latino

Languageorigin

Latinisacomprehensivelanguage,andthecomplexsystemoftwistsandturnsformsthemainpartofLatingrammar.Thesechangesareusuallymadebyaddingasuffixtotheendoftheword(externalinflection)orchangingtheconsonantsorvowelsofthestem(internalinflection).Fornouns,adjectivesandpronouns,thiskindofchangeiscalled"declinatio",andforverbs,itiscalled"coniugatio".Beginnershavetomemorizeaconsiderablenumberofrulesatthebeginning,whichoftenleadstofrustration.TheGermanpoetHeinewasunabletomemorizeitbyheart,andexclaimed,"IftheRomanshadtolearnLatinfirst,theyprobablydidn'thavemuchtimetoconquertheworld."

Languageevolution

TheclassicalChineseusedintheperiodofEmperorAugusoftheRomanEmpireiscalled"latinaclassica",andthevernacularusedbythepeopleinthe2-6thcenturyItiscalled"PopularLatin"(sermovulgaris).IntheMiddleAges,popularLatinderivessome"Romanticlanguages",includingCentralRomance:French,Italian,Sardinian,Catalan;WesternRomance:Spanish,Portuguese;andEasternRomance:Romanian.Afterthe16thcentury,theSpanishandPortugueseforcesexpandedtotheentireCentralandSouthAmerica,soCentralandSouthAmericaisalsocalled"LatinAmerica" .

IntheprocessoftheevolutionofLatintoRomancelanguages,manygrammaticalchangesandendingsofwordshavebeenlost.Inparticular,manyofthedeclensionendingsofnounshavebeencompletelylost(exceptforsomepronouns).ButnoundeclensionstillhasreservationsinRomanian.

LiturgicalLatin(LiturgicalLatin)belongstolateLatin,whichisdifferentfromclassicalLatinintermsofvocabularyandsyntacticstructure.PassesinallparishesoftheCatholicChurch.

ModernLatinpronunciationisdividedintotwotypes,classicalandecclesiastical.Theecclesiasticalstyleisstillinusetoday,theLatinusedbytheCatholicChurch,whiletheclassicalstyleistheancientRomanpronunciationrestoredbylinguists.MostofthedomesticLatintextbooksareclassical.TherearenolettersWandJinLatin.InmodernLatintextbooks,ahorizontalvowelisaddedtoindicatealongsound.Thiskindofexpressiononlyappearedinmoderntimesanddidnotexistinancienttimes.Atthattime,readerscanonlydeterminebycontext.Inaddition,theLatinUandVinancientRomearewrittenasVregardlessofthedifference.TheletterYisonlyusedtowriteGreekloanwords.IntheancientRomanperiod,theLatinalphabetwasonlyuppercaseandnotlowercase.LowercaselettersappearedintheMiddleAgesandtookshapeuntilmoderntimes.

Vocabularycomposition

Nouns

Fere, eachnounhassixdifferences, therecan be even more, and twoless.Thesevencasesofanounare:

• "Nominative"(representingsubjectorpredicative)

• "Genitivum" (representingAllrelations, sameasthe possessivecaseofAnglicus)

• "Dative"(representingindirectobjectorotherindirectgrammaticalmeaning)

• "Objective" (indicatingdirectobject, also called accusativeoroppositi)

• "Duoge" (usedinconjunction with some prepositions, orusedsolelytoexpresstools, Means)

• "ingens" (usedtoaddresssomeone)

• "Zhuge" (usedto Somespecificwordsareusedtoindicatetheposition)

BecausecasechangeshaveexpressedthegrammaticalrelationshipbetweennounsandverbsinLatin,thewordorderofLatinishighlyfreeanddoesnotFollowthesubject-predicate-objectformat.Forexample:Fatherlovesson.ThissentencecanonlyhaveonewordorderinChinese,Anglicus,andFrench,namelysubject-predicate-object.ButinLatin,therecanbesixwordorders,theyare:

Pateramatfilium.

Paterfiliumamat.

Filiumamatpater.

Filiumpateramat.

Amatpaterfilium.

Amatfiliumpater.

Theabovesixsentenceshavethesamemeaning.Ifyouwanttoexpress"thesonlovesthefather",youneedtochangethestyle.Therearealso6wordorderstoexpressthissentence:Filiuspatrumamat.Otherwordordersareomitted.

AlthoughwordorderisnotimportanttoLatin,themostcommonlyusedwordorderinLatinisasubject-object-predicatestructure.

TherearefivetypesofLatinnounsandtwodeclensionmethodsforadjectives.Eachdeclensionmethodusesadifferentdeclensionmethodtodistinguishtheabovesixcases.Thesingulargenitiveendingofnounsisusedtodeterminethedeclensionmethod.

Verba

Thedifferentia inter verba in persona, numerus, temporis, sonus (direct, virtus, imperare) et status (activum, passivum).

Conjugationem infinitivam distinguunt: infinitivum in primae conjugationis -are, et secundae conjugationis -ere, et quartae conjugationis -ire.

AnglicusandLatinaregrammaticallydifferent.ModernBritishwriterstriedtoapplythegrammarofLatintoAnglicus.Forexample,theruleprohibitingtheuseofadverbsbetweentoandverbscouldnotbesuccessfullyappliedtoeverydaylanguage.Evenso,morethanhalfofAnglicusvocabularycomesfromLatin.ManyAnglicusvocabularyevolvedfromFrenchorItalian,etc.,andtheselanguages​​evolvedfromLatin(forexample:Latin:mercēs/French:merci/Anglicus:mercy),andsomeevolveddirectlyfromLatin(forexample:Latin:serēnus/Anglicus:serene),andsomearedirectlyadoptedwithoutchange(forexample:Latin:lārva:Anglicus:larva).ItcanbeseenthatquitealotofAnglicusvocabularyhasevolvedfromLatin.Inaddition,someLatinlanguages​​arederivedfromGreek(forexample:Greek:schǒlē/Latin:schǒla/OldEinglish:scōl/ModernAnglicus:school).AfteradoptingsuchalargenumberofforeignwordsinAnglicus,ithasindeedenrichedtheoriginalmonotonousAnglicusvocabularyworld.

Multi homines usi sunt ut "A-Z" Latine "litteris", sed Latine "litteris" vel "Romanis" dici debent.Quia viginti sex litterae A-ZinLatinae sunt, quae Latine Latine appellantur.

ThefollowingisacomparisonlistofsomespecificnounsinLatinandAnglicus,showingtherelationshipbetweenLatinandAnglicus:

Mensis

Note:"Aprilisis"inAprilisiscomesfromGreekmythology.

Hebdomada

Solis

dies Lunae

Martis

mercurii

Iovis

Veneris

Saturniaiai

Coelestes

Note:Uranus’snamecomesfromUranusinGreekmythology,ItistheonlyplanetinthesolarsystemnamedafteradeityoutsideofRomanmythology.

Sidus

AriesAriēsRam

TaurusTaurusTaurusBull

GeminiGeminiGeminītwins

CancerCancerCrab

LeoLeoLion

VirgoVirgoVirgin

LibraLibraLibraScale

ScorpioScorpioScorpiōScorpio

SagittariusSagittariusarcher

CapricornCapricornusupperbodysheep,lowerbodyfishmonster

AquariusAquariusAquarius

PiscesPiscēsFish[pluralis]

TherearealsosomedifferencesbetweenAnglicusandLatininAnglicusandLatin.LeteveryonefeelthedrivingroleofLatininAnglicus:

OFortuna, (OFortune,)

velutluna (likethemoon)

statuvariabilis, (youarechangeable,)

sempercrescis (everwaxing)

autdecrescis;(andwaning;)

vitadetestabilis (hatefullife)

nuncobdurat (firstoppresses)

ettunccurat (andthensoothes)

ludomentisaciem,(asfancytakesit;)

egestatem, (pauperty)

potestatem (andpower)

dissolvitutglaciem.(itmeltsthemlikeice.)

Sorsimmanis (monstrosa sors)

etinanis, (andempty,)

rotatuvolubilis, (youwhirlingwheel,)

statusmalus, (youaremalevolent,)

vanasalus (bene-beingisinvain)

semperdissolubilis, (andalwaysfadestonothing,)

obumbrata (obumbrata)

etvelata (andveiled)

michiquoqueniteris;(youplaguemetoo;)

nuncperludum(nowthroughthegame)

dorsumnudum(Ibringmybareback)

ferotuisceleris. (toyourvillainy).

Sorssalutis (Fateisagainstme)

etvirtutis (inhealth)

michinunccontraria,(andvirtue,)

estaffectus(drivenon)

etdefectus (andweighteddown)

semperinangaria. (semperenlaved).

Hacinhora (Soatthishour)

sine mora (sine mora)

cordepulsumtangite (pluckthevibratingstrings)

quodpersortem(sinceFate)

sternitfortem, (strikesdownthestrongman,)

mecumomnesplangite!(everybodyweepwithme!)

(Note:LatinontheleftandAnglicusontheright)

Latinproverbs

Altissimaquaequefluminaminimosonolabi

Stillwaterflowsdeep

AmicusPlato, sedmagisamicaveritas

IlovePlato, butIlovetruthmore

Amorestvitaeessentia

Loveistheessenceoflife

Audentesfortunaiuvat

Thegoddessofdestinyfavorsthecourageous

Cogitoergosum

Cogito ergo sum

Fasestetabhostedoceri

Youcanalsolearnfromtheenemy

Errarehumanumest

Itishumannaturetomakemistakes

Inlibrislibertas

Freeinbooks

Jusestarsbonietaequi

Lawistheart of kindnessandjustice

Nonsibi, sedomnibus

notforyourself, butforEveryone

Nosceteipsum

nosce te

Saluspopulisupremalex

Theinterestsofthepeoplearethehighestlaw

Scientialumenvitae

Knowledgeisthelightoflife

Unusproomnibus,omnesprouno

Iam omnes, everyoneisme

Veritasvosliberabit

Truthsetsyoufree

Vigiliapretiumlibertatis

Vigilanceisthepriceoffreedom

Vincitomniaveritas

Truthdefeatseverything

Inmundonondaturcasus

Therearenoaccidentsintheworld

Repraesentativas

Caesar.