Conoscenza tacita

Basic notitia

Conceptus

Conoscenza Tacita[Conoscenza Tacita]

ThetacitknowledgeisbasedonMichaelPolanyi'sAconceptproposedfromthefieldofphilosophyin1958.Inhisexaminationofwhichaspectsofhumanknowledgedependonbelief,heaccidentallydiscoveredthefactthatthefactorofthisbeliefisinherentinthehiddenpartofknowledge.Polanyibelieves:"Therearetwokindsofhumanknowledge.Whatisusuallydescribedasknowledge,thatis,expressedinwrittenwords,diagrams,andmathematicalformulas,isjustonetypeofknowledge.Scientiathatisnotexpressedislikewhatwearedoing.Theknowledgepossessedintheactionofsomethingisanotherkindofknowledge."Hecalledtheformerexplicitknowledgeandthelattercalledtacitknowledge.AccordingtoPolanyi’sunderstanding,explicitknowledgecanbeusedbyhumans.Acertaincodesystem(themosttypicalislanguage,butalsoincludesmathematicalformulas,variousdiagrams,Braille,signlanguage,semaphoreandothersymbolicforms)tofullyexpresstheknowledge.Tacitknowledgeistheoppositeofexplicitknowledge,whichreferstothekindofknowledgethatweknowbutitisdifficulttodescribe.

Evidenceforexistence

Afterthe1960s,psychologistsReber,Weiskrantz,andWarringtonalmostsimultaneouslycarriedoutexperimentalresearchintheareasofimplicitlearningandimplicitmemory.Thisconcludesthepreludetotheempiricalresearchonimplicitcognition.

Reber’sresearchconstructedasetofartificialgrammaticalstructures,arrangedandorganizedanumberofconsonantsaccordingtogrammaticalrules,andformedastringofmeaninglessconsonantsaslearningmaterialsfortheexperimentalgroup.Atthesametime,anothersetofconsonantstringswasformedinarandomarrangementasthelearningmaterialsforthecontrolgroup.Inthelearningphase,twogroupsofsubjectsarerequiredtomemorizetheletterstringpresented.Inthetestphase,thegrammaticalstringoflettersandthenon-grammaticalstringoflettersaremixedtogether,andthesubjectsaretoldthatsomeoftheletterstringsconformtoacertainrule,andtheyarerequiredtodistinguishbetweenthetwo.Asaresult,itwasfoundthatsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupcouldeffectivelydistinguishbetweenthetwotypesofletterstrings,whilesubjectsinthecontrolgroupcouldnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwoatall.Reberbelievesthatthestructureofartificialgrammarisextremelycomplex,anditisimpossibleforanyparticipantto"master"thegrammarrulesinashortperiodoftime.However,thebehavioroftheexperimentalgroupparticipantsshowedthateventhoughtheydidnotknowtheimplicitruleswhentheywerelearningletterstringsIntheend,theycannotclearlyexpressthecontentoftherules,buttheycanusetherulestoclassifytheletterstrings,includingnewletterstringsthathavenotbeenpresented.Thisshowsthattheexperimentalgroupparticipantsunconsciouslylearnedthegrammaticalrulesimplicitintheletterstring.Basedonthis,Reberproposedtwomodesofhumanlearning:explicitlearningandimplicitlearning.Explicitlearningisaprocessthatrequireswillfuleffortandstrategicusetocompletelearning;implicitlearningisaprocessofunconsciouslyacquiringcomplexknowledgeintheenvironment.Thisisthefirstevidencefortheexistenceofimplicitlearning.

Theproofofthephenomenonofimplicitmemoryinitiallybenefitedfromtheindirectmeasurementmethodtomeasurethememoryabilityofpatientswithamnesia.WeiskrantzandWarringtonasked4amnesticpatients(3patientswithKorsakoffsyndromeand1patientwithtemporalloberesection)tolearnasetofvocabularylists,andthentook4formsoftests:freerecall,recognition,fuzzywordrecognition(putThehandwritingofawordisblurredandthesubjectisrequiredtosaywhatwordisbasedonimpressionratherthanrecollection)andstemming(showingthefirst3lettersofaword,andthesubjectisrequiredtofillinitaccordingtowhattheythinkinsteadofrecollection)Intoameaningfulword)andcomparethetestresultswith16patientswithnormalmemory.Theresultsshowedthatpatientswithsevereamnesiashowedobviousmemoryimpairmentintraditionalrecognitionandrecalltasks,andtheirperformancewasmuchworsethanthatofthecontrolgroup.Butintheothertwotasksthatdonotrequirerecall,theycanidentifyandfilloutawordwiththeirinnerfeelingsatwill,buttheyusealotofpreviouslylearnedwords.ItisespeciallyworthnotingthattheprobabilityandcomparisonofthelearnedwordsThereisnodifferencebetweenthegroups.Subsequently,otherresearchers'studieshaveachievedsimilarresults,andfoundthatpatientswithamnesiastillretaintheabilitytolearnandremember,buttheycannotbemeasuredbytraditionaldirectmeasurementmethodsandareonlysensitivetoindirectmeasurementmethods.Someresearchersbelievethatthedirectmeasurementmethodandtheindirectmeasurementmethodaretheresultsoftwodifferentinternalcognitiveprocessingprocesses,calledimplicitmemoryandexplicitmemory,respectively.Theformerreferstotheunconsciousextractionofinformationstoredinlong-termmemory.

Aftertheseearlystudieswerepublished,theywererapidlyexpanded,formingimplicitrecognitionincludingvariouscognitiveprocessinglevelsofimplicitperception,implicitmemory,implicitlearning,andimplicitsocialcognition.Inthefieldofknowledgeresearch,alotofbreakthroughshavebeenmade.Ithasbeenproventhatimplicitcognitiveprocessingisrelativelyindependent;subliminalstimulationcanfacilitatesubsequenttasks;implicitcognitiveprocessingabilityhasnoobviousage-stagecharacteristics,andislessaffectedbymentalretardation,amnesia,andschizophreniaImplicitlearninghasthecharacteristicsofautomaticity,generalization,acertaindegreeofcomprehensibility,andanti-interference;personalbackgroundvariablesaffectindividualjudgmentanddecision-makingofsocialrelationshipvariables;implicitcognitiveprocessingisnotaffectedbypsychologyResourceconstraints;non-strategic,non-analytical,unconsciouscognitiveprocessingismoreefficientthanexplicitcognitiveprocessingforthestructureofhighlycomplexmaterials.Theseresearchresultsenablehumanbeingstograduallyanddeeplypeekintoandunderstandtheirownvastunconsciousmentalactivities.

Classification

Fromtheperspectiveofskillsandcognition,corporatetacitknowledgecanbedividedintotwocategories:

Solers

Solers, peritiae, experientiae et sciunt quomodo;

Scientia

Intellectus, intuitus, perceptio, valores, mentis, intellectus, intellectus incomprehensibilis et organisationalcultureWait.

Fromthedegreeofcodificationofenterprisetacitknowledge,itcanbedividedinto:tacitknowledgethatcanbecoded,tacitknowledgethatisnoteasytocode,andtacitknowledgethatcannotbecoded(withoutconditionsinacertainperiod).

Duetotheimplicitnessandcomplexityofenterprisetacitknowledge,generallyspeaking,onlyasmallpartofthetacitknowledgethatcanbecodedorexplicit,andmostofthemarenoteasytocodeorcannotbecoded.Correctclassificationhelpsustoadoptdifferentstrategiesfortheidentification,flow,transformationandinnovationoftacitknowledge.

Features

Tacititas

Cannotbeclearlyexpressedthroughlanguage,text,diagramsorsymbols:Tacitknowledgeisgenerallydifficulttoexpressclearlyandlogically.Itistheresultofhumannonverbalintelligenceactivities.Thisisthemostessentialcharacteristicoftacitknowledge.

Individualitas

Tacitknowledgeexistsintheindividual’smind.Itsmaincarrieristheindividual.Itcannotbepassedthroughformalforms(forexample,schooleducation,massmedia,etc.).)Fortransmission,becauseitisdifficultfortheowneranduseroftacitknowledgetoexpressitclearly.Buttacitknowledgeisnotimpossibletopass,butitispassedinaspecialway,forexample,throughthemethodof"teachingfromteachertoapprentice".Inaddition,thereisaneedtodistinguishbetween"individuality"and"subjectivity."Polanyibelievesthat,unlikethesubjectivestateofmind,whichislimitedtoone'sownandprivatefeelings,individualknowledgeistheknowledgethattheknowerhasahighsenseofresponsibility(resposibility),withauniversalintent,incontactwiththeexternalreality(externalreality).)Basedontheknowledgeobtained.Itcanbeseenthattheindividualisdifferentfromthesubjective,andthekeyisthattheformercontainsauniversalandexternaldimension.

irrationalis

Explicitknowledgeisobtainedthroughpeople’s"logicalreasoning"process,soitcanreflectrationally,whiletacitknowledgeisthroughpeople’sphysicalsensesOritisobtainedbyintuitionandcomprehension,soitisnotobtainedthroughlogicalreasoning.Becauseoftheirrationalcharacteristicsoftacitknowledge,peoplecannotcriticizeitrationally.

Contextual

Tacitknowledgeisalwayscloselyrelatedtospecificsituations,italwaysreliesontheexistenceofspecificsituations,andistheoverallgraspofspecifictasksandsituations.Thisisalsoaveryimportantfeatureoftacitknowledge.

Culturae

Tacitknowledgehasstrongerculturalcharacteristicsthanexplicitknowledge,andisinseparablefromtheconcepts,symbols,andknowledgesystemsthatpeopleanalyzeinacertainculturaltradition.Inotherwords,peopleindifferentculturaltraditionsoftensharedifferenttacitknowledge"systems",includingtacitnaturalknowledge"systems"aswellastacitsocialandhumanknowledge"systems".

Chanceandarbitrariness

Tacitknowledgeismoreaccidental,morerandom,anddifficulttocapture,soitismoredifficulttoacquirethanexplicitknowledge.

Relative

Therelativityherehastwomeanings:oneisthattacitknowledgecanbetransformedintoexplicitknowledgeundercertainconditions,andtheotherisrelativetoaperson.Tacitknowledge,butatthesametimemayalreadybeexplicitknowledgeforanotherperson,andviceversa.

Stabilitas

Comparedwithexplicitknowledge,tacitknowledge,likeideasandbeliefs,isnoteasilychangedbytheenvironment;itislessaffectedbyage,anditisnoteasytofadeandforget;Itmeansthatonceanindividualpossessessomekindoftacitknowledge,itisdifficulttotransformit.Thismeansthattheconstructionoftacitknowledgeneedstobecarriedoutinasubtleway.

Integritas

Althoughtacitknowledgeoftenlacksalogicalstructure,itistheresultoftheinternalcognitiveintegrationoftheindividual,anditisanorganiccompositionofacomplete,harmoniousandunifiedsubjectpersonalityThepartplaysamajordecisiveroleinthebehavioroftheindividualintheenvironment,anditisalsointegralandindivisibleasawhole.

Explicitmodel

Thecoreofenterprisetacitknowledgemanagementistheexplicitizationoftacitknowledge.Thevalueoftacitknowledgemustberealizedthroughthetransformationofexplicitknowledge.Itisthroughthiscirculartransformationthatinternalknowledgeformsaspiralingprocessofknowledgeinnovation.Thetransformationoftacitknowledgeandexplicitknowledgehasgonethroughfourcycles.

Socializationstage

Thesocializationstagereferstothepropagationprocessfromthetacitknowledgeofanindividualtoanothertacitknowledge.Thisistheoldestandmosteffectivewayofspreadinghumanknowledge.Intheprocessofknowledgemanagement,wesparenoefforttomaketacitknowledgeexplicitthroughinformationtechnology,butthereisalwayssomevaluabletacitknowledgethatisdifficulttotransform,andthetacitknowledgeistransmittedthroughthesocializationstageoftacitknowledge.Sharingandinnovation,enhancingthecompetitivenessoftheorganization,havebecomeaveryimportantlinkinenterpriseknowledgemanagement.Inthisprocess,participantscanobtaintacitknowledgefromotherswithoutusinglanguage.Forexample,apprenticescanlearncraftsmanshipbasedonexperience,imitation,andpractice.

Theexternalizationstage

Theexternalizationstageistotransformtacitknowledgeintoaformthatiseasytounderstandandacceptthroughanalogies,metaphors,hypotheses,listening,andin-depthconversations.Transformingtacitknowledgeintoexplicitknowledgeisatypicalprocessofknowledgeinnovation.Peopletransformtheirownexperienceandknowledgeintocontentthatcanbedescribedbylanguage.Itisaprocessofupgradingfromperceptualknowledgetorationalknowledge,andtransformingexperienceintoconcepts.Thepurposeofexplicitknowledgeistoshareknowledge.Undernormalcircumstances,onlythosespecific,operationalorconventionalknowledgecanbedisseminated,anddeep-levelknowledgeisnoteasyforotherstoobtain.Therefore,toimplementknowledgemanagement,wemustfirstcollectandprocessimplicitknowledgethatcanbemadeexplicit.

Compositiones

Thisstageisthetransformationoftacitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge,anditisaprocessofestablishingarepetitiveknowledgesystem.Itfocusesoninformationcollection,organization,management,analysisanddissemination.Inthisprocess,newideasaregeneratedintheprocessofcontinuousaggregationofinformation.Privateknowledgecannotbeshareddirectly,andonlyrelevantopinionsandinformationintheknowledgecanbetransmitted.Afterothersreceiveinformation,theymustdeeplyperceive,understandandinternalizeitbeforetheycanformtheirownnewknowledge.Theexplicitknowledgecollectedfromindividualemployeesisprocessedtoformgeneralexplicitknowledge,whichisfinallycondensedintothecoreknowledgeoftheenterprise,whichcanbeeasilyabsorbedandusedbyemployeestorealizethenormaloperationoftheorganization.

Internalizationstage

Internalizationmeansthatthenewlycreatedexplicitknowledgeistransformedintothetacitknowledgeofothermembersoftheorganization.Thepurposeofimplicitknowledgeistorealizetheapplicationandinnovationofknowledge.Theinnovationandapplicationofknowledgeistheultimategoalofknowledgemanagement.Whetheranorganizationcanhaveanadvantageincompetitiondependsonwhethertheorganizationcanmakefulluseoftheorganization'sknowledge,andwhetheritcancontinuouslycreatenewknowledgeandupdateknowledge.Aftertheinternalizationstage,organizationalcompetitivenessisimproved,andknowledgemanagementcompletesabasiccycle.Intheabovefourtransformationprocesses,thetransformationoftacitknowledgetoexplicitknowledgeisthecore,anditisthemostdirectandeffectivewayofknowledgeproduction.Thetacitknowledgeofindividualemployeesisthecoreoftheproductionofnewknowledgeinanenterprise.Howtoeffectivelystimulateindividualtacitknowledge,avoidobstaclesinthetransformationprocess,andincreasetheinteractionofthefourtransformationmethodswillaffectthecompany’slevelofnewknowledgegeneration.

ExplicitObstacles

AsPolanyipointedout,iftacitknowledgeispersonalinsight,itcanonlybeacquiredthroughpersonalexperience,anditisobviouslydifficulttomaketacitknowledgeexplicit..Belowweanalyzethemainobstaclestotheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgefromtheperspectiveofthecharacteristicsofdifferenttypesoftacitknowledge.

Corpus-basedtacitknow

Corpus-basedtacitknowTheso-calledbody-basedtacitknowledgereferstothetacitknowledgegeneratedandappliedbythesubjectintheprocessofcognition.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeismostlyrootedintheuseofhumanbodyfunctionsortheuseoftools.Suchasartistsplayingandpainting,doctorsperformingoperationsonpatients,etc.Therearealotofhiddencomponentsintheseoperationalskillsandartisticskills.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeismonopolistic,andtacitknowledgeisrestrictedfromenteringthefieldofpubliccommunicationorbeingshared.Thetypicalperformanceistomakeknowledgeproprietaryandcontrolthetacitknowledgewithcommercialvalue,soastoavoidtheexplicitknowledgeofknowledgeandloseitscompetitiveadvantage.Theexplicitnessofsuchtacitknowledgerequirestheestablishmentofatrustmechanism,whichcanbeobtainedthroughinternalthinkingandexternalcommunication.Inaddition,itoftenrequiresrepeatedhands-onpracticeandexperience.

Tacitknowbasedonspeech

Tacitknowbasedonspeechmeansthatwhentheexternalworldrecognizedbythesubjectisanothersubject,theinteractionbetweenthetwosubjectsmustbepassedSpeech(includingbodylanguage)tocarryout,thetacitknowledgegeneratedandusedinthisprocessisthetacitknowledgebasedonspeech.Theunconsciousfeatureoftacitknowledgeisthatpeoplearenotawareofthescopeoftheirownknowledge.Explicitknowledgeiseasytoidentify,butimplicitknowledgesuchasinnerthinking,inspirationandexperienceisdifficulttodescribe.Experienceanddepthofknowledgeleadtothedeepeningoftacitknowledgeandincreasethedifficultyofexpressingknowledge.Thedifferencesinexpressionsbetweendifferentlanguages​​alsoincreasethedifficultyofunderstanding.Theexplicitnessofverbal-basedtacitknowledgeoftenrequiressubjectstohaveacommonknowledgebackgroundrelatedtothesubjectofcommunication.Inaddition,storytelling,throughmetaphor,symbolism,caseanalysis,etc.,canhelpthesubjectsbuildacommoncontext.Therefore,thisapproachplaysanimportantroleintheacquisitionoftacitknowledge.

Basedonindividualmetacognition

Consideringtheinternalthinking,emotion,mentalmodel,intuitionandotherfactorsoftheindividual,thedifferenceofthesefactorswillaffecttheindividual'sextractionofobjectinformationandperformance.Giveeachaspectoftheprocessofintelligentbehaviorandinformationtransmission,soastoformanindividual'suniquewayof"informationcognitionandregeneration".Thesearethetacitknowledgebasedontheinternalmindandthinkingofthecognitionindividual,ortacitknowledgebasedonthe"metacognition"oftheindividual.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeisembodiedintheindividual'smentalmodel,problem-solvingmethod,intuition,emotion,etc.Acquisitiongenerallyneedstobetaughtbymasterandapprentice,andconstructedatthelevelofworldviewandmethodology.

Basedonsocialculture

Comparedtotheindividual’smetacognition,thesocialenvironmentformedbyrace,history,andsocialideology,aswellastheorganizationalenvironmentinwhichtheindividualislocated,willaffecttheindividual.The"informationcognitionandregeneration"modelhasasignificantandfar-reachingimpact.Atthislevel,itformsthetacitknowledgebasedonsocialculture.Thiskindoftacitknowledgewillaffectthemetacognitionoftheindividual,theinteractionbetweentheindividualandotherindividuals,andtheprocessoftheindividual'scognitionofnaturalobjects.Forexample,thedifficultyofknowledgesharingisdifferentfordifferentculturalbackgrounds,andtheflowofknowledgesharingrequiresparticipantstoadoptanopenattitude.Theexplicitnessofthiskindoftacitknowledgeneedstoberealizedthroughlong-termexperienceofindividualsintheirenvironment.

Therearerisks

Introductiontorisks

Tacitknowledgeisdifficulttoexpressinwords,noteasytomeasureitsvalueandnoteasytobeunderstoodbyothers.IthasbecomeThesourceofcorporatecompetitiveadvantage.Comparedwithexplicitknowledge,itiseasytoexpressandtransfer,anditiseasytobeimitatedandlearnedbycompetitors,andcannotformacompany'slastingcompetitiveadvantage.Therefore,withinacertainknowledgelevel,moreandmoreexplicittacitknowledgeisIftheorganizationcannottakecertainconfidentialitymeasuresinatimelymanner,competitorswilltrytoobtaintheexplicitknowledgethathasbeenappliedorcoded,andwilluseittoformtheirowncompetitiveadvantage.Therefore,theorganizationshouldtakecertainmeasurestoensuretheexplicitnessoftacitknowledgeontheonehand,andstrengthentheconfidentialityofexplicitknowledgeontheotherhandtopreventcopyingbycompetitors.

Strengthentheconfidentialityofexplicitknowledgeandpreventcompetitorsfromcopying

Thegainsfromtheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgecannotmakeupforitsexcessivelyhighexplicitcost.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofexplicitness,thetransferofknowledgefromtheconnectionbetweenpeopletothelanguagemodulationprocess,theorganizationneedstocreatethenecessaryenvironmentalconditionsandtechnicalconditions,whichwillinevitablycostalotthecostof.Atthesametime,thebenefitscreatedbyexplicitnessaredifficulttomeasureinashorttime,andthecostofexplicitnesswillchangeasthedegreeofexplicitnessofknowledgeincreases.Therefore,withintheorganization,themeasurementofexplicitcostsandbenefitsisalsoanurgentproblemtobesolved.

Failuretomakethetacitknowledgewithintheorganizationexplicitintimeorcorrectlywillalsobringgreatriskstotheenterprise.Iftheorganizationdoesnotexternalizethetacitknowledgeoftheknowledgesubjectinatimelymannerandmakefulluseofit,itmaycausetheorganizationtolosevariousopportunities.Butatthesametime,itshouldberecognizedthatnotalltacitknowledgecanorcanbeexternalizedintoexplicitknowledgecorrectly.Iftheorganizationdisregardsthetechnicallevelandotherrestrictions,itjustmakesexplicitknowledgethatcannotbemadeexplicit.Leadingtothewronginterpretationofcoreknowledge,sothatthewronguseofknowledgewillbringimmeasurablelossestotheenterprise.Thisrequirestheorganizationtograspadegree,thatis,toknowwhichknowledgecanbemadeexplicitandcanbemadeexplicit.degree.Thesolutionofthisproblemalsoneedstorelyonacertainamountofexperienceandknowledgeofmanagers.

Forknowledgesubjects,althoughthesharingoftheirowntacitknowledgewillimprovetheoverallknowledgeleveloftheorganization,itisnotnecessarilybeneficialtoindividuals.Theinnovationandresearchofpersonalknowledgetakesalotofenergyandhardworktoachieve.Therefore,theknowledgesubjectwillunconsciouslymakeariskpredictionofhisowninputcost,opportunitycost,transactioncost,andreputationcost.Thefairnessandrationalityafterthesharingofsexualknowledgeandwhetheritmeetstheirexpectations.Oftenthesecostscannotbecompensatedbysalary.Whentheknowledgesubjectcannotobtaincompensationthroughinternalmechanisms,itwilllimitthedisseminationandsharingofknowledge,whichmakesitdifficulttoachievethepurposeofmakingpersonaltacitknowledgereasonablyexplicit.

Riskavoidance

(1)Inordertoovercomethelossoftacitknowledgecausedbythebraindrain,inadditiontomakingpersonaltacitknowledgeexplicit,itcanalsobeorganizedTheorganizationallearningmechanismthatpromotesthesharingoftacitknowledgecanfullytapthetacitknowledgeinthemindoftheknowledgesubject,andspreadandsharethetacitknowledgeoftheknowledgesubjectthroughvariouschannelswithintheorganizationtobecomethetacitknowledgeoftheorganization.Inthisprocess,itreliesonthetacitknowledgecommunicationbetweenemployees.Thisrequiresknowledgesubjectsintheorganizationtohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofhowtocoordinatetheworkoftheorganization,andtheorganizationshouldcreateaspiritofcooperationthatencouragesknowledgesubjectstodevelopInordertoachievethetacitunderstandingandcoordinationbetweenmembers,torealizetheinductionandsummaryofpersonaltacitknowledge,andtocompletetheconversiontoorganizationaltacitknowledge.

Atthesametime,wemustcontinuouslyincreasethenumberandqualityofenterprisecoreknowledge,especiallytacitknowledge.Throughthecontinuouscreationofnewtacitknowledge,thelong-termcompetitivenessoftheorganizationismaintained.Sincetechnicaltacitknowledgeisbasedonasinglesubjectinthefinalanalysis,itshouldbebasedontheperspectiveofpeople,andtheinternalcultureoftheorganizationshoulddriveknowledge.Generate,encourageemployeestoactivelyseek,share,andcreateknowledge,andformabottom-upknowledge-drivenflowmechanismwithintheorganization.

(2)Improvethetechnicallevelrequiredfortheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgeandtheprofessionalknowledgeneededfortheexplicitizationofknowledgesubjectknowledge,soastoimprovetheaccuracyoftheexplicitizationoftacitknowledge.Withintheorganization,themainbodyofknowledgemustestablishandmaintainthenecessaryknowledgetransformationabilityandtechnologyuseability,aswellastheunderstandinganddigestionabilityoftacitknowledge.Atthesametime,becausetheknowledgesubjecthasastrongsenseofresponsibilityandself-managementability,itcanbeappropriatelygrantedtherighttoprocessanduseorganizationalknowledgetoimprovepersonalknowledge.Atthesametime,knowledgetransformationtechnologymustundergocorrespondingreorganizationandadaptivechangesalongwiththecontinuousadvancementofbusinesstechnology.

(3)Useinformationtechnologyandinformationsystemoutsourcingtoreducetheexplicitcostofknowledge.Professionalinformationtechnologyoutsourcerscanprovidehigh-level,low-costtechnicalproductsandprofessionaltechnicaladvice.Atthesametime,intheprocessofmutualcooperationandexchangewithinformationtechnologyoutsourcers,relevanttechnicalknowledgecanbeincreased.Atthistime,theflowandsharingofknowledgebetweenthepartnersandtheestablishmentofaclosecooperativerelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesarerequired.Ontheonehand,theinternalstaffoftheorganizationshouldactivelyparticipateinthecooperationandprovideinformationabouttheorganization’sworkprocessesandtheintricaterelationshipsbetweendepartments,sothatthetechnicalproductsofknowledgeconversionareclosertotherequirementsofactualwork;atthesametime,byfurtherparticipatingintheknowledgeconversionoftechnicalproductsDesignandworktounderstandtheconceptandrequirementsoftheproduct,andproposeshortcomingstopromotepracticaltechnicalimprovementprograms;ontheotherhand,technologysuppliersshouldalsopayattentiontoabsorbinginternalknowledgeoftheorganizationtohelpmembersoftheorganizationdeepentheirunderstandingTheunderstandingofthistypeofproduct,fromthecustomer'spointofview,asmuchaspossibletoprovidecustomerswithhigh-efficiencyandlow-costknowledgeconversionproducts.

(4)Organizationsmustprovidelooseincentivesforknowledgesubjects.Ontheonehand,theymustabsolutelycompensatetheknowledgesubjectsfortheirnewknowledge,andproviderewardsaccordingtotheamountofknowledgeprovidedtotheorganization.Reward,sothattheexpectedvalueoftheknowledgesubjectismet,sothattherewardforpersonalcontributiontoknowledgeisgreaterthantherewardforhoardingknowledge.Establishagoodexternalsystemtopromotetheaccumulationofknowledgeandincreasethepressureandmotivationofknowledgesubjectstoprovidetacitknowledge.

ManagementEnlightenment

Modernenterpriseshavebeguntorealizethevalueoftacitknowledge,andtheirinvestmentinhumanresourceshasgraduallyincreased.However,howtocombinehumanresourcemanagementwithtacitknowledgemanagement?Theresearchonintegratingthenewcompetitivenessofenterprisesisstillinsufficient.

Establishanorganizationalincentivemechanism

Establishanorganizationalincentivemechanismtoensurethetransformationandsharingofknowledge

Scientiainnovationhashighcosts,highrisksandbenefitsTheuncertaintyofdistributionanddistributionmakestheownersofknowledgedeliberatelymonopolizetheknowledgetheypossessinordertorecoverthemaftersuccessfulinnovation.Theoperationofthetraditionalincentivemechanismcanonlyaggravatethismonopolyofindividuals.Therefore,organizationsneedtoestablishanappropriateincentivemechanismtoreasonablysatisfytheinterestsofthetacitknowledgeholdersandstimulatetheirdesiretoshareknowledge.Ontheonehand,theoriginalityandexclusivenessofemployees’personaltacitknowledgeshouldberecognized,andappropriateevaluationindicatorsandanevaluationsystembasedontheknowledgecontributionrateshouldbeestablished,sothatmembersoftheorganizationcanbenefitfromknowledgesharing;ontheotherhand,Employeesprovideopportunitiesforgrowth,guideemployeestoexchangeandsharetacitknowledge,andencourageemployeestogainmotivationforcontinuousinnovationanddevelopment.Thisisveryimportanttopromotetheexchangeandsharingoftacitknowledgeamongemployees.

Establishahumanresourcesknowbase

Establishahumanresourcesknowbasetoformanorganizationalknowledgemap

Integrateorganizationalresourcesandreflectthecompetitivenessofhumanresources,whichisthecurrenthumanresourceAnimportantissueofresourcemanagement.Throughtheconstructionoftheenterpriseknowledgebase,theeffectivemanagementofemployeeknowledgecanpromotetheorderlycirculationofknowledgewithintheorganizationandincreasetheutilizationrateofknowledge.Atthesametime,byregisteringtheorganization'shumanresourcesintheregisterandestablishingaskilllistdatabase,youcanfindthehumanresourcesneededbytheorganizationaccordingtothemap,andyoucanalsoformulateacontinuoushumanresourcesplantopromotetheformationofalong-termdevelopmentplanforthecompany'semployees.

Establishalearningorganization

Establishalearningorganizationtoincreasethevalueoftacitknowledge

LearningorganizationistodevelopthelearningatmosphereoftheorganizationtogivefullplaytoemployeesAnorganic,highlyflexible,flat,personalized,andsustainableorganizationestablishedbycreativethinkingability.Tacitknowledgealwaysrunsthroughtheentireprocessofknowledgeaccumulation.Ifthereisnorelevanttacitknowledge,whetheritisanindividualoranenterprise,itwillnotbeabletoobtainandabsorbotherknowledge.Therefore,theorganizationshouldcarryoutregularandirregulartraining,enhancethelearningatmospherewithintheorganization,carryoutknowledgeexchangeandsharingmeetingsbetweenemployees,andrealizethecontinuousinnovationofinternalknowledgewithintheorganization.

Reorganizetheorganizationalstructuremodel

Reorganizetheorganizationalstructuremodeltoconstructadynamicteam

Becausetacitknowledgeisdifficulttoexpress,observeanddescribe,itsmutualtransformationCannotcontinuetheusualthinking.Inadditiontoexternalincentivessuchassalaryandrewards,companiesshouldestablishabrand-neworganizationalstructuremodel.Thestructureofdynamicteamswillfacilitatethetransformationoftacitknowledge.Thelearningoftacitknowledgecanoftenbeachievedthroughtheimperceptibilityofpeople-to-personcontact.Therefore,organizationsshouldgatheremployeeswithdifferentskillsindifferentfieldsofworkintoaspecificteaminatimelymannertorealizeacertainproject,andeffectivelyrealizethedissemination,integration,sharingandinnovationofknowledgeintheprocessofcompletingtheproject.

Inthetheoryandpracticeofknowledgemanagementresearch,moreandmoreattentionispaidtotheresearchoftacitknowledge,whichisinseparablefromthekeyroleoftacitknowledgeinknowledgemanagement.Similarly,emphasizinganddevelopingtheroleoftacitknowledgeinenterprisehumanresourcemanagementisalsoofgreatsignificanceforimprovingenterprisemanagementefficiencyandenhancingcorecompetitiveness.

Transmutatio

Overview

Exploringtacitknowledgefromtheperspectiveofmanagementinvolvesbothorganizationalandindividuallevels.

Foralongtime,knowledge,especiallytacitknowledge,hasbecomemoreandmoreimportanttoorganizations.Itisthesourceofenterpriseinnovationandcancontinuouslybringcompetitivebenefitstoenterprises.Someorganizationtheoryresearchershavefurtherexpandedtheconnotationoftacitknowledge.Intheirresearchoncorporatecapabilities,Winter,Nelson,andSpenderbelievethatthereisimplicitorganizationalknowledgewithincompanies.Enterprisetacitknowledgereferstotheexistenceofindividualemployeesandorganizationsatalllevelsoftheenterprise(teams,departments,corporatelevels,etc.).Varioustypesofsexualizedimplicitknowledgealsoincludethetacitknowledgethatiseffectivelyacquiredfromoutsidetheenterprisethroughflowandsharing.

Thetacitknowledgepossessedbytheenterpriselevelisformedonthebasisofeffectivetransformation,integrationandlong-termpracticeofindividualemployees,groupsandvariousknowledgeacquiredfromoutsidetheenterprise.ItemergesfromasingleindividualorgroupScientiatraitsthatcannotbepossessed.Themainfeatureisthatitisexpressedasthecorporateculture,valuesystem,corporatepractices,etc.thatareonlyavailableatthecorporatelevel.Theseareknowledgethatisdifficulttoclearlyexplain,butplaysanimportantrole.Italsoincludesknow-how,experienceandcollaborationcapabilitiesthatcanbemasteredbytheenterpriselevel.

Fromtheperspectiveof"personal",therearetworepresentatives,oneisAmericanmanagementprofessorPeterF.Drucker(PeterF.Drucker),theotherisJapanesemanagementprofessorNoakaIkujiroNonaka(IkujiroNonaka).Theyarerecognizedfromtheindividualattributesoftacitknowledge.

PeterDruckerbelievesthattacitknowledgecannotbeexplainedbywords.Itcanonlybedemonstratedtoprovethatitexists.Itismainlyderivedfromexperienceandskills.Theonlywaytolearnistocomprehendandpractise.

IkujiroNonakabelievesthattacitknowledgeishighlypersonalknowledge,whichisdifficulttostandardizeandisnoteasytopassontoothers.Itismainlyimplicitinpersonalexperience,butalsoinvolvespersonalbeliefsandworldviews.,Valuesystemandotherfactors.Tacitknowledgeissubjectiveexperienceorexperience,anditisnoteasytousestructuralconceptstodescribeorexpressknowledge.Explicitknowledgeisknowledgethatcanbecapturedorpresentedobjectivelyusingconcepts.Healsoparticularlyemphasizedtheimportanceoftacitknowledgeandknowledgeenvironmentforthecreationandsharingofenterpriseknowledge.Inaddition,healsoproposedthetransformationrelationshipbetweentacitknowledgeandexplicitknowledgeonthebasisoftheOECDknowledgeclassification.

Conversionprocess

JapaneseknowledgemanagementexpertIkujiroNonaka(IkujiroNonaka)proposedtheSECIprocessofmutualconversionbetweenexplicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge:

1.Theprocessofmutualconversionbetweenexplicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge

Socializationistheprocessofgeneratingnewknowledgethroughsharedexperience

ExternalizationmeansTheprocessofexpressingtacitknowledgeintoexplicitknowledge

Combinationistheprocessofcombiningexplicitknowledgetoformamorecomplexandsystematicexplicitknowledgesystem

Internalization(Internalization)istheprocessoftransformingexplicitknowledgeintotacitknowledgeandbecomingtheactualabilityofindividualsandgroupsintheenterprise

1.Thetransformationoftacitknowledgeintotacitknowledge.

Thisisthesharingoftacitknowledgebetweenindividualsandtheprocessofknowledgesocialization.Thetacitknowledgecanbetransmittedmainlythroughobservation,imitationandpersonalpractice.Teachingfromteachertoapprenticeisatypicalformofsharingtacitknowledgebetweenindividuals.Theestablishmentofvirtualknowledgecommunitieswiththehelpofinformationtechnologycreatesconditionsforrealizingthetransformationfromtacitknowledgetotacitknowledgeinawiderrange.

2.Conversionoftacit knowledge toexplicit knowledge.

Thisisanexplicitdescriptionoftacitknowledge,transformingitintoaformthatiseasyforotherstounderstand.Thistransformationusesanalogies,metaphorsandassumptions,listening,andin-depthtalks.Somecurrentintelligenttechnologies,suchasknowledgeminingsystems,businessintelligence,expertsystems,etc.,provideameanstorealizetheexplicitnessoftacitknowledge.

3.Thetransformationofexplicitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge.

Thisisaprocessofknowledgediffusion,usuallytofurthersystematizeandcomplicatefragmentaryexplicitknowledge.Integratingthesepiecemealknowledgeandexpressingitinprofessionallanguage,personalknowledgeiselevatedtoorganizationalknowledge,whichcanmoreeasilyshareandcreateorganizationalvalueformorepeople.Distributeddocumentmanagement,contentmanagement,datawarehouse,etc.areeffectivetoolstorealizethecombinationofexplicitknowledge.

4.Thetransformationofexplicitknowledgetotacitknowledge.

Thismeansthattheexplicitknowledgeoftheenterpriseistransformedintothetacitknowledgeofthemembersoftheenterprise.Inotherwords,knowledgeisdisseminatedamongemployees.Afteremployeesreceivethisnewknowledge,theycanuseitintheirworkandcreatenewtacitknowledge.Groupwork,learningbydoing,andon-the-jobtrainingareeffectivewaystorealizetheimplicitizationofexplicitknowledge.Inthisregard,therearealsosomecollaborationtools,suchase-communities,E-learningsystems,etc.