYang'sreforms,anddevelopexternally.In325BC,KingHuiwenQinbecameking.TheQinarmyunitedwithHanandWeiattackedQiChu,defeatedYiquKingdom,annexedBashu,andtookcontrolofthestrategicinitiativetofightagainsttheprincesofShandong.
RenaissanceofChuKingdom
IntheWarringStatesPeriod,thesixmajorpowershaveallcarriedoutOne-sidedorcomprehensivepoliticalandeconomicreforms,onlytheStateofChu,whichlivesinthesouth,hasstoodstillandhasnotchangedabit.In400BC,thethreekingdomsofHan,Zhao,andWeiwhoseparatedfromtheJinDynastyrepeatedlyattackedChubyalliedforces.Inordertomakethecountryrichandstrong,thereigningkingofChuMourningappointedWuQiandbegantoreformandrevitalizethecountry,sothatthenationalpowerofChuquicklybecamestronger.DuetotheuntimelydeathofKingChuMourning,WuQilosthisstrongbackingandwasbrutallykilledbytheoldnobles.Duetotheshortperiodoftimeforthereform,theresultsofthereformhavenotbeenfullyconsolidated.
BythetimeofKingChuWei,Chu'sterritoryhadexpandedtoPakistan,approachingYue,andprosperedforawhile.In306BC,theMinisterofChuhuai,ZhaoHua,ledhisarmytoattack,conqueredthearearuledbytheformerWuKingdom,andestablishedJiangdongCounty.
Hufuridingandshooting
ZhaoWuling,atalentedandcourageousandaspiringTheloftymonarch.Duringhisreign,hecarriedoutthefar-reaching"Huclothingcavalryandshooting".SoldiersacrossthecountrychangedthetraditionalwidewaruniformstocompactHuuniforms,andchangedthetraditionalinfantry-basedarmystructuretocavalryandcrossbowsoldiers.Asthemainbodyofthearmy.
Imagineinrealitytodayifthenationalarmychangestoaclothingandservicetyperegardedasabordertribe,theresistancewillbegreat.ButZhaoWulingdidit.
Thepolicyof"Huclothingridingandshooting",abandoningtheCentralPlains'wide-clothesbeltandchariottactics,replacedwithshort-shirts,tightsleeves,beltties,leatherboots,andsingle-mancavalrytactics.Strongnationalpower.ZhaoYudongdefeatedZhongshanState,andNorthwestdefeatedLinHuandLoufan.ThreecountiesofYunzhong,Yanmen,andDaiweresetupinthenewlyopenedareainthenorth,andthe"ZhaoGreatWall"wasbuiltfromZhangjiakou,HebeitodaytoWuyuanCounty,BayannaoerCity,InnerMongolia.
Koreanweapons
SouthKoreabordersWeiandZhaointhenorth,Qiintheeast,andChuinthesouth.,Qinisinthewest,andenemiesareonallsides.Fortunately,SouthKoreaisfearedbyallcountrieswithitsfamousweapon-thecrossbow.Theso-called"theworld'smostpowerfulcrossbowscomefromKorea."SouthKoreancrossbowscanshoot800metersaway.Inaddition,SouthKorea’sswordsarealsoextremelysharp.Theyare"thelandcutsthecattleandhorses,andthewatercutsthegeese."
In375BC,HanusedhismilitaryforcetodestroytheancientCentralPlainscountryZheng.ThestrongestSouthKoreawaswhenHanZhaohouwasinpower.Hislegalist'sapplicationwasnotharmful,hisinternalaffairswereclear,andSouthKoreabecameawell-offrule.BecauseitislocatedintheCentralPlains,SouthKoreaissurroundedbyWei,Qi,Chu,andQin,sothereisnoroomfordevelopmentatall,andthecountryisalsothesmallestofthesevencountries.
TheYanKingdomcutsdowntheHu
WhentheYanzhaoKing,therewastheYanZhaoQinKai,inAsthehostageofthecountryofYan,Donghupeopletrusthimverymuch.AfterQinKaireturnedtoChina,heattackedDonghuwithtroops,"EastHuwasmorethanathousandmilesaway."Asaresult,theborderofYanStatemovedeastwardformorethanathousandmiles,greatlyexpandingtheterritoryofYanState,andYanStateimmediatelybegantobuildtheNorthGreatWall.
ThefalloftheZhouDynasty
In440BC,KingZhouKaoassignedhisbrotherJitothecityandestablishedtheKingdomofZhou(thePrincipalityoftheWesternZhouDynasty).In367BC,GongZigenrebelled,andZhaoandSouthKoreasupportedGongZigenandforcedZhouXianwangtosealJigenYugong.Sofar,theZhouDynastyWangJibelongedtotheWesternandEasternZhouPrincipalities,andtheZhouprinceswereleftinthepalaceoftheEasternZhouPrincipality.In307yearsago,theQinarmyleftthepalaceafterthekingofZhouDynasty,andthekingofZhouDynastymovedtotheroyalcityoftheWesternZhouDynasty.In256yearsago,QindestroyedthePrincipalityoftheWesternZhouDynasty,theKingofZhouZhediedofillness,andtheWesternZhouDynastywasdestroyed.Inthefirst249years,QindestroyedthePrincipalityofEasternZhouDynasty.
In256BC,KingZhouZhe(nǎn)believedinKingChuKaolieandsummonedthesixnationstofightagainstQininthenameoftheemperor,butfailedbecausethesixnationsdidnotcooperate.In246BC,thekingofQinYingzhengcametothethrone.HeappointedWeiLiao,LiSiandotherstospeedupthepaceofreunification,usedmoneytobuytheofficialsofthesixcountries,disruptedthedeploymentofthesixcountries,andsenttroopstotheeastforyears.Aftermanyyearsofwar,fromtheQinState'sdestructionofKoreain230BCtothedestructionofQiin221BC,thesixeasterncountrieshaveunifiedforQinandestablishedacentralizedstate.
Territory
Territoryarea
ThenorthernterritoryofthevassalkingdomunderthejurisdictionoftheemperoroftheZhouDynastyhasreachedtheareaofKazuoandChaoyangintoday’sLiaoning,andtheWeiheRiverinGansutothewest.Upstream,thenorthwestreachestheHuoshanareaoftheFenheRiverBasin,theprincesQiluintheeastreachestheShandongPeninsula,thesouthreachestheHanRiver,andthesoutheastreachesthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverandtheTaihuLake.
Thebiggestperiod
DuringthereignofChengkang,theZhouDynastyenteredaperiodofearlyprosperity,andJizialsowenttotheNorthKoreaarea,whichwasforJiziKorea.
Atthistime,theHuaiyiintheHuaishuiareasurrendered,andtherestoftheShangDynastysurvivorsarestayingintheSuiyangDistrictofShangqiu,Henantoday.ItistheSongState.Duringthisperiod,SushenfromthenortheastofourcountryheardabouttheheroicfigureofKingZhouCheng'seastwardmarch,andspeciallycametopaytribute.
Atthistime,theterritoryoftheZhouDynastyreachedtheLiaodongPeninsulainthenortheast,thesouthernShaanxiareainthenorthwest,andtheYangtzeRiverinthesouth.Atthistime,theterritoryoftheZhouDynastywasthemostextensive.
Administrativedivisions
ZhouWuWangJifadividedthechildrenandheroesofthefamilysurnameJiastheprincesofthecountries,thefifthclass:Gong,Hou,uncle,son,male,whichislessthanthefifthclass.Asavassal.
Inthe"Xunzi·Ruxiao"chapter:"Establishedintheseventy-onecountry,Jisurnamed53peoplealone."
"ZuoZhuan"Zhaogong28yearsagainsaid"Therearefiveoutoftenpeopleinthecountryofbrothers,andfortypeopleinthecountryofthesurnameJi",thisistheoriginofthe"feudal"ofChina'sfeudallordswiththesamesurname.
Lookattheentry"ListofZhouDynastyPrinces"indetail.
Politics
CentralSystem
Accordingtotheweeklysystem,theprincesofgreatpowerscansometimesalsoserveasofficialsoftheroyalfamily.example.Theofficialsystemsetupbytheprincesinhisfeudalcountrywasroughlyequaltothatoftheroyalfamily,andthearmyeachbecamethemasterofoneside.
TheemperorofZhouhasgreaterauthorityovertheprinces,andtheprincescanstillobeyorderstopaytribute.Inthethirteenthyearof"ZuoZhuan"Zhaogongsaid:"Inthepast,theemperor'stributeisinorderofmagnitude,andthetributeoftheprincesisheavy,andthesystemoftheweekisalso."ZhouTianzihadtherighttointerfereintheinternalaffairsoftheprinces,andsometimessentenvoystotheprincestosupervisethecountry,andtheywerecalled"princesandprisons"togetherwiththeprinces.
DuringtheWesternZhouDynasty,theEmperorZhouwasstillabletoordertheprincestoentertheEasternZhouDynasty,andtheauthorityoftheZhouroyalfamilydeclined,andmostoftheprincesdidnotfulfilltheirobligationstotheroyalfamily.TheroyalfamilyitselfalsodependedonthegreatpowersofJinandZhengYuweiatthattime,nottomentionthematteroforderingtheprinces.ZhouZheng'sintercoursewith"ShootingKingShoulder"alsolosttheonlyremainingmajestyofZhou'semperor.
However,theprincesofthecountriesarestillthesubjectsoftheZhoukinginname.ExceptfortheKingdomofChu,thereisnoslanderousactofproclaimingtheking.QiHuangongproposedtorespectthekingandfightagainstthebarbarian,moretoservehisownnationalinterests,butitalsoincreasedtheprestigeoftheZhoukingslightly.Mostofthefivetyrantsalsoactedunderthisslogan,thatis,superficiallyrespecttheking,butactuallyexpandandmerge.
AfterenteringtheWarringStatesPeriod,mostofthecountry'smergershavebeencompleted.Thereareonlymorethan20vassalstatesleftintheZhouDynasty.IntheWarringStatesperiod,exceptforWeiHuiandQiWei,whohadactedinthedynastyandZhouDynasty,theywerealsoactingasashow.ThemonarchsoftheothervassalstatesnolongeractedinthedynastyandZhoudynasty.
ShiqingandShilu
TheKingofZhouisthesupremerulerofthecountry.SecondtothetwobureaucratsofZhouWangyouandBao.ThedivisionandBaoaretheTaishiandTaibao.Theycontrolthemilitaryandpoliticalpoweroftheimperialcourtandaretheguardiansoftheyouthandmonarchs.Thispoliticalelderguardianshipsystemdevelopedfromtheritualsystemofchildcareandguardianshipinaristocratichomesandformedanofficialposition.
Thecentralgovernmenthastwomajorbureaucraticsystems,namelyQingshiliaoandTaishiliao.
Qingshiliao
The"Qingshi"inBronzeisthe"QingShi"."Shuowen"says:"Skills,thingsarealso."Botharecalled"Liao",indicatingthattheywerethetwomajorgovernmentofficesatthattime.TheQingShiliwasinchargeofthe"threethingsandfourdirections"ofthedynasty.Theso-called"threethings"refertothethreemajorpoliticalaffairswithinWangJi;the"quartet"referstotheaffairsofprincesoutsideWangJi.ThechiefofQingshiliaowasTaibaoandTaishiintheearlyperiod,andTaishiafterthemiddleperiod.
Officialsaremainlythe"ThreeYousi",namelySima,Situ(Apprentice),andSigong(Empty).Situistheofficialwhoisinchargeoflandandapprenticeship;Simaistheofficialwhoisinchargeofmilitarygifts;Sikongistheofficialwhoisinchargeofconstructionprojectsandsoon.Inadditiontothethreedivisions,thereisSiKou,anofficerinchargeofprisonpoliceandothermatters,andhisstatusislow.Therearealso"Shishi","AsianBrigade",and"TigerGiant",whoareofficersinchargeofthemilitarybrigade.Thereare"funhorses",theofficialswhoshovehorses,andthe"dinners",theofficialswhoadministertheking'sfoodandtelltheking'sorders.
"Inancienttimes,thereisnodistinctionbetweenmilitaryandpunishment.ThechiefsofQingshiliao,bothTaishiandTaibao,havethepowerofmilitaryandpoliticalpower,sobothShaoGongandZhouGonghavegonetowar.
Taishiliao
ThechiefofficerofTaishiliaoisTaishi,whoisinchargeofordering,makingstatutes,sacrifices,seasons,picturesandbooks,etc.,bothasacivilianTheleaderofanofficialisalsotheleaderofaclergyofficial,whosestatusissecondonlytoQingshiliao.Accordingtothe"BookofRites·Qulixia",therearemainly"sixmajors",namely:Dazai,Dazong,Dashi,Dazhu,DaShi,DaBu.The"sixmajors"arealsoknownas"heavenofficials."Theseofficialpositionsmayberelativelyprimitive,andtheymayberegardedaspriests.Amongthesix,Taishiisthelongest.TaishiandTaishi,LiketheTaibao,theycanallbecalled"gong".Forexample,whenthepublicofficialiscalledtheTaibao,theZhouGongguanistheTaishi,theBiGongguanhastheTaishi,andtheyareallrespectedas"gong".
ZhouDynasty,"Themajoreventsofthecountrylieinworshipandbattle",somostofthesixofficials’dutiesarecloselyrelatedtoreligiousaffairs.Afterthemid-term,religiousfunctionsgraduallyweakenedinthepoliticalinstitutions,"thereforeMingBao,MingGong,HuangTianYinDaBao,DaBao,etc.Theofficialpositionofthegovernmenthasdisappeared,whichmeanstheexpansionofgovernmentofficialpositionsandthedevelopmentofthebureaucracyoftheWesternZhouKingdom.
Feudalsystem
ZhoupracticedgreatfeudalismandestablishedapatriarchalfeudalsystemwithZhouemperorasthesuzerain.Zhoureferredtothesevassalsas"ZhuXia",andcollectivelyreferredtotheplaceswherethevassalsweredistributed,includingtheoriginalXiaandShangruledareas,asthe"ZhuXia",whichwasalsoregardedasthecreationofYuDaYu.Theplaceiscalled"Yuji"or"YuJi".AtthebeginningoftheWesternZhouDynasty,thelandofthecapitalwascalled"China",andlaterthetermwasextendedtotheentire"ZhuXia",oftenreferredtoas"ZhuXia"as"China".DuringtheWesternZhouDynasty,thethreetribesoftheoriginalXiapeople,merchants,andZhoupeoplemergedintooneandabsorbedtheelementsofothertribalgroups.Thepolitical,economic,andculturalaspectsweremoreunified,andtheChinesenationalcommunitywasbasicallyformed.Feudalismisalsocalledenfeoffment,whichistheoriginalmeaningof"feudalism"inancientChinese;"feudalism"inancientdocumentsmeans"feudalism".DuringtheZhouDynasty,thefeudalsystemwasasocialsysteminwhichtheZhouroyalfamilydividedtheterritoryintoprinces.Underthefeudalsystem,thecountry’slandwasnotentirelyownedbytheZhouroyalfamily,butwasownedbytheprinceswhoobtainedthefeudalland.Theyhadalltheresourcesofthefeudalland.AndthebenefitscanbefulfilledbypayingacertaintributetotheZhouroyalfamily,whichisequivalenttotherelationshipbetweentheEuropeankingdomsintheMiddleAgesandtheHolySee,whichisthebasisofthefederationinthemodernsense.KingZhouisaco-owner(theco-lordisaleadermodelleftoverfromtheclansociety,andYuisthelastclanco-lord).Intheory,thelandoftheprincescanberecoveredandredistributedbytheZhouroyalfamilyaftertheirdeath,butitisgenerallyhereditary.
Thepatriarchalsystem
ThissystemwasestablishedintheXiaDynasty,developedintheShangDynasty,completedintheZhouDynasty,andinfluencedthelaterfeudaldynasties.AccordingtothepatriarchalsystemoftheZhouDynasty,theclansweredividedintomajorclansandminorclans.ThekingofZhoucalledhimselftheSonofHeaven,andhewascalledthegreatmasteroftheworld.Theemperor’ssonsotherthantheeldestsonweremadeprinces.Theprincesareminorstotheemperor,buttheyarebigonesinhisfeudalcountry.Theothersonsoftheprincesweredividedintodoctors.DoctorQingisasmallclantotheprinces,butitisabigclaninhisbenefice.Thesameistruefromdoctorstoscholars.Therefore,theeldestsonsofthenoblesarealwaysbigsects(zongzi)ofdifferentranks.Dazongnotonlyenjoystherighttoruleoverclanmembers,butalsoenjoyspoliticalprivileges.Later,therulersofvariousdynastiesreformedthepatriarchalsystemandgraduallyestablishedafeudalpatriarchalsystemcomposedofpoliticalpower,clanpower,divinepower,andhusbandpower.
Thewell-fieldsystem
Thewell-fieldsystemisthelandstate-ownedsysteminancientChinesesociety.IthaswrittenrecordsduringtheShangDynastyandprevailedintheWesternZhouDynasty.Atthattime,roadsandchannelscriss-crossed,dividingthelandintosquares,shapedlikethe"well",soitwascalledthe"wellfieldsystem."TheminefieldbelongedtothekingofZhouandwasallocatedtothecommonpeople.Lordsarenotallowedtobuy,sellortransferminefields,butalsopaycertaintributes.Thelordforcedthecommonpeopletocollectivelycultivatewellfields,withprivatefieldssurroundingthem,andpublicfieldsinthemiddle.Anditsessenceisalandprivatesystem.(Xia,ShangandWesternZhou,alllandbelongstothecountry).
Thesystemofetiquetteandmusic
Chimes(2photos)
Thecustomsandhabitsoftheclansystemweredevelopedandtransformed,andusedasameanstorulethepeopleandconsolidatetheinternalrelationsofthenobility.Thepurposeistomaintainitspatriarchalsystemandmonarchy,clanpower,husbandpower,andtheocracy.Ithasthefunctionofmaintainingthehereditaryandhierarchicalsystemofthenobilityandstrengtheningtherule.Atthattime,manyeconomicandpoliticalrulesandregulationswereoftenrunthroughtheholdingofvariousrituals,andtheywereestablishedandmaintainedbytheholdingofvariousrituals.InthelateSpringandAutumnPeriod,therewasasituationof"disintegrationofritualsandmusic."Whentheseofficialsseizedthepowerofthemonarch,theynotonlyarrogantlyusedtheprinces'rituals,butalsoarrogantlyusedtheritesoftheemperor.Accordingtotheceremony,theemperor’sdanceuses"eight佾"("佾"means"column",eachcolumnhaseightpeople,andeight佾64people).Atthistime,JiSunalsoused"eight佾danceinthecourt",Confuciusreprimanded:"Itistolerable,andwhichisunbearable!"Accordingtotheceremony,theemperorsacrificedhisancestorsandsangthepoem"Yong"toremovethesacrifices.Atthistime,allthreeofLu'sfamilies"retreatedwith"Yong","KongQiubelievedThiskindofthingshouldn'tcomefromthe"houseofthreefamilies."Accordingtotheceremony,onlytheemperorcan"travel"(sacrifice)toMountTai.Atthistime,JiSun"traveledtoMountTai",andKongQiuaccusedhimofnotknowingetiquette.Dr.Qing's"arrogance"isessentiallyamanifestationoftheseizureofpoliticalpower.
Accordingtorecords,intheWesternZhouDynasty,emperorsusedJiuding,princesusedQiding,ShijiaSandingorYiding.IntheEasternZhouDynasty,theemperorandtheprincesusedJiuding,QingusedQiding,doctorsusedWuding,ShijiaSandingorYiding.Theemperor’sfirstheydaycattle,called"Tailao",thefollowingShengsheep,hog,fish,fat,stomach,fat,freshfish,freshwax;theprincesuseQiding,alsoknownas"DaLao",reducefreshmeat,freshwaxTwoflavors;DoctorQingusesfivetripods,called"ShaoLao",whichisthebestforsheep,hog,fish,wax,andskin;scholarsusethreetripodstoprosperhog,fish,andwax,andscholarsalsouseatripodforprosperoushog.Theritualandmusicsystemismainlyusedtomaintainthepatriarchalsystemandmonarchy,clanpower,husbandpower,anddivinepower."XunziRitualTheoryChapter"says:"Therearethreebooksofritual:hewhoistheheavenandtheearthisthebasisoflife;theancestoristhebasisofclass(ethnic);theruleristhebasisofgovernance."Theearth,respectingtheancestorsandtheemperor,arethethreebooksofrituals."Asthe"threebooksofrituals",theheavenandtheearthrepresentthepowerofthegods,theancestorsrepresentthepoweroftheclan,andtheemperorrepresentsthepoweroftheemperor.Later,therulersusedheaven,earth,princes,relatives,andteachersasthemainobjectsofworship,basedonthistheory.
Nationalandoppositionsystem
IntheShangDynasty,thesystemofnationaloppositionisgenerallydifficulttodetermine.ThesystemofstateandwildnessintheWesternZhouDynastywasthemosttypical.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriod,thesystemofstateandwildnessbegantodisintegrate,andintheWarringStatesperiod,itwasgenerallyprefecturesandcounties.Atthebeginningoftheweek,ZhouGong'sconquestandarmedcolonization.
TheZhouDynastywasdevelopedfromthe"LittleBangZhou"betweenQi,WeiandHeluo.Aftersuccessfullyreplacingthe"GreatStateYin"andhavingtheworld,theforcescouldnoteffectivelycontrolalltheterritoryoftheShangDynasty.InmostareasoftheoriginalShangDynasty,thepeopleandZhoupeoplewereverydifferentincultureandotheraspects.InordertofurtherstabilizethecontroloftheEasternLand,ZhouGongconqueredtheeasttodestroytheforcesofShangYinandhisallianceHuaiyi.AfterthevictoryoftheEasternExpedition,afterthecountrywantedtogivethesamesurname,differentsurnames,andancientemperorstothenewlyoccupiedEast,the"FanPingZhou"wasused.ThiskindofenfeoffmentatthebeginningoftheZhouDynastywasactuallyakindofarmedcolonization.Theseimportantarmedcolonialstrongholdsmainlyinclude:Qi,Lu,Yan,Yi(Wu),Jiangandotherprinces.Stateandopposition.
AfterthenoblesentrustedbytheZhouDynastyandthecommunefarmersledbythementeredthenewlyoccupiedarea,theyfirstestablishedamilitarystronghold.Suchstrongholdswerecalled"city"and"state".".Thevastareaoutsidethe"state"iscalled"wildness".Boththedynasty'sGuineiandthevassalstateshavesuchadistinctionbetweenthecountryandthewild,thatis,thedifferencebetweenthevillages.
WangJiregardedahundredmilesawayfromthecityasthesuburbs,thesuburbsasthetownships,andtheoutskirtsasthesuccesses.Thedynastyhassixtownshipsandsixsui,andthebigcountryhasthreetownsandthreesui.The"country"oftheZhouDynastywasdifferentfromthelatercommercialcitiesinthatithadnofunctionofregulatingproductionfor"wildness".Theirlivelihoodsgenerallydependonthesupplyof"wildness",sotheZhoupeople'scolonialstateisalsountamed.
Thedistinctionbetweenthenationalandthewildalsodrivesthedifferentpoliticalstatusofthenationalsandthewilds.TheChineseandthesavagesbelongtothecivilianclass.
Theso-calledShiQingreferstothoseundertheemperororprinceswhohaveinheritedthestatusofaprinceandholdpower.Forexample,thepostofZhouGongwasinheritedbyZhouGongdan'sfamilyuntilthemiddleofEasternZhouDynasty,andtherewasalsothepostofZhaoGong.Thiskindofempiresystemandethnicgroupsarebothexternalandexternal.Theruleofgenerationsisbasedonthehabitofco-governancebytheclan,andtheexistenceoftheclanalsodependsonthecontrolofthegovernmentfromgenerationtogeneration.
Theclaninchargemusttrytocontroltheirvestedinterests,andmembersofthesameclanarenoteasilyexcludedfromthecircleofrightsandinterests.Therefore,LuYouSanhuanandZhengYouQimuwereallbrothers.SongHua'sfamilywasmoreinpower.Theso-called"politicsbytheNingclan"referstotheclan.
Theidentityandstatusofthefamilyisnotdeterminedbytheemperorandthemonarch,butbyhereditary.AristocraticclanshavethesamesurnameasthekingofZhoubutdifferentsurnames,andtheirformationhastheirowncharacteristics.MostoftheShiqinggiantsoftheZhouroyalfamilywerethenoblesoftheEasternExpeditionintheearlyZhouDynasty.DuringtheEasternExpeditionintheearlyZhouDynasty,somesonsoftencolonizedtheforeigncountriestoestablishthecountry,andsomesonsstayedbehindtheroyalfamilytoassistthegovernment.ThisiswhatWuzisaidintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,"theinnersurnameischosenbytherelatives,andtheforeignsurnameischosenbytheold..
Military
Itisverylikelythataroundthesametime,theChineseinventedthecrossbow,whichhasbeenamajorweaponformostofthehistoryofChina.Otheradvancesinmilitarytechnologyincludethosetacticalimprovementsrelatedtoattackinganddefendingwalledcities.
Economy
InthelateZhouDynasty,industryandcommerceundoubtedlydevelopedconsiderably,althoughlikemanyothersituations,itisimpossibletoaccuratelyestimatewhathappened.Animportantsignistheappearanceofdifferentfixed-valuemetalcurrenciesindifferentcountries,especiallyinthe5thand4thcenturiesBC."HistoricalRecords"andotherhistoricalrecordsalsorecordseveralwell-knownbusinessmen,firstofall,Confucius'discipleZiGong,untiltheprimeministerLuBuweishortlybeforeQinunifiedthecountry.Largemerchantsdonotdealinmajorcommodities.Theyarelargeinquantityandeasilybroken,andonlyprofitablewhentheyareinshortsupply;theyprefertoconcentrateonluxurygoodsorbenefitfromthemountains.Thegovernmentdoesnotdirectlycareaboutthesecommoditieslikethemaincommoditiesofthecollectionanddistribution.
Culture
Ahundredschoolsofthoughtcontend
Confucius,therepresentativefigureofConfucianism(2photos)
1.Confucianism,representativefigure:Confucius,Mencius,Xunzi.Works:"SpringandAutumn","Mencius","Xunzi".Proposition:ConfucianismisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.ItisrepresentedbyConfuciusintheSpringandAutumnPeriod,anditadvocates"benevolenceandrighteousness",advocates"loyaltyandforgiveness"andtheimpartial"moderate",andadvocates"benevolentgovernance"andharmony."Benevolentgovernance"isanacademicschoolthatvaluesmoralandethicaleducationandhumanself-cultivation.Confucianismemphasizesthefunctionofenlightenmentandbelievesthatpeopleregardlessofcategorycanbeenlightened.Advocating"thereisnokindofeducation",boththerulerandtheruledshouldbeeducated,sothatthewholecountrywillbecomeaneducatedperson.
Inpolitics,healsoadvocatesrulingthecountrywithbenevolenceandpersuadingpeoplewithvirtue,callingfortherestorationof"benevolenceandjustice",andbelievesthat"benevolenceandjustice"istheidealroadtoachieveidealpolitics.AtthetimeoftheWarringStatesPeriod,therewereeightschoolsofConfucianism,thetwoimportantonesbeingMenciusandXunzi.
2.Taoism,representativefigures:Laozi,Zhuangzi,andYangZhu.Works:"TaoDeJing","Zhuangzi".Proposition:TaoismisoneoftheimportantschoolsduringtheWarringStatesPeriod,alsoknownas"moralists".ThisschoolusesLaoTzu'stheoryof"Tao"asitstheoreticalbasis,anduses"Tao"toexplainthenature,origin,compositionandchangesofallthingsintheuniverse.Hebelievesthatheavendoesnothing,andallthingsarenaturallytransformed,deniesthatgodsandghostsdominateeverything,advocatesthewaytobenatural,letitbenatural,advocatesquietnessandinaction,keepsthefemaleandthesoft,andusesthesofttoovercometherigid.Thepoliticalidealis"asmallcountrywithfewpeople"and"rulebydoingnothing."AfterLaozi,Taoismdividedintodifferentschools.Therearefourfamousschools:ZhuangziSchool,YangZhuSchool,SongYinSchoolandHuangLaoSchool.
3.Mohist,representativefigure:Mozi.Work:"Mozi".Proposition:MohistschoolisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod,anditsfounderisMoDi.Thisschoolisbasedonthedoctrineof“toloveeachotherandbenefiteachother”asthebasisofthedoctrine:Harmony,treatothersasyourself;Harmoniouslove,thatis,loveyourneighborasyourself."Loveintheworld"canachievethepurposeof"benefiteachother".Politically,headvocatesrespectingthevirtuous,thesameandnon-attack;economically,headvocatestheuseofthissection;ideologically,headvocatesrespectingtheheavensandtheghosts.Atthesametime,healsoputforwardthepropositionof"non-fate",emphasizingtorelyonone'sownstrengthtodoit.
TheMofamilyhasastrictorganization,andmostofitsmemberscomefromthelowerclassesofsociety.Accordingtolegend,allofthemcangothroughfireandswordstoinspirethemselves.Thedisciplesarethosewhoengageindebates,called"Mobian";thosewhoengageinmartialarts,arecalled"Moxia";theleaderiscalled"Ju(ju)son".Hisdisciplinewasstrict.Accordingtolegend,"ThelawoftheMohist,themurdererdied,andthewoundedpersonwastortured","LvShichunqiu·GoingtoPrivate",afterMoDidied,hesplitintothreefactions.InthelateWarringStatesperiod,itmergedintotwobranches:onefocusedonepistemology,logic,mathematics,optics,mechanicsandotherdisciplines,calledthe"Mohistschool"(alsoknownas"lateMohistschool"),andtheotherbranchwastransformedintotheQinandHandynasties.Therangerofsociety.
4.Legalists,representatives:HanFei,LiSi,ShangYang.Works:"HanFeizi","ShangJunshu","Guanzi".Proposition:LegalismwasoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.ItwascalledLegalismbecauseitadvocatedthatthecountryshouldbegovernedbylaw.DuringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod,GuanZhongandZiChanwerethepioneersofLegalists.AtthebeginningoftheWarringStatesPeriod,LiLi,ShangYang,ShenBuhui,ShenDaoandothersfoundedtheSchoolofLegalism.BytheendoftheWarringStatesPeriod,HanFeiintegratedShangYang's"law",ShenDao's"power"andShenBuhui's"technique"tointegratethegreatachievementsoflegalistthoughtsanddoctrines.
Intermsofeconomy,thisschooladvocatestheabolitionofminefields,emphasizesagricultureandbusiness,andrewardsfarmingwars;politically,itadvocatestheabolitionoffeudalization,theestablishmentofcounties,themonarchy,theuseoftechniques,andtheruleofseverepenalties;Intermsofideologyandeducation,headvocatesbanningthedoctrinesofallscholars,teachingthelawandtheofficialsasteachers.Hisdoctrineprovidedtheoreticalbasisandactionstrategyfortheestablishmentofaunifiedmonarchydynasty.The"Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"recorded217worksoflegalists,andnearlyhalfofthemareinexistence.Themostimportantoneis"ShangjunBook"and"HanFeizi".
5.Militarystrategists,representativefigures:SunWu,SunBin.Works:"SunTzu'sArtofWar","SunBin'sArtofWar".
6.Famousartistsandrepresentativefigures:DengXi,HuiShi,GongsunLong,HuanTuan.Work:"GongsunLongzi".MasterswereoneoftheimportantschoolsoftheWarringStatesPeriod.TheywerecalledMastersbylatergenerationsbecausetheywereengagedindebatingnames(names,concepts)andreality(facts,reality)astheirmainacademicactivities.Atthattime,peoplewerecalled"debtors","chats"or"Xing(form)masters".RepresentativesareHuiShiandGongsunLong.
7.FamilyofYinandYang,representative:ZouYan.Proposition:TheYin-YangfamilywasoneoftheimportantschoolsoftheWarringStatesPeriod,namedforitsadvocacyofthetheoryofYin-YangandFiveElementsandusingittoexplainsocialandhumanaffairs.Thisschoolshouldoriginatefromtherulingclassinchargeofastronomicalcalendarsinancienttimes.Theyin-yangschoolbelievesthatyinandyangarethetwoopposingandtransformingpowersofthingsthemselves,whichcanbeusedtoexplainthelawofdevelopmentandchangeofthings.TheFiveElementsTheorybelievesthateverythingiscomposedoffiveelements:wood,fire,earth,gold,andwater.Therearetwolawsofmutualgrowthandmutualvictory(葜),whichcanbeusedtoexplaintheoriginandchangeofallthingsintheuniverse.ZouYanintegratedthetwo,basedonthetheoryofthefiveelementsintergrowthandwineachother,interpretedtheattributesofthefiveelementsas"fivevirtues",createdthe"fivevirtuestheory",anduseditasthelawoftheriseandfallofsuccessivedynasties,whichisanewunifieddynasty.Theestablishmentofthisprovidesatheoreticalbasis.Twenty-onekindsofworksofthisschoolwererecordedin"HanShu·YiWenZhi",allofwhichhavebeenscatteredandlost.The"BookofRites·Yueling",whichwascompletedinthelaterperiodoftheWarringStatesPeriod,issaidtobetheworkoftheYin-Yangfamily.SomeofthearticlesinGuanZibelongtotheworksoftheYin-Yangfamily,andsomematerialsfromtheYin-Yangfamilyareretainedin"LuShiChunQiu·YingTong","HuaiNanZi·QiSuXun",and"HistoricalRecords·TheBookofEmperorQinShiHuang".
8.Strategists,representativefigures:Guiguzi,ZhangYi,GongsunYan,SuQin.Themainremarksarepassedonin"WarringStatesPolicy"and"GhostValleyClassic".Proposition:StrategistsarecounsellorswhousedthestrategyofpersuadingtheprincesandengagedinpoliticalanddiplomaticactivitiesduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Listedasoneofthehundredsofscholars.ThemainrepresentativesareZhangYi,GongsunYan,SuQinandsoon.
DuringtheWarringStatesPeriod,thesouthandthenorthwereunitedvertically,andthewestandeastwereconnectedhorizontally.SuandQinforceYan,Zhao,Han,Wei,Qi,andChutouniteverticallytorejectQin,whileZhangYitriedtobreaktheunitedverticalandconnected.ThehorizontalsixkingdomsweredividedintoQin,andthepoliticalstrategistgotitsname.TheiractivitieshadanimportantimpactonthechangesinthepoliticalandmilitarystructureduringtheWarringStatesPeriod."WarringStatesPolicy"hasalotofrecordsofitsactivities.Accordingtothe"Hanshu·ArtandLiteratureHistory",thepoliticalstrategistoncewrote"SixteenHundredandSevenChapters".
9.Miscellaneousfamily,representative:LuBuweiWork:"LuShichunqiu".Proposition:ZajiaisacomprehensiveschoolattheendoftheWarringStatesperiod.Itisnamedafter"consolidationofConfucianismandMohism,combinednamingmethod","TheTaoismoftheHundredSchoolsisallincompatibility"("HanShu.YiWenZhi"andYanShiGuAnnotation).The"LüShiChunQiu"compiledbyQinXiangLuBuweigatheredtogethertheguests,isatypicalcollectionofworksbymiscellaneousartists.
10.Farmer,representative:XuXing.Proposition:ThepeasantfamilyisoneoftheimportantschoolsintheWarringStatesPeriod.Namedbecauseofitsemphasisonagriculturalproduction.Thisdispatchcomesfromanofficialwhomanagesagriculturalproductioninancienttimes.Theybelievethatagricultureisthefoundationoffoodandclothingandshouldbeplacedfirstinallwork."Mencius."TengWengong"recordsXuXingqi,"forShennong'swords",andproposesthatsagesshould"farmingandeatingwiththepeople,andgoverningbyfood",whichshowsthesocialandpoliticalidealsofthepeasantfamily.Thispartyalsopaysattentiontorecordingandsummarizingagriculturalproductiontechnologyandexperience.The"ShangNong","RenDi","BianTu"and"ShenShi"in"LuShiChunQiu"areconsideredtobeimportantmaterialsforthestudyofpre-Qinpeasanthouseholds.
11.Novelist,representative:YuChu.Work:"YuChuZhouShuo".Proposition:Novelist,oneofthetopteninthepre-Qinperiod,collectsfolklegendsandcommentsinordertoinvestigatefolkcustomsandcustoms."Thenovelistsarebornoutofbarnyardofficials.Thestreettalksandalleytalk,andthewordsaremadebythosewholistentothem."
Painting
ZhouDynastypaintings(4photos)
TheZhouDynastyliteraturerecordsarequiterich,especiallythemurals.Fromthecontentsreflectedinthe"ShanHaiJing"writtenintheWarringStatesPeriodandtheChuYuan's"TianWen"bythepoetQuYuan,wecanseethehugescaleofthemuralpaintingsatthattime,butunfortunatelytheyhavenotbeenpasseddowntothisday.Thepaintingsofthetimecanonlybeunderstoodfromthebronzewarepicture,thelacquerpictureandthetworemainingsilkpaintings.Throughthehugeandcomplexbronzepictures:mulberrypicking,hunting,shooting,feasting,waterandlandwarfare,etc.,itcanbeseenthatthecraftsmenoftheZhouDynastyhavequitehighabilitiesincompositionandimageshaping,andhaveinitiallymasteredbalanceandsymmetry,Thelawsofartsuchascontrast.Althoughduetoconditions,thecharactersinthepictureshavenofacialexpressions,buttheyhavevividmannersandproperproportions,whichindirectlyexpressthementalityofthecharacters,justasXunzisaidthattheshapesandtoolsareborn.Thelacquerunearthedfromthetombsareallpaintedwithpatternsandcolors.Simpleandlively,thecharactersonitarealsodynamic,thefacialexpressionsarerelativelysimple,thepaintingisstillintheearlyage,andtheinnocentandlivelycharacteristicsofchildhoodarefullyexpressed.Somelacquercoffinswerepaintedwithpaint,whichcanberegardedastheearliestoilpaintings.ThefoursilkpaintingsoftheWarringStatesthathavebeenhandeddowntothisday,especiallythe"CharacterDragonandPhoenixPicture"and"CharacterRoyalDragonPicture",representthehighestlevelofpaintingatthattime.Forexample,therearechangesincomposition,balance,dynamicratioofimage,linestrength,etc.,allhaveachievedcertainachievements.Especiallyinthe"CharacterRoyalDragon",thelinesarestrongandflexible.Thedepictionoftheimageofthemanwiththeswordandtheexpressivenessofthelinesaremoremature.ThecharacteristicsofChinesepaintingwithlinemodelinghavealreadyemerged.Thewidelydistributedandcolorfulrockpaintingsenrichthepaintingcontentfromanotherside.Carving
ThecarvingskillsoftheZhouDynastyarefarfromtheleveloftheGreekcarvingsoftheperiod.Large-scalecarvingswithindependentsignificancehavenotbeendiscovered.Thecarvingsatthattimeweremainlyburiedmudandwoodfigurinesandjadecarvings.Products,madeintoanimal-shaped,human-shapedbronzeandlacquerware,andotherartsandcrafts.Intermsofthecomplexityofthetypeandtherichnessofthematerialtechnique,itisbeyondthereachofGreeksculpture.ThesculpturesthathavebeendiscoveredduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodaremadeoflacquerware,bronze,jade,mud,woodandothermaterials.Theimagesincludeanimals,figures,godsandmonsters,birds,dragonsandphoenixes,andthetechniquesincluderoundcarving,reliefsculpture,paintedpainting,andinlay.Theportrayalofcharacterscannotonlydistinguishthedifferencesinranks,genderandagecharacteristicsofmen,women,andchildren,butalsocharacterizeindividualcharacteristics.Thedecorative,painterly,andsymbolicfeaturesoftraditionalChinesesculptureshavealreadytakenshapeatthistime,andthistraditionalinfluenceisextremelyfar-reaching.
Calligraphy
Bronzeinscriptions(11photos)
ZhouDynastycalligraphyoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryofChinesecalligraphy.TheHeZuninscriptions(BronzeInscriptions)andStoneDrumInscriptionsrepresentthefirstclimaxofthedevelopmentofChinesecalligraphy.Theirstylesmaybevigorousandsimple,ordelicateandelegant.Theyhaveaspecialsenseofbeautyandaretreasuredbylatergenerations.ThefontsofMengshuandShortBook,whetheritisDanshuorZhushu,haveuniquecharm.Forexample,thebookofHoumaLeaguehasobviousmarksontheblade,strongturningandfrustration,andslightchangesinthethicknessofthelines.Thesealwritingprovidedtheearliestmodelforlatersealcarvingart.Musicanddance
Musicanddancehavebeenvaluedbyrulersofthepastdynastiesandlovedbypeoplefromallwalksoflife,anditssocialroleisconsiderable.Fortheupperclass,musicanddancewerefirstusedformajorceremoniessuchassacrificesandbanquets,andforthepeople,itwasmainlyentertainmentandrest.Atfirst,courtmusicanddanceandfolkmusicanddancewerestrictlyseparated.IntheWarringStatesperiod,courtmusicanddanceabsorbedmanyfolkmusicanddanceelements,andproducedZhengsheng,Chudance,Chuyin,Songyin,Weiyin,Qiyinandothermusicanddance.Thesecourtmusicanddanceswithastrongfolkmusicanddancecolorarehistorical.Theinevitablephenomenonintheprogresshascausedpanicandoppositionfromsomeconservativepeople,butthechangesinmusicanddancearethesameasthehistoricalprogressandareirreversible.Judgingfromdocumentaryrecordsandunearthedobjects,thescaleofcourtmusicanddanceactivitiesduringtheWarringStatesPeriodwasverylarge.JudgingfromthedozensofsetsofbellsandchimesunearthedfromthetombofZenghouYi,itisnotonlylargeinscale,butalsotheinstrumentalfunctionsarequiteadvanced.Manyunresolvedissuesinthehistoryofmusic.Atthattime,inadditiontothemusicanddanceusedforsacrifices,religiousdancesusedforprayingforblessingsandremovingevilspiritswereverydeveloped,suchaswaxsacrificesandNuorites,whichwerepopularfromthecourttothefolk.ChuYinandChuWuarerepresentedbyQuYuan's"NineSongs".Intermsofmusictheory,allpre-Qinscholarshavetheirownmusicviews.Taoism,Mohism,andLegalismholdanegativeattitudetowardsmusicanddance,butthestartingpointofoppositionandthedegreeofnegationaredifferent:Confucianismaffirmsmusicanddance,whileConfucianism,Mencius,andXunhavetheirownemphasiswhileaffirming.Whetheritisaffirmativeornegative,theyallexpoundedtheirownreasons,andtheyallprovidedenlightenmentfromacertainaspect,whichareworthyoffutureresearch.
Technology
BronzeArt
TheZhouDynastywastheheydayofbronzesinChinesehistory.TheBronzeAgeincludedtheXia,Shang,andWednesdaydynasties,lastingaboutonethousandsixteen.Morethanahundredyears.Bronzewaresofthisperiodaremainlydividedintoritualinstruments,weaponsandmiscellaneousobjects.Musicalinstrumentsarealsomainlyusedinancestraltemplesacrificialactivities.Theritualvesselswereusedinancientrituals,orwereusedintemples,banquetsandtoilets,andsomewerespeciallymadeforburial.Amongallthebronzewares,theritualvesselsarethemostnumerousandthemostexquisitelycrafted.RitualmusicalinstrumentscanrepresentthehighestlevelofChinesebronzecraftsmanship.Thetypesofritualutensilsincludecookingutensils,foodutensils,wineutensils,waterutensilsandidols.TheZhouDynastybronzesarethemostexquisitelydecorated,andtherearemanytypesofculturalornaments.IntheZhouDynasty,thereappearedextremelyexquisiteandadvancedbronzes,usingmudcasting,investmentcasting(lostwaxmethod),brazing,inlaying,rivetingandotherbronzemakingtechniques,aswellasflatcarving,reliefcarving,roundcarving,opencarving,wronggold,Avarietyofdecorativetechniquessuchasinlays,combinedwiththepre-Qinbronzemanufacturingtechnology,reflecttheadvancedlevelofbronzesmeltingandcastinginmycountryatthattime.DuringtheEasternZhouDynasty,duetotherefinementofbronzecastingtechniques,unusuallyrichdecorativepatternsappeared,andsomewereinlaidwithgold,silverorjadematerials,whichmadethebronzesformamulti-colorperformanceeffect.
WesternZhouDynastyBronze(2photos) | ZhouDynastyDoubleBeastBronze(4pieces) | TheThreeTreasuresofChina-DaKeDing(2photos) |
TheculturalrelicsunearthedfromtheTomboftheEmperoroftheEasternZhouDynasty(LuoyangJincun)(2photos) | RelicsunearthedfromtheTomboftheEmperoroftheEasternZhouDynasty(7photos) |
JadeCrafts
Duetosocial,economicandpoliticalchanges,theconceptofritualsystemoftheprinceshasbeenupdated.Giftjadeanddecoratedjade,whicharecloselyrelatedtotherulingclass,alsochanged,andthetypesofdecoratedjadeincreased.ThemaintypesofjadeintheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodare:Bi,Cong,Pipe,Bead,Wear,Cong,StringOrnaments,Le,Yuan,Ring,Jiu,Gui,Zhang,Handle,Ge,Hook,Frame,Dagger,etc.,Mostofthemareritualvessels,andafewaretoolsoflife.
TypicaljadearticlesoftheZhouDynasty(6photos)
Jadeisusedasadecorationtoshowtheidentityofthenobility.Goaway.Jadesymbolizesthevirtuesofagentleman,andtherearesevenvirtues,ninevirtues,andelevenvirtues.Intheevolutionofjade,comparedwiththemorethree-dimensionaljadecarvingsintheShangDynasty,therearestilltracesleftintheWesternZhouDynasty,andthejadeintheSpringandAutumnPeriodisbecomingmoreandmoreflat,withfewervarieties,butmorerefinedproduction.MostofthetombsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriodthathavebeenexcavatedhavejadeartifacts,andtheyarelargeinnumberandexquisitelymade.Forexample,morethan3,000piecesofjadewereunearthedfromtheChuTombinthemiddleoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodinXichuan,Nanyang,Henan.Therearealsoonetotwohundredjadeartifactsunearthedfromgeneraltombs.Someofthecraftsmanshipmakespeopleamazedtoday,suchasthe16-sectiondragonjadependantunearthedfromthetombofZenghouyiinSuixianCounty,Hubei;thehumanoidjadependantunearthedfromtheHantombinJincun,Luoyang,thecapitalcity,isexcellentinselectingmaterialsandcutting.
Lacquerwarecraftsmanship
Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtousenaturallacquer.LacquerwarecraftsmanshipwasverydevelopedduringtheShangandZhouDynasties.IntheSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,theuseoflacquerwarewaswider,thetechniquewasgreatlyimproved,andlocalstylesappeared.TheWarringStateslacquerwarewasaperiodofgreatdevelopmentinthehistoryofChineselacquerware,withawiderangeofdistribution,ahugeincreaseinvarieties,anunprecedentedincreaseinproductionlevel,andnewimprovementsinmanyaspects.Firstofall,thefetalbonesarerelativelydiverse.Inadditiontothewoodentyres,therearealsotyres,leathertyres,bambootyres,etc.;thecolorsusedarealsoricherthanthepreviousones,includingred,black,white,purple,brown,green,blue,yellow,Gold,silver,etc.,withblackandredasthemaintones;patternsandpatternsarecomplicatedandregular.Inaddition,thecombinationofpaintedlacquerwithsculpture,painting,andevenwithinlayisalsoamajorfeatureofEasternZhoulacquerware.
Metallurgicaltechnology
IntheWesternZhouDynasty,large-scaleironsmeltingandcastingbegantoappearinChina,andironsmeltingsitesinthelateWesternZhouDynastyhavebeendiscovered.
IntheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod,asthelastBronzeAgeinChina,duetotheuseofironandthepromotionofcattlefarming,bronzesgraduallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.Theuseofironandthepromotionofironplowsandcattlefarmingalsomarkedasignificantincreaseinsocialproductivity.improve.
Zhoudynastygoldware(16photos)
Chinabegantouseironnolaterthanthe7thcenturyBC,orevennolaterthanthe6thcenturyBC.Intheliterature,theearliestmaterialcanbefoundinZuoZhuan,whichrecordsthattheJinState'scriminallawwascastonasetofironcauldronsin513BC.Theweapons,farmtoolsandutensilsunearthedfromthetombsoftheWarringStatesPeriodareallmadeofiron.AconsiderablenumberofgoldwareswereunearthedfromthetombsoftheZhouDynasty.Theshapesareeitherancientoringenious,orexquisiteandelegant,reflectingthesmeltingandproductionofgoldinthebuddingperiodinChinaatthattime,andreachingacertainlevel.
Weavingandembroiderycrafts
IntheEasternZhouDynasty,theSpringandAutumnPeriodandtheWarringStatesPeriod,greatachievementshavebeenmadeintheweavingandembroiderycrafts.Forexample,itwasfoundinasmalltombinMashan,Jiangling,Hubeiin1982.35piecesofclothing.Unearthedtextilesaredividedintotwocategories:silkandlinen.Silkfabricsincludeeightcategoriesofsilk,silk,yarn,Luo,Qi,brocade,silk,andgroup,andtheprecisionofproductionisalsounprecedented.
MonarchLineage
See:MonarchofZhouDynasty,Inthistable,themonarchofQueenZhouYoustillhasZhouandWangJiYuchen,"TsinghuaJane·XianNian"astheKingHuiandKingHui.The"TsinghuaBambooSlipsSeries"records"...youkingandBopanaredestroyed,Zhouisdead.BangjunZhuzhengistheyoungerbrotherofLiYouWangYuchenYuguo,isthekingofXiuhui.LiTwentyandanotheryear,JinwenHouQiuItistokilltheHuiKingYugu.InthenineyearssincetheEmperorofZhouDynastydied,theprincesoftheprincesandprincesdidnotreignintheZhouDynasty..
LiuGuozhong,ChenJian,DongShan,HuangRener,ZhuFenghan,andMr.ChaoFulinalladvocatedthat"thenineyearsofthekingoftheZhouDynasty"shouldbe"thenineyearsoftheZhouWuwang".Thereisnokingintime."Nineyearsaftercarryingthekingtodeath"saidthatitactuallyadmittedthattherewasagapwithoutthekingofZhouontheweekend,whichisequivalenttotreatingthekingasthesonoftheemperorofZhouwhohaslegallysucceededtothethrone.ScholarssuchasWangHongliangbelievethatthistheorycannotbeestablished.
Serialnumber | Posthumousname | Name | Introduction | Reigntime |
The21stcenturybeforethefirstweek-themid-11thcenturybeforetheweek | ||||
HouJi | JiQi | TheancestorofZhoupeople | EmperorShun,theearlyXiaDynasty | |
—— | JiBuyu | TheabandonedsonofHouJiji | XiaDynastyTaikangPeriod | |
—— | JiJu | SonofJiBuyu | —— | |
—— | JiLiu | SonofJiju | Theendofthe"NinthRebellion"oftheShangDynasty,theearlystageof"PangengmovedtoYin" | |
—— | JiQingFestival | JiGongLiu'sSon | p>—— | |
—— | JiHuangPu | SonofJiQingjie | —— | |
—— | JiChafu | SonofJiHuangPu | —— | |
—— | JiRuijun | SonofJichafu | —— | |
—— | GongfeiJi | SonofJiRuijun | —— | |
Yuhou | JiGaoyu | ThesonofJiGongfei | ShangDynastyZuyiPeriod | |
—— | JiYaqun | HouJiSonofGaoYu | PangengPeriodofShangDynasty | |
—— | UncleJi'sgrandfatherclass | ThesonofJiYazhen | —— | |
ZhouTaiwang | JiSub | SonofUncleJi'sancestors | ShangDynastyWuyiPeriod | |
—— | p>JiLi | SonofZhouTaiwangJiTu | ShangDynastyDingperiod | |
ZhouWenwang | JiChang | SonofZhouWangJili | ShangDynastyEmperorYi,EmperorXinPeriod | |
11thcenturybeforetheWesternZhouDynasty-771beforetheWesternZhouDynasty | ||||
01 | TheKingofZhouWu | JiFa | ThesonofZhouwenWangJichang | former1046-former1043 |
02 | ZhouChengwang | JiSong | ThesonofZhouWuWangJifa | former1042-former1021 |
03 | KangZhou | JiZhao | SonofZhouChengWangJi'schanting | Before1020-Before996 |
04 | ZhouZhaowang | JiXia | ThesonofZhouKangandWangJizhao | former995-former977 |
05 | ZhouMuwang | JiMan | ZhouZhaoWangJiXian'sson | former976-former922 |
06 | ZhouGongwang | JiYanhu | ThesonofZhouMuWangJiman | former922-former900 |
07 | ZhouYiWang | JiLao | ZhouGongSonofWangJiyanhu | former899-former892 |
08 | ZhouXiaowang | JiPifang | ZhouMuWangJiman'sson | Former892-former886 |
09 | ZhouYiWang | JiXie | ZhouYiWangJi'sson | Former885-former878 |
10 | ZhouLiWang | Jihu | SonofZhouyiWangJixie | former877-former841 |
RepublicAdministration | former841-former828 | |||
11 | ZhouXuanwang | JiJing | ZhouLiWangJiHu'sson | former827-former782 |
12 | ZhouYouwang | JiGongluan | ThesonofZhouXuanWangJijing | Former781-former771 |
EasternZhou770-256 | ||||
13 | ZhouPingwang | JiYijiu | ThesonofZhouYouWangJiGongLuan | Theformer770-Theformer720 |
14 | ZhouXieWang | JiYuchen | ZhouSonofXuanWangJijing | Former771-former750 |
15 | KingZhouHuan | JiLin | ThegrandsonofZhouPingWangJiYijiu p> | former719-former697 |
16 | TheKingofZhouzhuang | Jituo | ZhouHuanWangJilin'sson | Former696-former682 |
17 | ZhouXiwang | p>JiHuqi | ThesonofZhouzhuangWangJituo | former681-First677 |
18 | ZhouHuiwang | JiLang | ZhouXiWangJiHuQi'sson | former676-former652 |
19 | —— | JiSu | ThesonofZhouzhuangWangJituo | former675-former673 |
20 | KingZhouXiang | JiZheng | SonofZhouHuiWangJiLang | Former651-Former619 |
21 | —— | JiBelt | ZhouHuiSonofWangJilang | former636-former635 |
22 | ZhouQingwang | 姬壬臣 | 周襄王姬郑之子 | 前618-前613 |
23 | 周匡王 | 姬班 | 周顷王姬壬臣之子 | 前612-前607 |
24 | 周定王 | 姬瑜 | 周顷王姬壬臣之子 | 前606-前586 |
25 | 周简王 | 姬夷 | 周定王姬瑜之子 | 前585-前572 |
26 | 周灵王 | 姬泄心 | 周简王姬夷之子 | 前571-前545 |
27 | 周景王 | 姬贵 | 周灵王姬泄心之子 | 前544-前520 |
28 | 周悼王 | 姬猛 | 周景王姬贵之子 | 前520 |
29 | —— | 姬朝 | 周景王姬贵之子 | 前520-前516 |
30 | 周敬王 | 姬匄 | 周景王姬贵之子 | 前519-前476 |
31 | 周元王 | 姬仁 | 周敬王姬匄之子 | 前475-前469 |
32 | 周贞定王 | 姬介 | 周元王姬仁之子 | 前468-前441 |
33 | 周哀王 | 姬去疾 | 周贞定王姬介之子 | 前441 |
34 | 周思王 | 姬叔 | 周贞定王姬介之子 | 前441 |
35 | 周考王 | 姬嵬 | 周贞定王姬介之子 | 前440-前426 |
36 | 周威烈王 | 姬午 | 周考王姬嵬之子 | 前425-前402 |
37 | 周安王 | 姬骄 | 周威烈王姬午之子 | 前401-前376 |
38 | 周烈王 | 姬喜 | 周安王姬骄之子 | 前375-前369 |
39 | 周显王 | 姬扁 | 周安王姬骄之子 | 前368-前321 |
40 | 周慎靓王 | 姬定 | 周显王姬扁之子 | 前320-前315 |
41 | 周赧王 | 姬延 | 周慎靓王姬定之子 | 前314-前256 |
