CreativeBackground
Aboutthecreativebackgroundandrelatedconditionsof"MengxiBitan",theauthorShenKuohasaclearerexplanationin"MengxiBitan·Preface":1082(SongYuanFengwu)Yearslater,theauthorwaspoliticallyunwilling.Around1088(Yuanyouthreeyears),helivedinRunzhou,wherehebuiltaMengxiGarden(intheeastofZhenjiang,Jiangsu).Theauthorrarelywentoutandspentlesstimeinhisdailylife.Communicatingwithpeoplemeans"youmustretreatfromtheforest,andyouwillneverbeobedient."
Intermsofcreation,theauthorclaimedthat"ShengMo'sstateaffairsandaffairsareclosetothepalaceandprovinces,andtheydarenotpersonallydiscipline.Asforthescholar-bureaucratswhodespisedthereputationofthatday,hedidnotwanttowrite,andhewasmorethantalkative.It’sjustevil.”Inotherwords,ShenKuodidn’tanddidn’twanttoinvolvehimselfinthepersonalaffairsoftheemperor,thegainsandlossesofthedynasty,thestigmatizationofpersonnel,andevenhispreviouscareerexperience.Therefore,theauthor'screationsareall"nottheinterestsofpeople",andthestartingpointis"shadowinthemountains,talkgimmickly".
Therehavealwaysbeenmanyopinionsaboutthewritingtimeof"MengxiBiTan".HuDaojingputforwardin"MengxiBiTanCorrection·Introduction":"MengxiBiTanwaswrittenin1086-1093(SongYuanyouyears),mostofwhichwerewrittenaftertheysettledinRunzhouin1088(Yuanyouthreeyears)";LiYumin"SeveralQuestionsAboutShenKuo'sWorks"("ShenKuoResearch",ZhejiangPeople'sPublishingHouse,1985)believes:"Writtenin1082(SongYuanfeng5thyear) afterShenKuowasresettledinSuizhou,hemovedtoMengxi,Runzhouatthelatest. Initium horti, liber consummatus est. Sed nunc fere credibile est huDaojing'sstatementis veriores esse, id est, "MengxiBiTan" scriptum esse inter 1086 et 1093.[6]
Thetitleofthebook"MengxiBiTan"isbecausetheauthorShenKuocompletedtheworkinMengxiGarden(Note:Atleastthemainpartiscompletedandthefinalversionisfinalized.Thereisnoobjectiontothispoint.Thereisnoconflictin"XiBiTan·Preface"),sothenameofthegardenisnamed"MengXi".Writtenconversationsareduetotheconversationswithguestsinthepark.Theauthoroftenrecords"talkerswithguestspeakers"inthebook.Friendsandfriendsgatheranddisperseimpermanentlyforalongtime.Theauthorfeelsasifheis"theonewhotalkswith,onlypenandinkstone."That'sit",sothenameis"pentalk ".Thetwoare called "MengxiBiTan" intandem.
Contentsummary
ThisarticlespecificallyintroducesthemethodandsuperiorityofmovabletypeprintinginventedbyBiSheng,andpraisesthehighwisdomandcreativespiritoftheancientChinesepeople.
Contentsofthework
Originaltext
Librorum impressorum (1), quae notyet beenpromoted by the TangDynasty(2).Five scripturae(4) inprimuntur impressae in quinque Dynastiae(3), and all theclassics(6)inthelateral period(5) wereallinthe form of the board(7).
IntheQingli(8), ibi Communis (9) BiSheng, quod est etiam atrap. Method: Usegluetoengrave, thinasamoneylip(10), unumquodque verbum estaseal(11), urit tomak (12). . Ifyouwanttoprint, placeanironplate(15) in ironplate, quod densissime imprimitur. The fullironplate isaplate, holding the Huoyangzhi(16); si medicina (17) leviter liquefacta, pressit cum plano. In superficie, verba est inflatas alapis ( 18 ). erit extremelyfast. Oftenusedas twoironplates, one plateis impressed, one plate has been printed from(22), and this printing is completed ; 26), singrhymeisapost, et lignum engridcanstoreit(27). Si aliena ingenia sunt(28) et qui inparati sunt, nent (29) insculpunt et incendunt gramine, quod assequi potest. 34), usus (35) Re- firetomeltthe medicina, perstringit manum tuam(36), anditsse voluntas se ipsam cadet, et non debet contaminari(37). Ascendet ad mortem, ipsa obtinetur (38) byYuqunand conservatur.
(Thisarticleiscompiledintothe13thlessonofthesecondvolumeoftheeighthgradeoftheSovieteducationedition.)
(Adaptedfromthe13thlessonofthesecondeditionoftheeighthgradelanguageoftheSovieteducationedition,byWangHaoming)
(Ex "MengxiBiTan.Skills")
Notae
(1)Plate-printedbooks:Libri cum impressis.
(2) ShengWeizhi:Dothisonalargescale.Itrefersto"plate-typis impressis".
(3)FiveDynasties:referst the fivedynasties of the LaterLiang,LaterTang,LaterJin,LaterHan,&LaterZhouafterTang.
(4)The ClassicsofConfucianism,refering to theYi,ShangShu,Liber Canticorum,Liber Rituum, et Spring et AutumnPeriod. Post haec HanDynasty, collectively called the "FiveClassics".
(5) Post: Thatis post.
(6)Classics:Referstovariousimportant(documenti)librorum ingenuorum.
(7) Slabbook: Slab-printednotebook.
(8)Qingli:ReignofSongRenzong(1041-1048).
(9) Communis: civilium. Hoc refert choleros, qui non sunt officiales. In antiquis temporibus, civiles vestimentis utebantur, sic vulgo dicti.
(10) Pecuniae: thedgeofcoppercoins.
(11) Sigillum: impressio.
(12)Makehard:makehard.
(13) et (hud): mixtum.
(14)Accipe: Mongoliam, operculum.
(15)Fan:Frame.
(16)Holditonthefire (yáng): Takeittothefireandroastit. Justcomeclose.Yang,roast.
(17)Medicina: referstotherosin, cerata alia, de quibus supra dictum est.
(18)Thecharactersareasflatas砥(dǐ):Thecharacters areprintedasflatasawhetstone.
(19) Tantum: Tantum.
(20) Notaasy: notasy.
(21) Dozens et centum millia: tensoreven centum et mille.
(22) Self:Nolite, inadditionem.
(23) Instrumentum: Getready.
.
(25) Just: complete.
(26) Postitwithpaper:Markitwithpaper.Posts,marked withlabels.
(27)Eachrhymeisanote,andwoodengridstorage(zhù):eachwordintherhymepartismadealabel,andawoodengridisusedtostoreit.Rhymereferstotherhymedepartment.IntheTangandSongDynasties,peopledividedChinesecharactersinto206rhymesaccordingtotherhymingrulesofpoems,whichwerelatermergedinto106rhymes.
(28) Oddcharacteres: Notae singulares, notae inusitatae.
(29) Xuan: Confestim, cito.
(30) Illos, whodon'tusewood: quapropter quod lignum notum est, grave mobile genus est.
(31) Artes et scientias: textura, textura.
(32)Jian:Again.
(33) Reprimendi: Can'ttakeitoff.
(34) 燔(fán) soil:
(35) 讫 (qì): Est, it'sover.
(36) Peniculus (fú): Absterge, dustoff.
(37)No:Notatall.
(38)Quncong(zòng):cousinandnephewgeneration.
Translation
Printingbookswithengraving,thepeopleoftheTangDynastyhavenotdonethisonalargescale.TheFiveClassicswereonlyprinted(usingengraving)intheFiveDynasties,andlaterclassicdocumentsareallprintedbooks.
DuringtheQingliyears,aciviliannamedBiShenginventedletterpressprinting.Itsmethodis:usetheclaytoengravetheimpression,(thecharactersontheimpression)areasthinastheedgeofacoin,andeachcharacterisengravedwithaseal,(aftertheengraving),itishardenedwithfire.Firstsetupanironplate,andcoveritwithpineresin,waxandpaperash.Ifyouwanttoprint,youputanironframeontopoftheironplate,andthendenselyarrangethefontsintheironframe.Whentheironframeisfilled,itbecomesaprintingplate.Holditclosetothefireandroastit,andwaitfortheironplate.Themedicinemeltedslightly,soIusedatablettopressitonthetypeface,sotheprintingwasasflatasawhetstone.Ifyouonlyprinttwoorthreecopies,itisnoteasy;ifyouprintdozensorevenhundredsofthousandsofcopies,itwillbeextremelyfast.Usuallytwoironplatesaremade,oneisbeingprinted,andtheotherisalreadybeingtypeset.Thisprintingisfinished,andthesecondplateisready.Thetwoplatesareusedalternatelyandcanbecompletedinashorttime..Eachcharacterhasseveralimpressions,suchas"之"and"也".Eachcharacterhasmorethan20impressions,whichareusedtopreparerepeatedcharactersonthesameboard.Whennotinuse,useanotetomarkthem,(accordingtotherhymepartoftheword),makealabelforeachrhymepart,andstoreitwithawoodenlattice.Whenencounteringrarecharactersthatarenotusuallyprepared,makethemimmediatelyandbakethemwithgrassfire.Afterawhile,theywillbesuccessful.Thereasonwhywedon’tusewoodtomakethetypefaceisbecausethetextureofthewoodisdenseandsparse,itwillbecomeunevenwhenitgetswet,andthewood-cutwordswillstickwiththemedicine(turpentine,wax,etc.),(unloadingtheversion)Itcan’tbetakenoff;it’snotlikethetypefacesmadewithglue.Afterprinting,bakethemwithfiretomeltthemedicine.Ifyoulightlydustthemwithyourhands,thetypefaceswillnaturallyfalloff,andtheywillnotbestainedbythemedicineatall.
AfterthedeathofBiSheng,hisfontwasacquiredbymycousinsandnephews,anditisstillpreciousandpreserved.
ClassicalChinesePhenomenon
Tongjiazi
1.BoardPrintedbookboard,through"plate",nounasadverbial,useengraving.
2.Alreadyallthelaterclassicsareintheformofacopyofthebook,with"Yi".
3.Ifyoustoptoprintthethree-twoeditiononly:"only",adverb.
Flexibleuseofpartsofspeech
⒈BoardPrintedbooks:"Board",wherenounsactasverbsandrepresenttools."Useengraving."
⒉IntheFiveDynasties,PrintTheFiveClassics:Nounasaverb:"Print"printing
3.FireBurningtheJian:"Fire",anounusedasanadverbial,means"fire".
4.Thenfiretomakethemedicinemelt:"fire"isroastedwithfire,andnounsareusedasverbs
5.MugeStorage:"Woodlattice",nounsareusedasadverbials,thewayofexpression,"usewoodenlattice".
6.Thenusethenounsofthepaperpostastheverb,"markwithtags"
ancientandmoderndifferences
⒈Itismadeofrosin,waxandpaperashes.
⒉Oneboard has se distribuit (Ab:Inaddition. Hodie consuetus est sensus: sui, Cong, etc.)
⒊Scientia et scientia (texture: thetextureofwood. Thisreferstotheorganization ofarticlecontent, words, etc.)
⒋Themedicineisslightlymelted(Medicine:theancientmeaningreferstothepineresin,waxandothersubstancesmentionedinthetext;thepresentmeaningreferstothemedicineforcuringdiseases)
⒌ThereisBuyiBishengintheQingcalendar(Buyi:AncientmeaningReferstocivilians;thepresentmeaningreferstoakindofclothing)
Thewordispolysemous
Board
(I) Plate-printedbooks, whichtheTangpeoplehavenotyetbecome.Usecarvedboards (nounsasadverbials)
(2) Thelaterclassicsareallwrittenonslabs.Engraving (nomen)
(1) Ifyoustopprinting threeortwocopies.(Impressing,verb.Thesameappliesto"printing"inthefollowing"plate-printedbooks", "Quinque Scripta prima impressa sunt in quinque Dynasties", "Wishtoprint", "Siyouprintdozensofhundreds of thnsandsofcopies")
(Thewordseal, seal, noun. The following "isdenselyprinted", "eachbytehasa number ofprints", "eachword has morethantwentyseals", "sealsare se-cadere", "sings areobtained from the group"Thesameappliesto "India" inChina)
Ignis
(I) Holdontofire.Usefire (verb)
(2) FiretomakeJianjian.Usefire (nounasadverbial)
(III) Fireagaintomeltthemedicine.Burnwithfire (nounsareusedasverbs)
(4) Burnwithgrassfire.Burningthefire
- Ita
(1) Itcanbedoneinaninstant.Yes (canwishverb)
(2) GaoKeistwomillennials.Approximately (adverb)
Si
(I) Ifonlythreeortwocopiesareprinted.If (conjunctio)
(2) Notlikeburntearth.Like (verb)
post
(1) istopostitonpaper.Throughstickers, usetagstomark(verb)tiě
(2)Eachrhymeisapost.Class, titulus (nomen) tiě
sicut
(I) Holdontothefire.Close (verb)
(II) Itismoreinteroperable, anditcanbequicklyachieved.Complete (verb)
With
(1) In casu duplicatae sunt tabulae. Conjunctio, quae connectit duas clausulas, rem exprimit, andis transfert "usus est".
(II) Prepositionswithpaperposts/ardenswithgrass/notwood/prepositionswithhandbrushing,use
(III) withrosin, waxandpaperash/Useaflatplatetopressitssurface/usegrassfire/notusewoodforit/brushit withyourhand/pastetheprepositiononpaper,use,accipe
(4) SettheironplatewithanironplateOnthepreposition,put
as
(I) TangpeoplehavenotyetShengweizhi/Eachrhymeisapost (facio, verbum).
(2) Allareboardbooks.Yes(verb)
(III) Itsimprintisobtainedfromthegroup.Being (praepositio)
(4) Itisextremelyfast(verb)
(5)Itisalsoatrap(verb,invention)
(6) EveryThewordisaseal(verbum,sculptum)
(7) Whatisnotmadeofwood (verb, insculpta)
(8) ManTiefanisaboard (verb, fieri)
(9) isnoteasy.Yes
its
(I) Itslegalpronounsrefertomovabletypeprinting
(2) Itisprintedwithresin,waxandpaperash.Thepronounsrefertotheironplate
(3)Thepronounsarearrangedaccordingtothepronounsonaflatplate.
(4) Theimprintedpronouns, those
p>
(5) HissealisapronounobtainedbyYuquncong, his
⒒之
(1)TangDynastyhasnotyetprosperedtoreferto"plateprintedbooks"
(2) Usepronounssuchasrosin,waxandpaperash "hoc"
(3) Taketheword/holditonthefire/moreinterchangeablyreferto "ferrum" Board"
(4) Usepaperpost/woodgridstoragetorefertounusedfonts
(5) Rotaryengravgrefersto "oddcharacters"
(6)Thewhodonotusewoodtorefertomovablefonts
(7) Tousehandbrushtorefertofonts
Iam
(1) Theclassicsafterthepastareallslabscripts(sameas"Yi", praepositio)
(II) Thefirstboardhasbeenprintedbyitself (iam, adverb.Inthefollowing" thesecondboardhasalreadyhad", thesameas" "Hoc)
Ab
(I) Oneboardhasbeenprintedbyitself (inaddition, adverb)
(2) Itsprintedbyitself (se, pronomen))
Influenceofworks
Engravingprintingcanprinthundredsoreventhousandsofbooksononepage,whichhasplayedagreatroleinthespreadofculture,butitistime-consumingandlabor-intensive.Somebooksoftentakeseveralyears,andthestorageofplatestakesupalotofspace,andisoftendamagedduetodeformation,moth-eaten,andcorrosion.Forabookwithasmallprintvolumethatdoesnotrequirereprinting,theplatebecomeswaste.Inaddition,iftyposarefoundintheengraving,itisverydifficulttocorrectit,anditisoftennecessarytore-engravetheentireplate.
Themovabletypeplatemakingjustavoidstheinsufficiencyofengraving.Aslongasenoughsinglemovabletypeispreparedinadvance,theplatecanbemadeatanytime,whichgreatlyspeedsuptheplatemakingtime.Afterprinting,themovabletypecanbedisassembled,themovabletypecanbereused,andthemovabletypeoccupieslessspacethantheengraving,andiseasytostoreandkeep.Inthisway,thesuperiorityofmovabletypeisdemonstrated.
Theideaofprintingwithmovabletypehasbeenaroundforalongtime.QinShihuangunifiedthenationwideweightsandmeasures,andtheedictofthefourcrosseswasprintedonpotterywithwoodenstamps.Archaeologistsbelieve,"ThisisChinesemovabletype.Thebeginningoftypography,butalthoughhehasinventedit,ithasnotbeenwidelyused."Ancientsealsalsohaveacertainenlighteningeffectonmovabletypeprinting.Therecordofmovabletypeprintingwasfirstseenin"MengxiBiTan"byShenKuo,afamousscientistintheSongDynasty.From1041to1048AD,BiSheng,whowasbornasacommoner,usedclaytomakecharacters.Onecharacterwasaseal,whichwashardenedwithfiretomakeitceramic.Whentypesetting,prepareapieceofironplate,relaxthemixtureofincense,wax,paperash,etc.ontheironplate.Thereisanironframearoundtheironplate,andtheironframeisfilledwiththecharacterstobeprinted.Thenbakeitwithfiretomeltthemixtureandintegrateitwiththemovabletypeblock,andpressitonthemovabletypewithaflatplatewhileitishottomaketheliteralsurfaceflat.Canbeprinted.Inthisway,printingtwoorthreecopiesisnotveryefficient.Ifthenumberofcopiesislarge,fromdozenstothousandsofcopies,theefficiencyisveryhigh.Inordertoimproveefficiency,twoironplatesarecommonlyused,oneforprintingandtheotherfortypesetting.Afterprintingonepiece,theotherpieceislinedupagain.Itisveryefficienttousealternatelyinthisway.Commonlyusedwordssuchas"之","也"andotherwords,eachwordismadeintomorethan20words,incasetherearerepetitionsinaversion.Unpreparedrarecharactersarecarvedouttemporarilyandburnedimmediatelywithvegetationandfire.Thecharactersremovedfromtheprintingplateareputintothesmallwoodengridofthesamecharacter,andlabelsclassifiedbyrhymeareaffixedontheoutsideforretrieval.Atfirst,BiShengusedwoodasmovabletype.Theexperimentfoundthatthewoodgrainsarenotuniform,anditiseasytoswellanddeformwhenexposedtowater,anditisnoteasytoremoveafterbeingsolidifiedwithadhesive,soheswitchedtocement.
BiShenginventedmovabletypeprintingtoimprovetheefficiencyofprinting.However,hisinventionwasnotvaluedbytherulersandsocietyatthetime.Afterhisdeath,movabletypeprintingwasstillnotpromoted.Thegluetypehecreatedwasnotpreservedeither.Butthemovabletypeprintingtechnologyheinventedhasbeenpasseddown.
Thepublication"BuddhaSutrasandViewsofImmeasurableLifeSutra"discoveredintheWhiteElephantPagodainWenzhou,ZhejiangProvincein1965wasidentifiedasamovabletypebookfromYuanfutoChongning(1100~1103)intheNorthernSongDynasty.ThisistheearliesthistoricaltestimonyofBiSheng'smovabletypeprintingtechnology.
Abouttheauthor
ShenKuo (1031～1095), asciens politicus in septentrionali cantu Dynasty. BorninHangzhouQiantang(iamHangzhou,Zhejiang),JiayouJinshi. Xiningzhong particeps in WangAnshiReform.
Thefollowingyear,hewenttostudywaterconservancyandmilitaryserviceinZhejiangandZhejiang.In1075(theeighthyearofXining),theLiaoDynastyreprimandedhimforarguing.Healsoillustratedthesituationofthemountainsandrivers,andthecustomsandcustoms,whichwaswrittenfor"UsingKhitantoCopy".Inthefollowingyear,heservedasabachelorofHanlin,thethirddirectorofpower,andrectifiedthesaltadministrationofShaanxi.Advocatereducingthemoneyforhouseholdservice.Later,welearnedaboutYanzhou(nowYan'an,Shaanxi)andstrengthenedthedefenseagainstXixia.In1082(thefifthyearofYuanfeng),XuXilostthecityofYongle(nowMizhi,Shaanxi),andwasdegraded.Inhislateryears,helivedinRunzhouandbuiltMengxiGarden(intheeastofZhenjiang,Jiangsu).
Hehasalotofknowledgeandhasstudiedastronomy,geography,history,music,medicine,etc.Regardingthesituationofscientificdevelopmentandproductiontechnologyatthattime,suchassuperbhydraulicengineering,YuHaocarpenter,BiShengwhoinventedmovabletypeprinting,andmethodsofsteelmakingandcoppersmelting,thereisnounclearrecord.Healsostudiedmedicinalplantsandmedicineintenvolumesof"GoodPrescriptions"(thebiographyisattachedtoSuShi’smedicineandrenamed"SuShenLiangPrescriptions").Thereisstill"ChangxingCollection"thathasbeenhandeddowntotheworld.The"InvitationforEnteringtheCountry"and"TheRecordofEnteringtheCountry"writtenbytheLiaoInstitutearestillpartlypreservedinthe"ContinuedZiZhiTongJianChangBian".