Overview
"Todistinguishthedifferencebetweennamesandthings,andtodistinguishthedifferencesinceremonies":Therearemanythingsintheworld,withdifferentnames.Thecommonpeoplecallthingsandwanttofindoutwhytheyarenamed.Toadapttothispsychologicalneed,amasterpiecededicatedtoexploringthesourceofthenamesofthingsappearedintheendoftheEasternHanDynastyinmycountry,whichis"ShiMing".
Introductio
"Shiming",abooktoexplainthemeaningofwords.AttheendoftheHanDynasty,LiuXiwrote,"ShiMing"isaworktoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveofthesoundofthelanguage.Itusesthesoundtoexplainthereasonwhythingsaresonamed,andnoticesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthepronunciationofthetimeandtheancientsounds.
"Shiming"hasbeenwidelycirculatedintheendofWu,andithasbeenvaluedbyscholars.Ithasagreatinfluenceontheexegeticsoflatergenerations,anditisalsothekeytothestudyofChineseetymology,anditsstyleismodeledafter"ErYa".Afterthe"ShiMing"cameintobeing,noonesorteditoutforalongtime.IntheMingDynasty,LangKuijinco-printeditwith"ErYa","LittleErya","GuangYa",and"BiYa"andcalledit"TheCompleteBookofFiveYas". Quia alii quattuor libri alluserunt nomen "Ya", in " ShiMing" mutatum est in "YiYa". Ex hoc autem "ShiMing" etiam "YiYa" dictus est.
Maincontent
Thebook"ShiMing"istoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveoflanguageandsound.LiuXisaidinthepreface:"Xithinksthatsinceancienttimesithasbeenmadetomakeartifactsandstatues.Sincethecreationofthings,ithasbeenmadeinmoderntimes,ormadebyceremonies,orbythepeople,thenamesareelegantandpopular,andtherearemanydifferentparties....Realityhasitsownmeaning,andthepeopledon'tknowwhatitmeanseveryday.Therefore,Iwroteaboutheavenandearth,yinandyang,fourseasons,states,dubai,caruniforms,funerals,andthetoolsusedbythepeople, disputans et differens, quod "Shiming" dicitur, viginti septem articuli sunt.
The27articles dividuntur in uolumina. Interpreted caelum, terra, montes, aqua, colles, viae, status, figurae, species, maiores et liberi, relativi, oratio, cibus, collectio, ornamenta, vestes, palatia, stragula, libri opera, classica, usus, instrumenta, musica, cinematographica. naves, morbos, et luctus. Hoc exprimit LiuXi'sclassification of things represented by words.
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthename,usingthemethodofvoicetraining.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Author
LiuXi,theauthorof"Shiming",wasborninBeihai(intheareaofShouguangandGaomi,ShandongProvincetoday).HelivedintheageofEmperorHuanandEmperorLing.HeoncestudiedunderthefamousclassicscholarZhengXuanandescapedchaostoJiaozhouinJian'an.
Content
Thereare8volumesof"Shiming".Theprefaceofthefirstbooksays:Sinceancienttimes,thenamesofutensilsandthingsareelegantandpopular,andthenamesofeachpartyaredifferent...Thehusband’snameisinfacteachhasitsownmeaning,andthepeoplesayiteveryday,withoutknowingitsmeaning.Bangguo,Dubi,caruniforms,funerals,andthedeviceusedbythecommonpeople,onthenarrativeandreferrals,called"Shiming",FanTwenty-seven".ExplainthatthepurposeofLiuXi'swritingofthisbookistoletthepeopleknowthereasonsormeaningsofthenamesofeverydaythings.The27chaptersareinorder:ShiTian,ShiDi,ShiShan,ShiShui,ShiQiu,ShiDao,ShiZhouKingdom,ShiShapeBody,ShiZiRong,ShiChangYoung,ShiFamily,ShiYan,ShiDiet,ShiCaiSilk,Releasejewelry,releaseclothes,releasepalaceroom,releasebedtent,releasebookcontract,releasecodeart,releasedevice,releasemusicalinstrument,releasesoldier,releasecar,releaseboat,releasedisease,releasefuneralsystem.Thereareatotalof1502famousceremoniesreleased.Althoughitisnotcomplete,itispossibletogetaglimpseofthefamousceremoniesatthattime.
MethodofInterpretation
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthenamebyusingthemethodofvoiceinterpreting.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweentheexplanatorywordandtheexplanatoryword,thereareroughlyseveralsituationsinthesoundtrainingin"ShiMing",namely:
orhomophone, ut "Avaritia, Tanya, Tangets in alia puncta."
orsound close, ut " increpare, cogens, et alios verbis conpellere." Obiurgat, YubuMingniuisonus sonus, coactus, DuobuBangniuenters sonant;
Ordoubletones, ut "Ille, Xiaye", fluit per terram.
Oroverlappingrhyme, ut "Luna, queer, plena, queer." Luna, queeratur ambobus.
Post verbum quod est pronunciationis "ShiMing", ita etiam exponit quod causa sit quod verbum hoc quod sit sensus. Exempli gratia, "Accipiens in aliis locis" ex- plicatur quare "Tan" usurpatur ad explicandum "avaritiam";
"Shiming" usus vocis instructione ad explicandam ceremonias rerum amoenas, quaedam magis idoneae, et quaedam earum inventae. Exempli gratia, "Axe, yeah, yeah, yeah. Quaelibet domorum anaxeto cut ligneum cum curato adhibito atool." ("ShiTian")Thisexplanationisveryfar-fetched.Infact,therearemanywaystogetnamesforthingsintheworld,andthesituationisverycomplicated.Thederivationofanamefromonethingbysoundcluesisjustonewaytonameit.Andsomenamescomefromconventions,theyarejustacodeforrecordingthings,andthereisnoconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.Therefore,ifthenamesofthingsareallexplainedthroughthesoundinstruction,itisboundtobewrong.Therefore,the"SummaryoftheSikuQuanshuGeneralCatalogue"criticized"ShiMing"as"soundinginthemiddle".However,morethan1700yearsago,LiuXinengwrotesuchanetymologicalbook, whichisreallyvaluable.
Academicvalue
"ShiMing"and"ErYa","Dialect","ShuoWenJieZi"havealwaysbeenregardedasfourimportantexegeticalworksintheHanDynasty.Itoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryoflearningandhashighacademicvalue.Itsvalueismainlymanifestedas:
1."ShuMing"explainedthenameandthingswithsoundinstruction,openedthewayforseekingrighteousnessbecauseofsound,andpromotedtheproductionofancientrhymebooks."ShiMing"alsocollectsthemasteryoftheHanDynastyphonetics,providingreliablematerialsfortheexaminationofthelateHanphoneticsandthestudyofancientphonetics.Whatisparticularlyvaluableisthat"ShiMing"recordsthedialectpronunciationofsomewordsatthattime.Forexample,"ShiTian":"Heaven,Yu,Si,Yan,andJispeakwiththeirtongues.Tian,expressesalso,andexpressesthemontheupperlevel.QingandXuspeakwiththeirtongues.""Wind,Yan,Yu,Si,JiHengkoucloseshislipsandspeaks.Thewindisubiquitous,anditsairisubiquitousandanimalisalso.QingandXuYanfengopentheirlipsandpushtheqitospeak."TheserecordsillustratethepronunciationpartsandpronunciationmethodsofsomedialectwordsintheHanDynasty.ThisissomethingthatYangXiong's"Dialect"doesnothave,soitisveryprecious.
2. "ShiMing" in HanDynastia quae cum "Erya" comparari possunt cum "Erya", "Shuowen" andancientclass therearemanyexegesisthataredifferentordifferentfrom"ErYa","Shuowen"andJingzhuan,whichareveryvaluableexegeticalmaterials.Forexample,"Poetry·Beifeng·SpringWater":"Ithinkaboutfertilizersprings."MaoChuan:"Whatcomesoutisthesame,butwhatgoesintodifferentplacesiscalledfertilizerspring."Whyisspringwaterfromthesamesourceandflowingtodifferentplacescalled"fertilespring"?"ShiMing·ShiShui"said:"Whentheoriginalwasborn,itwaslessinfiltrated et rami, quae ad rem pertinerent, hominibus magis placent." LiuXi explicavit integram, et praevaluit amplius quam MaoChuan. Aliud exemplum "Libri Rites· QuLishang" : " Septuaginta octo et passi sunt, octo et nonaginta annos natus. " ligate " et nigrae asiron. Nones " Ita " est dorsum scombris , retractum in tergum. " Hoc explanationis differens a " QuLi " , et contentis alsoricher. Aliud exemplum " Shuowen " : " Wa , vas fictile, commune nomen exustum. Thetile quod dicitur in eo est quod aedificat exteriorem, thetile et tangat connexum, sicut populus est pes connexus in talo, sic za interpretatur talo, quod ostendit quod ens est in hoc quod est ens.
3. "ShiMing" etiam quaedam antiqua dicta ab HanDynasty. Exemplum "ShiTian": "Exponere, sollicitare, et velare. :"Rainbow,alsocalledabeauty."Thisisanancientcommonname.Legendhasitthatinancienttimes,therewasacouplewhodiedoffoodinthefamineyear,andtheyallturnedintogreenrainbows,sothecustomcalledthemthebeautyrainbow."Shisangzhi":"SincetheHanDynasty,deathisamatterofthings.""Deathinprisonmeanstest."Theseancientsayingsconveytheinformationofthelanguageoftheancienttimesandcanbeusedasevidenceforinvestigatingthetrajectoryofancientandmodernlanguages.
4.Theobjectofinterpretationin"ShiMing"doesnotfocusontheliteraturelanguage,butfocusesonthedailynamesandthings,soitinvolvesawiderangeofsociallife,fromastronomy,geography,personnel,andcustoms;plus"ShiMing"Thebookisnotfarawayfromthepast,sotheancientsystemcanbeinferredbasedonthenamesandthingsexplained.Forexample,"Shishuqi":"Hansystem,abouttheemperor'sentitlementtotheprince'sbook.Theenactment,theemperor,andtheemperor'sorderisnottoviolatethelaw."ItshowsthatwhentheHanDynastycanonizedtheprince,therewasadocumenttopreventhimfrombreakingthelaw.Anotherexampleis"ShiDianyi":"Thesteleisthequilt.Theburialwassetup,ShiLulu(辘轳)wasplacedontopofitwitharope,andthecoffinwascitedbelow.Thecourtiersrecountedthemeritsoftheemperor,andtheUnitedStateswroteaboutit.Above.LatergenerationsbuiltontheheadofDaoMofornoreason(thatis,materialfate),theobviousplace,thenameofthetextiscalledthestele.”Theevolutionofthefunctionofthestelecanbeseenfromthis.Itturnsoutthatinancientfunerals,thereweretwostonestelesateachendofthetomb,andapotter'swheelwasplacedbetweenthesteles.Later,thestelewasusedtotracetheachievementsoftheancestors."Shishuqi":"Wat,Huye.Ifyouhaveinstructionsandenlightenment,thebookisonit,andyoucanforgetit."Fromthis,wecanunderstandthepurposeofthepalmsheldbytheministersintheancientcourts."Shiclothes":"Thecrotch,oneisthechest,andtheotheristheback."ThecrotchoftheHanDynastyisequivalenttothevestoftheoffspring."Uh,putitontheshoulders,it'snotasgoodasthebackoftheshawl."Itistheshawl.ThepredecessorsbelievedthatitstartedintheJinDynasty,soitcanbeseenfromtheendoftheHanDynasty."ShiJewelry":"Quiet,quilt.Thosewithlesshaircanbehelped."ItturnsoutthatwigswereusedasheaddressesasearlyastheHanDynasty."Ear-piercingandShizhucalledZhuo.Thiswasoriginallydonebybarbarians,andbarbariansareeasytowalk,sothisiswhattheChinesepeopledotoday."ThebirthandspreadofZhuocanbeseenfromthis."Shuyongqi":"Fill,Jiaye.Addasticktothehandle,andthegrainwillemergefromtheears."Itcanbeseenthatthefarmtoolflailusedforthreshinginsomeareashasalonghistory.Readingtheserecordscanobtainencyclopedicknowledge,understandthecivilizationhistoryofancientChinesesociety,andexaminetheoriginsofthingsandtheproductionandlifeoftheHanDynasty.
Desuper, videri potest quod "ShiMing" est anextremum valde magnum studium exegeticorum, linguarum, et sociologia. BiYuan a Qing Dynasty dixit: "Libri sunt differentiae scholae, antiquae et modernae, distinc- tio inter nos et linguarum, et sociologia.
Annotationoftheedition
Post creationem "ShiMing", nemo ordinavit in tempore. Ya" et "Piya" areco-typis, anditis dicitur "WuYaQuanShu". Quia alii quatuor libri alluserunt nomen "Ya", in "ShiMing" mutatum est in "YiYa". Fromthenon, "ShiMing" wasals.
Notae
Theprintedversionof"ShiMing"hasmanydefects,sotheQingDynastymadesupplementaryexplanationsonitAmongthem,themostimportantworksareBiYuan's"ShuMingShuzheng","ShiMingSuzhenSupplement",WangXianqian's"ShiMingShuZhengSupplement",thelatterisamasterpieceoftheQingDynastyresearchandcollationof"ShiMing".
Today’scompilingbooksincludeZhuMincheandSunYuwen's"ShimingShuzhengSupplement"(PublishedbyZhonghuaBookCompany),andRenJifang's"ShiMinghuiSchool"(QiluPublishingHouse).
TheWorksofContinuedGuang
WeiZhao's"DistinguishingNames"
BiYuan scriptor "ContinuedShiMingandShiMingSupplements
ZhangJinwu's"GuangShiMing"
MotivationTypes
TheMotivationTypesofShiMingcanbedividedintoMotivationofdescription,motivationofdescription,motivationofloan,derivationandcomposition.
"ShiMing"imitatesthevocalrationale,orimitatesthesoundofnaturalphenomena,orimitatesthesoundofmusicalinstruments,productiontools,orimitatesthephysiologicalsoundofhumanbeings,etc.Motivationofdescriptionnatureisthebasisofimitationofthestateofthings.Thelendingbasisisthebasisfromnon-Chinesewords.Thederivationof"ShiMing"isbasedonthefactthatthereisacertainconnectionbetweenthepronunciation,meaning,shapeandgrammarofthewordtobeinterpreted.ThetypeofcompoundmotivationinShimingcanbedividedintocompoundmotivationofclustercompoundwords,compoundmotivationofrelatedcompoundwords,andcompoundmotivationofcompoundwordswithambiguousmeaningrelations.Thereasonablegroundsrevealedin"ShiMing"accountedformorethan75%ofallinterpretedwords."ShiMing"isatrustworthydictionaryofrationale.Therearealsosomeflawsinthestudyoftherationaleof"ShiMing".Oneis"thematerialisnotrich,andtheomissionisalittlebittoomuch",andthesecondis"involvement.Buttheflawsdonotconcealthemerits,andthecontributionof"ShiMing"isindelible.
SummaryoftheFourTreasuries
"Shiming" ·Octo Volumina (intheNeifuCollection)
WrittenbyLiuXiintheHanDynasty.Theword"Xi"isacountryfromBeihai.Twentychaptersofhisbook.Withthesamesoundandharmony,inferringthemeaningofnameanddistinguishingthings,itisquitehurtfulinthemiddle,butitcanbeseenbecauseoftheancientpronunciation.Goingbacktotheancienttimes,theartifactsreleasedcanalsobetracedtothelegacyoftheancientsystem.Forexample,"SongsoftheChuNineSongs":"XueLipatsthesilksilk."WangYi'snote:"Pat,fightandPialso."Theword"boandPi",nowIdon'tknowwhatitis Guanisthe book "ShuChuangTengPian", quod notum est "pugnare in pariete" by ZhiYiXi. In Kong Yingda' "Liber Rite, Justicie", omnia duodecim frusta deeep- tionis tradita sunt et retuli, ut jun. Itis libro "ShiXixianP. "says:"Theswordroomiscalledcutting,thedecorationoftheroommouthiscalled琫,andthedecorationattheendofthenextiscalled琕."Itisenoughtoprovetheerrorofthe"MaoShiXunZhuan".Ithasalotofresearchandevidence.WuWeizhaotriedtowriteavolumeof"DistinguishingNames"tocorrectXi'smistakes,andhisbookwasnotpassedon.However,the"ClassicExplanation"quotedoneofthewords:"The"ShiMing"says:Thesoundofthecarintheancientsislikearesidence,soitisalsoaresidence.Todayitisacar ,andthesoundrulerhidesthereverse.Theancientssaidthatthesoundofacarislikearesidence,wordsanddeedsmakepeoplelive.Todayitisacar.Acarisahouse,andawalkerislikeahouse."Coveringthe"four-characterears").WeiZhaoyun"Theancientcaristheextravagantantiphonicruler.SincetheLaterHanDynasty,therehasbeenahomeaccent."Thepoemof"HeBiying"uses"Che"torhyme"Hua".Thepoemof"Taoyao"uses" Hua "torhyme"Domum".JiaGuYingu,HuaGuYinfu, tunc CheGuYinju, indubitanter. Quid Xi dixi non iniuria, et quod Zhaozhihas cognoscitur, non est perfecte. "Ya",thetitleof"YiYa"waschangedtofollowthecategory.Itisnottheoriginaltitle,soIwon'tfollowitnow."LiuZhenBiography"intheLaterHanDynasty,calledZhenZhenwrote50"ShiMing"todistinguishthetitleofallthings.Thetitleofthebookisthesame,andthelastnameisthesame.ZhengMing'sselectionof"ZhenYan"isquitesuspicious.Thosewhocherish"ShiMing"aretreasuredbooksthathavebeenlostforalongtimeandshouldnotbeusedassuchbooks.Mingxuanalsocallsthisbooktwenty-seven,whichisinconsistentwiththecurrentedition . Mingxuan, populus in Wanli, debet non deesset antiquitatis, omisit memoriam adhuc, error viginti septem?