Mainstructure
Compositio
Thecompositionofelectricvehiclesincludes:electricdriveandcontrolsystem,drivingforcetransmissionandothermechanicalsystems,andworkingdevicestocompleteestablishedtasks.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemisthecoreofelectricvehicles,anditisalsothebiggestdifferencefromvehicleswithinternalcombustionengines.Theelectricdriveandcontrolsystemconsistsofadrivemotor,apowersupply,andaspeedcontroldeviceforthemotor.Theotherdevicesofelectricvehiclesarebasicallythesameasthoseofinternalcombustionenginevehicles.
Powersupply
Provideelectricenergyforthedrivingmotorofelectricvehicles,andtheelectricmotorconvertstheelectricenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy.Themostwidelyusedpowersupplyislead-acidbatteries,butwiththedevelopmentofelectricvehicletechnology,lead-acidbatteriesaregraduallyreplacedbyotherbatteriesduetotheirlowenergy,slowchargingspeed,andshortlifespan.Thepowersourcesunderdevelopmentmainlyincludesodium-sulfurbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,lithiumbatteries,fuelcells,etc.Theapplicationofthesenewpowersourceshasopenedupbroadprospectsforthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.
Drivemotor
Thefunctionofthedrivemotoristoconverttheelectricalenergyofthepowersupplyintomechanicalenergy,throughatransmissiondeviceoraworkingdevicethatdirectlydrivesthewheels.However,duetothepresenceofcommutationsparks,DCmotorshavelowpower,lowefficiencyandheavymaintenanceworkload.Withthedevelopmentofmotorcontroltechnology,itisboundtobegraduallyusedbybrushlessDCmotors(BLDCM),switchedreluctancemotors(SRM)andACasynchronousmotors.Replacedbyelectricmotors,suchasshell-lessdisctypeaxialmagneticfieldDCseriesmotors.
Speedcontroldevice
Themotorspeedcontroldeviceissetforthespeedchangeanddirectionchangeofelectricvehicles,anditsfunctionistocontrolthevoltageorcurrentofthemotortocompletethedriveofthemotorControloftorqueanddirectionofrotation.
Inearlyelectricvehicles,thespeedregulationofDCmotorswasrealizedbyconnectingresistorsinseriesorchangingthenumberofturnsofthemotor'sfieldcoil.Becauseitsspeedregulationisstepped,andwillproduceadditionalenergyconsumptionorusethestructureofthemotoriscomplicated,itisrarelyusednow.Themostwidelyusedisthethyristorchoppingspeedregulation,whichrealizesthesteplessspeedregulationofthemotorbyuniformlychangingtheterminalvoltageofthemotorandcontrollingthecurrentofthemotor.Inthecontinuousdevelopmentofelectronicpowertechnology,ithasgraduallybeenreplacedbyotherpowertransistors(includingGTO,MOSFET,BTRandIGBT,etc.)chopperspeedregulationdevices.Fromtheperspectiveoftechnologicaldevelopment,withtheapplicationofnewdrivemotors,itwillbecomeaninevitabletrendthatthespeedcontrolofelectricvehicleswillbetransformedintotheapplicationofDCinvertertechnology.
Intherotationconversioncontrolofthedrivemotor,theDCmotorreliesonthecontactortochangethecurrentdirectionofthearmatureormagneticfieldtorealizetherotationconversionofthemotor,whichmakesthecircuitcomplexandreducesthereliability.WhenanACasynchronousmotorisusedfordriving,onlythephasesequenceofthethree-phasecurrentofthemagneticfieldcanbechangedtochangetherotationdirectionofthemotor,whichcansimplifythecontrolcircuit.Inaddition,theuseofACmotoranditsvariablefrequencyspeedregulationcontroltechnologymakesthebrakingenergyrecoverycontrolofelectricvehiclesmoreconvenientandthecontrolcircuitsimpler.
Transmissiondevice
Theroleoftheelectricvehicletransmissiondeviceistotransmitthedrivingtorqueoftheelectricmotortothedriveshaftoftheautomobile.Whentheelectricwheelisusedfordriving,mostpartsofthetransmissiondevicecanoftenbeneglect.Becausetheelectricmotorcanbestartedwithaload,theclutchofatraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicleisnotneededonanelectricvehicle.Becausetherotationofthedrivemotorcanbechangedthroughcircuitcontrol,theelectricvehicledoesnotneedthereversegearintheinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmission.Whenthesteplessspeedregulationcontroloftheelectricmotorisadopted,theelectricvehiclecanignorethetransmissionofthetraditionalvehicle.Whenusingelectricwheeldrive,theelectricvehiclecanalsoomitthedifferentialofthetraditionalinternalcombustionenginevehicletransmissionsystem.
Traveldevice
Thefunctionofthetraveldeviceistoturnthedrivingtorqueoftheelectricmotorintoaforceonthegroundthroughthewheels,drivingthewheelstowalk.Ithasthesamecompositionasothercars,consistingofwheels,tiresandsuspension.
Steeringdevice
Thesteeringdeviceissetuptorealizetheturningofthecarandconsistsofasteeringgear,asteeringwheel,asteeringmechanism,andasteeringwheel.Thecontrolforceactingonthesteeringwheeldeflectsthesteeringwheeltoacertainanglethroughthesteeringgearandsteeringmechanismtorealizethesteeringofthecar.Mostelectricvehiclesusefront-wheelsteering,andelectricforkliftsusedinindustryoftenuserear-wheelsteering.Thesteeringdevicesofelectricvehiclesincludemechanicalsteering,hydraulicsteeringandhydraulicpowersteering.
Brakingdevice
Thebrakingdeviceofanelectriccaristhesameasothercars.Itissetforthecartoslowdownorstop,usuallyconsistingofabrakeanditsoperatingdevice.Inelectricvehicles,thereisgenerallyanelectromagneticbrakingdevice,whichcanusethecontrolcircuitofthedrivemotortorealizethegeneratingoperationofthemotor,sothattheenergyduringdecelerationandbrakingcanbeconvertedintothecurrentforchargingthebattery,sothatitcanberecycled.Atpresent,domesticelectricvehiclesinhigh-powerpassengercarsprovideairbrakeequipmentwithenduranceNAILIslidingvaneaircompressors,mainlycompressedairbrakingmethods.
Workingdevices
Workingdevicesarespeciallysetupforindustrialelectricvehiclestocompletetheworkrequirements,suchastheliftingdevices,masts,forks,etc.ofelectricforklifts.Theliftingoftheforkandthetiltingofthemastareusuallycompletedbyahydraulicsystemdrivenbyanelectricmotor.
NationalPolicy
InaccordancewiththeoveralldeploymentofthestandardizationofelectricvehiclechargingfacilitiesinChina,underthecoordinationandsupportoftheNationalStandardsCommittee,organizedbytheMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnologyandtheNationalEnergyAdministration,theNationalAutomobileStandardsThecommitteetookthelead,theAutomobileResearchCenter,theFederationofElectricPowerEnterprisesandtheElectricApparatusResearchInstitutejointlydrafted"ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart1:GeneralRequirements"and"ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart2:ACpraecipiensInterface”,“ConnectingDevicesforConductivepraecipiensofElectricVehiclesPart3:DCpraecipiensInterface”threenationalstandards;organizedbytheNationalEnergyAdministration,theMinistryofIndustryandInformationTechnology,theElectricityEnterpriseFederationandtheAutomobileResearchCenterjointlydraftedtheThecommunicationprotocolbetweenthevehicle-mountedconductivechargerandthebatterymanagementsystem"nationalstandard.ThefourstandardswereapprovedforreleaseonDecember22,2011withthe"People'sRepublicofChinaNationalStandardsAnnouncementNo.21,2011"andwillbeimplementedonMarch1,2012.
Anewpureelectricminibusonlyneeds20minutestochargeonce,butthemaximumrangeexceeds300kilometers.Thisnewpureelectricvehiclehasbeenputintoproductioninmycountry'sJilinProvince,andthefirstbatchofproductsisexpectedtogoonline.
FromJune1,2015,Beijing'spureelectricvehiclesarenotrestricted.Comparedwithordinaryvehicles,theuseefficiencyofpureelectricvehicleswillbeincreasedby20%.Inaddition,Beijingwillalsointroducereductionandexemptionmeasuressuchaselectricvehicleparkingfeesandtollfeesinthefuture,andthenumberofnewenergyvehicleapplicantsiscurrentlyincreasingrapidly.
TherelevantpersoninchargeoftheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionsaidthatJuneusheredinasmallpeakoflicensingthathasneverbeenseenbefore,whichshowsthatthecity'snewenergyvehiclesareshowingasignificantgrowthtrend.
Morefavorablepolicieswillbereleasedinthenearfuture
Inthefirsthalfof2015,thecitysuccessivelyintroducedfinancialsupportfortheconstructionofpublicchargingpilesbysocialcapital,unlimitednumberofpureelectricvehicles,etc.Favorablepolicies.
Intermsofchargingpilesthatcitizenscareabout,thecityhasatotalof225publicchargingpoints,atotalof1,700chargingpiles,andnearly3,000chargingpilesforpersonaluse.
AccordingtotheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommission,inthesecondhalfoftheyear,publicchargingpileswillalsobeexpandedinkeyareasofpublicdemand.Inviewoftheproblemthatsomepublicchargingpilescannotbechargedincommon,theMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissioniscoordinatingandisexpectedtobeunifiedinthefuture.Therearetwoways:thechargingcardofthepowercompanyortheETCcard.
Inaddition,theMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionalsoencouragesoperatorstousemobilepaymentandotherInternetpaymentmethods.
TherelevantpersoninchargeoftheMunicipalScienceandTechnologyCommissionstatedthatthecurrentfavorablepoliciessuchastheexemptionoftollsandparkingfeesforpureelectricvehicleshavealreadyhadapreliminarydraft,whichisexpectedtobereleasedbytheendof2015.
praecipiens
Duringthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,theproblemofcharginghasalwaysbeena"worry"forconsumers.Forelectriccarconsumerslivingincities,itisnoteasytobuildaprivatechargingpile.Firstofall,parkingdifficultyhaslongbecomeamajorprobleminurbandevelopment.In2014,thenumberofmotorvehiclesinBeijingexceeded5million,butlessthan50%ofthecarshavefixedparkingspaces.Parkingisstilldifficult.Itisevenmoredifficulttoestablishprivatechargingpiles.Itisluxury.Secondly,thepowerconsumptionofchargingpileswhenusedatfullpowerisveryalarming.Itisdifficultformostresidentialgridstowithstandthesimultaneouschargingofalargenumberofelectricvehicles.Thisisalsothemainreasonwhymanycommunitiesrefusetoinstallchargingpilesprivately.
Therefore,atatimewhenthefullpopularityofprivatechargingpilesisstilldifficult,thepopularizationofelectricvehiclesmustrelyontheestablishmentofalargenumberofpublicchargingpiles.Thepopularityofpublicchargingpileswilldirectlyaffectthepurchaseofpureelectricvehicles.Thepassionofthecar.
However,whentherearestillmanydifficultiesinthepopularizationandpromotionofthepureelectricvehiclemarket,chargingservicecompaniesalsohavesomescrupleswheninvestingintheconstructionofchargingpiles.DatashowsthatBeijingcurrentlyhas225chargingstations,withatotalofmorethan1,700chargingpiles,ofwhich70%arefirstputintoconstructionbythegovernmentandtheStateGrid.However,thesebuiltchargingstationsgenerallyhavetheproblemofdifficultyinprofitability.Thereporterlearnedthatalmostallofthemorethan400chargingstationsthathavebeenbuiltbytheStateGridarelosingmoney,andthelackofaprofitmechanismisthemostimportantreason.
Somepeopleintheindustrybelievethatthechargingservicechargingpolicycanattractsocialcapitaltoenterthechargingservicemarkettoacertainextent.Inthelongrun,theincreaseinservicesupplywillalsohelpbalancethechargingservicemarketandpromotenewPopularizationandpromotionofenergyvehicles.
Theworriesaboutchargingstationsincludebothconsumers'worriesabouttheinconvenienceofcharging,andchargingservicecompanies'worriesaboutsurvivalandprofitability.Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,such"worries"areinevitable.Theintroductionofchargingservicefeesisnotabadthing.Withtransparentchargingservicefees,consumerscanhaveabasicpsychologicalexpectationonthecostofusingelectricvehiclesandmakeconsumptiondecisions;forchargingservicecompanies,theycanbestimulatedtoinvestinchargingstationsConstruction.Ijusthopethatafterchargingthechargingservicefee,thechargingstationcanreallyimprovethechargingservice,sothatconsumersofelectricvehicleswillnolongerhavetoworryaboutthefuture.
Basicclassification
Sincethedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,therearemanytypes,whichareusuallyclassifiedaccordingtothepurposeofthevehicle,thenumberofon-boardpowersupplies,andthecompositionofthedrivesystem.Accordingtodifferentpurposes,pureelectricvehiclescanbedividedintothreetypes:electriccars,electrictrucksandelectricbuses.
(1)Electriccarsarecurrentlythemostcommonpureelectriccars.Inadditiontosomeconceptcars,pureelectriccarshavebeenproducedinsmallbatchesandhaveenteredtheautomotivemarket.
(2)Electrictrucksareusedforpowertransportation.Therearerelativelyfewelectrictrucks.Inmines,constructionsitesandsomespecialsites,somepureelectrictruckswithlargetonnagehavealreadyappeared.
(3)Electricbusesandpureelectricminibusesarealsorare;pureelectricbusesareusedasbuses,andtheyhavebeenwellestablishedinsomecities’busroutes,WorldExpos,andworldsportsmeets.Performance.
Developmenthistory
Asearlyas1873inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,BritishRobertDavidson(RobertDavidson)producedtheworld'sfirstpracticalelectriccar.Thisismorethan10yearsbeforetheinventionofgasolineenginecarsbyGermansGottliebDaimlerandKarlBenz.
TheelectriccarinventedbyDavidsonisatruckwithalengthof4800mmandawidthof1800mm.Itusesaprimarybatterythatreactsiron,zinc,amalgamandsulfuricacid.Afterthat,startingin1880,rechargeablesecondarybatterieswereused.Thedevelopmentfromprimarybatteriestosecondarybatterieswasamajortechnologicalchangeforelectricvehiclesatthattime,andthusthedemandforelectricvehicleshasgreatlyincreased.Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,itbecameanimportantproductoftransportationandwroteagloriouspageinthehistoryofhumantransportation.In1890,electricbusesdroveonthestreetsofFranceandEngland.Atthattime,theinternalcombustionenginetechnologyforvehicleswasstillquitebackward,withshortmileage,manybreakdowns,anddifficultmaintenance,whileelectricvehicleswereeasytomaintain.
InEuropeandAmerica,theydayofelectricvehicles eratattheendofthe 19th century.In1899,Gallicus ComenGinadrovea44kWdual-motor-poweredrear-rota-driveelectriccar,settingarecordof106km/h.
AmongthecarsmanufacturedintheUnitedStatesin1900,therewere15,755electriccars,1,684steam-enginecars,andonly936gasoline-enginecars.Afterenteringthe20thcentury,duetothecontinuousadvancementofinternalcombustionenginetechnology,theAmericanFordMotorCompanyT-carcameoutin1908.Massproductionofcarsbymassproductioninassemblylinemadegasoline-poweredcarspopularized,resultingintheexistenceofsteamenginecarsandelectriccarsinmarketcompetition.Duetothelackoftechnicalandeconomicperformance,theformerwaseliminatedbyruthlessyears,whilethelatterwasinastateofshrinking.
Developmentbackground
Developmentofelectricvehiclebatteries
Batteriesaretheprimarykeytothedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Thedifficultyofvehiclepowerbatteriesisthe"low-costrequirements"and"high-capacity"Threerequirementsincluding"requirements"and"highsafetyrequirements".Nickel-hydrogenbatteriescanstoretwiceasmuchenergyperunitweightaslead-acidbatteries,andotherpropertiesarealsosuperiortolead-acidbatteries.Thepriceis4-5timesthatoflead-acidbatteries,andeffortsarebeingmadetobringitdown.Theironbatteryusestheironelementmaterialwithabundantresourcesandlowprice,thecosthasbeengreatlyreduced,andsomemanufacturershaveadoptedit.Lithiumisthelightestmetalwithveryactivechemicalcharacteristics.Theenergystorageperunitweightoflithium-ionbatteriesis3timesthatoflead-acidbatteries,andthatoflithiumpolymerbatteriesis4times.Lithiumresourcesareabundantandthepriceisnotveryexpensive.Hopethebattery.mycountryhasachievedrapiddevelopmentintheindustrialdevelopmentofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesandlithium-ionbatteries.Otherrelatedtechnologiesofelectricvehicleshavemadegreatprogress,suchas:ACinductionmotoranditscontrol,rareearthpermanentmagnetbrushlessmotoranditscontrol,batteryandvehicleenergymanagementsystem,smartandfastchargingtechnology,low-resistancetires,lightweightTheadvancementofthesetechnologieshasmadeelectricvehiclesmoreperfectandpractical.Airpollutioninmycountry'slargecitiescannotbeignored.Automobileemissionsareoneofthemainsourcesofpollution.16citiesinmycountryhavebeenlistedamongthe20mostseverelypollutedcitiesintheworld.Thecurrentpercapitacarinmycountryis10carsper1,000people.Thecarownershipinourcountrywillincreasetenfold,andoilimportswillbecomeabigproblem.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehiclesinourcountryisnotatemporaryshort-termmeasure,butasignificantandlong-termstrategicconsideration.
Developmentoftheelectricvehicleindustry
TheUnitedStateshassold7,931electricvehiclesworldwide,whichisaheadofallothermarkets,withsalesrising28%fromthepreviousmonth.Thefiguresforothermarketsare4240inJapan,2056inFrance,and1284inGermany.InChina,only235electricvehiclesweresold,adecreaseof31%from343inthepreviousquarter.
Iaponia willbetheleaderintisindustry.By2017, Iaponia producet 779, 000 electricum electricum, ratione 9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsosolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinandi causa 9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsoolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinandi causa 9.7% ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsoolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinatio pro9.7%ofitstotalautomobileproduction.Germany and the UnitedStates are alsosolikelytopushtheproduction of electrici vehiclesto218, 300 et362, 300, ratiocinatio est causa 9.7% ofitstotalautomobileproduction.
Ascompetitionintheelectricvehicleindustrycontinuestointensify,mergersandacquisitionsandcapitaloperationsamonglarge-scaleelectricvehiclecompanieshavebecomemorefrequent.Excellentdomesticelectricvehiclecompanieshavepaidmoreandmoreattentiontotheresearchoftheindustrymarket,especiallyforenterprises.In-depthstudyofdevelopmentenvironmentandchangesincustomerdemandtrends.Becauseofthis,alargenumberofoutstandingdomesticelectricvehiclebrandshaverisenrapidlyandhavegraduallybecomeleadersintheelectricvehicleindustry!
Chinesecarsareenteringthe "oleum libero" era
Therearemanydevelopmentdirectionsfornewenergyvehicles,butoneofthemishydrogenfuelcelltechnology.Matureandcostly,itisatechnology20yearslater.InJanuary2007,Dr.MenahemAnderman,anautomotiveandpowerbatteryexpert,madethisconclusionwhenhetestifiedbeforetheUSSenateEnergyandResourcesCommittee.Chinaalsodoesnothavetheplatinumnecessaryforhydrogenfuelcellreactions.Althoughthereisnopublicstatement,itisrumoredthatthecountry’sinternaldecision-makershaveclearlystatedthatChinaisnotsuitableforthedevelopmentofhydrogenfuelcellvehicles,onlyforscientificresearchtracking.
FromtheperspectiveoftechnologydevelopmentmaturityandChina'snationalconditions,pureelectricvehiclesshouldbethedevelopmentdirectiontobevigorouslypromoted,andhybridpowerasatransitionaltechnologybeforetheestablishmentofalarge-areachargingnetwork.
However,thehybridpowersystemiscomplexandexpensive.BYDF3DMhastwosetsofpowersystems,anditsannouncedpowersystemcosthasincreasedby50,000yuan,whichisequivalenttosaving8,000yuaninfuelperyeartobemoreeconomicalthantraditionalgasolinevehicles.
Theadvantageofhybridpoweristhatitretainsthelifestyleoftraditionalgasolinecars.Accordingtothedegreeofmixingofgasolineenginesandelectricmotors,thenumberofrechargesisequivalenttothatoftraditionalgasolinecars,orthereisnoneedtocharge.Thedrivingdistanceisalsounlimited.
Thepureelectricvehicleeliminatesthefueltank,engine,transmission,coolingsystemandexhaustsystem.Comparedwiththeinternalcombustiongasolineenginepowersystemofthetraditionalautomobile,thecostoftheelectricmotorandthecontrollerislower,andthepureelectricvehicleEnergyconversionefficiencyishigher.Becausetheenergysourceofelectricvehicles-electricity,comesfromlargegeneratorsets,itsefficiencyisunmatchedbysmallgasolineenginesorevenhybridengines.Asaresult,thecostofusingpureelectricvehiclesisdeclining.AccordingtothedatapublishedbyBYD'sF3epureelectricvehicle,itconsumes12kWhper100kilometers.Accordingtotheelectricitypriceof0.5yuan,theusecostper100kilometersisonly6yuan.AnditsprototypeF3gasolinecarconsumes7.6litersoffuelper100kilometers,andatafuelpriceof6.2yuan,thecostis46.5yuan.Incontrast,thecostofusingelectricvehiclesisonlyone-eighthoftraditionalgasolinevehicles.
Thedisadvantageofpureelectricvehiclesisthattheychangethelifestyleoftraditionalcarsandrequiredailycharging.Thetraditionalcarusehabitistorefuelaboutonetotwoweeks.Moreover,thereisadistancelimitofseveralhundredkilometerspertrip,althoughafamilymaytravellongdistancessomanytimesayear.
Advantagesofthecar
Nopollution, lownoise
Theelectricvehicledoesnothavetheexhaustgasgeneratedduringtheoperationoftheinternalcombustionengine,anddoesnotproduceexhaustpollution,whichisenvironmentallyfriendlyandairborne.Thecleanlinessisverybeneficial,almost"zeropollution".Asweallknow,pollutantssuchasCO,HC,NOX,particulates,andodorintheexhaustgasofinternalcombustionenginevehiclesformacidrain,acidmistandphotochemicalsmog.Electricvehicleshavenonoisegeneratedbyinternalcombustionengines,andthenoiseofelectricmotorsisalsosmallerthanthatofinternalcombustionengines.Noiseisalsoharmfultohumanhearing,nerves,cardiovascular,digestion,endocrine,andimmunesystems.
Singleelectricenergy
Comparedwithhybridelectricvehiclesandfuelcellvehicles,pureelectricvehiclesuseelectricmotorsinsteadoffuelengines,withlownoise,nopollution,andfewerelectricmotors,fuelsandtransmissionsystems.Theoccupiedspaceandweightcanbeusedtocompensatethebatterydemand;andbecauseoftheuseofasingleelectricenergy,theelectroniccontrolsystemisgreatlysimplifiedcomparedtohybridelectricvehicles,whichreducesthecostandcanalsocompensateforpartofthebatteryprice.
Simplestructureandconvenient sustentationem
Comparedwithinternalcombustionenginevehicles,electricvehicleshavesimplerstructures,fewerrunningandtransmissionparts,andlessmaintenancework.WhenanACinductionmotorisused,themotordoesnotrequiremaintenance,andmoreimportantly,theelectricvehicleiseasytomanipulate
Theenergyconversionefficiencyishigh
Atthesametime,theenergyduringbrakinganddownhillcanberecovered.Improveenergyutilizationefficiency;
Researchonelectricvehiclesshowsthattheirenergyefficiencyhassurpassedthatofgasoline-poweredvehicles.Especiallywhenrunningincities,wherecarsgoandstop,thespeedisnothigh,soelectriccarsaremoresuitable.Theelectricvehicledoesnotconsumeelectricitywhenitstops.Duringthebrakingprocess,theelectricmotorcanbeautomaticallyconvertedintoageneratortorealizethereuseofenergyduringbrakinganddeceleration.Somestudieshaveshownthatthesamecrudeoiliscrudelyrefined,senttothepowerplantforpowergeneration,chargedintothebattery,andthenthebatterydrivesthecar.Itsenergyefficiencyishigherthanthatoftherefinedgasolineandthenthegasolineenginetodrivethecar,soitisconducivetosavingenergy.Andreducecarbondioxideemissions.
Stabilizethepeak-vallisdifferenceofthepowergrid
Thelow-cost"valleypower"ofthepowergridcanbeusedforchargingatnighttosmooththepeak-valleydifferenceofthepowergrid.
Theapplicationofelectricvehiclescaneffectivelyreducedependenceonpetroleumresources,andcanuselimitedpetroleumformoreimportantaspects.Theelectricitychargedtothebatterycanbeconvertedfromcoal,naturalgas,waterpower,nuclearpower,solarpower,windpower,tidesandotherenergysources.Inaddition,ifyouchargethebatteryatnight,youcanalsoavoidpeakpowerconsumption,whichisbeneficialtothepowergridtobalancetheloadandreducecosts.
Basicstructure
Electricvehicleshaveavarietyofstructurallayoutsandarerelativelyflexible.Ingeneral,theycanbedividedintotwoformsofpureelectricvehiclemotorcentraldriveandelectricwheeldrive.Thecentraldrivingformoftheelectricmotorborrowsthedrivingschemeoftheinternalcombustionenginevehicle,replacingtheinternalcombustionenginewithanelectricmotorandrelatedcomponents,andusinganelectricmotortodrivethewheelsontheleftandrightsides.Thevolumeandmassofthemechanicaltransmissiondeviceintheformofelectricwheeldrivearegreatlyreducedcomparedwiththeformofcentraldriveoftheelectricmotor,andtheefficiencyissignificantlyimproved,atthecostofincreasingthecomplexityandcostofthecontrolsystem.
Pureelectricvehiclesadopttheformofelectricmotorcentraldrive,whichdirectlyborrowsthedriveschemeofinternalcombustionenginevehicles.Itisdevelopedfromthefrontenginefrontdriveandconsistsofanelectricmotor,aclutch,agearboxandadifferential.Theinternalcombustionengineisreplacedbyanelectricdrivedevice.Thepoweroftheelectricmotorisconnectedtothedrivingwheelthroughaclutchorthepoweriscutoff.Thegearboxprovidesdifferenttransmissionratiostochangetheneedsofspeed-powercurvematching.Thedifferentialrealizesthetwowheelsatdifferentspeedswhenturning.Driving.
Pureelectricvehiclesusedual-motorelectric-wheeldrive.Themechanicaldifferentialisreplacedbytwotractionmotors.Thetwomotorsdrivetheirownwheels.Whenturning,theyaredrivenatdifferentspeedsthroughelectronicdifferentialcontrol.Eliminatestheneedformechanicaltransmissions.
Astructureuniquetopureelectricvehiclesthatusesbatteriesastheenergysource.Thebatteriescanbearrangedaroundthetop,orconcentratedattherearofthecarorunderthechassis.Thebatteryselectedshouldbeabletoprovidesufficientlyhighspecificenergyandspecificpower,andcanrecoverregenerativebrakingenergywhenthevehicleisbraking.Thepowerbatterywithhighspecificenergyandhighspecificpowerhastheaccelerationandclimbingabilityofpureelectricvehicles.
Inordertosolvetheproblemthatabatterycannotmeettherequirementsofcontrastenergyandspecificpoweratthesametime,twodifferentbatteriescanbeusedinpureelectricvehiclesatthesametime,oneofwhichcanprovidehighspecificenergy,theotherProvidehighspecificpower.Twokindsofbatteriesareusedasthebasicstructureofthehybridenergysource.Thesetwostructuresnotonlyseparatetherequirementsofthecontrastenergyandthespecificpower,butalsocanusethebatterytorecoverenergywhenthecarisgoingdownhillorbraking.
Thehydrogenrequiredbythefuelcellcannotonlybestoredintheformofcompressedhydrogen,liquidhydrogenormetalhydride,butalsocanbeproducedonthecarfromliquidfuelssuchasmethanolorgasolineatroomtemperature.Thestructureofapureelectricvehiclewithasmallreformer.Thehydrogenrequiredbythefuelcellisproducedbyreformingthevehicle.
Pugnamanagement
ThepureelectricvehiclebatterymanagementsystemisusedasthebatterysystemAnimportantpartofthebattery,hasimportantfunctionssuchasreal-timemonitoringofbatterystatus,optimizingtheuseofbatteryenergy,extendingbatterylifeandensuringbatterysafety.Thebatterymanagementsystemhasagreatinfluenceonthesafeoperationofthevehicle,thechoiceofvehiclecontrolstrategy,thechoiceofchargingmode,andtheoperatingcost.Thebatterymanagementsystemmustreliablycompletethereal-timemonitoringandfaultdiagnosisofthebatterystatusduringtheoperationofthevehicleorduringthechargingprocess,andinformthevehicleintegratedcontrollerorchargerthroughthebus,soastoadoptamorereasonablecontrolstrategy.Toachievethepurposeofeffectiveandefficientuseofbatteries.
Thebatterymanagementsystemadoptsadistributedsystemstructure.Eachbatterymanagementsystemconsistsofacentralcontrolmodule(ormaster)and10batterymeasurementandcontrolmodules(orslaves).Thedetectionmoduleofthebatterymanagementsystemisinstalledinthefrontpanelofthebatterybox;themaincontrolmoduleofthebatterymanagementsystemisinstalledinthehigh-voltageequipmentcompartmentattherearofthevehicle.
Thefunctionsofthebatterymanagementsystemareasfollows:
1.Detectionofbatteryvoltage
2.Detectionofbatterytemperature
3.Detectionofbatterypackworkingcurrent
4.Insulationresistancedetection
5.Coolingfancontrol
6.Recordofchargeanddischargetimes
7.EstimationofbatterypackSoC
8.BatteryfailureanalysisandOnlinealarm
9.Recordofbatterychargeanddischargetimesforeachbox
10.Evaluationofdiscretenessofeachboxbattery
11.Communicatewithon-boardequipmentfortheentirevehicleControlandprovidenecessarybatterydataCAN1
12.CommunicatewithvehiclemonitoringequipmentandsendbatteryinformationtothepaneltodisplayCAN2
13.CommunicatewithchargertosafelyrealizebatterychargingRS—485
14.Therearesimpleequipmenttorealizetheinitializationfunctionofthebatterymanagementsystemofpureelectricvehicles,whichcanmeettheneedsofrapidbatteryreplacementandregroupingofbatteryboxes.
praecipiens
Edit
Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,theproblemofcharginghasalwaysbeena"worry"forconsumers.Forelectriccarconsumerslivingincities,itisnoteasytobuildaprivatechargingpile.Firstofall,parkingdifficultyhaslongbecomeamajorprobleminurbandevelopment.In2014,thenumberofmotorvehiclesinBeijingexceeded5million,butlessthan50%ofthecarshavefixedparkingspaces.Parkingisstilldifficult.Itisevenmoredifficulttoestablishprivatechargingpiles.Itisluxury.Secondly,thepowerconsumptionofchargingpileswhenusedatfullpowerisveryalarming.Itisdifficultformostresidentialgridstowithstandthesimultaneouschargingofalargenumberofelectricvehicles.Thisisalsothemainreasonwhymanycommunitiesrefusetoinstallchargingpilesprivately.
Therefore,whenthefullpopularityofprivatechargingpilesisstilldifficult,thepopularizationofelectricvehiclesmustrelyontheestablishmentofalargenumberofpublicchargingpiles.Thepopularityofpublicchargingpileswilldirectlyaffectthepurchaseofpureelectricvehiclesbyconsumers.Passion.
However,whentherearestillmanydifficultiesinthepopularizationandpromotionofthepureelectricvehiclemarket,chargingservicecompaniesalsohavesomescrupleswheninvestingintheconstructionofchargingpiles.DatashowsthatBeijingcurrentlyhas225chargingstations,withatotalofmorethan1,700chargingpiles,ofwhich70%arefirstputintoconstructionbythegovernmentandtheStateGrid.However,thesebuiltchargingstationsgenerallyhavetheproblemofdifficultyinprofitability.Thereporterlearnedthatalmostallofthemorethan400chargingstationsthathavebeenbuiltbytheStateGridarelosingmoney,andthelackofaprofitmechanismisthemostimportantreason.
Somepeopleintheindustrybelievethatthechargingservicechargingpolicycanattractsocialcapitaltoenterthechargingservicemarkettoacertainextent.Inthelongrun,theincreaseinservicesupplywillalsohelpbalancethechargingservicemarketandpromotenewPopularizationandpromotionofenergyvehicles.
Theworriesaboutchargingstationsincludebothconsumers'worriesabouttheinconvenienceofcharging,andchargingservicecompanies'worriesaboutsurvivalandprofitability.Inthedevelopmentofpureelectricvehicles,such"worries"areinevitable.Theintroductionofchargingservicefeesisnotabadthing.Withtransparentchargingservicefees,consumerscanhaveabasicpsychologicalexpectationonthecostofusingelectricvehiclesandmakeconsumptiondecisions;forchargingservicecompanies,theycanbestimulatedtoinvestinchargingstationsConstruction.Ijusthopethatafterchargingthechargingservicefee,thechargingstationcanreallyimprovethechargingservice,sothatconsumersofelectricvehicleswillnolongerhavetoworryaboutthefuture.
Applicationdirection
Pureelectricvehiclesarevehiclesthatarepoweredentirelybysecondarybatteries(suchaslead-acidbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteries,nickel-hydrogenbatteriesorlithium-ionbatteries,etc.).BothpureelectriccarsandpureelectricbuseshavepassedthetypecertificationtestoftheNationalQualityInspectionCenter,andallindicatorsmeettherequirementsofrelevantnationalstandardsandcorporatestandards.,Itsvehicle'spower,economy,drivingrange,noiseandotherindicatorshavereachedorexceededforeignmodelsofthesamelevel,andtheresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesofkeytechnologieshavebeeninitiallyformed.Thereareseveralcitieswherepureelectricvehicledemonstrationsoperate,butthescaleisrelativelysmall.InJanuary2005,thedemonstrationoperationof22carsand1businTianjinpassedthenationalinspectionandacceptance.InDecemberofthesameyear,thethree-yeardemonstrationoperationof95pureelectricsmallbuses(another20hybridbusesand3hybridcars)conductedbyWuhanCityalsopassedthenationalacceptance.Becausepureelectricvehiclesareconstrainedbytheircontinueddrivingability,pureelectricvehicletrialsaremainlyconcentratedonsmallbuses.Accordingtothe"ChinaElectricVehicleNetwork"report,inJanuary2006,therewere50smallelectricvehiclesoperatinginthecommunityinZhuzhouCity,HunanProvince,andseveralelectricbusesinthecitywerealsoinoperation.InAprilofthesameyear,HangzhouCity,ZhejiangProvincelaunchedanelectricvehicledemonstrationproject,with6carsand5busesindemonstrationoperationinthecity.
Technicaldifficulties
Thedifficultyofelectricvehiclesisthattheenergystoredperunitweightofbatteriesiscurrentlytoolittle.Also,becausethebatteriesofelectricvehiclesaremoreexpensiveandhavenotformedaneconomicscale,thepurchasepriceisrelativelyhigh.Expensive.Asforthecostofuse,someusecostsaremoreexpensivethancars,andsomeareonly1/3ofthecostofacar,whichmainlydependsonthelifeofthebatteryandthelocalpriceofoilandelectricity.Atthisstage,thecapacityofthebatteryisnotuptotherequirement,andtheenduranceisnotuptotheall-weatherapplication.
Developmentstatus
Statusquoofdevelopedcountries
Famousforeignautomobilecompaniesattachgreatimportancetotheresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehicles,anddevelopedcountriesintheworldhaveinvestedheavilyinresearchanddevelopment,andSomerelevantpoliciesandregulationshavebeenformulatedtopromotethedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.
TheUnitedStatesisvigorouslydevelopingandpromotingtheuseoffuelcellelectricvehiclesandpureelectricvehicles.TheMinistryofEnergyofthegovernmentandthethreemajorautomakersofGeneralMotors,FordandDai-Kejointlydevelopfuelcellelectricvehicles.SevenstatesintheUnitedStateshavejoinedthezero-emissionplan.Afterthespecifiednumberofyears,carssoldintheseareasmustbezero-emissions,thatis,onlypureelectricvehiclesandfuelcellelectricvehicles.
TensofthousandsofelectricvehiclesarealreadyinuseintheUK;
Franceisoneofthemostsuccessfulcountriesintheworldtopromotetheapplicationofpureelectricvehicles.Thecoordinationcommittee,ParisandLaRochellehaveestablishedarelativelycompleteinfrastructureofpureelectricvehiclechargingstations,formulatedpreferentialpoliciestosupportandencouragetheuseofelectricvehicles,andhaveinitiallyformedapureelectricvehicleoperationsystem.
Atinternationallarge-scalesportsgames,electricvehicleshavealsobecomeoneofthetoolsforcountriestodemonstratetheirscientificandtechnologicalstrengthandenvironmentalawareness.TheAtlantaOlympicsusedpureelectricbusesasofficialandtelevisionrelayvehicles,andtheSydneyOlympicspurchasednearly400electricbusesfromtheUKasshuttlevehiclesforathletes.Inthefieldofhybridelectricvehicles,
ThemajorEuropeanautomakersarescramblingtolaunchthehybridelectricvehiclesdevelopedbythecompany.Poweredelectricvehicletechnology.Nearly20citiesintheUnitedStateshavetestedtheuseofhybridelectricbuses.Sweden,France,Germany,Italy,Belgiumandothercountriesplantoopenhybridelectricbuslinesin9Europeancities.Fuelcellelectricvehicleshavecometothefore,andforeignbusinesscircleshaveformedpowerfulmultinationalalliancesinordertoachievethepurposeofcomplementingeachother'sadvantages.
CurrentsituationinChina
AlthoughChina'selectricvehicleshavenotstartedasearlyasEuropeandtheUnitedStatesandothercountries,thecountryhasmaintainedenergysecurity,improvedtheatmosphericenvironment,andenhancedthecompetitivenessoftheautomotiveindustrytoachievealeapinmycountry'sautomotiveindustry.Consideringthestrategicdevelopmentofthenewtypeofdevelopment,electricvehicleresearchhasalwaysbeenanationalplannedproject,andin2001,the“ElectricVehicleMajorScienceandTechnologyProject”wasestablished.Byorganizingenterprises,collegesanduniversities,andscientificresearchinstitutions,andconcentratingallforcestoconductjointresearch,wearenowinastageofstrongR&Dmomentum,andsometechnologieshavecaughtupwithorevensurpassedtheworld'sadvancedlevel.Sincetheimplementationofthe“ElectricVehicleMajorScienceandTechnologyProject”,fuelcellvehicleprototypeshavebeensuccessfullydeveloped,withatotalofthousandsofkilometersinoperation;hybridelectricbuseshavebeentestedonpublictransportationroutesinWuhanandotherplacesformorethanonemillionkilometers;pureelectricvehicleshavepassedthestateRelatedcertificationtests.
InDecember2017,theofficialwebsiteoftheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionannouncedthatthethreecompaniesofHenanSenyuan,JiangsuGuoxin,andKangdihavereceivedapprovalsfornewpureelectricpassengervehicleprojects.Thisalsomeansthatafterhalfayear,TheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionrestartedthequalificationreviewfortheproductionofpureelectricpassengervehicles.
Developmenthistory
Batteriesarethemostimportantkeytothedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Thedifficultyofautomotivepowerbatteriesisthe"low-costrequirements","high-capacityrequirements"and"high-safetyrequirements".Onrequest.lithiumpolymerbattery.Theenergystorageperunitweightofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesistwicethatoflead-acidbatteries.Chinahasmaderapiddevelopmentintheindustrialdevelopmentofnickel-hydrogenbatteriesandlithium-ionbatteries.10citiesinChinahavebeenincludedinthe20mostseverelypollutedcitiesintheworld.China’scurrentpercapitacarownershipisanaverageof10carsper1,000people,butoilresourcesareinsufficient,andtensofmillionsoftonsofoilhavebeenimportedeveryyear.Withthedevelopmentoftheeconomy,China’spercapitacarownershiphasreachedthecurrentgloballevel---per1,000peopleWith110cars,China’scarownershipwillincreasetenfold,andoilimportswillbecomeamajorproblem.Therefore,theresearchanddevelopmentofelectricvehiclesinChinaisnotatemporaryshort-termmeasure,butasignificantandlong-termstrategicconsideration.
Afterlong-termdevelopment,pureelectricvehicletechnologyhasgraduallymaturedandhasbeencommercializedandappliedintheUnitedStates,Japan,Europeandothercountries.Therearenearly40,000pureelectricvehiclesinoperationintheworld,including8,000inFrance,7,000intheUnitedStates,and7,400inJapan.Mainlyusedinpublictransportationsystems.
Coretechnology
Thedevelopmentofelectricvehiclesmustsolvefourkeytechnologies:batterytechnology,motordriveandcontroltechnology,electricvehicletechnologyandenergymanagementtechnology.
Batterytechnology
Batteriesarethesourceofpowerforelectricvehicles,andtheyarealsoakeyfactorthathasalwaysrestrictedthedevelopmentofelectricvehicles.Themainperformanceindicatorsofbatteriesforelectricvehiclesarespecificenergy(E),energydensity(Ed),specificpower(P),cyclelife(L)andcost(C).Forelectricvehiclestocompetewithfuelvehicles,thekeyistodevelophigh-efficiencybatterieswithhighspecificenergy,highspecificpowerandlongservicelife.
Sofar,batteriesforelectricvehicleshaveundergonethreegenerationsofdevelopment,andbreakthroughshavebeenmade.Thefirstgenerationislead-acidbatteries,mainlyvalve-regulatedlead-acidbatteries(VRLA).Duetotheirhighspecificenergy,lowpriceandhigh-ratedischarge,theyaretheonlybatteriesforelectricvehiclesthatcanbemass-produced.Thesecondgenerationisalkalinebatteries,mainlynickelcadmium(NJ-Cd),nickelhydrogen(Ni-MH),sodiumsulfur(Na/S),lithiumion(Li-ion)andzincair(Zn/Air),etc.Avarietyofbatterieshavehigherspecificenergyandspecificpowerthanlead-acidbatteries,thusgreatlyimprovingthepowerperformanceanddrivingrangeofelectricvehicles,buttheirpricesarehigherthanthoseoflead-acidbatteries.Thethirdgenerationisafuelcell-basedbattery.Thefuelcelldirectlyconvertsthechemicalenergyofthefuelintoelectricenergy.Theenergyconversionefficiencyishigh,thespecificenergyandspecificpowerarehigh,andthereactionprocesscanbecontrolled,andtheenergyconversionprocesscanbeperformedcontinuously.Therefore,itisanidealautomobilebatteryandisstillinthedevelopmentstage.Somekeytechnologieshaveyettobebrokenthrough.
Electricdriveanditscontroltechnology
Motoranddrivesystemarethekeycomponentsofelectricvehicles.Forelectricvehiclestohavegoodperformance,thedrivemotorshouldhaveawiderangeofspeedregulation,Highspeed,largestartingtorque,smallsize,smallmass,highefficiency,strongdynamicbrakingandenergyfeedback.Electricmotorsforelectricvehiclesmainlyinclude4typesofDCmotors(DCM),inductionmotors(IM),permanentmagnetbrushlessmotors(PMBLM)andswitchedreluctancemotors(SRM).
Inrecentyears,almostallelectricvehiclesdrivenbyinductionmotorshaveadoptedvectorcontrolanddirecttorquecontrol.Becausethedirecttorquecontrolmethodisdirect,simpleinstructure,excellentincontrolperformanceandfastindynamicresponse,itisverysuitableforthecontrolofelectricvehicles.ElectricvehiclesdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandEuropemostlyusethistypeofmotor.PermanentmagnetbrushlessmotorscanbedividedintoabrushlessDCmotorsystem(BLDCM)drivenbyasquarewaveandabrushlessDCmotorsystem(PMSM)drivenbyasinewave,bothofwhichhaveahigherpowerdensity.Electricmotorsarebasicallythesame,sotheyarewidelyusedinelectricvehicles.PMSMmotorshavehighenergydensityandefficiency,smallsize,lowinertia,andfastresponse.Theyareverysuitableforthedrivesystemofelectricvehiclesandhaveexcellentapplicationprospects.ElectriccarsdevelopedbyJapanmainlyusethiskindofmotor.
Switchedreluctancemotor(SRM)hastheadvantagesofsimplicityandreliability,high-efficiencyoperationinawidespeedandtorquerange,flexiblecontrol,four-quadrantoperation,fastresponsespeedandlowcost.Inpracticalapplications,itisfoundthatSRMhasshortcomingssuchaslargetorquefluctuations,largenoise,andtheneedforapositiondetector,anditsapplicationislimited.
Withthedevelopmentofmotorsanddrivesystems,controlsystemstendtobeintelligentanddigital.Non-linearintelligentcontroltechnologiessuchasvariablestructurecontrol,fuzzycontrol,neuralnetwork,adaptivecontrol,expertcontrol,geneticalgorithm,etc.,willbeappliedtothemotorcontrolsystemofelectricvehiclesindividuallyorincombination.
Electricvehicletechnology
Electricvehiclesarehigh-techcomprehensiveproducts.Inadditiontobatteriesandelectricmotors,thecarbodyitselfalsocontainsmanyhigh-tech.Someenergy-savingmeasuresarebetterthanimprovingbatterystorage.Capabilityisalsoeasytoimplement.Theuseoflightweightmaterialssuchasmagnesium,aluminum,high-qualitysteelandcompositematerialstooptimizethestructurecanreducethecar'sownmassby30%-50%;realizeenergyrecoveryduringbraking,downhillandidling;madeofhigh-elasticmaterialsThehigh-pressureradialtirescanreducetherollingresistanceofthecarby50%;thecarbody,especiallythebottomofthecar,ismorestreamlined,whichcanreducetheairresistanceofthecarby50%.
Energymanagementtechnology
Batteryistheenergystoragepowersourceforelectricvehicles.Toobtainverygoodpowercharacteristics,anelectricvehiclemusthaveabatterywithhighspecificenergy,longservicelife,andhighspecificpowerasthepowersource.Tomakeelectricvehicleshavegoodworkingperformance,thestoragebatterymustbemanagedsystematically.
Theenergymanagementsystemistheintelligentcoreofelectricvehicles.Awell-designedelectricvehicleshouldnotonlyhavegoodmechanicalperformance,electricdriveperformance,andproperenergysourceselection(iebattery),butalsoasetofenergymanagementsystemthatcoordinatestheworkofeachfunctionalpart.ItsroleistodetectasingleThestateofchargeofthebatteryorbatterypack,andbasedonvarioussensorinformation,includingforce,accelerationanddecelerationcommands,drivingconditions,batteryoperatingconditions,ambienttemperature,etc.,reasonablydeployandusethelimitedvehicleenergy;itcanalsobebasedonthebatteryChoosethebestchargingmethodbasedontheusageandchargeanddischargehistoryofthegrouptoextendthebatterylifeasmuchaspossible.
Theresearchinstitutionsoftheworld'smajorautomobilemanufacturersareconductingresearchanddevelopmentontheenergymanagementsystemoftheelectricvehicleon-boardbattery.Howmuchelectricenergyanelectricvehiclebatterycurrentlystoresandhowmanykilometersitcantravelareimportantparametersthatmustbeknownduringthedrivingofanelectricvehicle,anditisalsoanimportantfunctionthattheelectricvehicleenergymanagementsystemshouldcomplete.Applyingtheon-boardenergymanagementsystemofelectricvehiclescanmoreaccuratelydesigntheelectricenergystoragesystemofelectricvehicles,determineanoptimalenergystorageandmanagementstructure,andimprovetheperformanceofelectricvehiclesthemselves.
Thedifficultyofrealizingenergymanagementinelectricvehiclesliesinhowtoestablishamethodtodeterminehowmuchenergyeachbatteryhasleftbasedonthecollectedhistoricaldataofthevoltage,temperature,andchargeanddischargecurrentofeachbattery.Moreprecisemathematicalmodel.
Developmentprospects
TheStateCouncilissuedanoticeonthe"Energy-savingandNewEnergyAutomobileIndustryDevelopmentPlan(2012-2020)"(hereinafterreferredtoasthe"DevelopmentPlan"),whichdeletedthesolicitationIntheopiniondraft,thewords“focusonhybridelectricvehiclesinthenearfuture”and“medium/heavyhybridpassengervehiclesaccountformorethan50%oftheannualproductionandsalesofpassengervehicles”.Inthisregard,industryexpertsbelievethatthiseffectivelyavoidsthedirectfocusonhybridelectricvehiclesandthepossiblenewenergydevelopmentroutedisputes,andavoidsthepreviouslysethightargetsthataredifficulttoachieve,andonceagainclarifiesthefuturedevelopmentofnewenergy.Target.
Hybrid "UnexplainedKeyPoints"
Accordingtothe"DevelopmentPlan",thenewenergyvehiclesreferredtointhisplanmainlyincludepureelectricvehicles,plug-inhybridvehiclesAndfuelcellvehicles.Hybridpower,whichhasbeenhighlyvocalbefore,isnotunderestimated,butthedevelopmentgoalsofthetwoaredifferent.Itisclearlymentionedinthe"DevelopmentPlan"thatthe"industrializationofpureelectricvehiclesandplug-inhybridelectricvehicles"shallbe"focusedonpromotion",andthe"non-plug-inhybridelectricvehiclesandenergy-savinginternalcombustionenginevehicles"shallbepromoted.universal".Thatistosay,"keypromotion"isbecausethetechnologyisimmatureanddifficult,sowemustfocusonpromotion;"promotionandpopularization"meansthattherearemoreready-madetechnologiesthatcanbepopularizedaslongastheyarepromoted.Accordingtotheinterpretationofindustryexperts,theimplicationisthathybridpowerhasbecomean"unexplainedfocus."Inaddition,the"DevelopmentPlan"requires,"By2015,theaveragefuelconsumptionofpassengercarsproducedinthatyearwillbereducedto6.9liters/100kilometers,andthefuelconsumptionofenergy-savingpassengercarswillbereducedto5.9liters/100kilometersorless.By2020In2009,theaveragefuelconsumptionofpassengercarsproducedthatyearfellto5.0liters/100kilometers,andthefuelconsumptionofenergy-savingpassengercarsfelltobelow4.5liters/100kilometers."Thepromotionandpopularizationofviablehybridvehiclesisimperative,andthemarketwilltakeoffquickly.
Inthefirsthalfof2012,automobilecompaniesproduced3,167newenergyvehicles,including3,021pureelectricvehiclesand146plug-inhybridvehicles;salesof3,525newenergyvehicles,ofwhich,pureelectricvehiclesThereare3444carsand81plug-inhybridvehicles.Thedevelopmentplanofthe"DevelopmentPlan"forthefutureofenergyis:By2015,thecumulativeproductionandsalesofpureelectricvehiclesandplug-inhybridvehicleswillstrivetoreach500,000,andby2020,thecumulativeproductionandsaleswillexceed5million.