Historicalevolution
AncientNanjingScenicSpots(12photos)
Inhistory,NanjingbothbenefitedandsufferedfromitsuniquegeographicallocationandextraordinarytoleranceInthepast,ithassufferedfrommilitarydisastersmanytimesinthepast,butithasrepeatedlyreorganizeditsprosperityfromrubbleandsmoke.AndwhentheCentralPlainswereoccupiedbyforeignracesandtheHannationalitywasabouttobedestroyed,theHannationalitywouldusuallychooseNanjingtorecuperateandlive,aspiringtotheNorthernExpeditionandrestoreChina.ThesecondNorthernExpeditionofMingDynastyandtheRepublicofChinawassuccessful;thethreeNorthernExpeditionsoftheEasternJinDynasty,LiuSongandXiaoLiangfailed.AtthebeginningoftheSouthernSongDynasty,theofficialsallagreedthatJiankangshouldbethecapitaltoshowtheplantorestoretheCentralPlains.Unfortunately,EmperorGaozongoftheSongDynastyhadnointentionoftheNorthernExpeditionanddecidedtogotoLin'an.TheTaipingHeavenlyKingdomtookNanjingasitscapital,anditalsotooktheexterminationofalienruleasoneofthemobilizationbasisandlegitimacy.Therefore,NanjingisregardedastheplaceofrejuvenationoftheHannationality,whichhasaspecialstatusandvalueinChinesehistory.Therefore,aftercomparingthefourancientcapitalsofChang'an,Luoyang,Jinling,andYanjing,Mr.ZhuXiesaid,“Amongthesefourcapitals,theprosperityofliterature,thehandsomenessofcharacters,thebeautyofmountainsandrivers,themagnificenceofweather,andthesharingoftribulationswiththenationItiscloselyrelatedtoeachother,especiallyJinling."Accordingtohistoricalrecords,therewereancienthumanactivitiesinNanjingbetween1millionand1.2millionyearsago.TheancientapeslivedinNanjingmorethan600,000yearsago.TheNanjingape-manfossilsunearthedfromtheTangshanPaleolithicculturalsiteareamajordiscoveryofworldsignificanceinthestudyofearlyhumanevolutioninEastAsiaandPaleolithicarchaeology,whichonceagainprovesthatNanjingisaChinesecivilization.Oneofthebirthplaces.Tworaceswerefoundatthesamefossilsite,andthereisonlyoneinNanjingintheworld.NanjingApe-ManCaveprovidesastrongbasisforthetheoryoftheoriginofmankindinmanyplaces-theChinesedidnotoriginateinAfrica.7000yearsago,therewasanagriculturalcivilizationintheQixiaareaofNanjing.6000yearsago,primitivevillagesoftheNeolithicagerepresentedbytheBeiyinyangyingcultureappeared,andmorethan200NeolithicsiteswerediscoveredinNanjingandsurroundingareas.4000yearsago,denseprimitivesettlementsappearedintheQinhuaiRiverBasin,knownastheHushuCulture.Basedonthesesettlements,theearliestcitiesinNanjingwereformed.
NanjingMingDynastyRemains(26photos)
3100yearsago,NanjingwasthefiefoftheWesternZhouDynasty.In571BC,theStateofChuestablishedTangyiinLiuheandsetuptheTangyidoctor.ThiswastheearliestplaceinNanjingrecordedinhistoryandthebeginningofNanjing'sconstruction.By2020,ithasbeen2591.In541BC,WuStatebuiltLaizhuTowninGaochun.Becauseofitsstrongcity,itwasalsoknownasGucheng.Around495BC,WuStatebuiltYechengintheChaotianPalacearea.In473BC,YuedestroyedWuandbuiltYuechenginChangganlioutsideZhonghuaGate.In333BC,whenChudestroyedYue,thekingofChuWeiwantedtousetheYangtzeRivermoatinNanjingasabarriertoplottheworldandbuildJinlingTownintheStoneCity.ThenameofJinlingoriginatedfromthis.In229,EmperorWu,SunQuan,establishedthecapitalhere,andtheriseofNanjingsincethenenabledChina'spoliticalcentertomoveoutofthepatternoftheYellowRivercultureplate,leadingthedevelopmentoftheYangtzeRiverBasinandtheentiresouthernregionofChina.Sincethen,theSong,Qi,Liang,andChenoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiessuccessivelyestablishedtheircapitalshere,soNanjingisknownasthe"AncientCapitaloftheSixDynasties",anditsculturalradiationreachestheentireEastAsianregion.TheJiankangCityintheSixDynastiesplayedanimportantroleinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofChinesecapitals.ItsetaprecedentfortheaxiallysymmetricallayoutofthecapitalcityinEastAsia,andformedthesymmetricallayoutandstyleofthemainbuildingsbasedonthecentralaxis,whichbecamethemodelforlatercapitalcityconstruction.ThePalaceoftheSixDynasties,JiankangPalace,wasthelargestandmostmagnificentpalaceinChina.ItslayoutandarchitecturalformnotonlydirectlyaffectedthecapitalsoftheNorthernDynastiesandSuiandTangDynasties,butalsoaffectedthecapitalsofKyoto,Nara,andBaekjeontheKoreanPeninsula,andprofoundlyaffectedtheconstructionofpalacesinlatergenerations.Today,theJiankangCityremainsundertheNanjingLibraryandtheSixDynastiesMuseum.
IntheSixDynastiesperiod,JiankangCitywasthelargestcityintheworldatthattime,withapopulationofoveronemillion,andwasthefirstcityintheworldwithapopulationofoveronemillion.Theneweraofculture.JiankangCityandAncientRomeCityintheSixDynastieswerecalled"thetwocentersofclassicalcivilizationintheworld."ThecultureoftheSouthernDynastiesrepresentedbyJiankanghadaprofoundimpactonhumanhistory.DuringtheSixDynasties,the"MaritimeSilkRoadEastChinaSeaRoute"withNanjingasthecenterwasofficiallyopened.Nanjing"Shitotojin"wasusedasaninternationalterminalconnectingtherivertothesea.ThereweretensofthousandsofChineseandforeignshipsberthed.Withtheprosperoussceneof"ZhouShipfollowingtheroadandbusinessambassadors",NanjinghasbecomeanimportantcentralcityonChina'sMaritimeSilkRoad.
RemainsoftheRepublicofNanjing(11photos)
IntheSuiandTangDynasties,Nanjingwasdeliberatelydevaluedbythenortherncourt,butitsgeographicaladvantagesmadeNanjing'seconomyandculturecontinuetogrowstronger.PoetssuchasLiBai,LiuYuxi,DuMu,andLiShangyinhavelivedandvisitedhere.AfterthedeathoftheTangDynasty,theSouthernTangDynastyestablishedthecapitalofJinlingandexpandedthecity.Warsinthenorthhavecontinued,andsinceYangWushi,therehasbeennomajorwarintheterritoryformorethan70years.TherearebazaarsonbothsidesoftheQinhuaiRiver.Economicprosperityisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofculture,andpoetry,paintingandcalligraphyhavedevelopedagenerationofstyle.NanjingintheSongDynastywasthepolitical,economic,andculturalcenterofsouthernChina.JiangningMansionwastheonlygovernment-levelorganizationinsouthernChinaduringtheNorthernSongDynasty,anditwasthehighest-rankingadministrativeagencyinJiangnanandSoutheasternChina.WangAnshi,apoliticianintheNorthernSongDynasty,servedastheprefectofJiangningthreetimesasprimeminister,andsettledanddiedhere.AttheendoftheNorthernSongDynasty,theJingkangdisastertriggeredthethirdsouthwardmigrationofthepopulation,andNanjingonceagainbecametheeconomiccenterandoneoftheworld'smetropolisesatthattime.In1129,itwasrenamedJiankangMansionanddesignatedastheXingdu.In1138,Kangwastransformedintoacapital,andtherewerestillimperialpalaceshere.Itbecameanimportantmilitary,political,andeconomiccenterintheSouthernSongDynasty.Tothesoutheastofthetown".ThefamousSouthernSongdynastyYueFeioncedefeatedtheJinbingintheareaofNiushouMountaininNanjing,andthereareremainsoftheoldanti-jinbasement.
NanjingintheYuanDynastywastheresidentoftheJiangnanXingYushitai,whichsupervisedthesoutheastprovincesandcommandedthesoutheastprovinces,andwasinchargeofthesupervisionofthetenprovincesofJiangsu,Zhejiang,Jiangxi,andHuguang.AsthecenterofChina'stextileindustry,therearemorethan6,000professionalcraftsmeninthecity,andNanjingYunjinisaroyalimperialproduct.
In1356,ZhuYuanzhangcapturedNanjingandwasrenamedYingtianfu.TheMingDynastywasestablishedin1368,withNanjingasthecapital,andNanjingonceagainbecamethepolitical,economic,andculturalcenterofChina.AtthebeginningoftheMingDynasty,Jingshihadapopulationofmorethan700,000.ItwasthelargestandmostpopulouscityinChinaatthattimeandthelargestcityintheworld.TheMingCityWallofNanjing,whichwasbuiltfor27years,isthelargestcitywallintheworld.Asthelargestpalacecomplexinthemedievalworld,thearchitecturalformandlayoutbecametheblueprintforthedesignoftheMingDynastyCapital,BeijingCityandtheMingDynastyPalace.
ViewsofNanjingCity(18photos)
In1402,ZhuDilaunchedtheBattleofJingnantowinthethroneofEmperorJianwenandproclaimedhimselfemperorinNanjing.In1405,asthedecision-makingplace,shipbuildingbaseandportofdepartureforZhengHe'ssevenvoyagestotheWest,ZhengHesetsailfromNanjingLongjiangPass(nowXiaguan)andbeganhisfirstvoyage.In1421,ZhuDimovedthecapitaltoBeijing,changedNanjingtothecapital,setupNanjingSixDepartmentsandotherinstitutions,underthedoublecapitalsystem,YingtianMansion(Nanjing)andShuntianMansion(Beijing)werecollectivelycalledtheSecondCapitalMansion.InthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,Nanjinghadapopulationof1.2millionandwasstillthelargestcityintheworld.DuringtheWanliperiod,aftertheWesternmissionaryMatteoRiccitraveledtoChina,hewroteinthe"CriticBiographyofMatteoRicci":"ItisdazzlingtoseeNanjingasabigcity...ThecityofNanjingintheMingDynastyisextremelymajestic,comparabletoanythinginEuropeinthe16thcentury.Comparedwiththelargestcapital.Hongwu,thefoundingemperorofthisdynasty,madeitamiracle,andeverythingthatcanbeseenintheEastisbeyonditsreach."IntheMingDynasty,NanjinghasalwaysbeenChina'seconomicandculturalcenter,andthesouthernmilitaryandpoliticalcenter.
AfterZhuYoujianwasmartyredin1644,ZhuYousongwassupportedinNanjingandfoundedNanming.In1645,aftertheQingarmycapturedNanjing,itabolishedthestatusofthestatecapital,changedTianfutoJiangningPrefecture,anddesignateditastheprovincialcapitalofJiangnanProvince.DuringthereignsofEmperorKangxiandYongzheng,Nanjinghadapopulationofonemillion,makingitoneofthetenlargestcitiesintheworld.Thelarge-scaleJiangningWeavingHousewasestablishedinNanjingtoproducesilkfabricstomeettheroyalneeds.ThescaleofNanjing'ssilkweavingindustryranksfirstinthecountry.
AftertheOpiumWarin1842,theQinggovernmentsignedtheNanjingTreaty,thefirstunequaltreatyinmodernChinesehistory,onaBritishwarshipontheXiaguanRiverinNanjing,andthemodernhistoryofChinabegan.In1853,theTaipingArmyconqueredNanjingandestablishedtheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom,whichwasrenamedTianjing.ThisisthefirstpeasantwarinChinesehistorythathasriseninthesouthandspreadtothewholeofChina.Itisalsoapeasantwaronanunprecedentedscaleinthehistoryoftheworld.
OnDecember29,1911,representativesofvariousprovinceselectedSunYat-senasinterimpresidentinNanjing,andtheRepublicofChinawasestablished.OnNewYear'sDay1912,theProvisionalGovernmentoftheRepublicofChinawasestablishedinNanjing.OnApril18,1927,theNanjingNationalGovernmentwasestablished,andNanjingwasdesignatedasthecapital,andthecapitalwasdesignatedasaspecialcity.ThedecadewhenNanjingwasestablishedasthecapitalfrom1927to1937iscalledChina'sGoldenDecade.Duringthisperiod,Nanjingcarriedoutlarge-scalecapitalconstruction,whichlaidasolidfoundationforthedevelopmentofNanjing'smoderncity.By1936,theurbanpopulationofNanjinghadincreasedtomorethan1million,makingitoneofthesixlargestcitiesinChina.OnDecember13,1937,Nanjingfell,andtheJapanesearmycarriedoutalarge-scalemassacreinNanjinganditssurroundingareasformorethan40days,knownastheNanjingMassacreinhistory.At9o'clockonSeptember9,1945,theGreatHalloftheNanjingCentralArmyMilitaryAcademyheldaceremonyforthesurrenderoftheChinesetheaterofWorldWarII.Japanannounceditsunconditionalsurrender.InMay1946,theNationalistGovernmentreturnedtoNanjing.
OnApril23,1949,NanjingwasliberatedandremainedamunicipalitydirectlyundertheCentralGovernment.InSeptember1952,themunicipalitydirectlyundertheCentralGovernmentofNanjingmergedwiththeadministrativedistrictsofSouthernJiangsuandNorthernJiangsutoformJiangsuProvince.OnJanuary1,1953,thePeople'sGovernmentofJiangsuProvincewasestablished,andNanjingwasdesignatedasthecapitalofJiangsuProvince.InFebruary1994,thecentralgovernmentdesignatedNanjingasasub-provincialadministrativelevel.
Someoldnames:Yecheng,Yuecheng,StoneTown,Baixia,Jiangning,Danyang,Jinling,Moling,Jianye,Yangzhou,Jianye,Jiankang,Qinhuai,ShengState(Shengzhou),Jiangzhou,Shangyuan,Jiqing,Yingtian,Jingshi,SouthernCapital,Tianjing,Capital
TheCapitalDynasty:Soochow,Dongjin,LiuSong,Nanqi,Nanliang,Nanchen,Nanwu(WesternCapital),SouthernTang,SouthernSong(Xingdu),Ming,Nanming,TaipingHeavenlyKingdom,RepublicofChina
Administrativedivisions
[Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofNanjing]
Asof2020,NanjingThereare11municipaldistrictsand1state-levelnewdistrict(JiangbeiNewDistrict),94streetsand6townsunderitsjurisdiction.TheNanjingMunicipalPeople'sGovernmentisstationedatNo.41,BeijingEastRoad,XuanwuDistrict,Nanjing(formerlyNanjingWumiaoSite).
XuanwuDistrict | 75.46 | 320102 | 210018 | MeiyuanNewVillageStreet | 7 | ||
QinhuaiDistrict | 49.11 | 320104 | 210002 | WulaoVillageStreet | 12 | ||
JianyeDistrict | 80.87 | 320105 | 210019 | ShazhouStreet | 6 | ||
GulouDistrict | 54.18 | 320106 | 210009 | NinghaiRoadStreet | 13 | td> | |
PukouDistrict | 913.75 | 320111 | 211800 | JiangpuStreet | 9 | ||
QixiaDistrict | 395.44 | 320113 | 210046 | XianlinStreet | 9 | ||
YuhuataiDistrict | 132.39 | 320114 | 210012 | YuhuaStreet | 6 | ||
JiangningDistrict | 1561 | 320115 | 211100 | DongshanStreet | 10 | ||
LiuheDistrict | 1471 | 320116 | 211500 | XiongzhouStreet | 11 | 1 | |
LishuiDistrict | 1067 | 320117 | 211200 | YongyangStreet | 5 | 3 | |
GaochunDistrict | 790.23 | 320118 | 211300 | ChunxiStreet | 6 | 2 | |
Theabovedataisasof2020 |
Geographicalenvironment
Locationcontext
Nanjingscenery(7photos)
NanjingislocatedineasternChinaandthemiddleofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.ItisanimportantnationalgatewaycitythatdrivesthedevelopmentofthecentralandwesternregionsintheYangtzeRiverDelta.ItisthechairmanoftheNanjingEconomicZoneanditsgeographiccoordinatesare31°14′to32°37′northlatitude.Eastlongitude118°22′To119°14′.ThegeographiccoordinatesofXinjiekouinthecitycenterare32°02'38"northlatitudeand118°46'43"eastlongitude,withatotalareaof6587.02squarekilometersandabuilt-upareaof823squarekilometersin2019.Topography
Nanjingisknownasthe"MuseumofNaturalGeology",wherevariouslandformunitssuchasfloodplains,water-richsoftsoils,hills,andkarstcoexistintheYangtzeRiver.NanjingbelongstotheYanghillyareaofNingzhenTown.Itisdominatedbylowmountainsandgentlehills.Lowhillsaccountfor3.5%ofthetotallandarea,hillsaccountfor4.3%,hillsaccountfor53%,andplains,depressions,riversandlakesaccountfor39.2%.TheNingzhenMountainsandtheLaoshaninthenorthoftheYangtzeRiverlieinthecentralpartofthecity,andtothesoutharetheHengshanandDongluMountainsinthesouthernboundaryofthehillsandhillsoftheQinhuaiValley.Nanjingislongfromnorthtosouthandnarrowfromeasttowest,formingastraightnorth-southdirection;thestraight-linedistancebetweennorthandsouthis150kilometers,themiddlepartis50to70kilometerswidefromeasttowest,andthenorthandsouthendsareabout30kilometerswidefromeasttowest.Tothesouthisageomorphiccomplexcomposedofterrainunitssuchaslowmountains,hillyland,rivervalleyplains,lakesideplains,andriversideland.
Climate
Twenty-foursolartermsinNanjing(25photos)
Nanjinghasahumidclimateinthenorthernsubtropicalzonewithfourdistinctseasonsandabundantrain.Theannualaveragerainfallis117days,theaveragerainfallis1106.5mm,therelativehumidityis76%,andthefrost-freeperiodis237days.TherainyseasonisfromlateJunetoearlyJulyeveryyear.Theannualaveragetemperatureis15.4℃,thehighestannualextremetemperatureis39.7℃,andthelowestis-13.1℃.NanjingentersspringonaboutApril1st,enterssummeronaboutJune8th,entersautumnonaboutSeptember18th,andenterswinteronaboutNovember12th.Nanjinghasshortspringandautumn,longwinterandsummer,andsignificanttemperaturedifferencebetweenwinterandsummer.DuetochangesinatmosphericcirculationandNanjing'scontinuousafforestation,thesummerheatinNanjinghasbeengreatlyreducedcomparedwithothercities,sothetitleof"stove"hasbeenremoved.
Hydrology
ThewaterareaofNanjingismorethan11%,includingQinhuaiRiver,JinchuanRiver,XuanwuLake,MochouLake,BaijiaLake,ShijiuLake,GuchengLake,andJinniuLakeRiversandlakesofthesamesize,theYangtzeRiverrunsthroughthecity,thecoastlinealongtheriverhasatotallengthofnearly200kilometers,andthereare120largeandsmallriversintheterritory.TheriversandlakesaremainlytheYangtzeRiversystem,andonlytheriversthatflowintoGaoyouLakeandBaoyingLakeinthenorthernpartofLiuheDistrictbelongtotheHuaiheRiversystem.TheYangtzeRiversystemincludestheQinhuaiRiversysteminthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,theChuheRiversysteminthenorthoftheYangtzeRiver,theriversidewatersystemformedbysmallriversflowingintotheriveronbothsidesoftheriver,thetwolakeswatersystemcomposedofShijiuLakeandGuchengLake,andtheWestTaihuwatersystemintheeastofGaochun.Thegroundwaterresourcesareabundantandthewaterqualityisexcellent.TangshanHotSpring,TangquanHotSpringandPearlSpringareespeciallyfamous.
Naturalresources
Waterresources
Nanjing’saverageprecipitationis1090.4millimeters,theannualaveragetotalwaterresourcesare2.56billioncubicmeters,andthepercapitaoccupancyis480cubicmeters.Amongthem,surfacewaterresourcesare1.86billioncubicmetersandgroundwaterresourcesare700millioncubicmeters.
Biologicalresources
Plantresources
NanjingisamodernChineseItisoneoftheregionswithabundantplantresourcesandawidevarietyofplants.Theforestcoveragerateis31.3%,andthegreencoveragerateinthebuilt-upareais45.16%.ItranksamongthetopthreeinChina.ItisoneofthefourlargestgardencitiesinChinaandisknownasthe"greencapital".Thereare7typesofnaturalvegetationincludingconiferousforest,deciduousbroad-leavedforest,mixeddeciduousandevergreenbroad-leavedforest,bambooforest,shrub,grassandaquaticvegetation.Cultivatedvegetationincludesfieldcrops,vegetablecrops,economicforests,orchardsandgreenbelts5Kindoftype.Thereare1061speciesofvascularplants,accountingfor64.7%ofthetotalinJiangsuProvince.Sevenspecies,includingSphaerocarpuschinensis,ChineseAlliumchinense,MingCodonopsis,andPterocarpussinensis,arenationalkeyprotectedrareandendangeredplants.
AnimalResources
Amongwildanimals,thereare795speciesofinsects,belongingto11orders125families;99speciesoffish,belongingto12ordersand22families;327speciesofterrestrialwildvertebrates,belongingto29ordersand90families;243speciesofbirds,belongingto17ordersand56families;47speciesofmammals,belongingto8Items22divisions.Amongalltheanimalspecies,thereare9nationalfirst-levelprotectedwildanimals,includingEasternSiberianCrane,WhiteShoulderEagle,andDachshundSturgeon;65second-levelwildprotectedanimals,includingfinlessporpoise,cygnet,Chinesetigerswallowtail,etc.;JiangsuProvince125speciesofkeyprotectedanimals,35speciesofendangeredanimals.
Mineralresources
Nanjingisrichinmineralresources.Themainmineralsdiscoveredareiron,copper,lead,zinc,strontium,sulfide,dolomite,limestone,gypsum,clay,etc.41typesAmongthem,thereare23kindsofprovenreserves,20kindsofindustrialminingvalue,andmorethan10kindsofmining.Thequalityandreservesofstrontiumore(celestite)rankfirstinChina;thereservesofcopperandlead-zincoreaccountformorethan90%ofJiangsu,ironoreaccountsfor89%ofJiangsu,andlimestone,dolomite,andattapulgiteclayminesareimportantinJiangsustatus.ThemineralsinNanjingaremainlyconcentratedin4metallogenicbelts,namelyJiangpu-Liuheironandcoppermetallogenicbelt,Ningzheniron,copper,andsulfurpolymetallicmetallogenicbelt,Ningwuiron,copperandsulfurmetallogenicbelt,LishuiironandcoppermetallogenicbeltMineralizationarea.
Population
AsofNovember1,2020,Nanjinghasapermanentpopulationof9,314,685andanurbanpermanentpopulationof8,085,300.Theurbanizationrateis86.8%.TheeducationlevelofNanjing'spopulationisleadinginthecountry,withapopulationof3,281,500peoplewithauniversityeducation,35,300peoplewithauniversityeducationper100,000people,secondonlytoBeijing,rankingsecondinthecountry.
Politics
ActingMayor:XiaXinmin
DeputyMayorofMunicipalPeople’sGovernment:LinTao
Economy
Overview
In1981,Nanjingwaslistedasoneofthe15economiccentercitiesbythecountry.In1992,itwaslistedasthe"FortyExcellent"cityinChina'sinvestmenthardenvironmentbynineministriesandcommissions.In1994,Nanjingrankedfifthamongthetop50Chinesecitiesintermsofcomprehensivestrength.In2001,itwasratedasoneofthemostpromisingcitiesintheAsia-Pacificregion.In2004,Nanjingranked6thinChina'seconomiccenterpositioningindex,secondonlytoBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,ShenzhenandTianjin.In2008,theheadquarterseconomydevelopmentcapacityrankedfifthinChina,afterBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouandShenzhen,Nanjing’sabilitytodevelopheadquarterseconomyintheYangtzeRiverDeltawassecondonlytoShanghai.Inthe2014ChinaRegionalCentralCityCompetitivenessEvaluation,NanjingwassecondonlytoShenzhenandGuangzhou.In2015,NanjingrankedNo.5inChina'sinvestmentattractivecities,followedbyBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouandShenzhen.Inthe2019"NationalSalaryReport",thecitieswithamonthlysalaryofover10,000areranked.NanjingranksfourthinChina,secondonlytoShanghai,Beijing,andShenzhen.In2020,thetotalpercapitaconsumptionofNanjingisashighasRMB76,100,anditsconsumptionstrengthranksfirstinthecountry.In2021,the"NewDecadeofDevelopment-China'sUrbanInvestmentEnvironmentDevelopmentReport"wasreleased.Intermsofurbaninvestmentactivityranking,NanjingrankedfourthinChina,justbehindShenzhen,Shanghai,andBeijing.
In2020,Nanjing’sGDPwillbe1481.795billionyuan,ranking10thinthecountry,anditseconomicaggregatewillreturntothetopteninthecountry,anincreaseof4.6%overthepreviousyear.ThepercapitaGDPis159,100,rankingthirdinChinaandfirstinprovincialcapitals.Theaddedvalueoftheprimaryindustrywas29.68billionyuan,anincreaseof0.9%;theaddedvalueofthesecondaryindustrywas521.435billionyuan,anincreaseof5.6%;thetertiaryindustryachievedanaddedvalueof930.68billionyuan,anincreaseof4.1%.Theratioofthethreeindustriesis2.0:35.2:62.8.Thegeneralpublicbudgetrevenuewas163.77billionyuan,anincreaseof3.7%overthepreviousyear;thetotalretailsalesofconsumergoodswas720.303billionyuan,anincreaseof0.9%overthepreviousyear;thebalanceofdepositsindomesticandforeigncurrenciesinfinancialinstitutionswas40.05645billionyuan,anincreaseof12.7%overthepreviousyear;Thepercapitadisposableincomeofresidentswas60,606yuan,anincreaseof5.2%overthepreviousyear.
Primaryindustry
NanjingisoneofChina’simportantagriculturalandcommercialgrainbases.DuetothefertilewateronbothsidesoftheYangtzeRiver,itisalsooneofChina’simportantfreshwaterfisherybases.ThemaineconomiccropsareRape,cotton,silkwormcocoons,hemp,tea,bamboo,fruits,medicinalmaterials,etc.Famousagriculturalproductsincludecrabs,crayfish,specialtydishes,high-qualityrice,Boersheep,osmanthusduck,Yuhuatea,blackberries,etc.
In2020,thetotaloutputvalueofNanjing'sagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryandfisherywillbe48.984billionyuan,anincreaseof3.7%overthepreviousyear.Amongthem,theagriculturaloutputvalueis25.764billionyuan,theforestryoutputvalueis2.105billionyuan,theanimalhusbandryoutputvalueis2.801billionyuan,thefisheryoutputvalueis14.69billionyuan,andtheoutputvalueofagriculture,forestry,animalhusbandryandfisheryandauxiliaryactivitiesis3.624billionyuan.
SecondaryIndustry
NanjingisthecradleofmodernChineseindustry.AsthecapitaloftheRepublicofChinaandtheoriginoftheWesternizationMovement,NanjingoccupiesapivotalpositioninChina’sindustrialsysteminthe20thcentury.ItisatypicalexampleoftheindustrializationandmodernizationtransformationofmodernChinesecities.ThebirthofJinlingManufacturingBureauin1865markedthebeginningofmodernindustryinNanjing.Theestablishmentofanumberofwell-knownenterprisessuchastheBritishMerchantsHutchisonCo.,Ltd.,JinpuRailwaySouthSectionMachineFactory(predecessorofNanjingPuzhenRollingStockPlant),YongliChemicalIndustryCo.,Ltd.(predecessorofNanjingChemicalIndustryCompany),ChinaCementPlant,etc.,formedNanjingmodernTheembryonicformofindustry.After1949,Nanjinghasnewlydevelopedpillarindustriessuchaspetrochemicals,automobilemanufacturing,ironandsteelmetallurgy,andmachineryandequipment.Intheeraofplannedeconomy,itwasacomprehensiveindustrialcityrankedamongthetopteninthecountryintermsoftotalindustrialoutputvalue,andChina'sfirstphosphatefertilizerwassuccessivelyborn.Factory,thefirstdomesticelectronictube,thefirstnationalradio,thefirstwirelessdigitalsatellitecommunicationstation,thefirstradar,thefirstfullyautomaticwashingmachine,etc.
NanjingisanimportantindustrialbaseinChina,animportantnationalcomprehensiveindustrialproductionbase,aninternationaladvancedmanufacturingbase,andoneofthethreemajorelectronicsindustrialbasesinChina.In2001,theproductioncapacityofelectronicsandchemicalindustryrankedsecondamongChinesecities;thescaleofautomobilemanufacturingrankedthird.In2008,China'stoptenmanufacturingcitiesrankedfirstinChina.In2009,itwasidentifiedasapilotzonefortheintegrationofnationalinformatizationandindustrialization.In2012,theproductionscaleofLCDmodulesrankedfirstinChina.In2016,theoverallstrengthofNanjing'ssmartgridindustryrankedfirstinChina,thecomprehensiveadvancedrailtransitequipmentindustryrankedfirstinChina,andthescaleofthenewdisplayindustryrankedsecondinChina.
In2019,thetotalindustrialaddedvalueofNanjingwas421.577billionyuan,anincreaseof6.9%.Theaddedvalueofindustrialenterprisesabovedesignatedsizewas309.226billionyuan,anincreaseof7.0%.Amongtheindustriesabovedesignatedsize,thevalueaddedofstate-ownedandstate-holdingenterprisesdecreasedby0.2%,privateenterprisesincreasedby20.3%,andforeigncompanies,HongKong,MacaoandTaiwanenterprisesincreasedby7.0%.Largeandmedium-sizedenterprisesincreasedby3.9%,andsmallandmicroenterprisesincreasedby18.2%.Amongthe37industrycategorieslistedinthestatistics,22industrieshaveachievedgrowthinaddedvalue.
In2020,theaddedvalueofindustriesabovedesignatedsizeinNanjingwillgrowby6.5%.Amongtheindustriesabovedesignatedsize,thevalue-addedofstate-ownedholdingcompaniesdecreasedby1.8%;joint-stockcompaniesincreasedby8.1%,foreign,HongKong,MacaoandTaiwan-investedcompaniesincreasedby2.3%;privatecompaniesincreasedby28.2%.Largeandmedium-sizedenterprisesincreasedby1.7%,andsmallandmicroenterprisesincreasedby23.5%.
TertiaryIndustry
Nanjingisa"nationallyimportantregionalfinancialandbusinesscenter"approvedbytheStateCouncil,andisthesecondonlytoShanghaiintheYangtzeRiverDeltaregionasacommercialcentercityandregionalFinancialCenter.Inthe2012"ChinaFinancialCenterIndex"evaluation,Nanjingrankedsixthincomprehensivecompetitivenessinthecountry.In2013,theaddedvalueofNanjing'sfinancialindustrywas84.62billionyuan,rankingfirstintheserviceindustry,accountingfor10.56%ofNanjing'sGDP.Itisoneofthefivelargestcitiesinthecountrywheretheaddedvalueofthefinancialindustryaccountsformorethan10%ofGDP.Inthe2015"ChinaFinancialCenterIndex"evaluation,NanjingrankedfourthinChinaforthefinancialtalentenvironment,secondonlytoBeijing,ShanghaiandGuangzhou.In2016,theaddedvalueofNanjing'sfinancialindustrywas124.176billionyuan,accountingfor11.8%ofNanjing'sGDP.TheaddedvalueofthefinancialindustryinGDPaccountedforonlyShanghai,Beijing,andShenzhen,rankingfourthinChina.Inthe2016“ChinaCityFinancialCompetitivenessIndex”,NanjingrankedfifthinChina,secondonlytoBeijing,Shanghai,ShenzhenandGuangzhou.Intheevaluationofthe"ChinaFinancialCenterIndex"in2018,NanjingrankedfourthinChina'sfinancialindustryperformance,secondonlytoBeijing,ShanghaiandShenzhen.In2019,Nanjing'sfinancialindustryachievedanaddedvalueof159.856billionyuan,andthebalanceofdepositsindomesticandforeigncurrenciesoffinancialinstitutionswas3.5536.08billionyuan.In2020,Nanjing'ssecuritiestransactionvolumewas30.26trillionyuan,rankingfourthinMainlandChina,afterShanghai,Beijing,andShenzhen.
NanjingisanimportanttownforthedevelopmentofChina’sindustrialInternet,aserviceoutsourcingbaseinChina,anationalsoftwareexportinnovationbase,andtheonlypilotcityinChinaforcomprehensivereformofthenationalscienceandtechnologysystem.ThesoftwareandinformationserviceindustryisthenumberonethatNanjinghasfocusedonfosteringMajorleadingindustriesandpillarindustries.In2015,theimplementationofoffshoreserviceoutsourcingwasUS$6.067billion,rankingfirstamongChinesecities.In2018,thesoftwareandinformationserviceindustryhadarevenueof450billionyuan,rankingfourthinChinaandfirstinJiangsuafterBeijing,Shenzhen,andShanghai,accountingfor7.1%ofthecountry'stotaland50.8%ofJiangsu's.Thereare12unicorncompaniesinNanjingin2019,rankingseventhinglobalcitiesandfifthinChina.Intherankingofthetop12citiesinsoftwarebusinessrevenuein2020,NanjingranksfourthinChina,afterBeijing,Shenzhen,andShanghai.
TheexhibitionindustryisanimportantindustryinNanjing.In2006,Nanjing'sconventionandexhibitioneconomywassecondonlytoBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouandShenzhenamongmajorcitiesinChina.Inthe"World2013CityConferenceIndustryDevelopmentRanking"releasedbytheInternationalConferenceandConventionAssociation(ICCA)in2014,NanjingbecamethecitywiththemostinternationalconferencesinChinaafterBeijingandShanghai.In2014,theMinistryofCommercereleasedthe"ChinaConventionandExhibitionIndustryDevelopmentReport2014",andNanjingranked5thinChinainthecomprehensiveindexofthedevelopmentofdomesticurbanexhibitionindustry.Accordingtothe"2017ChinaExhibitionStatisticsReport"releasedin2018,NanjingrankedthirdinthenumberofexhibitionsheldinallcitiesinChina,andrankedfifthinexhibitionareainallcitiesinChina.
Transportation
Highway
Nanjingstreetscene(8photos)
Nanjingisanationalcomprehensivetransportationhub,approvedbytheStateCouncilTheconstructionofaninternationalcomprehensivetransportationhubcity.Asof2019,thetotalmileageofNanjingexpresswaysopenedtotraffichasreached630kilometers,andtheexpresswaynetworkdensityhasreached9.56kilometersper100squarekilometers,rankingfirstinthecountry.WithNanjingasthecenter,thereareNinghu,Ninggao,Ningzhen,Ningyang,Ningchu,Ninglian,Ningtong,Ningchao,Ninghe,Ningluo,Ningma,Ningxuan,Ningyan,Ninghuai,Ningmu,Ningchang,Ninghangandotherhigh-gradehighwaysleadtoJiangsuProvinceandsurroundingprovincesandcitiesinaradialpattern.NationalExpressway | G25ChangshenExpressway(includingNanjing-HangzhouExpressway,NinghuaiExpressway,NinglianExpressway) | |||
G36NingluoExpressway(includingNingbangExpressway) | G2503NanjingRingExpressway | |||
G40Shanghai-ShaanxiExpressway(includingNingtongExpressway,NingyangExpressway,YongSixExpressways,NingheExpressway) | ||||
G42HurongExpressway(includingNinghuExpressway) | G4211NingwuExpressway(includingNingmaExpressway) | |||
G4221HuwuExpressway(includingLimaExpressway)) | ||||
ProvincialExpressway | S1NingyanExpressway | S2NingchangExpressway | S3NingguangExpressway | S6NinghuangExpressway |
S7NingheExpressway | S8NingchongExpressway p> | S47YiluExpressway | S55NingxuanExpressway | |
S68LiwuExpressway | S87ChangshenExpresswayNanjingBranchLine | S88NanjingAirportExpresswayHighway | Ningsu-XuExpressway | |
NationalHighway | 104NationalHighway | 205NationalHighway | 235NationalHighway | 312NationalHighway |
328NationalHighway | 346NationalHighway | 347NationalHighway | ||
long-distancebusterminal | NanjingBusTerminal | NanjingBusTerminalSouthStation | NanjingNorthCoachStation | NanjingEastCoachStation |
JiangningBusStation | LishuiBusStation | GaochunBusStation | NanjingGetangPassengerTransportStation |
Railway
[Mainarticle:NanjingRailwayHub]
Nanjingisanimportantnationalrailwayhub,connectingthemainhubofrailwaytransportationinNorth,EastandCentralChina.Animportantintersectionofthenorth-southandeast-westtrunklinesinthevertical,four-horizontalrailwaypattern.Asof2020,Nanjinghasformedarailwaypatternof“onering,twocrossings,eightlines,passengerandfreightlines”,witharailwayoperatingmileageof476kilometers,connectingBeijing,Shanghai,Hangzhou,Anqing,Hefei(Wuhan),andZhengzhouinsixdirections.High-speedrailTheproportionofmotortrainsreachingprovincialcapitalsacrossthecountryranksfirstinChinawithShanghaiandBeijing.
ThemainstationsinNanjingareNanjingStation,NanjingSouthStation,JiangningStation,LishuiStation,XianlinStation,JiangningWestStation,NanjingEastStation,aswellasNewNanjingNorthStationandLukouAir-RailIntermodalTransportHubStationInplanning.Amongthem,NanjingStationisanationalrailwayhubstationandChina’stoptenrailwayhubs;NanjingSouthRailwayStationisanationalrailwayhubstationandAsia’slargesthigh-speedrailwaystation;NanjingEastRailwayStationisthelargestmarshallingstationinEastChinaandthecountry’s15thlargestrailwaynetworkmarshallingstation.
MainHubStation | NanjingStation | Beijing-ShanghaiRailway,NingwuRailway,NingxiRailway,NingqiRailway,Shanghai-NanjingIntercityRailway |
NanjingSouthRailwayStation | Beijing-Shanghaihigh-speedrailway,Nanjing-Hangzhouhigh-speedrailway,Ning'anhigh-speedrailway,Ninghehigh-speedrailway,Shanghai-Hanronghigh-speedrailway,NorthYanjiangHigh-speedRailway(underconstruction),SouthYanjiangIntercityRailway(planning) | |
NanjingNorthRailwayStation (Planning) | NorthYanjiangHigh-speedRailway(underconstruction),NinghuaiIntercityRailway(planning),NingbangIntercity(planning),XinningheIntercity(planning),NingsuNewRailway(planning) | |
XianlinStation | Shanghai-NanjingIntercityRailway,Nanjing-BengmenIntercity(planning) | |
LukouStation (planning) | YangmaIntercityRailway(planning),NingxuanhuangHigh-speedRailway(Planning) | |
Otherauxiliarystations | JiangningStation,LishuiStation,JiangningWestStation,LiuheStation,GaochunStation,TangquanStation,LongtanStation,NanjingEastStation,LinchangStation,ZijinShandongStation,JiangpuStation,etc. |
Aviation
NanjingisoneoftheearliestcitiesinChinatoestablishcivilaviation.Ithasbuilt13airports.ThefirstairportwastheXiaoyingAirportbuiltbytheNationalistGovernmentin1912.In1927,theMingPalaceAirportwasbuiltontheMingPalacesiteasamilitary-civilianairport.TheDaxiaochangAirportwascompletedin1929.AsatrainingsitefortheChineseAirForce,itsetupthecountry’slargestshootingrangeatthetime.ItwasoneofthelargestaviationbasesinChina’shistory.Itwasalsotheairportwiththebestfacilitiesatthetime.Terminus.TheCentralAviationSchool,foundedatDaxiaochangAirportinApril1931,isknownasthecradleoftheChineseAirForce.In1934,theUniversityFieldwasofficiallyopenedasamilitaryairport,andtheMingPalaceMuseumwasusedasacivilianairport.InJuly1956,NanjingCivilAviationmovedtoDajiaochangAirport,andDajiaochangAirportwaschangedtobothmilitaryandcivilianuse.InJuly1997,NanjingLukouInternationalAirportwasopened,civilaviationmovedtoLukou,andDaqiaochangwasretainedasamilitaryairport.NanjingMa'anInternationalAirportwasopenedinJuly2015,andtheDaxiaochangAirportwasrelocatedhereasawhole.
NanjingLukouInternationalAirportisthegatewayairportofJiangsuProvinceandNanjingCity.Itisamajornationaltrunkairportandafirst-classairport.ItisthemaincargoairportinEastChinaandisacomplementtoShanghaiHongqiaoAirportandPudongAirport.TheairportranksamongthetensofmillionsoflargeairportsinChina.Itisalargenationalhubairport,China'saircargocenter,expressdeliverycenter,andanationalregionaltransportationhub.IthasestablishedaroutenetworkthatradiatesAsia,connectsEuropeandtheUnitedStates,andconnectstoAustralia.
Inaddition,NanjingalsohasNanjingMa'anInternationalAirport(combinedformilitaryandcivilianuse),TushanAirport(militaryairport),andRuohangNanjingLaoshanAirport(China'sfirstprivateheliport).
Shipping
NanjingisanimportantshippingcenterinChina,theYangtzeRiverInternationalShippingLogisticsCenter.AsearlyasintheThreeKingdoms,ithadamilitaryportandacommercialport.DuringtheSoochowDynasty,therewerealready"athousandmilesofriversandfivecontinents".SincetheYuanDynasty,itwasoneoftheportsforthetransportationofgrainfromthesouthtothenorth.Westernbaseport.Inthe2013"SpatialValueEvaluationofPortCitiesinMainlandChina"report,NanjingrankedfourthinMainlandChina,afterShanghai,Shenzhen,andGuangzhou.
NanjingPortisanimportanthubofChina’snationalintegratedtransportationsystem,animportantnationalhubport,andafirst-classportopeningtotheoutsideworld.ItisaportofEastChinaandtheYangtzeRiverforreloading,landandwatertransfer,cargodistributionandopeningtotheoutsideworld.Amulti-functionalriver-seaportintheYangtzeRiverDelta,itistheonlyportintheYangtzeRiverDeltathatrealizestheseamlessconnectionofcontainerrailwaysandwaterways.Thecompletionofthe12.5-meterdeep-waterchannelprojectbelowtheYangtzeRiverinNanjinghasmadeNanjingPortthedeepestinlandinternationaldeep-waterseaport,anditisalsoacomprehensivehubforChina’sglobalriver-to-seatransshipment.
Subway
[Mainentry:NanjingSubway]
ThepredecessorofNanjingSubwaycanbetracedbacktoBeijingbuiltinthe33rdyearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1907).CityRailway,NanjingisthefirstcityinChinatohaverailtransit.ThefirstsubwaylinewasofficiallyopenedonMay15,2005,makingitthesixthcityinMainlandChinatoopenasubway.Asof2020,NanjingMetrohas10lines,174stations,withatotallengthof378kilometersandanaveragedailypassengerflowofmorethan3.5millionpassengers.ThelengthofsubwaylinesrankssixthinChina(afterBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Chengdu,andShenzhen).),theworld's7th,constitutesasubwaynetworkcovering11municipaldistrictsinNanjing,andNanjinghasbecomethefirstcityinChinatohaveallsubwaysinalldistrictsandcounties.
NanjingMetroLine1 | MaigaoqiaoStation,ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityStation | 27 | 38.9km | 6A | blue | |
NanjingMetroLine2 | YoufangBridgeStation,JingtianRoadStation | 26 | 37.95km | p>6A | Red | |
NanjingMetroLine3 | LinchangStation,MozhouEastRoadStation | 29 | 44.9km | 6A | green | |
Phase1ofNanjingMetroLine4 | LongjiangStation,XianlinhuStation | 18 | 33.8km | 6B | Purple | |
Phase1ofNanjingMetroLine10 | AndemenStation,YushanRoadStation | 14 | 21.6km | 6A | Champagne | |
NanjingMetroLineS1 | NanjingSouthStation,AirportNewCityJiangningStation | 9 | 37.3km | 6B | SapphireGreen | |
NanjingMetroLineS3 | NanjingSouthStation,GaojiachongStation | 19 | 36.22km | 6B | Pinkandpurple | |
NanjingMetroLineS7 | AirportNewTownJiangningStation,WuxiangshanStation | 9 | 30.16km | 4B/6B | Thinredplumcolor | |
Phase1ofNanjingMetroLineS8 | TaishanXincunStation,JinniuLakeStation | 17 | 45.2km | 4B | Darkorange | |
NanjingMetroLineS9 | XiangyuRoadSouthStation,GaochunStation | 6 | 52.4km | 3B | brightyellow | tr>
Publictransportation
[Mainarticle:NanjingBus]
Bus
NanjinghascompletelyeliminatedbusesbelowtheNationalIIIstandardandnon-air-conditionedbuses,andthenumberofall-electricbusesinNanjingrankssecondintheworld.
Fare:Asinglefareis2yuan,andyoucanusethesameadultbuscardtotransfertoabus,subwayorferrywithin90minutes,andenjoyadiscountof1yuan/time.
Taxi
Asof2020,Nanjinghasfourtaxifarestandards：Ordinarycar11yuan/3kilometers,thebasepriceofcarkilometersis2.4yuan/km;mid-rangecars11yuan/2.5kilometers,2.9yuan/km;high-endcars11yuan/2kilometers,2.9yuan/km;Pureelectricvehiclesare11yuan/2.5kilometers,2.9yuan/kilometers.
Trams
Asof2020,thereare2linesofNanjingtrams.TheNanjingHexiTramwasofficiallyputintooperationonAugust1,2014.Itistheworld’sfirstinter-areacontactlesstram,andChina’sfirsttramthat"rechargesatthestation".Thelineisabout7.76kilometerslongandhas13stations.Stations,including4subwaytransferstations.TheNanjingKirinTramwasofficiallyputintooperationonOctober31,2017.Thelineisabout8.95kilometerslongandhas15stations,including1subwaytransferstation.
crossingtheriverchannel
Ferry | NingpuLine(ZhongshanPortYipukouPort) | BanqiaoSteamboat | YanbaLine(YanzijiWharf-BaguazhouWharf) |
Cottondikeline(Cottondikewharf—flagpolewharf) | Thereisaconstantline(youconstantwharf—HongweiWharf) | YantongLine(YanzijiWharf—TongjiangjiWharf) | |
Bridge | NanjingYangtzeRiverBridge | NanjingBaguazhouYangtzeRiverBridge | NanjingDashengguanYangtzeRiverBridge(HighwayBridge) | tr>
NanjingDashengguanYangtzeRiverBridge(RailwayBridge) | NanjingQixiashanYangtzeRiverBridge | NanjingJiangxinzhouYangtzeRiverBridge | |
centNewroadcrossingtheriverchannel(underconstruction) | Longtancrossingriverchannel(underconstruction) | ||
Tunnel | YingtianStreet,NanjingYangtzeRiverTunnel | NanjingDinghuaimenYangtzeRiverTunnel | HeyanRoadCrossingChannel(Underconstruction) |
JianningWestRoadCrossingChannel(underconstruction) | |||
Metro | NanjingMetroLine3 | NanjingMetroLine10 | NanjingMetroLineS3 |
EducationalBusiness
AncientEducation
NanjingSinceancienttimes,ithasbeenacitythatemphasizescultureandeducation.Ithasthereputationof"Tianxiashu"and"TheFirstSchoolofSoutheastAsia".TheearliestrecordedschoolwasestablishedbytheDanyangprefectinthe6thyearofJianwuintheEasternHanDynasty(AD30).SincetheHanDynasty,Jiangdongprivateschoolshavebeenrelativelydeveloped.Thegovernment-runhighereducationinNanjingstartedinSoochow.InthefirstyearofWuYongan(258years),Dr.SunXiuzhaoorderedtheestablishmentofGuoxue,andSimaRuiestablishedTaixueinJiankanginthefirstyearofJianwuinJinDynasty(317years).DuringtheSouthernDynastiesandSongDynasty,JiankangTaixue(NanjingTaixue)wasdividedintofivesciencemuseumsofliterature,history,Confucianism,XuanandYinandYang.Itwastheworld'sfirstuniversitywithadivisionalsystemofhighereducation,educationandresearch.MaoshanAcademyofJiangningMansioninSongDynastywasoneofthesixlargestacademiesatthattime.NanjingGuozijianintheMingDynastywasthelargestandhighestinstitutionintheworld,withnearly10,000students,aswellasforeignstudentsfromJapan,NorthKorea,Annan,Ryukyuandothercountriesstudyinghere.IntheMingandQingDynasties,therewereChongzhengAcademy,ZhongshanAcademy,XiyinAcademyandotheracademies.Amongthem,ChongzhengAcademywasthelargestacademyinJiangnanduringtheMingandQingDynasties.InthelateQingDynasty,JiangnanIndustrialSchool,JiangnanWubeiSchool,JiangnanLushiSchool,JiangnanNavySchool,JinlingUniversityofTechnologyandothernewschoolswereopened.In1884,theAmericanPresbyterianChurchopenedMingdeAcademyinNanjing.
Basiceducation
NanjingisthestartingpointofmoderneducationinChina.Attheendofthe19thcentury,theAmericanchurchopenedthefirstbatchofelementaryschoolsinNanjing.In1902,theattachedmiddleschoolattachedtoSanjiangNormalSchool(nowtheattachedmiddleschoolofNanningNormalUniversity)wastheearliestpublicmiddleschoolinNanjing.BytheendoftheQingDynasty,Nanjinghad40publicprimaryschoolsand10privateprimaryschools.In1919,theprimaryschoolaffiliatedtoSoutheastUniversityopenedakindergarten.In1923,theGulouKindergarten(NanjingGulouKindergarten)foundedbyChenHeqinwasthefirstexperimentalresearchcenterforearlychildhoodeducationinChina.
Asof2020,Nanjinghas259generalmiddleschoolswith275,500students;15specialeducationschoolswith1,800students;22secondaryvocationalschoolswith60,300students;384primaryschoolsThereare471,000studentsatschool;thereare1010kindergartenswith278,500childreninkindergartens.
Famousmiddleschools:NanjingForeignLanguageSchool,NanjingNormalUniversityHighSchool,JinlingMiddleSchool,NanjingNo.1MiddleSchool,ZhonghuaMiddleSchool,NanjingNo.29MiddleSchool,NanjingNo.13MiddleSchool,NanjingNo.9MiddleSchool,NinghaiMiddleSchool,etc.
Famousprimaryschools:LhasaRoadPrimarySchool,MechanicsPrimarySchool,NanjingLangyaRoadPrimarySchool,FangcaoyuanPrimarySchool,NanjingYinchengPrimarySchool,JinlingHuiwenSchool,SouthernNormalUniversityDafuElementarySchool,BeijingEastRoadElementarySchool,YoufuWestStreetElementarySchool,etc.
HigherEducation
Nanjingisoneofthecountry’sthreemajorhighereducationcenters(Beijing,Shanghai,Nanjing),andthecountry’sfourmajorscientificresearchEducationCenter,oneofthefivelargestcitieswiththehighestconcentrationofhighereducationresourcesinChina,thecomprehensivestrengthofscienceandeducationissecondonlytoBeijingandShanghai,rankingthirdinChina,includingXianlinUniversityTown,JiangningUniversityTown,PukouUniversityTown,LishuiUniversityTownandNanjingNearly200academiciansofthetwoacademieshavecomeoutofNanjinginthe5universitycitiesoftheHigherVocationalPark.
DuringthelateQingDynastyandtheRepublicofChina,thestrengthandlevelofhighereducationinstitutionsinNanjingdevelopedrapidly,andtheywereamongthebestinhighereducationinthecountry.Foundedin1888,JinlingUniversitywastheonlyA-categoryamongChinesemissionaryuniversities.Atthattime,itwassociallyevaluatedas"thebestmissionaryuniversityinChina",anditwasasisteruniversitywithCornellUniversityintheUnitedStates.SanjiangNormalSchoolwasestablishedin1902.ItwasthelargestandmostmodernlydesignednormalschoolaftertheimplementationoftheneweducationinthelateQingDynasty.ItwasalsooneoftheearliestnormalschoolsestablishedinmodernChina.JinanAcademy,thefirstoverseasChineseschoolinChina,wasfoundedin1906andisknownasthe"highestoverseasChineseschool".In1913,China'sfirstwomen'suniversity-JinlingWomen'sUniversitywasestablished.In1915,China'sfirsthighereducationinstitutionforcultivatingwaterconservancytalents,HohaiEngineeringCollege,wasfounded,creatingaprecedentforChina'swaterconservancyhighereducation.In1935,China'sfirstdramacollege,theNationalAcademyofDramawasfounded,anditwasthehighestdramaschoolinChinaatthattime.In1936,China'sfirsthigherpharmacyschoolfoundedbythestate-theNationalCollegeofPharmacywasfounded.In1945,oneoftheearliestmusicschoolsinChina-theNationalConservatoryofMusicopenedaschoolinNanjing.In1949,itwasthehighestinstitutioninChinaduringtheRepublicofChina.Atthattime,theuniversitywiththemostcompletesetofdepartmentsandthelargestscale—NationalCentralUniversitywasrenamedasNationalNanjingUniversity.In1952,thecollegesanddepartmentswereadjusted,andtheNationalNanjingUniversitywassplitandreorganized.Therelateddepartmentsthatweretransferredwereestablishedasthemainbodyorparticipatedintheformationofdozensofcollegesanduniversities,anddevelopedintothepresentNanjingUniversity,SoutheastUniversity,NanjingAgriculturalUniversity,NanjingNormalUniversity,HehaiUniversity,NanjingForestryUniversity,NorthwesternPolytechnicalUniversity,FourthMilitaryMedicalUniversity,EastChinaUniversityofPoliticalScienceandLaw,JiangnanUniversity,JiangsuUniversity,NanjingUniversityofTechnology,ShanghaiInstituteofPhysicalEducation,ShanghaiMedicalCollegeofFudanUniversity,ShanghaiOceanUniversity,NanjingUniversityofInformationTechnology,ElectronicTechnologyUniversities,ShanghaiUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,BeijingFilmAcademyandaseriesofinstitutionsofhigherlearninghavelaidthefoundationforthepatternofuniversitiesinNanjingandeveninChinatoday.After1995,the211and985projectshavebeenlaunched.Nanjinghas2985universitiesand8211universities.ThenumberissecondonlytoBeijingandShanghai,rankingthirdinChina.Around2000,manyuniversitiesinNanjingsuccessfullyestablishedanumberofsecondarycolleges,2010Yearslater,inordertopromoteandsupporttheeducationaldevelopmentofothercitiesinJiangsuProvince,mostsecondarycollegesinNanjingweretransferredtootherareasinJiangsuProvince,includingNanjingUniversityofInformationTechnologyBinjiangCollege(relocatedtoWuxi),NanjingUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicineHanlinCollege(movedtoTaizhou),SouthernCollegeofNanjingForestryUniversity(movedtoHuaian),TongdaCollegeofNanjingUniversityofPostsandTelecommunications(movedtoYangzhou),KangdaCollegeofNanjingMedicalUniversity(movedtoLianyungang),NorthChinaCollegeofNanjingNormalUniversity(movedtoDanyang),NanjingUniversityofFinanceandEconomicsHongshanCollege(movedtoZhenjiang),NanjingUniversityJinlingCollege(movedtoSuzhou),SoutheastUniversityChengxianCollege(movedtoYangzhou),etc.,andcooperatedwiththelocalgovernmenttobuildtheChangzhoucampusincludingHohaiUniversity,SoutheastUniversityWuxiCampus,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnologyTaizhouInstituteofTechnology,NanjingNormalUniversityTaizhouCollege,SoutheastUniversitySuzhouCampus,NanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronauticsLiyangCampus,NanjingForestryUniversityHuaianCampus,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnologyJiangyinCampus,NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnologyXuyiCampus,NanjingManyuniversities,includingtheDonghaicampusofAgriculturalUniversityandtheSuzhoucampusofNanjingUniversity,havegreatlyimprovedtheoveralllevelofhighereducationinJiangsu.
In2009,NanjingwasratedasthecitywiththemosteducationaldevelopmentpotentialinChina.InthelistofChina'smajorhighereducationcitiesin2011,NanjingrankedthirdinChina,secondonlytoBeijingandShanghai.IntherankingofChina'sbestcitiestostudyin2018,NanjingrankedthirdinChina.In2020QSWorld'sBestCitiesforStudyingAbroad,NanjingrankedthirdinMainlandChina.
Asof2020,Nanjinghas53ordinarycollegesanduniversities(excludingmilitaryacademies),with757,100studentsand161,000graduatestudents;84academiciansofthetwoacademiesand107nationalkeydisciplines.The111planhas10universities,12double-first-classconstructionuniversities,and38double-first-classconstructiondisciplines,allofwhicharesecondonlytoBeijingandShanghai,rankingthirdinChina.
Universitylist | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Undergraduatecolleges (28institutes) | NanjingUniversity | SoutheastUniversity | NanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics |
NanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology | NanjingUniversityofTechnology | NanjingUniversityofPostsandTelecommunications | |
HohaiUniversity | NanjingForestryUniversity | NanjingUniversityofInformationTechnology | |
NanjingAgriculturalUniversity | NanjingMedicalUniversity | NanjingUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine | |
ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity | NanjingNormalUniversity | NanjingUniversityofFinanceandEconomics | |
JiangsuPoliceAcademy | NanjingInstituteofPhysicalEducation | NanjingUniversityoftheArts | |
NanjingPolytechnicUniversity p> | SanjiangCollege | NanjingProjectCollege | |
NanjingAuditUniversity | NanjingXiaozhuangCollege | NanjingTeachersCollegeforSpecialEducation | |
NanjingForestPoliceAcademy | JinlingInstituteofTechnology | NanjingInstituteofMediaandCommunication | |
JiangsuSecondNormalUniversity | |||
Thecollegesinboldfaceintheabovelistaredoublefirst-classconstructioncolleges | |||
IndependentCollege (7institutes) | ChengxianCollege,SoutheastUniversity | JinlingCollege,NanjingUniversity | ZijinCollegeofNanjingUniversityofScienceandTechnology |
JinchengCollegeofNanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics | PujiangCollege,NanjingUniversityofTechnology | GoldenAuditCollege,NanjingAuditUniversity | |
HongshanCollege,NanjingUniversityofFinanceandEconomics | |||
CollegeColleges (17) | JiangsuVocationalandTechnicalCollegeofEconomicsandTrade | JiangsuUnitedVocationalandTechnicalCollege | JiangsuMaritimeVocationalandTechnicalCollege |
YingtianVocationalandTechnicalCollege | NanjingVocationalandTechnicalCollegeofTransportation | NanjingVocationalCollegeofScienceandTechnology | |
ZhengdeVocationalandTechnicalCollege | ZhongshanVocationalandTechnicalCollege | JinkenVocationalandTechnicalCollege | |
NanjingRailwayVocationalTechnologyCollege | NanjingVocationalCollegeofInformationTechnology | NanjingVocationalCollegeofVisualArts | |
JiangsuCityVocationalCollege | NanjingCityVocationalCollege | NanjingInstituteofMechanicalandElectricalTechnology | |
NanjingVocationalCollegeofTourism | JiangsuVocationalCollegeofHealthandHealth | ||
Adultcolleges (6schools) | NanjingUnitedWorkersUniversity | AirForceFirstWorkersCollege | JiangsuOpenUniversity |
JiangsuProvincialAdministrationCadreCollege | NanjingRadioandTelevisionUniversity | JiangsuYouthManagementCadreAcademy | |
MilitaryAcademy b>(6) | ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyArmyCommandCollege(DeputyArmyLevel) | ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyArmyDirector | |
ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyNavalCommandInstitute(DeputyArmyLevel) | NavyDirectorofthePeople’sLiberationArmy | ||
ChinaPeople’sLiberationArmyArmyEngineeringUniversity(DeputyArmyLevel) | ArmyChiefofthePeople’sLiberationArmy | ||
PoliticsCollegeoftheNationalDefenseUniversityoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy(DeputyMilitaryDistrictLevel) | DirectoroftheCentralMilitaryCommission | ||
NanjingcampusoftheNationalUniversityofDefenseTechnologyofthePeople’sLiberationArmy(GeneralArmylevel) | DirectoroftheCentralMilitaryCommission | ||
ChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyArtilleryandAirDefenseAcademyNanjingCampus(DeputyArmyLevel) | ArmyChiefofthePeople’sLiberationArmy | ||
Religiouscolleges (4) | JinlingConcordTheologicalSeminary | JiangsuTheologicalSeminary | QixiashanBranchofChinaBuddhistAcademy |
JiangsuNiAllBuddhistCollege |
Socialundertakings
Scienceandtechnology
NanjingisanimportantnationalscientificresearchcenterandoneofthethreemajorscientificresearchcentersinChina.TheprojectshostedbyNanjinguniversitiesandresearchinstitutesareWonthefirstprizeinthethreenationalscienceandtechnologyawards.In1987,Nanjingwasapprovedasapilotcityforthereformofthenationalscienceandtechnologysystem.ItisalsotheonlycityinChinathatundertakesthemissionofexploringthereformofthescienceandtechnologyinnovationsystem.In2014,NanjingUniversityrankedsecondinChinaamongChineseresearchinstitutionswithhigh-qualityscientificresearchoutput.In2015,Nanjing,thetoptencitiesforscientificresearchoutputinChina,rankedthird,secondonlytoBeijingandShanghai.In2018,inthe“NatureIndex”ofthetop50researchcitiesintheworld,Nanjingranked12thintheworldand3rdinChina.The2018ChinaInnovativeCitiesEvaluationReportshowsthatNanjingranks4thinChinaintheoverallinnovationindex,secondonlytoBeijing,ShenzhenandShanghai,andisthefirstecheloncity.In2019,theChineseAcademyofSciencesreleasedthetop20oftheGlobalUrbanBasicFrontierResearchMonitoringIndex,andNanjingranked14thintheworldand3rdinChina.Inthe2020"ChinaSmartCityIndex"report,NanjingrankedthirdamongChina'stoptenartificialintelligenceinnovationcities.In2020,theUnitedNationsreleasedtheGlobalInnovationIndexrankings,andNanjingranked21stintheworldand4thinChina.In2020,the"NatureIndex"isoneofthetop20researchcitiesintheworld.Nanjingranks8thintheworldand3rdinChina.Inthe2020"ReportontheHigh-qualityDevelopmentofChineseCities",Nanjing'sInnovationIndexrankedthirdinChina,secondonlytoBeijingandShenzhen.In2020China'surbanscienceandtechnologyinnovationdevelopmentindexrankings,NanjingranksfourthinChina,secondonlytoBeijingandShenzhen,andoneplacehigherthanthepreviousyear.In2020,theChineseAcademyofSciencesreleasedthetop20intheglobalurbanbasicfrontierresearchmonitoringindex.Nanjingranked9thintheworldand3rdinChina,andtheglobalrankingwaspromotedby5placescomparedwiththepreviousyear.
Asof2020,Nanjinghas6,507high-techenterprises,anincreaseof39%overthepreviousyear;10042technology-basedsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesenteredthedatabase,anincreaseof50.2%overthepreviousyear;and323new-typeR&Dinstitutionsatthecitylevel.Thereare444engineeringtechnologyresearchcentersabovetheprovincialleveland92keylaboratoriesabovetheprovinciallevel,including29atthenationallevel.
Networkcommunications
NanjingisoneofChina’sfourmajorclouddatacenters,China’sfiveregionalcommunicationshubs,ChinaTelecom’seightmajornationalbackbonenetworknodes,andtennational-levelInternetbackbonedirectOneoftheconnectedcities.InOctober2019,itwasselectedintothelistofthefirstbatchof5Gcommercialcities.
Newsandmedia
ThepublicradioandtelevisionmediainNanjingincludeJiangsuRadioandTelevisionGeneralStationandNanjingRadioandTelevisionGroup.In2007,thecirculationofNanjing's"YangtzeEveningNews"wassecondonlyto"ReferenceNews"and"People'sDaily"inChina,ranking21stintheworld.Asof2019,theeconomicscaleofPhoenixPublishingandMediaGrouphasbeenranked1stintheChinesepublishingindustryfor8consecutiveyears,and6thamongthe"Top50PublishingIndustriesintheWorld";theeconomicscaleofYilinPublishingHousehasbeenrankedamongsimilarpublishinghousesinthecountryfor7consecutiveyears.First,itistheprofessionalpublishinghousewiththemostbrandinfluenceinthefieldofChinese-foreignliteraryexchanges.
Culturalundertakings
Asof2020,Nanjinghas87museumsofvarioustypes,including77state-ownedmuseums,10non-state-ownedmuseums,and15nationalfirst-levellibraries.
NanjingMuseum(China'ssecondlargestmuseum,nationalfirst-classmuseum) | JiangsuProvincialArtMuseum | JinlingLibrary | |
NanjingLibrary(thethirdlargestlibraryinChina,thefourthlargestlibraryinAsia) | ZhongshanBotanicalGarden | PurpleMountainObservatory | |
TheMemorialHalloftheVictimsoftheNanjingMassacrebyJapaneseInvaders(thefirstbatchNationalAnti-JapaneseWarMemorialFacilities,SiteDirectory,NationalFirst-ClassMuseum) | |||
NanjingMuseum | TaipingHeavenlyKingdomHistoryMuseum | NanjingGeologicalMuseum | MemorialHallofMeiyuanNewVillageoftheCPCDelegation |
NanjingYunjinMuseum,China | NanjingMingchengWallHistoryMuseum | ChinaImperialExaminationMuseum | ChinaModernHistoryMuseum |
ChinaArcticPavilionMeteorologicalMuseum p> | JiangningWeavingMuseum | NanjingFolkloreMuseum | TheSixDynastiesMuseum |
MedicalandHealth
NanjingMedicinehasalonghistory,anditisfamousintheeastoftheYangtzeRiverattheendofHanDynasty.DuringtheSixDynasties,thefamousmedicalwarlockwaswell-knownthroughoutthecountry.InNanQiyongnextyear,theestablishmentofthe"SixDiseasesHall"began,whichwastheembryonicformoftheancientChineseMedicineHospital.NanjingwasthecapitalofMingDynasty,withTaiHospital.NanjingmedicalscholarsgatheredintheQingDynasty,themostinhistory.DuringtheTaipingHeavenlyKingdom,hospitalsweresetup,andtheChineseandWesternmethodswerethefirsttotreatdiseases.
NanjingisanimportantnationalmedicalcenterandanimportantbaseforthedevelopmentofnewdrugsinChina.In2015,thelevelofnewdrugresearchanddevelopmentrankedthirdinChina.In2018,thetotalnumberofClass1and2newdrugsacceptedbytheDrugEvaluationCenteroftheStateDrugAdministrationrankedthirdinthecountry.In2020,whenthenewcrownepidemicoccurred,ittook49daysfromthefirstpatienttobedischargedfromthehospital.Nanjingbecamethefirstmajorcitytoachievezeropatients;tosupportHubeiandWuhan,Nanjingsent998medicalstaff,thenumberofwhichisthelargestinChinesecitiesFirst.In2021,thenationalandregionalChinesemedicine(pediatric)diagnosisandtreatmentcenterwillbelistedinNanjing.
Asof2020,Nanjinghasmorethan30tertiaryhospitalsincludingEasternTheaterGeneralHospital,JiangsuProvincialPeople’sHospital,DrumTowerHospital,JiangsuProvincialHospitalofTraditionalChineseMedicine,ZhongdaHospitalofSoutheastUniversity,NanjingFirstHospital,etc.Thereare2,769healthinstitutions(excludingcommunityhealthservicestationsandclinics),including286hospitalsandhealthcenters,14maternityandchildcarehospitals(stations,stations),and5specializeddiseasepreventionandcontrolhospitals(stations,stations).Varioushealthinstitutionshave62,900hospitalbeds,including58,200hospitalsandhealthcenters,andtheurbanpopulationcoveragerateofcommunityhealthservicesreaches100%.
Sportsbusiness
NanjingisthebirthplaceofmodernChinesesports.In1910,thefirstnationalsportsmeetinginChinesehistorywasheld.InNovemberofthesameyear,thefirstmarathoninChinesehistorywasheld.Duringthecompetition,China’s"threequestionsabouttheOlympics"wereaskedinNanjing.In1924,thepredecessoroftheChineseOlympicCommittee(theChineseNationalSportsAssociation)wasestablishedinNanjingSoutheastUniversity.China’sfirstOlympicdelegationtrained,assembled,andsetoffinNanjing.NanjingisthebirthplaceofChina’sOlympicdreamandoneofthecitiesthathasmadethegreatestcontributiontoChina’sparticipationintheOlympiccauseinmodernhistory.InthehistoryofChina’sOlympics,NanjinghasIrreplaceablestatus.
The2014NanjingYouthOlympicGamesisanothermajorOlympiceventhostedbyChinaaftertheBeijingOlympics.TheholdingoftheconferencemadeNanjingthesecondcityintheGreaterChinaregionafterBeijingthathashostedmorethan200countriesandregions.IntherankingofthemostdynamiccitiesinChinain2015,Nanjingrankedthird,secondonlytoBeijingandShanghai.In2018,theUK'sauthoritativesportsmarketintelligenceresearchandserviceorganizationSPORTCALannouncedtherankingofthetop100globalsportsinfluences.Nanjingranked10thintheworldand2ndinChina,secondonlytoBeijing.
Mainvenues:NanjingOlympicSportsCenter,WutaishanSportsCenter,YouthOlympicSportsPark,NanjingInstituteofPhysicalEducation(CentralStadium),NanjingLongjiangStadium,NanjingNationalFitnessCenter,JiangningSportsCenter,LishuiSportsCenter,GaochunSportsCenter,etc.
Mainteams:JiangsuFootballClub,NanjingTongxiDashengClub,etc.
ThefirstNationalGamesoftheRepublicofChinain1910(theearliestnationalgamesinChina) | October18-22,1910 | NanjingNanyangQuanyechang |
TheFifthNationalGamesoftheRepublicofChinain1933 | 1933October10-20,2010 | CentralStadium |
TheThirdNationalUniversityGamesin1988 | August25-31,1988 | WutaishanGymnasium |
TheThirdNationalUrbanGamesin1995 | October22-30,1995 | WutaishanGymnasium |
The6thNationalParalympicGamesin2003 | 2003September17-23,2015 | WutaishanGymnasium |
200The10thPeople’sRepublicofChinaNationalGamesin2005 | October12-23,2005 | NanjingOlympicSportsCenter |
2006StankovicIntercontinentalBasketballChampionship | August11-15,2006 | NanjingOlympicSportsCenter |
2008DiamondCupIntercontinentalBasketballTournament | 2008July29toAugust1,2015 | NanjingOlympicSportsCenter |
2011年东亚男篮锦标赛 | 2011年6月10日至15日 | 南京奥体中心 |
2013年南京亚洲青年运动会 | 2013年8月16日至24日 | 南京奥体中心 |
2014年南京青年奥林匹克运动会 | 2014年8月16日至28日 | 南京奥体中心 |
2016年世界速度轮滑锦标赛 | 2016年9月10日至18日 | 南京青奥体育公园 |
2017年世界女排大奖赛总决赛 | 2017年8月2日至6日 | 南京奥体中心 |
2017年世界轮滑锦标赛 | 2017年8月25日至9月10日 | 南京青奥体育公园 |
2017国际排联沙滩排球U21世界锦标赛 | 2017年7月11日至16日 | 南京汤山沙滩体育公园 |
2018国际排联沙滩排球U19世界锦标赛 | 2018年7月10日至15日 | 南京汤山沙滩体育公园 |
2018年世界羽毛球锦标赛 | 2018年7月30日至8月5日 | 南京青奥体育公园 |
2019年国际篮联篮球世界杯 | 2019年8月31日至9月15日 | 南京青奥体育公园 |
2020年世界室内田径锦标赛 | 2023年3月 | 南京青奥体育公园 |
历史文化
城市象征
市民精神：开明开放、诚朴诚信、博爱博雅、创业创新
市树：雪松
市花：梅花
市歌：《茉莉花》
旅游标志：龙蟠虎踞
语言
【主词条：南京话】
南京大部分地区通行南京官话，高淳区大部、溧水区南部地区的方言则通行吴方言。
南京话在历史上长期是中国的官方语言，六朝以前，南京地区通行吴地方言。东晋衣冠南渡，中原士族大批南迁并将中原雅音带至南京，融合部分本地语音形成士族的金陵雅音，成为中古汉语音系的代表音，其影响远及日本，如今日文汉字读音的“吴音”即源于此。金陵雅言以古中原雅言正统嫡传的身份被确立为中国汉语的标准音，并深远地影响到直至今天的中国语言形态，加之六朝以来汉人文化上的优越意识，清代中叶之前历朝的中国官方标准语均以南京官话为标准。周边国家如日本、朝鲜、越南所传授和使用的中国语也都是南京官话。明清时期来华的西方传教士所流行的是以南京官话为标准的中国话，明朝传教士麦嘉湖称官话以“南京腔为各腔主脑”。永乐迁都北京时，南京官话随着大量人口迁入北京从而影响并改变了北京方言，形成北京官话及现代普通话的雏型。民国初年西方传教士主持的“华语正音会”，也以南京音为标准。长久以来，南京话以其清雅流畅、抑扬顿错的特点以及独特的地位而受到推崇。
饮食
菜系
【主词条：金陵菜】
南京的饮食以金陵菜著名，金陵菜是指以南京为中心，一直延伸到江西九江的菜系，是苏菜的四大代表菜之一。金陵菜起源于先秦，战国末期屈原在《楚辞》记载有当时的金陵菜肴，隋唐已负盛名，至明清成流派，民国时至顶峰，民国时的金陵菜享有极高声誉，有“京苏大菜”之称，受到上层名流显贵的喜爱，多少名门望族设宴无不以“京苏盛宴”为傲。
金陵四大名菜包括蛋烧卖、美人肝、凤尾虾、松鼠鱼，南京三炖是清炖生敲、菜核、鸡孚、金陵三叉是叉烤鸭、叉烤桂鱼、叉烤酥方，以及芙蓉虾仁、松子熏肉和金陵酱鸭、南京板鸭、盐水鸭等，有以旱生、水生植物为特征的“旱八鲜”、“水八鲜”等。
小吃
【主词条：金陵小吃】
金陵小吃位列中国四大小吃之首，主要的集中地有老门东、夫子庙、狮子桥等，如南京大牌档、尹氏鸡汁汤包、莲湖糕团店、绿柳居等，此外还有秦淮八绝、鸭血粉丝汤、小笼包、煮干丝、皮肚面、如意回卤干、什锦豆腐涝、牛肉锅贴、状元豆、五香蛋、活珠子、臭豆腐、烤鸭包、金陵片皮鸭、南农烧鸡、桂花糖芋苗、东山老鹅等风味小吃。
特产
列表 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
食品类 | 雨花茶 | 盐水鸭 | 活珠子 | 龙袍蟹黄汤包 |
香肚 | 金陵烤鸭 | 固城湖大闸蟹 | 洪蓝玉带糕 | |
田家茶叶 | 青山碧螺春 | 浦桥玉剑 | 星甸清真烤鸭 | |
工艺类 | 南京云锦 | 雨花石 | 金陵折扇 | 南京仿古牙雕 |
金陵金箔 | 南京绒花 | 雕花天鹅绒 | 羽毛贡扇 | |
老街布鞋 | 金陵辟邪 | 慢城叶画 | 金陵竹刻 | |
高淳陶瓷 | 南京木雕 |
宗教
南京有道教、佛教、基督教、天主教、伊斯兰教五大宗教。南京道教历史悠久，在中国道教史上占有重要地位，历代高道辈出。南京是中国最早传播佛教文化的地区之一，自古至今都是中国的佛教文化中心，是三论宗、法眼宗等佛教宗派的发源地，也是近代中国佛教文化的复兴、传播、研究中心。金陵刻经处不仅是世界唯一的汉文木刻佛经的出版中心，也是中国佛学和维新思想的孕育地。南京是基督教在中国的全国性中心之一，中国基督教研究中心位于南京，有金陵神学院和江苏神学院两所神学学校，基督教社会服务机构爱德基金会以及世界最大的圣经印刷公司爱德印刷公司都在南京。天主教在南京的历史始自四百多年前的利玛窦，石鼓路天主教堂是天主教南京总教区的主教座堂，以南京为中心的南京总教区辖区面积广阔，下辖6个教区。南京是回族“文艺复兴”的发祥地，对中国回族文化的发展有着重要的影响，南京回族大多属于格底木派。（详细内容请参见【南京文化】词条中【宗教】部分）
民俗
南京主要的民俗活动有元宵灯会、清明踏青、端午节游秦淮、中秋圆月摸秋、重阳登高会、腊八节品粥、小年迎财神等。（详细内容请参见【南京文化】词条中【民俗】部分）
文学
南京是世界文学之都，中国历史上第一个“文学馆”、中国第一部诗歌理论和批评专著《诗品》、第一部文学理论和批评专著《文心雕龙》、第一部儿童启蒙读物《千字文》、现存最早的诗文总集《昭明文选》等均诞生在南京，中国文学史上有一万多部文学作品与南京密切相关。《红楼梦》《本草纲目》《永乐大典》《儒林外史》等巨作与南京密不可分。近现代以来，鲁迅、巴金、朱自清、俞平伯、张恨水、张爱玲等文坛巨匠也都与南京有着千丝万缕的联系，美国作家赛珍珠获得诺贝尔文学奖的代表作《大地》在南京创作完成。“南京作家群”是当代中国文坛第一个以城市命名的文学创作群体。全世界有60多种外国文学作品在南京翻译成中文，南京一直以来都是中外文学交流的重要枢纽，也是中国传统文学名著走向世界舞台的桥头堡。
书画
南京是中国绘画、书法的重镇。在六朝时有王羲之、顾恺之等书画大家。明末清初，南京曾经产生过金陵八家以及金陵九子，并形成金陵画派。1930年代，吕凤子、徐悲鸿、张大千、颜文梁、吕斯百、陈之佛、高剑父、潘玉良、庞薰琴等画坛名流云集南京，形成新金陵画派，其中徐悲鸿、张书旗、柳子谷被称为画坛的“金陵三杰”。现代书画界又有12位南京知名画家、书法家被称为金陵十二家。20世纪中后期，还出现了“新金陵花鸟派”的金陵四杰——李味青、赵良翰、韩少婴、张正吟。
曲艺
南京白局(8张)
南京的地方曲艺有南京白局、南京白话、南京评话、高淳阳腔目连戏、六合洪山戏等。音乐
金陵琴派是中国古琴艺术的重要流派，对后世诸多琴派产生较大影响，源自于明代皇家乐官，演奏技法上具端庄肃穆，儒雅超然之风又不失严谨规范的特点，尽显皇家风范，是国家非物质文化遗产。《茉莉花》是南京的民歌，源自于南京六合民间传唱百年的《鲜花调》，在国内外具有极高的知名度，在世界广为传颂，是中国文化的代表元素之一，因其特殊的地位，被誉为“中国的第二国歌”。此外还有高淳民歌《采红菱》《五月栽秧》，六合民歌《鲜花调》《留左吹打乐》等。
舞蹈
南京的传统舞蹈有骆山大龙、东坝大马灯、麻雀蹦、江浦手狮、高淳跳五猖、湾北小马灯舞、栖霞舞龙、长芦抬龙、铜山高台狮子舞、东坝沛桥高跷、龙吟车、柘塘打社火、跳当当、打罗汉、竹镇高跷等，均为非物质文化遗产。
工艺
南京的工艺品种类繁多，有南京云锦、金陵金箔、南京绒花、雕花天鹅绒、南京仿古牙雕、金陵折扇、南京木雕、南京剪纸、金陵竹刻等。
截至2020年，南京有4项世界人类非物质文化遗产项目（古琴艺术、南京云锦织造、中国雕版印刷技艺、中国剪纸）、11项国家级非物质文化遗产项目、64项江苏省和70项南京市非物质文化遗产项目，拥有极高的艺术价值，象征着南京历史上最为发达的手工制造业。
风景名胜
截至2020年，南京有世界文化遗产1项（9点）、中国世界文化遗产预备名单2项、全国重点文物保护单位55处（112点）、江苏省文物保护单位114处（126点）、市级以上文物保护单位516处（591点）、国家级历史文化街区2个、省级历史文化街区7个、国家级历史文化名镇（村）3个、4A级以上景区26家、国家、省级旅游度假区5家；接待海内外旅游者9704万人次，旅游业总收入1822.64亿元。
台城、鸡鸣寺、玄武湖、白马公园、古林公园、清凉山、石头城、莫愁湖、朝天宫、栖霞山、南唐二陵、六合文庙、初宁陵、安宁陵、颍陵、万安陵、永宁陵、临海王墓、显宁陵、永宁陵石刻、萧宏墓石刻、张库村失名墓石刻、乌龙潭、高淳老街、姚徐老街、杨柳村古建筑群、佘村明清代建筑群、漆桥古村落、南京猿人洞等 | |
明孝陵、明城墙、明故宫、玄武湖、鼓楼、阅江楼、中华门、天生桥、胭脂河、清凉门、鬼脸城、仪凤门、神策门、台城、武庙闸、琵琶湖、前湖、中山门、午朝门公园、东华门、西安门、阳山碑材、静海寺、天妃宫、龙江宝船厂、浡泥国王墓、郑和墓、洪保墓、明文化村、南京郑和宝船遗址公园、永寿塔等 | 阅江楼(2张) |
中山陵、总统府、颐和路公馆区、美龄宫、音乐台、中山码头、浦口火车站、下关火车站、原国民政府旧址、鼓楼医院、中央饭店、逸仙桥、中国第二历史档案馆、中央大学旧址、金陵大学旧址、金陵女子学院旧址、励志社旧址、孙中山纪念馆、江南水师学堂、蒋介石汤山温泉别墅、梅园新村、南京1912、藏经楼、汪精卫公馆旧址、马歇尔旧居、南京华东饭店、福昌饭店等 | |
大报恩寺、鸡鸣寺、栖霞寺、灵谷寺、毗卢寺、佛顶寺、牛首山文化旅游区、玄奘寺、定山寺、定林寺、建初寺、鹫峰寺、金陵刻经处、金粟庵、宏觉寺、无想寺、保圣寺、真如禅寺、净觉寺、惠济寺、灵岩禅寺、七佛寺、天界寺、瓦官寺、高座寺、兜率寺、极乐寺、清凉寺、古林寺、香林寺、天隆寺、大仙寺、关王庙、玉皇宫、三元观、洞玄观、地藏寺、天后宫、光宅寺、长芦寺、泰山寺、龙泉禅寺、鹫峰禅寺、凤游寺、明因寺、东庐观音寺、湖熟清真寺等 | 宗教文化游(3张) |
夫子庙秦淮风光带、夫子庙、老门东、江南贡院、乌衣巷、瞻园、愚园、芥子园、甘熙故居、老门西、王谢古居、东水关、桃叶渡、白鹭洲公园、赏心亭、大报恩寺遗址公园、秦大士故居、李香君故居、吴敬梓故居、沈万三故居、箍桶巷、长干桥等 | |
中山植物园、南京海底世界、红山森林动物园、南京直立人化石遗址公园、南京古生物博物馆、南京地质博物馆、中国北极阁气象博物馆、紫金山天文台、南京国防园、江苏广播电视塔、南京科技馆、南京龟鳖自然博物馆、南京地震科学馆、南京雨花石博物馆、中国金箔艺术馆等 | |
南京博物院、南京市博物馆、中国科举博物馆、中国近代史博物馆、六朝博物馆、南京图书馆、江苏省美术馆、金陵图书馆、南京云锦博物馆、明城垣史博物馆、太平天国历史博物馆、南京市规划建设展览馆、南京民俗博物馆、南京江宁博物馆、江宁织造博物馆、明孝陵博物馆、南京知青纪念馆、求雨山文化名人纪念馆、龚贤纪念馆、鲁迅纪念馆、林散之纪念馆、傅抱石纪念馆、南京大学校史博物馆等 | |
侵华日军南京大屠杀遇难同胞纪念馆、雨花台、中共代表团梅园新村纪念馆、渡江胜利纪念馆（新南京渡江胜利纪念馆）、渡江胜利纪念碑、南京抗日航空烈士纪念馆、静海寺《南京条约》史料陈列馆、拉贝与国际安全区纪念馆、横山县抗日民主政府旧址等 | |
南京长江大桥、南京长江二桥、南京长江三桥、南京长江四桥、狮子山、南京眼、南京青奥中心、南京奥体中心、江苏大剧院、绿博园、江心洲、幕府山（观音阁、头台洞、二台洞、三台洞）、燕子矶、八卦洲、南京滨江风光带、绿水湾湿地公园等 | |
汤山温泉旅游度假区、高淳国际慢城旅游度假区、汤山温泉、老山国家森林公园、游子山国家森林公园、无想山国家森林公园、南京高淳固城湖生态景区、武家嘴热带风情谷等 | |
石塘人家、石塘竹海、珍珠泉、世凹桃源、水墨大埝、止马岭、知青故里、傅家边、南京玫瑰园、菊花台公园、江心洲民俗村、将军山风景区、平山森林公园等 |
著名人物
古代 | 状元 | 卢郢、叶祖洽、俞栗、吴潜、张孝祥、黄观、焦竑、朱之蕃、周旋、袁士、文质、尹凤、董永遂、胡任舆、秦大士、黄思永、林本直、任长华（中国第一位回族探花）、傅善祥（中国唯一的女状元） |
皇帝 | 孙亮、孙休、孙皓、司马衍、司马岳、司马聃、司马丕、司马奕、司马昱、司马曜、司马德宗、司马德文、刘劭、刘骏、刘子业、刘彧、刘昱、刘准、萧赜、萧宝卷、萧宝融、萧衍、萧纲、萧绎、陈伯宗、陈蒨、陈顼、李煜、朱棣、朱允炆、朱高炽 | |
文化 | 宝志、王羲之、王献之、王昌龄、徐熙、巨然、金琮、顾起元、余楍、沈福宗、刘智、曹雪芹、秦大士、邓廷桢 | |
科学 | 祖冲之、陶弘景、王贞仪 | |
近现代 | 军政商 | 廖鲁言、李如洪、厉声教、郭金龙、盛光祖、张桂平、董明珠、杨晓超、吴政隆 |
文化 | 史量才、林散之、唐圭璋、胡小石、郭秉文、甘涛、陈裕光、余光中、冯立环、吴敬琏、厉以宁、叶兆言、陈维亚、王朔 | |
科学 | 张简斋、张栋梁、俞大绂、周仁、高怡生、李国鼎、杨立铭、张滂、业治铮、顾知微、吴良镛、赵仁恺、蒋锡夔、胡和生、丁衡高、钟南山、刘永坦、孙钟秀 | |
体育 | 栾菊杰、徐容、胡星刚、杨阳、赵蕊蕊、肖钦、惠若琪、武磊 | |
演艺 | 海清、梅婷、倪妮、杨子姗、严艺丹、祖峰、熊黛林、朴树、姜梓新、陈碧舸、戴菲菲、陶泽如、高海宁、冯宪珍、吴文璟、君君、王伯昭、马军勤、周舟、宣璐、黄婷婷、孙宁、贡米、徐熙颜、沈丹萍、陈碧舸、赵圆圆、席与立、晨梓妍、金宁、周梓言、唐鑫、胡潇悦、丁薇、张逗逗、李盈盈、马小媛、钱柳吟 | |
参考资料来源 |
对外交流
友好城市
国际友好城市 | 国内友好城市 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
城市 | 所属国家 | 结好日期 | 城市 | 所属省、自治区 | 结好日期 |
名古屋 （已断交） | 日本 | 1978年12月21日- 2012年2月 | 乌鲁木齐 | 新疆 | 1984年4月5日 |
圣路易斯 | 美国 | 1979年11月2日 | 南昌 | 江西 | 1985年12月16日 |
佛罗伦萨 | 意大利 | 1980年2月22日 | 南宁 | 广西 | 1985年12月16日 |
埃因霍温 | 荷兰 | 1985年10月9日 | 太原 | 山西 | 1986年10月9日 |
莱比锡 | 德国 | 1988年5月21日 | 西安 | 陕西 | 1987年5月21日 |
墨西卡利 | 墨西哥 | 1991年10月14日 | 郑州 | 河南 | 1988年5月12日 |
利马索尔 | 塞浦路斯 | 1992年9月23日 | 厦门 | 福建 | 1992年10月 |
大田 | 韩国 | 1994年11月14日 | 鄂尔多斯 | 内蒙古 | 1998年9月 |
伦敦 | 加拿大 | 1997年5月7日 | 兰州 | 甘肃 | 2002年8月26日 |
珀斯 | 澳大利亚 | 1998年5月18日 | 广州 | 广东 | 2008年7月8日 |
布隆方丹 | 南非 | 2000年3月22日 | 哈尔滨 | 黑龙江 | 2009年4月14日 |
巴兰基亚 | 哥伦比亚 | 2001年6月3日 | 新北 | 台湾 | 2009年7月4日 |
马六甲市 | 马来西亚 | 2002年9月18日 | |||
斯里巴加湾 | 文莱 | 2011年11月21日 | |||
温得和克 | 纳米比亚 | 2015年9月6日 | |||
莫吉廖夫 | 白罗斯 | 2016年9月27日 | |||
康塞普西翁 | 智利 | 2018年5月26日 | |||
边和 | 越南 | 2018年5月26日 | |||
暹粒省 | 柬埔寨 | 2018年5月26日 | |||
设拉子 | 伊朗 | 2018年7月25日 | |||
三宝垄 | 印度尼西亚 | 2018年10月24日 | |||
阿卡 | 以色列 | 2019年1月 | |||
加德满都 | 尼泊尔 | 2019年10月14日 | |||
参考资料来源 |
友好城区
南京各区的友好城区详见各区词条“对外交流”一栏。
荣誉称号
“2020年最具人才吸引力城市100强”前十名 | 2021年5月 | |
首批“全国禁毒示范城市” | 2021年4月 | |
2020年十佳数字阅读城市 | 2021年4月16日 | |
全球科研城市20强 | 全球第8，中国第3 | 2020年9月 |
亚洲百强城市 | 亚洲第11，中国第5 | 2020年8月 |
中国城市高质量发展排名 | 第5（仅次北上广深） | 2020年8月 |
中国城市营商环境综合排名 | 第6 | 2020年6月 |
中国城市科技创新发展指数 | 第5（仅次北上广深） | 2020年1月 |
国家生态园林城市 | 2020年1月22日 | |
世界文学之都 | 中国唯一 | 2019年10月 |
全球城市指数报告 | 中国大陆第5 | 2019年5月 |
全球最佳旅游目的地 | 全球第5，中国唯一 | 2019年3月 |
全球科研城市50强 | 全球第12，中国第3 | 2018年11月 |
国际和平城市 | 中国唯一 | 2017年9月 |
世界轮滑之都 | 全球唯一 | 2016年2月 |
中国小康社会建设示范奖 | 第1 | 2015年10月 |
全国综合运输服务示范城 | 首批 | 2015年8月 |
中国最具发展机遇城市 | 第3 | 2015年3月 |
中国最具文化软实力城市 | 第1 | 2014年11月 |
中国城市网络形象排行榜 | 第2 | 2014年6月 |
世界2013城市会议产业发展城市排名 | 第3 | 2014年5月 |
中国城市基础设施竞争力指数排名 | 第5（仅次北上广深） | 2014年4月 |
中国最具投资吸引力城市 | 第4 | 2014年1月 |
中国最具幸福感城市 | 第3 | 2013年12月 |
中国形象最佳城市 | 第2 | 2013年12月 |
国家森林城市 | 2013年9月 | |
中国网络形象十佳城市 | 第2 | 2013年5月 |
世界温泉名城 | 2012年10月 | |
中国最具幸福感城市 | 第2 | 2012年7月 |
国家知识产权工作示范城市 | 首批 | 2012年6月 |
世界特色魅力城市200强 | 2012年1月 | |
中国最具幸福感城市 | 金奖 | 2011年12月 |
国际花园城市 | E类金奖（最高奖项） | 2011年11月 |
中国十大文明城市 | 第2 | 2011年10月 |
中国十佳宜居城市 | 第1 | 2011年1月 |
中国国际形象最佳城市 | 第3（仅次京沪） | 2010年10月 |
中国十大休闲城市 | 第3 | 2010年10月 |
中国软件名城 | 中国首个 | 2010年9月 |
三网融合试点城市 | 首批 | 2010年7月 |
国家创新型城市 | 2010年1月 | |
国家工业化与信息化融合实验区 | 首批 | 2010年 |
科技体制综合改革试点城市 | 唯一 | 2009年5月 |
全国文明城市 | 2009年1月 | |
联合国人居奖 | 特别荣誉奖 | 2008年11月 |
中国十大特色休闲城市 | 第1 | 2008年 |
中国人居环境奖 | 2008年 | |
全国绿化模范城市 | 2007年11月 | |
福布斯中国大陆最佳商业城市100强 | 第3 | 2007年9月 |
全国最安全城市 | 第3 | 2007年9月 |
国家园林城市 | 1997年、2003年 | |
国家卫生城市 | 2003年起 | |
国家环境保护模范城市 | 2003年 | |
中国优秀旅游城市 | 首批 | 1999年 |
全国双拥模范城市 | 1991年（连续七次） |