Zhang Tianyi

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Character'slife

Nei primi giorni

ZhangTianyiwasborninNanjingin1906.Inthe11thyearoftheRepublicofChina,heandhisclassmatesDaiWangshu,DuHeng,andShiZhecunco-organizedsmallliteraryandartisticpublications,andpublishedworksinpublicationssuchas"Saturday","FairyMoon",and"Weekly".Inthefallofthe13thyearoftheRepublicofChina,hewasadmittedtotheShanghaiAcademyofFineArtsforoneyear;thefollowingsummer,hewasadmittedtothepreparatorycourseofPekingUniversity.Afterclass,hestillreadandwriteextensively.In2016,hejoinedtheCommunistPartyofChina.Inordertoexperiencethelifeofthelowerclass,XiaYirandroppedoutofschoolandworkedasaclerkinShanghai,Nanjingandotherplaces,asatutor,accountant,reporter,officeclerk,clerical,etc.,totastethepainofdismissalandunemployment..Inthe18thyearoftheRepublicofChina,hecommunicatedwithLuXun.Inthe20thyearoftheRepublicofChina,hejoinedtheChineseLeft-wingWritersUnionandactivelyengagedinrevolutionaryliterarycreationandotherrevolutionaryactivities.

Engagedinanti-Japanesepropagandawork

InthewinteroftheRepublicofChina,inthewinterof26,engagedinanti-Japanesepropagandawork.,Andwroteshortstoriessuchas"Mr.TanJiu'sWork".ThefollowingyearhetaughtatHunanUniversity.Inthe28thyearoftheRepublicofChina,heservedastheeditorofthesupplementofthenewspaper"ObservationDaily"oftheHunanProvincialPartyCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina.Inthe33rdyearoftheRepublicofChina,hereturnedtoXiangxiangtorecuperateduetoillness.Inthe37thyearoftheRepublicofChina,afterhewenttoShanghai,hisillnessturnedcritical,andhewasescortedtoMacauJinghuHospitalfortreatment.HerecoveredinMay1950andwenttoBeijing.

In1951,heservedasdeputydirectoroftheCentralInstituteofLiterature,directoroftheChineseWritersAssociation,editorialboardandeditor-in-chiefof"People'sLiterature",memberoftheCommunistPartyCommitteeoftheChineseWritersAssociation,andsecretaryoftheSecretariat.ParticipatedinthesecondandfourthnationalliteratureandartWorkers’Congress,electedasamemberofthepresidium,servedasarepresentativeofthefirsttothirdNationalPeople’sCongress,andamemberoftheFifthNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference.

"CulturalRevolution"Duringtheperiod

Durante "Revolutionis Culturae", ZhangTianyi pulsavit Becomea" capitalistroader", "acdre qui exsequitur nigram lineam literaturae et artis", et decentralizant "laborem" in Xianning, Hubei. Ille erat in hemiplegiaanda phasia. Postmodum curatus est, ille continuatus est.

AwardRecord

"TheStoryofLuoWenying"wonthefirstprizeofnationalchildren'sliteratureandartin1954;"TheBaldKing"and"DaLinandXiaoLin"werepraisedas"JiYeShengTao""TheScarecrow"isthesecondmilestoneinthehistoryofChinesefairytales;"TheSecretofTreasureGourd"andYanWenjing's"NextTimeSailingPort"aretwoimportantachievementsinthecreationoffairytalesinChinasincethefoundingofthePeople'sRepublicofmycountry.Inrecognitionofhiscontributiontothecauseofchildren'sliteratureinmycountry,ZhangTianyiwasawardedthehonoraryprizeforthesecondnationaljuvenileandchildren'sliterarycreationappraisal.

Mainworks

"Abemptinesstofulfillment" (shortstorycollection) MCMXXXI, modern

"GhostDiary" (longstory) 1931,ShanghainoonBookstore

"LittlePeter" (shortstorycollection) 1931, ShanghaiChunguangBookstore

"Gear" (longatorium) signedbyTieChihan,1932,Hufeng

"Annus" (longustory) MCMXXXIII, goodfriend

"Bee" (shortstorycollection) 1933, modern

"Backandtits" (shortstory) MCMXXXIII, goodfriend

"DalinandXiaolin" (fairytale) 1933, modern

"Conter Attack" (shortstorycollection) MCMXXXIV, vita

"Migration" (shortstorycollection))1934, GoodFriends" Reunion"

"CollectionofPeople" (CollectionofNovelsandScripts) 1936, GoodFriends.

"ChingMingFestival" (Nova) 1936, ShanghaiLiteraturePublishingHouse

"WanRenYue" (shortstorycollection) 1936, business

"TheBaldKing" (FairyTale) 1936, WenSheng

"YangQiXia"(longstory)1936,ShanghaiXinzhongBookstore

"O" (shortstorycollection) 1936, inluminata

"SpringBreeze" (shortstorycollection) 1936, WenSheng

"StrangePlace" (Novae) 1937, WenSheng

"IntheCity" (Fiction) 1937, GoodFriends

"Homecomers" (collectionofshortstories) 1939, WenSheng

"OnCharacterDescription" (Theoria) MCMXLII, Scriptor'sBookstore

BooksbyZhangTianyi(7Zhang)

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi" 1951, inluminata

"TheStoryofLuoWenying" (Collectionofshortstoriarum) 1952, Zhongqing

"RongshengatHome"(Script)1953,Zhongqing

"BigBadWolf"(Script)1954,Zhongqing

"TaleoftheBrainless" (FairyTale) 1956, Liberi

"TheSecretoftheTreasure Calabash" (FairyTale) 1958, Pueri

"MiscellaneousLiteraryCriticism" (Comment) 1958, auctor

"TotheChildren" (acollectionofnovelsandscripts)1959, Humanities

"GototheMovies" (Novel) 1960, LitteraeReformPress

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi" 1979, Humanitates "SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi"

"GoldenDuckEmpire" (fairytale) 1980, the peopleofHunan

SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi'sShortStories(Volumes2and2) 1981, Culture andArt

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi'sNovels" (Volumes1and2) 1981, HunanPeople

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi'sFairyTales" 1981, HunanPeople

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi'sChildren'sLiterature" 1981,PeopleofJilin

"Viginti" andothers (collectionofshortstories) 1981, PleofJiangxi

"ZhangTianyionCreation" 1982, ShanghaiLiteratureandArt

"SelectedWorksofZhangTianyi" 1983, SichuanPeople

"ZhangTianyiLiteratureReviewCollection" 1984, Humanities

"CollectionofZhangTianyiWorks" (Volume 1-7) 1985-1989, ShanghaiLiteratureandArt (notpublished)

"ZhangTianyi'sFables"1986,AnhuiChildren

"BaoFamily" (shortstorycollection) 1986, Baihua

"ZhangTianyiCollection" (FairyTaleCollection) MCMLXXXVII, CrasPublishingHouse

"ZhangTianyiResearchMaterials"(editedbyShenChengkuan,HuangHouxing,WuFuhui)1982,SocialScience

OnDraftsofZhangTianyi'sNovels(DuYuanming)1985,PeopleofNingxia

OnZhangTianyi(editedbyShenChengkuan,ZhangDaming,WuFuhui,HuangHouxing)1987,HunanLiteratureandArt

PublishedBooks

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Characteristicsofcreation

CharacteresofZhangTianyi'ssatiricalnovels:

(1)Lookingdownonthesatiricalobject,focusingontheperspectiveinamomentoflifeTherichcharacterhistory,theoutlinesofthecharactersareclearandclean,andtheyaregoodatdistillingthecharacters'habitualactionsandlanguageintheDickensianstyle,graspingthecharacters'souloutlinestoexpandtheirsmallcharacteristics,andwritebigcharacters.

(2)Payattentiontotheflexibilityofthenarrativeperspective,useactionsandemotionsastheinternalbasisforthenarrativestructure,dilutetheplotofthestory,relyondramaticdetailsandcontradictionstostructurethenovel,andformafragmentedandsketchedhorizontalstructureAstronganddramaticnovelform.

(3) Spicyandunrestrainedcomicstyle exaggerated, expressivesatireart.

(4) FreshandflowspokenEnglish.

ThreesatiricalthemesinZhangTianyi'snovels

1.Anti-hypocrisy.Thefirsttypeofhypocriticalimagesinhisworksarethoseoldlandlordsandoldbureaucratswhoaretraditionaldefenders.Forexample,in"BackandTits",thechiefgentryandgrandfatheroftheclanwantedtomolestRenSansao,butwasresisted,sohecleverlysetupapublictrialintheancestor'sXianghuoShrine,andlaterforcedRenSansaotoservehimasamortgagefordebtsinthenameofforcingherdebts.RenSansaopretendedtobesubmissive,tooktheopportunitytobeathimupandranawayovernight.Behindthelong-sister'scondemnationof"allevilandprostitutionisthehead"ishisdespicablepersonalitythatreliesonpowerandpower.Thenovelusesthemainstaytodescribethesediment,exposingthehypocrisyofNeo-Confucianism.Asfarassatiricalliteratureisconcerned,ZhangTianyiformallycapturedthecharactertraitsoftheselandlordsandcountrygentrywhodeceivedtheworldandhackedtheirreputationsandwerepowerfulandinthemiddle.Heusedsatiricaltechniquestoexposetheirhypocriticalthinkingandinsignificantbehavior,makingreaderslaughcontemptuously.Atthesametime,italsoshowstheauthor'sclassconsciousnessofloveandhatred,andwritesabouttheawakeningandresistanceoftheoppressed.Forexample,RenSansaoin"BackandTits"punishedtheeldestgrandfatherfiercely,andflewawaywithherlovedone.

Thesecondtypeofhypocriticalimageinhisworksisthecitybureaucratsonthemodernpoliticalarena.Thepoliticalsatiricalnovel"Mr.Warwick"createdatthebeginningoftheAnti-JapaneseWarishisrepresentativework.Mr.Warwickwasamunicipalbureaucratwhowasintheanti-Japaneseculturalcamp.Hehasastrongdesireforpowerbutisunlearnedandskillless.Hepretentiouslygoesoutsidetobluffanddeceive.Herunsaroundinarickshaweveryday.Heisbusyattendingvariousmeetingsandgettinginvolvedinallkindsofaffairs.Monopolyandmanipulatemassorganizationsandactivities.Throughthecreationofsuchanimageofabureaucraticbureaucracythatwas“all-in-onewithoutdoinganything”duringtheWarofResistanceAgainstJapan,theworkexposesthebehavioroftheKuomintangbureaucratstointerfereanddestroythepeople'sspontaneousanti-JapaneseorganizationsandactivitiesinthenameoftheAnti-JapaneseWar,whichhadawide-rangingsocialimpactatthattime.Moreover,thehypocriticalimageofMr.Warwickonthemodernpoliticalstageisalsodistinctivelyrepresentative,whichmakestheironiceffectoftheworkbreakthroughthelimitationsofpoliticsandthetimesandenterthelevelofculturalpsychologicalirony.

Second,anti-vulgarity.Forthosehumbleintellectuals,civilservantsandcitizens,ZhangTianyifocusedonexpressingtheirgraylifeandvulgar,sad,contradictoryandridiculouspsychologicalstate.Theymaybeemptyandbored,andtheyspendtheirdaysdrinking,wandering,andchattingaboutlove.Althoughtheyaredepressed,theyareunabletoextricatethemselves,andsometimesfallforthemselves.JingYein"FromEmptinesstoFullness","PigChangZi"in"TheSorrowofPigChangZi",andSangHuain"Migration"areallsuchcharacters.Ortheymaybeinastateofsorrowanddespair,dreamingofbeingpromotedandgettingrich.ThehumbleBaiMuyiin"OneYear",LiYitai,whoswayedthemarketwithanemptysoul,LiangMeixuan,whowasloyalandpeacefulthroughouthislife,andLuBaotian,whowasbothadogandahorsein"LuBaotian,"arethementalstatesofsuchlittlepeople.Itmakespeoplehateanddespisethevulgarlifefromlaughter.Theauthorhasnolackofbittersympathyintheironyandteasing,whichfurthershowsthedepthoftheexpressionofironicliteratureandthefloggingofhumanity.

Three,anti-feudalism.ForthecitizenslivinginthebottomofsocietylikeAhQ,thesatiricalthemesofZhangTianyi'snovelsareanti-vulgarityandanti-numbness,mourningtheirmisfortune,andangeringthemnotto"wakeup".ThisreflectsthatZhangTianyiwasdeeplyinfluencedbyLuXun.TheLaoBaointheshortstory"FatherandSonofBao"isasubmissiveservantwhoworksasaerrandinthebigmansion.Heisunwillingtobeinsuchahumblepositionforever,andwhenheisold,hehasnohopeofgettingrich.Thehopeof"climbingup"ispinnedonhissonBaoGuowei.Hedideverythingpossibletoenshrinehissontothe"ForeignSchool",becauseonlyafterhegraduatedfromthe"ForeignSchool"canhegettheopportunitytobecomeanofficialandmakeafortune,andLaoBaocanrealizehiswishtobecomeanoldlady.However,BaoGuoweididnotliveuptoit.Notonlydidhenotstudyhard,hebecamearoguestudent,andwasfinallyremovedfromtheschool.Asaresult,OldBaofellintoanembarrassingsituation.ThethoughtsandbehaviorsoftheBaosandhissonsdirectlyreflectthevulgarityofthelow-levelcitizensofsociety,andthedisillusionmentoftheiridealsistheinevitablefateofsuchhumblefigures.ForLaoBao,thisisnotonlyvulgar,butalsoignoranceandnumbnesstohelptheabuser."FathersandSonsofBao"isarepresentativeworkofZhangTianyi'ssatiricalnovels,anditisalsothetopgradeinmodernChinesesatiricalnovels.ItintertwinesandimprintsthebehaviorsofthefathersandsonsofBao'santagonisticways.Thewholeworkisfullofhumorandironyfulloftheupsanddownsoflife.LaoBaoisnotonlyanimageofapettycitizenwhosedreamshavebeenshattered,butalsoavictimoffeudalorderandculture.Theauthor'sLaoBaoisextremelydutiful,honestandloyal.HeisfullofChinesefeudalpatriarchalsystem,semi-colonialandsemi-feudalsocietyandcultureintertwinedwiththerootsofnationalinferiority,showingdistinctseculartragicomedycharacteristics.

Inshort,ZhangTianyiuseshisnovelstocreateaworldoftragedyandcomedyinvariousforms,whichisextremelyrichinconnotation.

Growingup

Duringelementaryschoolandmiddleschool

IreadalotofChineseandforeignliteraryworks.In1922,hewrotecomicanddetectivenovels,andpublishedashortstory"NewPoetry"inthe"Saturday"magazine.Aftergraduatingfrommiddleschoolin1924,heenteredtheShanghaiAcademyofFineArtstostudypaintingforoneyear.In1926,heenteredthepreparatorycourseofPekingUniversitybecausehewasdissatisfiedwiththecourseshetookandhisfamilywaspoor,sohedroppedoutthenextyearandworkedasatutor,clerk,reporterandeditor.Publishedashortstory"Threeandahalfdays'dream"in1929.

JointheChineseLeft-wingWritersUnion

JoinedtheChineseLeft-wingWritersUnionin1931,participatedintheworkofitsliteraryandartisticpopularizationresearchsociety,andassistedinediting"CrossStreet",etc.publication.Thecreativeoutputisincreasingdaybyday,facingreality,andthecontentissubstantial,bringingafreshbreathtotheliteraryandartworld.Shortstorieswrittenatthistimeincludecollectionssuchas"FromEmptinesstoFullness","LittlePeter","Bee","CounterAttack","Transition","Reunion","TenThousandYears ","SpringBreeze","Chasing",etc.,Hisnovelsaregoodatsatireandhumor.Themostwrittenisthevulgarandridiculouslivesofordinarycitizensandsomeintellectualsinordertorevealthehypocrisyanduglinessofrealityandcriticizethemaladiesofthedeformedsociety."PaoandSons"ishisrepresentativework.Duringthisperiod,therewerealsonovels"DiaryofGhostLand","Gear","OneYear","PidginMan","IntheCity",thenovella"ChingMingFestival", ac nepotum scriptorum litteratura in longis fairytales.DaLinandXiaoLin",TheBaldKing",novella"StrangePlace",etc., integram educationem invividorum narrandi, ac fovendam developmentofChinese filiorum literaturam.

TheWarofResistanceAgainstJapanAfterthestartoftheWarofResistanceagainstJapan

AftertheWarofResistanceAgainstJapanbegan,heparticipatedintheestablishmentoftheShanghaiLiteraryandArtisticSalvationAssociationandservedasthe"SalvationDaily""Editorialmember,directoroftheChinaNationalLiteraryandArtCirclesAnti-enemyAssociation.Thecollectionofshortstorieswrittenbyhim,"ThreeSketches",deeplyexposedthedarksideoftheAnti-JapaneseMovementintheKuomintangControlledArea,arousedtheattentionanddiscussionoftheliteraryandartcircles,andproducedawiderangeofsocialinfluences,stoppingthesituationof"desperatelyturningbackwards"intheChineseliteraryworldatthattime.Amongthem,"Mr.Warwick"ishismasterpieceofsatiricalnovels.In1942,hewasrecoveringfromlungdiseaseinChengdu,Shanghai,HongKongandotherplaces,andstoppedwritingformanyyears.Thefull-lengthfairytale"GoldenDuckEmpire"wasalsounfinishedduetoillness.HewenttoBeijingin1950;onceservedasdeputydirectoroftheCentralInstituteofLiterature,memberoftheChineseFederationofLiteraryandArtCircles,secretaryoftheSecretariatoftheChineseWritersAssociation,editor-in-chiefof"People'sLiterature",andeditorialboardmemberof"Children'sLiterature".Inadditiontoeditingpublicationsandcultivatingyoungliteraryandartworkers,heisalsoengagedinthecreationofchildren’sliterature,publishingnovels"GoingtotheMovies","TheStoryofLuoWenying"(wonthefirstprizeofNationalYouthandChildren'sLiteratureandArtCreationin1954),"TheyandWe",thefairytale"TheStoriesofNoBrain","TheSecretoftheGourd",thescripts"RongshengatHome","TheBigBadWolf",etc.,arecollectedandpublishedas"FortheChildren".Thecharactersareexquisitelyportrayed,richinimagination,livelyandinteresting,andwell-tempered.Theyhavebeenlovedbyyoungreadersfordecadesandhavemadeimportantcontributionstothedevelopmentofchildren'sliterature.Sincethe1930s,ZhangTianyihasalsopublishedmanynovelandoriginaltheoreticalcriticismarticles.Hehaspublishedmanyofhisworkssuchas"DiscussiononCharacterDescription","LiteraryMiscellaneousCriticism","ZhangTianyiLiteratureCriticCollection",etc.Ithasbeentranslatedintoavarietyofforeignlanguages​​andpublished.

Diedfromillness

ZhangTianyireturnedtoworkafterliberation,servedasamemberofthePartyGroupoftheChineseWritersAssociation,andmarriedShenChengkuan.Duringthe"CulturalRevolution",hewastortured.Afterthe"GangofFour"wascrushed,hewantedtowriteagain,butunfortunatelyfellill,paralyzedandaphasia,anddiedin1985.