Mattersneedingattention
1. Può essere conservato nell'intervallo di temperatura di -30 ℃ -50 ℃, ma se viene conservato per lungo tempo, si prega di mantenerlo al di sotto di 35 ℃;
2.Itispossibletosavethechargedstateorthedischargedstate,butincomparison,thedischargedstatecanrestorethecapacityearlierandbeeasiertoactivate;
3.Whenthebatteryisstoredforalongtime,itmustbefullychargedbeforeuse.
Introductio
Nickel-CadmiumBatteries(Ni-Cd,Nickel-CadmiumBatteries,Ni-CdRechargeableBattery) aretheearliesttypes ofbatteriesusedinmobilephones,supertechandotherdevices.IthasGood high-currentdischargecharacteristics, strong resistance to overcharge and discharge: Simplex usus, followingre-actiones.
Cd+2NiO(OH)+2=2+
Thereactionis opposite cum testificatione.
Themostfataldisadvantageofnickel-cadmiumbatteriesisthatiftheyareimproperlyhandledduringcharginganddischarging,serious"memoryeffects"willoccur,whichgreatlyshortenstheservicelife.Theso-called"memoryeffect"meansthatthebattery'spowerisnotcompletelydischargedbeforethebatteryischarged,whichwillcausethebatterycapacitytodecreaseovertime.Duringthebatterycharginganddischargingprocess(dischargeismoreobvious),alittlebitwillbegeneratedonthebatteryplate.Theaccumulationofthesebubblesreducestheareaofthebatteryplateandindirectlyaffectsthecapacityofthebattery.Ofcourse,wecanreducethe"memoryeffect"bymasteringreasonablecharginganddischargingmethods.Inaddition,cadmiumistoxic,sonickel-cadmiumbatteriesarenotconducivetotheprotectionoftheecologicalenvironment.Numerousshortcomingsmakenickel-cadmiumbatterieshavebasicallybeeneliminatedfromthescopeofapplicationofdigitalequipmentbatteries.
Enarratio
Ni-Cdbatterycanbechargedanddischargedmorethan500times,economicalanddurable.Itsinternalresistanceissmall,notonlytheinternalresistanceissmall,itcanbequicklycharged,butalsocanprovidealargecurrentfortheload,andthevoltagechangeissmallwhendischarging,itisaveryidealDCpowersupplybattery.Comparedwithothertypesofbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteriescanwithstandoverchargeoroverdischarge.Thedischargevoltageofnickel-cadmiumbatteriesvariesaccordingtotheirdischargedevices.Eachcell(Cell)isabout1.2V.ThebatterycapacityunitsareAh(Amperehour)andmAh(Milliamphour).ThelimitvalueofthedischargeterminationvoltageiscalledAsthe"end-of-dischargevoltage",theend-of-dischargevoltageofanickel-cadmiumbatteryis1.0/cell(celliseachunitcell).Theself-dischargerateislow,andthecharacteristicsofthenickel-cadmiumbatterywillnotdeteriorateafterbeingleftforalongtime,andtheoriginalcharacteristicscanbecompletelyrestoredafterfullcharging.Itcanbeusedinthetemperaturerangeof30°C-50°C.Sincetheunitcelladoptsametalcontainer,whichisstronganddurable;itadoptsacompletelysealedmethod,andtherewillbenoelectrolyteleakage,sothereisnoneedtoreplenishtheelectrolyte.
Thekeytoimprovingbatteryperformanceandextendingbatterylifeistoavoidmemoryeffectsandover-discharge.Nickel-cadmiumbatterieshaveamemoryeffect,thatis,afterseverallow-capacitycharginganddischargingoperationsofnickel-cadmiumbatteries,ifalargercapacitychargeanddischargeisrequired,thebatterywillnotworknormally.Thissituationiscalledthememoryeffect(Memoriae effectus).EspeciallyonVCRsandcameraswherethedischargeendvoltageissettobehigher,astheworkingvoltagedecreases,thebatterycapacityappearstodecrease,butthedecreaseindischargevoltagemaybetemporarilycausedbyoneortwocompletedischarges.Phenomenon.Thememoryeffectmakesthebattery'sperformanceunabletobefullyutilized,anditalsobringsgreatinconveniencetoshooting.Therefore,inuse,youshouldpayattentiontousingachargerwithcharginganddischargingperformance,suchasSony'sBC-1WDCE,toavoidthegenerationofmemoryeffects.WhenusinggeneralchargerssuchasBC-1WAandBC-1WB,onedischargecanbeperformedafterabout10timesofcharging,whichcanalsoachievethepurposeofpreventingthememoryeffect.
Principium
Principiumanalysis
Chemicalsynthesisofhydroxideion(OH-)incadmium(Cd)andsodiumhydroxide(NaOH)inthenegativeelectrodeCadmiumhydroxideisattachedtotheanodeandalsoemitselectrons.Theelectronstravelalongthewiretothecathode,andreactwiththenickeldioxideinthecathodeandthewaterinthesodiumhydroxidesolutiontoformnickelhydroxideandhydroxideions.Thenickelhydroxidewilladheretotheanode,andthehydroxideionswillreturntohydrogen.Insodiumoxidesolution,theconcentrationofsodiumhydroxidesolutionwillnotdecreasewithtime.
Theactivematerialonthepositiveplateofthenickel-cadmiumbatteryiscomposedofnickeloxidepowderandgraphitepowder.Graphitedoesnotparticipateinchemicalreactions,anditsmainfunctionistoenhanceconductivity.Theactivematerialonthenegativeplateiscomposedofcadmiumoxidepowderandironoxidepowder.Thefunctionoftheironoxidepowderistomakethecadmiumoxidepowderhavehigherdiffusibility,preventagglomeration,andincreasethecapacityoftheelectrodeplate.Theactivematerialsarerespectivelywrappedinperforatedsteelstrips,whichbecomethepositiveandnegativeplatesofthebatteryafterbeingpress-formed.Thepolarplatesareseparatedbyalkali-resistanthardrubberinsulatingrodsorperforatedpolyvinylchloridecorrugatedboards.Theelectrolyteisusuallypotassiumhydroxidesolution.Comparedwithotherbatteries,theself-dischargerateofNiCdbatteries(thatis,therateatwhichthebatteryloseschargewhennotinuse)ismoderate.DuringtheuseofNiCdbatteries,iftheyarenotfullydischarged,theywillberecharged,andthenexttimetheyaredischarged,theywillnotbeabletodischargealltheirpower.Forexample,if80%ofthebatteryisdischargedandthenfullycharged,thebatterycanonlydischarge80%ofthebattery.Thisistheso-calledmemoryeffect.Ofcourse,severalcompletedischarge/chargecycleswillrestoretheNiCdbatterytonormaloperation.DuetothememoryeffectofNiCdbatteries,iftheyarenotcompletelydischarged,eachbatteryshouldbedischargedbelow1Vbeforecharging.
praecipiens
NiCdbatterycharging
ChargetheNiCdbatterywithconstantcurrentintherangeof0.05Ctogreaterthan1C.Somelow-costchargersuseabsolutetemperaturetoterminatecharging.Althoughsimpleandlow-cost,thischargingterminationmethodisnotaccurate.Abettermethodistoterminatechargingbydetectingthevoltagedropwhenthebatteryisfullycharged.ForNiCdbatterieswithachargerateof0.5Corhigher,the-ΔVmethodisthemosteffective.-ΔVchargeterminationdetectionshouldbecombinedwithbatterytemperaturedetection,becauseagingbatteriesandmismatchedbatteriesmayreduceΔV.
Amoreaccuratefullchargedetectioncanbeachievedbydetectingthetemperatureriserate(dT/dt),whichisbetterforthebatterythanthefixedtemperaturetermination.ThechargeterminationmethodbasedonthecombinationofΔT/dtand-ΔVcanavoidbatteryoverchargingandextendbatterylife.Fastchargingcanimprovechargingefficiency.Atachargingrateof1C,theefficiencycanbecloseto1.1(91%),andthetimetofullychargeanemptybatteryisalittleover1hour.Whenchargingat0.1C,theefficiencydropsto1.4(71%),andthechargingtimeisabout14hours.
BecausetheNiCdbatteryreceivescloseto100%ofelectricalenergy,almostalloftheenergyisabsorbedduringthe70%ofthechargingstart,andthebatteryremainsnon-heating.Theultra-fastchargertakesadvantageofthisfeaturetochargethebatteryto70%withinafewminutes,chargingwithacurrentofseveralCwithoutgeneratingheat.Afterchargingto70%,thebatterywillcontinuetochargeatalowerrateuntilthebatteryisfullycharged.Finally,thechargingendswithatrickleof0.02Cto0.1C.
Basicfeatures
1.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriescanbechargedanddischargedmorethan500times,whichisveryeconomical;
2.Theinternalresistanceissmall,anditcanbeusedforhighcurrentdischarge.Whenitisdischarged,thevoltagechangeslittle.AsaDCpowersupply,itisabatteryofexcellentquality;
3.Becauseofthecompletelysealedtype,therewillbenoelectrolyteleakage,andthereisnoneedtoreplenishtheelectrolyte;
4.Comparedwithothertypesofbatteries,nickel-cadmiumbatteriescanwithstandoverchargeordischarge,andtheoperationissimpleandconvenient;
5.Theperformancewillnotbedegradedunderlong-termstorage,andtheoriginalcharacteristicscanberestoredwhenfullycharged;
6.Canbeusedinawidetemperaturerange;
7.Becausis madeofametali continentis, itismechanically strong;
8.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriesaremanufacturedunderverystrictqualitymanagementandhaveverygoodqualitydependence.
Marisque
A.Longlifespan
Nickel-cadmiumbatteriescanprovidemorethan500chargeanddischargecycles,andthelifespanisalmostequivalenttotheequipmentusingthisbatteryTheserviceperiod.
B.Excellentdischargeperformance
Inthecaseofhighcurrentdischarge,nickel-cadmiumbatterieshavelowinternalresistanceandhighvoltagedischargecharacteristics,sotheyarewidelyused.
C.Longstorageperiod
Nickel-cadmiumbatterieshavelongstoragelifeandfewrestrictions.Theycanstillbechargednormallyafterlong-termstorage.
D.High-ratechargingperformance
Ni-Cdbatteriescanbequicklychargedaccordingtoapplicationneeds,andthefullchargetimeisonly1.2hours.
E.Wide-rangetemperatureadaptability
Ordinarynickel-cadmiumbatteriescanbeusedinhigherorlowertemperatureenvironments.High-temperaturebatteriescanbeusedinanenvironmentof70degreesCelsiusorhigher.
F.Reliablesafetyvalve
Safetyvalveprovidesmaintenance-freefunction.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriescanbeusedfreelyduringcharging,dischargingorstorage.Duetotheuseofspecialmaterialsforthesealingring,coupledwiththeroleofthesealant,thenickel-cadmiumbatteryrarelyleaks.
G.Widerangeofapplications
Ni-Cdbatterycapacityrangesfrom100mAhto7000mAh.Therearegenerallyfourtypesofstandardtype,consumertype,high-temperaturetypeandhigh-currentdischargetype,whichcanbeappliedtoanywirelessdevice.
H.High-quality and high-reliabilityproductshavepassedQS9000qualitycertification.
Memoriae effectus
Whenanickel-cadmiumbatteryisrepeatedlydischargedandchargedatalowcapacity,ifalargeramountofdischargeisrequired,thebatterywillnotwork.InthiscaseWecallitthe"memoryeffect".Thememoryeffectmaybethemostmisunderstoodprobleminnickel-cadmiumbatteries.Arecorderwithahigherdischargeendvoltage,astheusedvoltagebecomeslower,onthesurfaceseemstodecrease,butthelowdischargevoltagecanbesolvedby1to2completedischarges.Itisrecommendedtodischargeonceaftertenrechargestopreventmemoryeffect.
Batterymaintenance
Batterylifereferstothenumberofchargeanddischargetimesbeforethechargeanddischargecapacitydropsto80%ofthenominalcapacityafteraperiodofuse.Failureisthelifeofthebattery;self-dischargeratereferstothephenomenonthatthebatteryslowlyself-dischargesafterbeingfullychargedandleftunusedforalongtime.Thelowself-dischargerateindicatesthatthecapacitydropslessafterlong-termstorage.
Forout-of-townshootingprogramsornewsinterviews,portablevideorecordingequipmentisgenerallyused.Thebatteriesusedinconjunctionwiththeportablevideorecordingequipmentcanbeefficientandhigh-qualitycontinuouslong-termworktoensurethesmoothprogressoftheshootingworkAvitalpart.ThenormalfunctionofthebatteryiscloselyrelatedtothecorrectuseandcarefulmaintenanceofourTVandaudio-visualworkersintheirdailywork.Therefore,theuseandmaintenanceissuesshouldarouseourattention.
1.Indailywork,youshouldbefamiliarwiththetypeofbatteryyouuse,itsbasiccharacteristicsandperformance.Thisisofgreatsignificanceforguidingusinthecorrectuseandmaintenance,anditisalsoextremelyimportantforextendingtheservicelifeofthebattery.
2.Whencharging,theroomtemperatureisbettertobecontrolledbetween10℃and30℃.Itisbettertotakecoolingmeasuresifthetemperatureishigherthan30℃toavoiddeformationduetooverheatinginsidethebattery;theroomtemperatureislowerthan5℃Atthistime,itwillcauseinsufficientchargingandaffecttheservicelifeofthebattery.
3.Afterthebatteryhasbeenusedforaperiodoftime,duetothedifferentdegreeofdischargeandaging,therearemoreorlessinsufficientchargingandperformancedegradation.Generally,thenickel-cadmiumbatterycanbechargedabout10times.Afterthedischargecycle,anoverchargeisperformed.Themethodistoextendthechargingtimeabouttwiceaslongasthenormalchargingtime.Thespecificexampleisasfollows:UseSONY'sBC-1WA(B)chargertochargetheNP-1battery.Whenthegreenlightflashes,itisfastcharging.Whenthegreenlightstopsflashingandstayson,thefastchargingends.Thedripchargingstarts.Whenthedripchargingtimeisextended,Thedripchargingtimeistheoverchargetime,andtheoverchargetimeispreferably3-4hours.
4.Thecharginganddischargingofthebatteryshouldbeoperatedstrictlyinaccordancewiththerequirementsandspecifications,andavoidlong-termovercharge,overdischargeorfrequentundercharge.Incompletedischarge,long-termlow-currentdeepdischargeorshort-circuitduringbatteryuseareallimportantfactorsthatcausethedecreaseofbatterycapacityandshortenedlife.Inthelongrun,illegaluseandoperationwillnotonlyaffecttheuse,butalsoinevitablyaffectthecapacityandlifeofthebattery.
5.InthecommonlyusedBC-1WA(B)charger,thebatterychargingprocessshouldbecompletedatonetime.Donotcutoffthepowerhalfwayorafterthefastchargingisover,thebatteryisinahightemperaturestate,andthepoweristurnedonagain.Makethechargertoquicklychargethebatteryagain,resultinginovercharging.Whenthebatteryalarmindicatorflashesduringuse,thebatteryshouldbereplacedintimetoavoidexcessivebatterydischarge.
6.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriesdonotneedtobechargedandstoredwhentheyarenotinuseforalongtime,butthebatteriesmustbedischargedtotheterminationvoltage(thecamerabatterywarninglightflashes)beforetheycanbepackagedandstoredintheoriginalpackagingcartonorcloth,Afterpaperpackaging,storeinadryandventilatedplace.
Recyclingofusedbatteries
Curatio processuum
Nickel-cadmiumbatteryisanalkalinestoragebattery,itspositiveplateisnickelhydroxide,andthenegativeplateiscadmium.Theelectrolyteispotassiumhydroxideorsodiumhydroxidesolution.Nickel-cadmiumbatteriescontainalargeamountofNi,CdandFe.Amongthem,Niisanimportantrawmaterialforsteel,electricalappliances,non-ferrousalloys,electroplating,etc.,andCdisararemetalusedinbatteries,pigments,andalloys.Itisextremelytoxicandmustbescrapped.Recycling.Inordertorecovercadmium,nickel,ironmaterialsandplasticsinnickel-cadmiumbatteries,thefollowingprocessingproceduresaregenerallyadopted:
(1)Mechanicaldisassemblyanddischargeofelectrolyte:separatethesupportandcasingofthelargebattery,anddischargetheKOHisusuallyneutralizedwithacidtoformpotassiumsaltandthendiscarded.
(2)Crushing,screeningandphysicalseparation:screeningandmagneticseparationarecarriedoutaccordingtotheparticlesizeandmagneticsusceptibilityofdifferentmaterials.Obtainfine-grainedelectrodematerialsandcoarse-grainedstainlesssteel,ironwasteandplastics.Thelattertwoareneutralizedwithacid,washedwithwater,andthenrecycled.
(3)Chemicalmetallurgicaltreatment:chemicalmetallurgicaltreatmentofactiveelectrodematerialstoobtainmetalcadmium,nickelortheircompoundreagents.
Recyclingprocess
Therecyclingtechnologyofwastenickel-cadmiumbatteriesisgenerallydividedintotwotypes:firetechnologyandwettechnology.
Thepyrotechnicprocessissimple,caneffectivelyrecoverpureCd,preventCdfrompollutingtheenvironment,andcanrecoverirongroupmetals.IthasbeenwidelyusedindevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStates,Sweden,France,andJapan.However,thepyrometallurgicalmethodneedstobecarriedoutunderhightemperatureconditionsof90~1000℃,whichrequireshighenergyconsumption,andneedstoprocessalargeamountofhightemperaturedustyfurnacegas.Themetalrecoveryrateandproductpurityalsoneedtobeimproved.
TraditionalhydrometallurgicalprocessesarecurrentlyunabletorecoverasmallamountofCoinrawmaterials,andtheelectrolysisconditionsarestrict.Therefore,inordertomoreeffectivelyrecovervaluablemetalsfromwasteNiandCdbatteries,inadditiontocontinuousimprovementoftraditionalprocesses,newtreatmentprocessesarestillbeingstudiedathomeandabroad.Amongthem,solventextractionandammonialeachingaretwomorepromisingrecoveryprocesses.