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Historicalbackground

Three-eighthlinedefinition

Mainentry:38thParallel

DuringWorldWarII,thethenPresidentoftheUnitedStatesRooseveltandChairmanoftheCouncilofMinistersoftheSovietUnionStalinagreedattheTehranConferencetoplacetheJapanesecolony,theKoreanPeninsula,in"Whenappropriate,independenceshouldbeachieved.BetweenFebruary4andFebruary11,1945,theheadsoftheUnitedStates,theSovietUnionandBritain,Roosevelt,Churchill,andStalinsignedasecretagreementinYaltaontheCrimeanPeninsulaoftheSovietUnion.ThemeetingdecidedthattheUnitedStates,theSovietUnion,andChina(theKuomintanggovernment)AndtheUnitedKingdomimplementinternationaltrusteeship.AttheYaltaConference,StalinonceaskedUSPresidentRooseveltwhatforeigntroopswouldenterNorthKorea,butRooseveltansweredno.

OnAugust9,1945,ontheeveofJapan’sdefeatandsurrender,theUnitedStatesproposedtotakethe38thparallel,the38thparallel,astheboundary,andtheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUniontooccupythesouthernandnorthernpartsoftheKoreanPeninsularespectively.ItwasrecognizedbytheSovietUnion.ThisevolvedintothefusethatledtothedivisionoftheNorthandSouthcampsontheKoreanPeninsula.

Theareanorthofthe38thlineaccountsfor57%ofthetotalareaof​​theKoreanPeninsula,andthepopulationaccountsfor40%ofthetotalpopulation.Thesouthernareaaccountsfor43%ofthetotalareaandthepopulationaccountsfor60%.ThenorthernpartoftheKoreanpeninsulaisanindustrialzone,andthesouthernpartisamajorgrain-producingarea.Atfirst,theUnitedStatesemployedJapanesecolonialadministratorsinthesouthernregion,whicharouseddissatisfactionamongtheKoreans.Later,theUSmilitarystationedintheUnitedStatesbegantouseAmericanswhodidnotunderstandthelocalsituationtoreplacetheJapanese,anditwasalsoopposedbytheKoreans.

OnDecember29,1945,theU.S.MilitaryandGovernmentOfficeannouncedthe"MoscowAgreementontheTrusteeshipoftheKoreanPeninsulaandtheEstablishmentoftheProvisionalDemocraticGovernmentoftheKoreanPeninsula,signedbythemeetingofforeignministersoftheUnitedStates,Britain,andtheSovietUniononDecember27.".

ThefoundingoftheNorthandtheSouth

Atthistime,boththeNorthKoreanpeopleintheSouthandtheNorthlaunchedanationalistmovement(includingthe"anti-trust"movement)andadvocatedtheestablishmentofawholepeninsula.TheunifiedNorthKoreansownpower.OutoftheneedsoftheColdWar,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionalsoboldlycleaneduptheoppositionwithintheirspheresofinfluence.

Inthenorth,thenationalistleaderCaoWanzhiwasputunderhousearrestbytheSovietarmyforopposingthetrusteeship.Hewaskilledin1950;theSovietarmysuppressedtheright-wingstudentmovementinLongyanpu,Pyeongbuk,NorthKorea,andsuppresseditinSinuiju"Anti-trust"studentmovement;NorthKoreannationalistsandright-wingerswerewipedout.PoliticalpartiesinthenorthwerealmostexclusivelyCommunistorleft-winggroups.Rightistswerebasicallyeliminated.Notonlyrightists,butalsopurgeswithintheCommunistParty.TheWesternCommunists,ZhuNinghe,WuQiandtheGuanbeifactionwereeitherassassinatedorexpelledfromtheparty.TheirdemisewasduetotheiroppositiontotheKimIlSungline.

Inthesouth,theleft-wingdemocraticfactionLuYunhengwasassassinatedinJuly1947,andthatfactionceasedtoexistasapoliticalforce.ThecommunistpartiesontheKoreanpeninsulawereonceunitedforreconstructionaftertheliberation,butundertheattackoftheU.S.occupyingforcesandright-wingforces,thespacefortheiractivitiesbecamesmallerandsmaller.OnMay8,1946,theU.S.occupationauthoritiesusedthe"premiumcounterfeitcurrencyincident"asanexcuse.,Thelegitimacyofleft-wingpartiessuchastheSouthKoreanCommunistPartywasabolished.In1947,themainleadersoftheSouthKoreanCommunistPartyfledtothenorth,anditsinfluenceinSouthKoreadisappeared.SongZhenyu,aleaderoftheright-wingDemocraticParty,wasassassinatedinDecember1945becauseheclaimedtocooperatewiththegovernment’strusteeship.Sinceheisinfavorofhosting).AlthoughJinGu’s“pro-politicalfaction”waswidelysupportedatonetime,heconspiredtoseizecontroloftheSouthKoreanpoliceandwasdefeated.SotheUSgovernmentexcludedhimasanationalist,andwaslaterassassinatedbythefar-rightpoliceman,AhnDoo-hee.;Therefore,iftheUnitedStateswantstofosteraspokespersonwhoisinclinedtotheUSgovernment,itcanonlybetheRheeChengmanGroup.

Asthetwocountriescontinuetocultivatetheirownforces,theUS-SovietJointCommissionwasunabletoreachanagreementonhowtoorganizeaunifiedelectionontheKoreanPeninsula.TheUnitedStatesaccusestheSovietUnionofsuppressingright-wingpartiesandoppositionpartiesintheNorth,whiletheSovietUnionaccusestheUnitedStatesoffalsifyingelectionissues.Inviewofthis,onSeptember17,1947,theUnitedStatessubmittedtheKoreanPeninsulaissuetotheUnitedNations.AdvocatethattheUnitedNationssetupaUnitedNationsinterimcommitteeontheKoreanPeninsula,responsibleforobservingandsupervisingthegeneralelectionsheldinNorthandSouthKorea,andformingtheNationalAssemblyfortheentireKoreanPeninsula.TheNationalAssemblywillthenconveneameetingtoestablishanationalgovernment.OnOctober31,theUnitedStatesevadedtheSecurityCouncilanddirectlysubmittedtheproposaltotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly.AlthoughtheUnitedStateshadopposedtheSovietUnion’s“callingpower”atthetime,thePoliticalCommitteeoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblypassedtheUSproposalbyvoting.

The"UnitedNationsInterimCommitteeforSouthKorea"(UNTCOK)isformedby9countriesexcludingtheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUniontooverseetheestablishmentoftheentireKoreanparliamentandelectaunifiedgovernment.InJanuary1948,IndianrepresentativeMenonledtheUNcommitteetoNorthKoreatoarrangeunifiedelectionaffairs.TheSovietUnionbannedsuchelectionsinNorthKoreaanddidnotallowentryofUnitedNationspersonnel.TheyhadtoreturnafteraninspectioninSeoul.OnFebruary26,1948,theInterimCommitteeoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblypassedaresolution:"AllowNorthKoreanstocontinueelectionswhereverpossible."

OnMay10,1948,theUnitedStatesmilitaryandpolicestrictlyguardedandUndersupervision,SouthKorea(laterSouthKorea)heldseparateelections.Accordingtostatisticsaftertheclosingofpollingplacesonthenightofthe10th,morethan85%ofthe8millionvotersinSouthKoreaparticipatedintheelection.TheresultoftheelectionwasthatRheeSeungmanbecamethefirstpresidentoftheRepublicofKoreawithaslightlysuperioradvantage.InAugustandSeptember1948,theRepublicofKorea(RepublicofKorea)governmentandtheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreawereestablishedintheNorthandSouthregionsofKorea.InOctober,theSovietUnionhandedovertheadministrativepowernorthofthe38thparalleltotheKoreanpeople,andinDecemberalltheSoviettroopswithdrew.Sixmonthslater,theUSmilitaryalsoannounceditswithdrawalfromthesouth,butcivilianofficialsandthe"militaryadvisorygroup"wereleftbehind.TheterritoryandnationoftheKoreanpeninsulaweredivided,andthetraffic,telecommunications,andexchangesofpersonnelandmaterialsonbothsidesofthe38thlinewerecutoff.Atthattime,thetotalpopulationoftheKoreanpeninsulawas30million,about21millionpeoplesouthofthe38thparallel,and9millionpeoplenorthofthe38thparallel.Thenorthandthesoutheachaccountedfor56%and44%ofthetotalareaof​​theKoreanpeninsula.OnJune25,1950,theNorthandSouthhadamilitaryconflictnearthe38thparallel,andtheKoreanWarthatlastedforthreeyearsbrokeout.

InJuly1953,thenorth-southmilitarydemarcationlinewasadjustedonthebasisofthe38thparallel,andthetemporarymilitarydemarcationlinewasdemarcatedwithintwokilometersoneachsideasademilitarizedzone.Traditionally,itisstillcalledthe38thline.

Thecourseofthewar

Theoutbreakofwar

FromJanuary1949toJune1950,thereweremorethan2,000incidentsbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreanearthe"38thLine".dispute.Thiskindofarmedconflictcontinuedtoescalate,andfinallyalarge-scaleconflictbrokeoutonthe"38thparallel"onJune25,1950.

AtdawnonJune25,1950,thewarbrokeout.NorthKoreaclaimedthat"SouthKorea’sRheeSeungman’sarmycrossedthe38thParallelandattackednorthwardandlaunchedasurpriseattackontheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKorea.TheUSPatrioticWar".AfterthedisintegrationoftheSovietUnion,withthereleaseofthearchivesoftheformerSovietUnion,historianswidelyrecognizedthatat4a.m.onJune25,1950,afterobtainingStalin’sconsent,theNorthKoreanCabinetPrimeMinisterKimIlSungorderedthearmytocrossthe38thlineandlaunchedanattackagainstSouthKorea.Thesuddenattack.Asforthecheeringfalsereportthat"theKoreanarmycounterattackedtheoccupationofHaizhou"ontheseconddayofthewar,itwasclarifiedandretractedbytheSouthKoreangovernmentatthattime.

SincemostoftheKoreanDefenseForceshadnotyetenteredthestateofcombatreadinessatthattime,theyhadnoabilitytoparry.Threedayslater,onJune27,1950,Seoul(nowSeoul)wasdefeated.Duringtheretreat,theSouthKoreanhigh-levelleaderspanickedandblewuptheHanRiverBridgeandsentalargenumberoftroopstoNorthKorea,whichquicklydismantledtheresistanceoftheSouthKoreanarmy.

ItisworthpointingoutthatKimIlSungdidnotinformChinainadvanceofthedetailedcombatplanandthespecificdateofthewar.Therefore,mainlandChina,liketheUnitedStates,didnotlearnaboutituntilthebeginningofthewar.Thiscanalsobecalledaunilateral"undeclaredwar"byNorthKoreainthetruesense.

TheUnitedStatesentersthewar

Mainentry:Incheonlanding

OnJune26,1950,USPresidentTrumanorderedtheUSFarEastAirForcestationedinJapantoassistSouthKoreaincombat.Onthe27th,heagainorderedtheUSSeventhFleettoenterthetwoportsofKeelungandKaohsiungtopatroltheTaiwanStrait.PreventthePeople'sLiberationArmyfromliberatingTaiwan.TheU.S.representativetotheUnitedNationsalsosubmittedamotiontotheSecurityCouncil.InthecasethattheSovietrepresentativewasabsentduetoprotestsagainstthecontinuedoccupationoftheseatoftheChineserepresentativebytheTaiwanKuomintanggovernmentsinceJanuary1950,itwas13:1(Yugoslaviavotedagainstit).Thenextmotionwaspassed,butafterthedisintegrationoftheSovietUnion,followingthereleaseoftheSovietarchives,whentheKoreanWarbrokeoutonJune25,theSovietambassadortotheUnitedNationssuggestedtoStalinthatSovietrepresentativesshouldreturntotheSecurityCouncilbeforetheendofJuneinordertoexercisetheirvetopower.HeopposedtheadoptionofaUNresolutionthatwasnotconducivetoNorthKorea,butitwasrejectedbyStalin.ThisenabledtheUnitedNationstosuccessfullypasstheabovethreeresolutionsonthecompositionofthe"UnitedNationsArmy".The"UnitedNationsArmy"isdominatedbytheUSmilitary,and15othercountrieshavealsosentasmallnumberoftroopstothewar.ThedefenseforcesoftheUnitedKingdom,Turkey,Canada,Thailand,NewZealand,Australia,theNetherlands,France,thePhilippines,Greece,Belgium,Colombia,Ethiopia,Luxembourg,SouthAfricaandSouthKoreaareallunderthecommandoftheUSFarEastArmystationedinJapan.CommanderoftheUSFarEastArmy.OnJuly5th,theUSmilitaryparticipatedinthefirstbattleagainstNorthKorea.

Intheearlydaysofthewar,theNorthKoreanarmywasvictorious:seizedSeoulonJune28;occupiedDaejeononJuly20;occupiedMokpoonJuly24;andoccupiedJinjuonJuly31.TheKoreanNationalDefenseForcesandtheU.S.forceshavebeenforcedtoretreattoBusan.Atthistime,the25thDivisionoftheUSArmyreceivedtheordertodefendthesouthernlineofdefenseandcouldnotretreat.TheKoreanPeople'sArmyhasoccupied90%ofthelandand92%ofthepopulationontheKoreanPeninsula.OnAugust6,GeneralMikeArthurmetwithotherseniormilitaryofficersinTokyoandpersuadedotherstoimplementtheriskyIncheonlandingplan.

OnSeptember15,1950,MacArthurboardedtheflagshipMountMcKinleyandpersonallysupervisedthebattle.Underthecoverofmorethan300warshipsandmorethan500aircraftintheUnitedStatesandBritain,theUSTenthArmysuccessfullylandedinIncheon.,RaidedfromtherearoftheNorthKoreanarmy,cutoffthewaistlineoftheKoreanpeninsula,andquicklyregainedthePortofIncheonandnearbyislands.OnSeptember22,1950,the"UnitedNationsforces"thatretreatedtotheBusanringdefensivecircletookadvantageofthemomentumtocounterattack.OnSeptember27,1950,theIncheonlandingforceandtheBusanforcenearSuwonmetandregainedSeoulonedaylater.

Besides,afterWorldWarII,theUnitedStatessecretlymadepeacewithJapaninordertocompetewiththeSovietUnionforworldhegemony.UndertheinstigationoftheUnitedStates,Japansecretlysentamine-sweepingforceintheKoreanWar,whichwasthefirsttimethatJapansenttroopsabroadafterWorldWarII.

TheoriginalplanoftheUnitedStatestodrivetheNorthKoreanarmybacknorthofthe38thparallelhaschangedduetotheextremelysmoothprogressofthewar.GeneralMacArthuraskedtotakeadvantageofthemomentumtochaseanddrivecommunismoutoftheentireKoreanpeninsula.OnSeptember27,1950,boththeUSJointChiefsofStaffandPresidentTrumanagreedtoMacArthur'sproposal,butthePresidentaskedMacArthurtoattackNorthKoreaonlyifChinaandtheSovietUnionwouldnotparticipateinthewar.Thenextday,UStroopsapproachedthe38thparallel,andonOctober1,1950,SouthKorea'sfirstbatchoftroopsfinallyenteredNorthKoreatofight.

China'sparticipationinthewar

BeforetheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,ChinatransferredtheKoreantroopsoftheFourthFieldArmytoNorthKoreaasadivisionattherequestofKimIlSung.AttheendofMay1950,KimIl-sungsentsecretenvoystoBeijing,butChairmanMaoZedongexpressedhisconcernabouttheUnitedStates’participationinthewar.AfterthewarbrokeoutandbeforethelandinginIncheon,herepeatedlyremindedKimIl-sungandtheKoreanPeople’sArmythatIncheonwouldbeLandinglocationintheUnitedStates.AftertheoutbreakoftheKoreanWar,ChinaestablishedtheNortheastFrontierDefenseForceonJuly13,1950,andtransferred4troopsandartilleryunitsfromHenanProvincetothenortheasttostrengthenborderdefense.OnAugust5,MaoZedongtelegraphedtheleadershipoftheNortheastFrontierDefenseArmy,requestingthatthepreparationsforcombatbecompletedbytheendofAugustandthattheycanbedispatchedtoNorthKoreatoparticipateinthewarinearlySeptember.Atthistime,theKoreanPeople'sArmywasstillfightingalongtheNakdongRiverinSouthKorea,andthe"UnitedNationsArmy"onlyguardedasmallareaof​​theBusanDefenseCircle(only3%oftheterritoryoftheKoreanPeninsula).

AfterIncheonlanded,thesituationontheKoreanpeninsulareversed.TheChinesegovernmentbroadcastswarningstotheUnitedStatesalmosteverydaythatifitcrossesthe38thparallel,Chinawillsendtroops.OnSeptember30,PremierZhouEnlaideliveredatoughspeechattheNationalDaymeetingoftheCPPCC:"TheChinesepeoplemustnottolerateforeignaggression,norcantheyallowimperialismtoignorethewantonaggressionofitsneighbors."IntheearlymorningofOctober3,1950,beforeAmericantroopsenteredthenorthernpartoftheKoreanpeninsulaonalargescale,ZhouEnlaisummonedIndianAmbassadortoChinaPannijaandaskedhimtotelltheUSgovernment:"IftheUSforcescrossthe38thlineandinvadeNorthKorea,wewillnotsitidlyby."ThiswarningwasregardedbyTrumanasChina's"diplomaticblackmail"againsttheUnitedNationsandwasnottakenseriously.

AlthoughChinahasmadeastrongstatement,theinternalopinionsofthetopleadersareinconsistent,andmostofthemtendnottoparticipateinthewar,becauseChinahasgonethroughmanyyearsofwarandiswaitingtoberevived.Beinginvolvedinthiswarisnotgoodforthecountry'sdevelopment.ThedeclassifiedfilesoftheformerSovietUnionindicatethatStalin,astheheadofthesocialistcamp,instructedtheCCPtosendtroopstointervene,butuntilthebeginningofOctober,theChinesegovernmentstillfailedtomakeafinaldecisiononwhethertoparticipateinthewar.ZhouEnlairushedtoMoscowtodiscusstheissueofparticipationinthewarwiththeSovietside.OnOctober4,1950,PengDehuai,chairmanoftheNorthwestMilitaryandPoliticalCommitteeofChina,wasorderedtoarriveinBeijingtodiscusstheKoreanissue.ItwasonlyattheenlargedmeetingofthePoliticalBureauoftheCPCCentralCommitteeonOctober8,1950thathefinallydecidedtointerveneintheKoreanWar.ThedirectreasonfortheChinesegovernment'sdecisionwasthattheUSplanebombedChina'sAnton(nowDandong,Liaoning),andChina'sterritorialsecuritywasseriouslythreatened.IfNorthKoreaisoccupied,itwilldirectlythreatenChina'snationalinterests.EveniftheUSmilitarydoesnotattackChina,acountrywithaborderofmorethan1,000kilometerswithChinawillfallintothecapitalistcamp,whichisagreatthreattoChina.Atthesametime,theentryoftheUSmilitaryintotheTaiwanStraitforcedChinatosuspendthewarofcrossingtheseaagainstTaiwan,makingChinadirectlyfeelthethreatfromtheUnitedStates.Basedonthesereasons,theChinesegovernmentfinallydecidedtosendtroopstotheKoreanPeninsulatofightagainstthe"UnitedNationsArmy."

Thefirstandsecondbattles

Mainentry:ThefirstbattleoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea、TheSecondBattleoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea

Afterthedecisionwasmade,MaoZedongandZhouEnlaistudiedtheissueofsendingtroopsunderwhatname,andinitiallydraftedthenameofthe"supportarmy."HuangYanpeibelievesthatsupportingthearmyissentout,anditiseasyfortheinternationalcommunitytothinkthatChinahasdeclaredwarontheUnitedStates.Therefore,itwaschangedtotheChinesePeople'sVolunteerArmyandusedacompletelydifferentdesignationtoindicatethatitwasnotChinathatdeclaredwarwiththeUnitedStates,butthatthepeoplevolunteeredtosupportNorthKorea.Intheearlydaysofthewar,thisnamemadethe"UnitedNationsArmy"mistakenlythoughtitwasjustasmallteamofvolunteers.Later,the"UnitedNationsArmy"figuredoutthattheChinesePeople'sVolunteerswereformedandregulartroops,butafterusingacompletelydifferentdesignation,theywerealsowillingtorecognizethename"Volunteers"inordertolimitthewartotheKoreanPeninsulaandavoidescalation.

AlthoughitiscalledtheVolunteerArmy,itisactuallyanactiveforceparticipatinginthewarinanintegratedsystem.Commander-in-ChiefPengDehuaievenjokinglysaid:"Whatkindofvolunteerarmy,Iamnotavolunteer!"However,evenso,thesoldiersparticipatinginthewaratthattimeOpposingtheUSaidtoNorthKoreaiswelcomingandpositive,andtoacertainextentitcanberegardedas"volunteer."Thesloganatthetimewas"ResistUSaggressionandaidKorea,anddefendourcountry!"

OnOctober7,1950,theUSmilitaryviolentlycrossedthe38thparallelandadvancedtowardsPyongyang.Atthesametime,theNortheastFrontierGuardsoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmywerereorganizedintotheChinesePeople'sVolunteers,andPengDehuaiwasappointedasthecommanderandpoliticalcommissaroftheChinesePeople'sVolunteersinordertoentertheKoreanterritorytofightactively.

OnOctober19,1950,the38thArmyoftheChinesePeople'sVolunteerstooktheleadincrossingtheYaluRiverfromJi'an(nowJi'anCity)tofightintheDPRK.ThefirstbattleafterenteringtheDPRKstartedonOctober25,1950.Onthesameday,theVolunteerArmy's40thArmyandthe118thDivisionlaunchedaraidonthe"UnitedNations"inBeizhenandtookoveranhourtoretakeOnjing.ThecoalitiondidnotexpectthattheChinesearmywouldlaunchanoffensivewhenthecoalitioncrossedthe38thparallelandenteredNorthKorea.Moreover,thecoalitionforceshadnotreceivedanyintelligencethattheChinesearmyhadcrossedtheYaluRiver.ThecoalitionforceswerecaughtoffguardandretreatedtothesouthoftheQingchuanRiver.

OnNovember25,1950,thesecondbattlestarted.The13thCorpsoftheVolunteersattackedandrepelledtheSecondGroupofSouthKoreanArmyattheBattleofCheoncheonRiver,andthenrepelledtheUS2ndDivision.TheUnitedNationsCommandandtheU.S.EighthArmysuccessfullyretreatedunderthecoveroftheTurkishBrigade.OnNovember27th,ontheeasternfront,the9thCorpsoftheVolunteersraidedtheregimentcombatteam(3,000soldiers)oftheUSSeventhArmyandthe1stDivisionoftheUSMarineCorpsattheBattleofChangjinLakeandbesiegedthemforawhile;however,theUSmilitarywasstillintheAirForce.UnderthecoveroftheXCorps,theysuccessfullybrokethroughandretreatedbysea.OnNovember30,theEighthArmyoftheUSArmywasdrivenfromthenorthwesternpartoftheKoreanPeninsulabythe13thCorpsoftheVolunteers.OnDecember6,theChineseandNorthKoreantroopsregainedPyongyanganddrovethecoalitionbacktothevicinityofthe38thparallel,whichinitiallyreversedthesituationinNorthKorea.

Thethirdandfourthbattles

Mainentry:ThethirdbattleoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea、TheFourthBattleoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea

OnDecember31,1950,theChineseandNorthKoreancoalitionforceslaunchedthethirdbattle;byJanuary2,theVolunteershadpenetratedintothe"UnitedNationsArmy"defenseatadepthof15to20kilometers,disruptingthedeploymentofthe"UnitedNationsArmy",andthe"UnitedNationsArmy"wasdefeated.Forcedtoretreatacrosstheboard.AsofJanuary7,the"UnitedNationsArmy"hadretreatedtothePyeongtaek,Anseong,Jecheon,Yeongwol,andSamcheonlinesinthenorthandsouthofthe37thline.Duringtheoperation,alargenumberofSouthKoreantroopsandasmallnumberofUStroopswereannihilatedbytheChineseandNorthKoreantroopsbecausetheywereunabletoretreat.PengDehuaibelievedthatthecoalitionforceswerewithdrawingsouthwardinaplannedway,attemptingtoluretheenemydeeperandrepeatingtheoldtrickoftheIncheonlanding,soheorderedthevolunteerstostoppursuingandthebattleendedonJanuary8.

OntheeveningofFebruary11,1951,theVolunteerArmylaunchedaHengchengcounterattack,containingthe"UnitedNationsArmy"inTopyeong-ri,planningtoattacktheSouthKoreanEighthDivisioninthenorthwestofHengcheng,thusopeningthegap.AssaultedontheU.S.defenselineinWonju,theVolunteerswerevictorious.TheVolunteersusedthecross-countrycounterattacktoforcetheSouthKoreanThird,Fifth,andEighthDivisions,theFirstDivisionoftheU.S.SecondDivision,andtheAirborne187Regimenttobegintoretreat,whichtoacertainextenteasedthepressurethattheVolunteersfacedontheentirebattlefield.AftertheHengchengcounterattack,theUnitedNationsforcesontheeasternfrontshowedsignsoffalteringacrosstheboardandbegantoretreattovaryingdegrees,exceptforthe"UnitedNationsArmy"inToppira.

OnFebruary13,thevolunteerslaunchedToppira.Battle.

FromMarch7thtoApril4th,1951,theU.S.militarycarriedoutOperationRipper.FromtheeveningofMarch14thto15th,the1stSouthKoreanInfantryDivisionandthe3rdUSInfantryDivisionre-occupiedSeoul,markingthefourthandlasttimethecapitalhaschangedhandssinceJune1950.VolunteersabandonedIncheonandSeoul,andtheentirelinewasforcedtoretreatmorethan100kilometersandretreatedtothenorthofthe38°Nlatitudeline.

Duetothelackofamodernairforce,theVolunteershavenoso-calledfront-lineandlogisticaldistinctionsinNorthKorea.TheentirefrontisexposedtofierceU.S.airstrikesandcanonlyusenightcombatassaultsandalargenumberofmigrantworkersatnight.Theroadsandbridgeswererushedtorepair,followedbythebombing,andtheywerebombedagainaftertherepairs.Thereisalackoffreshfruitsandvegetablesonthebattlefield,andthevolunteersaregenerallysufferingfromnightblindness.Theharshenvironmentforcedthecommander-in-chiefofthevolunteers,PengDehuai,toreturntoBeijingbyplaneandspeakoutaboutthedifficultiesonthefrontline.Afterthinkingaboutit,MaoZedongproposedtoPengDehuai:"IfyoucanwintheKoreanWarquickly,youwillwinquickly.Ifyoucan'twinquickly,youwillwinslowly.Don'trushforsuccess."

Thefifthbattle

Mainentry:TheFifthBattleoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea

April22,1951,TheChinesePeople'sVolunteerslaunchedthefifthbattle.Bytheendofthe"WorshipOffensive"onthe29th,the"UnitedNationsArmy"begantolaunchthe"SecondSpringOffensive"andpushedintoCheorwonandYeoncheon.Amongthem,theVolunteerArmy63begantodefenditselfbymountainandriver.The"UnitedNationsArmy"steppedintothe38°northlatitudelineforthesecondtime.TheVolunteerswereforcedtoretreatabout40kilometersacrossthelinetobarelystopthecoalition'sattack.Times,knownas"VanFleet'sammunition",theChinesePeople'sVolunteerscasualtiesmorethan75,000people.The"UnitedNationsArmy"alsolostmorethan80,000peopleinthefifthbattle.Sincethen,thetwosideshaveshiftedtoastrategicconfrontation.

OnJuly10,1951,thetwosidesfinallyagreedtoaceasefireandsatatthenegotiatingtable.

TherearemanyconflictsbetweentheviewsoftheTrumanadministrationandMacArthur,thefrontcommanderofthecoalitionforces.TrumanwantedtoavoiddirectconflictwithChinaortheSovietUnion,anddidnotwanttotriggerWorldWarIII.MacArthurprioritizedmilitaryvictory.ManyofhisactionsontheKoreanPeninsulawerenotapprovedbyWashington,andsomeevenviolatedWashington'sdecision.OnApril11,1951,TrumanfinallydecidedtoremoveMacArthurfromthepostofsupremecommanderandwasreplacedbyMatthewLiQiwei.ThisorderwasknowntoMacArthurontheradioasthepeopleallovertheworlddid,andMacArthurthoughtitwasTruman'shumiliationtohim.Afterbeingdismissed,MacArthurwaswelcomedasaherointheUnitedStatesformonths,butthecrazedidnotlast.

MacArthurwasdismissedbyTrumanonApril11,1951becausehehadacommandershipdisputewithTrumanandadvocatedextendingtheKoreanWartoChina.However,MacArthur’sproposalwasnottosendtroopstoattackChina.ThehopeisthatpressurefromnavalandairforceswillforceChinatocompromiseassoonaspossibletoendtheKoreanWar.

OnMay15,1951,thefive-starGeneralOmarNelsonBradleywasinvitedtotestifytoCongress:"RedChinaisnotthepowerfulcountryseekingtodominatetheworld(herealludingtotheSovietUnion)Franklyspeaking,fromthepointofviewoftheJointChiefsofStaff,thisstrategywillallowustoengageinthewrongwarwiththewrongenemyatthewrongplace,atthewrongtime."

TheSovietUnionsecretlyintervenesh3>

Mainentry:MigeCorridor

November1950Atthebeginningofthemonth,oneweekafterthevolunteersenteredtheDPRK,theSovietAirForceenteredthewar.Aftermid1951,ChinaandtheSovietAirForceMiG-15repeatedlyfoughtcoalitionfighters,formingthefamous"MiGCorridor"overtheplainsonthesouthbankoftheYaluRiver,whichwastheareawheremostoftheairbattlesoccurredduringtheentireKoreanWar.InordertoavoidtheexpansionofthewarduetotheSovietUnion’sparticipationinthewar,atthetimeUSSecretaryofDefenseVandenbergexplainedatthepressconference:“Chinabecameanairforcepoweralmostovernight.”

ThemostmysteriousandeliteintheMiGCorridorTheforcesoftheSovietUnionandEasternEuropewerepilots.StalinorderedtheDefenseMinisterMarshalVasilievskytoberesponsiblefordispatchingaviationdivisionstoChina.AllSovietcombatantsworetheuniformsoftheChinesePeople’sVolunteersandstrictlyrestrictedthecombatareaof​​theirpilots.ItscommanderistheaircombatheroKozhdub,andmanypilotshaveexperiencedthebaptismofWorldWarIIandhaveextremelyrichcombatexperience.Infact,theircommandsystemisindependentoftheChinesearmy,butthemainairportisstilllocatedinChinanearAnton.ItisveryclosetotheYaluRiver,anditismuchcheaperthantheU.S.fighterplanestakingofffromJapan.Inaddition,theUSmilitaryexpresslyprohibitsairforceunitsfromenteringChina.Mostofthetime,aircraftattheseairportscantakeoff,land,andassemblefreely.USpilotsoncementionedininterviewsthatwhenpatrollingtheairspaceneartheYaluRiver,theycouldseetheaircrafttakingoffattheairportfromadistance.Aftertheformationwascompleted,theycarriedoutaircombatwithahighadvantage.AlthoughStalindemandedstrictconfidentiality,thecoalitionforcesactuallylearnedoftheSovietinterventionfrommonitoringradiocommunicationsaftertheSovietUnionjoinedtheranksofairwarfare.However,duringtheentireKoreanWar,thecoalitionforcesalsochosetoremainsilenttopreventthewarfromexpanding.

Thelimitedareaof​​theMiGCorridorandmostoftheairbattlesareconcentratedoutsidethisrange,showingthatthecoalitionforcesheadedbytheU.S.militaryhavenotlostcontrolofairsupremacy.TheSovietUnionandChinaarealsowillingtoestablishforwardairfieldsinthesouth.Nothigh,italsocausedbothsidestogotothisareaforaircombat.Intermsofthedistancethatbothsidesneedtofly,theaveragestaytimeoftheUSF-86isabout20minutes.Judgingfromtheresults,theUSmilitaryhasindeedsuppressedthevolunteers'abilitytouseairpowerontheKoreanPeninsula.However,afteralongperiodofconfrontation,theUSmilitary'sstrategicattempttocutofftheChinesemilitary'stransportationlinebybombingfailedintheend.

In2000,WangHai,theformercommanderoftheChinesePeople’sLiberationArmyAirForce,wroteinhisautobiography"MyCombatCareer":TheSovietAirForcefought."Duringtheentirewar,12Sovietairdivisionsparticipatedintheaircombat.Thetotalnumberofairforcesparticipatinginthewarwas72,000,andin1952itreached25,000-26,000atitspeak.TheSovietAirForce’sfightersshotdownatotalof1,097enemyaircraft,andtheanti-aircraftartilleryshotdownatotalof212enemyaircraft.AccordingtostatisticsfromtheGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesoftheRussianFederation,Sovietaviationlost335aircraftand120pilotsontheKoreanbattlefield.ThetotallossofSovietsoldiersinthiswarwas299.

Thefirstarmisticenegotiations

Afterayearoflarge-scaleconflict,onJune23,1951,Malik,theSovietrepresentativetotheUnitedNations,wasontheradioprogram"ThePriceofPeace"Putforwardaproposalforthetwosidestonegotiateaceasefire:"ThemostacuteissueoftheNorthKoreanarmedconflictcanalsoberesolved....TheSovietpeoplebelievethatthefirststepisthatthewarringpartiesshouldnegotiateaceasefireandatruce.Withdrawthearmyfromthe38thparallel."

OnJune25,1951,ChinaandtheUnitedStatesissuedastatementalmostatthesametimeexpressingtheiragreement.ChinapublishedaneditorialinthePeople’sDailythatday,saying,"We,theChinesepeople,totallyagree.Thissuggestion".Ontheotherhand,USPresidentTrumandeliveredaspeechattheinaugurationceremonyoftheAeronauticalEngineeringResearchCenterinTennessee,statingthattheUnitedStatesis"willingtoparticipateinthenegotiationsforapeacefulsettlementoftheKoreanPeninsula."

OnJune30,thecommander-in-chiefofthe"UnitedNationsArmy"LiQiweiwasorderedtoinformtheKoreanPeople’sArmy:“IlearnedthatNorthKoreamaywishtoholdameetingtodiscussacessationofhostilitiesandallarmedactionsontheKoreanPeninsula.Thearmisticeagreement,andIwouldliketoproperlyguaranteetheimplementationofthisarmisticeagreement.Afteryour(KoreanPeople’sArmy)respondstothisnotice,Iwillsendourrepresentativesandproposeadateforameetingtomeetwithyourrepresentatives.IproposethisThemeetingcanbeheldonaDanishwoundedshipinWonsanPort."

OnJuly1,1951,thecommander-in-chiefoftheKoreanPeople’sArmyKimIl-sungandthecommander-in-chiefoftheChinesePeople’sVolunteersPengDehuaireplied:Thedeclarationonpeacenegotiationswasreceivedonthe30th.Weareauthorizedtodeclaretoyouthatweagreetomeetwithyourrepresentativesfornegotiationsonthecessationofmilitaryoperationsandtheestablishmentofpeace.Thelocationofthemeeting,werecommendKaesongonthe38thlineRegion.Ifyouagree,ourrepresentativesaregoingtomeetwithyourrepresentativesfromJuly10to15,1951."Inthisway,thefirstarmisticenegotiationsbetweenthetwosideswereheldinKaesongonJuly10.

TherepresentativesofNorthKoreaandChinaare:Nanri(NorthKorea),LiXiangchao(NorthKorea),DengHua(middle),Jiefang(middle),ZhangThefivegeneralsofHirayama(Chao).Korean War

SouthKoreaandtheUnitedStatesarerepresentedbyfivegenerals:TurnerJoe(UnitedStates),Craig(UnitedStates),HuoZhi(UnitedStates),Burke(UnitedStates),andBaiShanye(SouthKorea).

TheDPRKandChinamadethreesuggestions:1.Aceasefire;2.Restoringthe38thparalleltotheborderbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKorea;3.Withdrawingforeigntroopsassoonaspossible.SouthKoreaandtheUnitedStatesdidnotacceptthisproposalanddemandedthattheceasefiredemarcationlinebeplacedinareascontrolledbyNorthKoreaandChina.Thefirstnegotiationbrokedown.

TheMilitaryDemarcationLineAgreement

Inordertoobtainfavorableconditionsforthearmisticenegotiations,the"UnitedNationsArmy"andtheKoreanArmywereheldfromAugust18thtoSeptember18thandSeptember29th,1951.－ThesummeroffensiveandautumnoffensivewerelaunchedonOctober22,respectively,attackingthewestandeastlinesofdefenseofNorthKoreaandChina.TheKoreanPeople’sArmyandtheChinesePeople’sVolunteerswereturnedintodefenses,andatthesametimetheywerehitbyfloodsandmanyfortificationsweredestroyed.Aftertwomonthsoffiercefighting,the"UnitedNationsArmy"occupied646squarekilometersoflandandadvancedabout2kilometersonaverage.LiQiweirealizedthat"noonewouldbelievethatwiththislimitedforceinourhands,wecanwinanoverallvictory."Asaresult,thearmisticenegotiationsresumedonOctober25,1951,andthelocationwaschangedtoPanmunjom.

FromOctober30tolateNovember,1951,theVolunteerslaunchedapartialcounterattack,regaining178squarekilometersofland,andconsolidatedthedefenseoftheKaesongarea.

OnNovember27,thetwosidesreachedanagreementontheissueofthemilitarydemarcationlineandthedemilitarizedzone:"Thecurrentlineofcontactbetweenthetwopartiesshallbethemilitarydemarcationline.Ifthemilitaryarmisticeagreementissigned30daysaftertheapprovalofthisagreement,theabove-mentionedmilitarydemarcationlineanddemilitarizedzoneshallberevisedaccordingtothechangesintheactualcontactlinebetweenthetwopartiesinthefuture."

Bothsidesaredeadlocked

Mainentry:ShangganlingBattle

  • DiabeticRidge,SadRidge

DuringthesummeroffensivefromAugust18toSeptember18,1951,inordertoensurethetruceAmorefavorablelineofpositionswasobtained.SinceAugust18,theUSandSouthKoreanforceshavesimultaneouslylaunchedattacksonDixuelingandtheeastbankoftheSoyangRiver.WiththeresoluteresistanceofthemilitarycommanderFangHushan,thetwosideslaunchedashort-handedbloodybattle.Afterafewdays,theentiremountaintopwasstainedredwithblood.TheUSmilitaryreporterwhosawthismiserablebattlecouldn'thelpbutyelled"BloodyRidge"(BloodyRidge)thename.ByAugust27,theKoreanarmywasforcedtoretreat,andthetopsofthemountainsithadcapturedwereagainoccupiedbytheKoreanarmy.The"UnitedNationsArmy"replacedthe36thRegimentoftheSouthKoreanArmywiththe9thRegimentofthe2ndDivisionoftheUSArmy.TheNorthKoreanarmyhidinthetunnelonthereverseslope,andwhentheUSarmywasabouttoadvancetothetoppositionofthemountain,itsuddenlyshotviolently.Asaresult,theUSarmysufferedheavylosseseverytime.OnSeptember5,DiabloRidgewasfinallycapturedbytheUnitedStatesandSouthKorea.

ThelossreportofDixieLinggaveVanFleetagreatshock,sotheU.S.10thArmyturnedtocapturethe851-931-894highlandgroupjustnorthofDixieLing.TheUSmilitaryreporterwhowitnessedthebattleonthismountaincalledoutthenameSadnessRidge.Inthisbattle,theUS23rdRegimentAssaultCompanywasattackedbymachineguncross-fireandgrenades,aswellasconcentratedfirefromartilleryandmortar.Thetwobattalionsofthe23rdRegimenthadnootherchoicebuttoretreattothevalleytoavoiddirectfireanddigtrenchesforself-defense.OnSeptember16,theUSArmy’s23rdRegiment,JamesY.Adams,sentareserveteamtoattackatthesametimefrombothwingstoreducethepressureonthefrontalforces.However,thisattackwasalsoblockedbytheNorthKoreanarmyandnoprogresswasmade.OnSeptember20,thenewlyappointed2ndDivisionCommander,MajorGeneralRobertN.Young,orderedthe9thRegiment,whichhadparticipatedintheBattleofBloodRidge,toseizethe1024and867highlandsonbothsidesofHeartbreakRidge.Highland1024wastaken,butbecauseitwas7kilometersawayfromSadnessRidge,ithadlittleeffectonthesuppressionofthetunneltacticsonthereverseslopeoftheKoreanarmy,andthenewlyreplaced15thregimentoftheKoreanarmyheldthe867highlandtenaciously.

  • TheBattleofShangganling

IntheearlymorningofOctober14,1952,the"UnitedNationsArmy"The8thArmyCommanderVanFleetlaunchedtheBattleofShangganlingnorthofJinhua,andbothsideslostandregainedtheirgainsandlossesonthesurfacepositions.Asaresultofrepeatedcompetitions,bothsidessufferedheavycasualties.In43days,morethan2.3millionartilleryshellswerefiredinanareaof​​3.7squarekilometers,andthemudontheridgewasblownoutbyanaverageofatleast3meters.ThecasualtiesoftheChinesePeople’sVolunteershaveincreasedsharply,buttheUSmilitary’sattackshavebeenprevented,andtheUSmilitary’scasualtieshaveincreaseddramatically.HuanlinghaskilledmorethanathousandUSsoldiers.

AfterVanFleetwasunabletowintheUpperGanling,theUSmilitarywasunabletolaunchanoffensiveonabattalionscale,becausetheUSmilitaryhasrealizedthatitwillstillrelyonnegotiationstoendthewar.DefendingtheChinesearmyonShangganling,allthecommendationsweretheShangganlingHeroes.

Formalarmistice

Mainentry:NorthKoreaArmisticeAgreement

OnMarch30and31,1953,ZhouEnlaiandKimIlSung,onbehalfofChinaandNorthKorea,successivelyproposedatwo-stepsolutiontotheissueofprisonersofwar.Theyadvocatedtheimmediaterepatriationofallprisonerswhoinsistedonrepatriationafterthearmistice.,Andhandovertheremainingprisonersofwartoneutralcountriestoensureajustsettlementoftherepatriationissue.Thisproposalwonthesympathyandsupportofpublicopinionallovertheworld.

ThetrucenegotiationsresumedonApril26,1953,andonJune8,1953,anagreementwasfinallyreachedontherepatriationofprisonersofwar.

However,onJune18,1953,theRheeChengmanGroupdrove27,000prisonersofwarfromtheprisoner-of-warcampwithoutstoppingbytheU.S.securityforces.Accordingtothe"KoreanWarVolunteersTreatingPrisonersofWar:TheEnemy'sOwn"documentrecords,McLaughlinlost66poundswhenhewasrepatriated.

OnJune19,1953,NorthKoreaandChinaseverelycondemnedthisprovocativeact,andtheUnitedStatesforcedRheetomakeaguaranteefortheimplementationofthearmisticeagreementinthefuture.Inexchange,theU.S.governmentagreedtotrainandequipSouthKoreantroopswith20divisions,provide1billionU.S.dollarsineconomicassistance,andsignamilitaryagreement.

At10amonJuly27,1953inPanmunjom,NorthKorea,China,andtheUnitedStatessignedthe"KoreaArmisticeAgreement"andthe"TemporarySupplementtotheArmisticeAgreement"ceasefireagreement.

OnOctober1,1953,theUnitedStatesandSouthKoreasignedthe"U.S.-SouthKoreaMutualDefenseTreaty"andcontinuedtoretainAmericantroopsinSouthKorea.AttheGenevaConferenceheldinApril1954forthepeacefulsettlementoftheKoreanissueandtherestorationoftheIndochinapeaceissue,noagreementwasreachedonthewithdrawalofallforeigntroopsfromNorthKoreaandthepeacefulsettlementoftheKoreanissue.TheChinesePeople'sVolunteerswerecompletelywithdrawnfromNorthKoreaattheendof1958,afterconsultationandagreementbetweenthegovernmentsofNorthKoreaandChina.ThisactiondemonstratesthesincerityofNorthKoreaandChinainimplementingthearmisticeagreementandpeacefullyresolvingtheNorthKoreanissue.

Thesigningceremonyofthe"KoreaArmisticeAgreement"(2photos)

In1954,SovietofficialsandrepresentativesofcountriesparticipatinginthewarontheKoreanPeninsulaheldtalksinGeneva,Switzerland.However,thenegotiationsfailedtoreachapermanentpeaceplanandfailedtoresolvetheissueofNorth-SouthreunificationontheKoreanPeninsula.Untiltoday,60yearslater,theKoreanPeninsulaisstilldividedintotwocountries:theDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreaandtheRepublicofKorea.

In1991,NorthKoreaandSouthKoreasignedanagreementtonegotiateapermanentpeacetreaty,whichwasapprovedin1992.However,in1991,NorthKoreabegantoboycottthemilitaryceasefirecommittee,andChinawithdrewfromthecommitteein1994.OnMay27,2009,theNorthKoreanmilitaryissuedastatementannouncingthatNorthKoreawouldwithdrawfromtheNorthKoreanarmisticeagreementandwillnolongerbeboundbythemilitaryarmisticeagreement.

In2009,theNorthKoreanMilitaryandtheMotherlandPeacefulReunificationCommitteestatedthatNorthKorea"willnolongerabidebytheKoreanWarArmisticeAgreement."OnOctober21,2010,theKoreaCentralNewsAgencyissuedalongcommentaryhighlyappraisingtheachievementsoftheChineseVolunteersandawarded661,736officersandsoldiersoftheDemocraticPeople’sRepublicofKoreawiththetitleofhero,medalsandmedals.OnNovember11,2010,ObamasaidinaspeechinSouthKoreathattheUnitedStateshadwontheKoreanWar.

InSeptember2020,inavideoconferenceoftheUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly,SouthKoreanPresidentMoonJae-inreiteratedinhisspeechthathesuggestedthatNorthKoreaandSouthKorea,theUnitedStates,andperhapsChina,jointlydeclaretheendoftheKoreanWar.Strictlyspeaking,sincetheKoreanWarendedwithanarmisticewithoutsigningapeacetreaty,thetwoKoreasarestillatwar.OnOctober8,2020,accordingtoYonhapNewsAgencyinSeoul,SouthKoreanPresidentMoonJae-inproposedthatSouthKoreaandtheUnitedStatesjointlyannouncedtheofficialendoftheKoreanWarfrom1950to1953.HesaidthatthisisawaytoopenthedoortopeaceontheKoreanpeninsulaandfurtherconsolidatetheKorea-USalliance.

Forcesparticipatinginthewar

MainlyNorthKoreaandSouthKorea.ChinasentvolunteerstosupportNorthKorea.TheUnitedStates,aswellastheUnitedKingdom,Canada,Australia,NewZealand,theNetherlands,France,Turkey,Thailand,thePhilippines,Greece,Belgium,Colombia,Ethiopia,SouthAfrica,andLuxembourgparticipatedinthewarinaccordancewithUNResolution84;theSovietUnionsentsmall-scaleaviationunitsParticipatedinairdefenseoperationsintheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKoreawiththeanti-aircraftartilleryunit.

td>

Netherlands

Participatingcountries,maincommandersandnationalleaders

Puttroops(person)

China-NorthKoreaAlliedForces

NorthKorea

JinRicheng

266,600

1,642,600

China

MaoZedong,PengDehuai

1,350,000

SovietUnion

Stalin

26,000(mainlypilots)

HanJun,

"UnitedNationsArmy"

SouthKorea

LeeSeungman

602,902

1,184,834

UnitedStates

Truman,MacArthur,LiQiwei,Clark,Walker

540000

UnitedKingdom

Attlee

14,198

Canada

Omitted

8,123

Australia

略

2,282

Philippines

略

1,496

Turkey

略

5,453

略

819

France

略

1,185

NewZealand

略

1,385

Thailand

略

1,290

Ethiopia

略

1,600

Greece

略

1,263

Colombia

Omitted

1,068

Belgium

略

900

SouthAfrica

略

826

Luxembourg

略

44

KoreanPeople’sArmy

Mainentry:KoreanPeople’sArmy

TheKoreanPeople'sArmyhascarefullypreparedandestablishedalargearmysinceFebruary1948.

Weaponsandequipment:TheSovietUnionprovidedtheKoreanPeople’sArmywithalargenumberofmodernweaponsandequipmentrepresentedbytheT-34tank.

Personneltrainingandequipment:Since1946,theSovietUnionhastrainedthousandsofNorthKoreanofficers,andeachdivisionisalsoequippedwithabout15Sovietmilitaryadvisers.ItisworthmentioningthatinFebruary1949,KimIl-sungorderedParkIl-woo(long-termparticipationintherevolutionaryactivitiesoftheChineseCommunistParty)tofindMaoZedonginBeijing,whichhadjustbeenpeacefullyliberated,to"borrow"thetwoKoreandivisionsofthePeople’sLiberationArmy,formerlyknownasthe"KoreanVolunteerArmy."(164,166divisions).AfterobtainingMaoZedong’sapproval,alargenumberofKoreanofficersandsoldierswhohadparticipatedintheChineseAnti-JapaneseWarandtheCivilWarinNortheastChinaandGuanneiandhadrichpracticalexperiencewereenlistedintheNorthKoreanarmy,includingGeneralFangHushan,whohadfrightenedtheUSmilitary.Therefore,thestrengthoftheKoreanPeople'sArmyin1949wasindeedunmatchedbytheSouthKoreanarmy.Atthesametime,inordertoensurethepoliticalcentripetalforceofthearmy,theofficersoftheKoreanPeople'sArmyareallveteransoftheAnti-JapaneseWarorthosewhodidnotcooperatewithJapanduringtheJapanesecolonialrule.

NorthKoreahas10divisions,thefirstsixdivisions,eachwith11,000people,the7thdivisionwith12,000,andthe10thand13thdivisionsaredissatisfied,eachwithonly6,000people.The15thDivisionisalso11,000people.

2independentregiments:about8,000people;5garrisonbrigadeswithatotalof18,600people.

A105armoredbrigade:120Soviet-madeT-34tanks.

Anindependentarmoredregiment:30Soviet-madeT-34tanks.

Artillery:600guns.

Aircraft:180.

Fighter:40.

Bombers:70.

Reconnaissanceaircraft:10aircraft.

Totalstrength:about137,000people

InJuly1949,the"164thDivisionoftheFourthFieldArmyoftheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmy"wasrenamed"The5thDivisionoftheKoreanPeople'sArmy"and"166Division"Itwasrenamed"6thDivision"and"156thDivision"wasrenamed"7thDivision".KoreanPeople’sArmy’s2ndDivisionChiefChoiHyun,ChiefofStaffXuBo,4thDivisionChiefLiQuanwu,6thDivisionChiefFangHushan,7thDivisionChiefCuiIn,3rdDivisionChiefofStaffZhangPingshan,3rdDivision16thRegimentTheheadoftheregiment,CuiRendeandothers,weremostlyKoreansservingascadresofthePeople'sLiberationArmyinChina.

ChinesePeople'sVolunteersArmy

Mainentry:ChinesePeople'sVolunteersArmy

ChinahasenteredNorthKoreasuccessivelytofight,fromthefirstfieldtothe1army,fromthesecondfield,thereare12army,13armyandmorethan10,000personneltoparticipateinthewar.In1954,hereturnedtoChinawiththe15army.The15thArmyandthe16thArmycameoutofSanyewiththe20thArmy,the21stArmy,the23rdArmy,the24thArmy,the26thArmy,andthe27thArmy.The38thArmy,39thArmy,40thArmy,42ndArmy,46thArmy,47thArmy,50thArmyand54thArmycamefromthefourfields.Fromthe60thArmyoftheEighteenthCorps.FromtheNorthChinaFieldArmy,the63rdArmy,64thArmy,65thArmy,66thArmy,67thArmy,68thArmy.ThesetroopsenteredNorthKoreatofightinsuccession,includingtheairforceandartillery,withatotalforceofnearly1.9million.

SouthKoreanArmy

Weaponry:TheSouthKoreanArmylacksweaponsandhasnoformedartilleryunits,airforceunits,andtankunits.

Personneltrainingandequipment:MostoftheofficerscamefromJapanorManchukuomilitaryschoolduringWorldWarII,suchasthelaterpresidentParkZhengxi,andtheformerdivisioncommander,armycommander,andchiefofstaffBaiShanye.

Thereare9divisionsinSouthKorea,eachofwhichhasdifferentstrengths.Amongthem,the1stand7thdivisionsarethemost.Eachdivisionhasabout9,600people,followedbythe6thdivisionwith9112peopleandthe2nddivision.Thereareabout8,000people,andtheremaining3and5capitaldivisionsareallabout7,000people.The8thDivisionhasfewerthan7,000people,withonly6,866people.

Armoredvehicles:about27vehicles.

Artillery:about129.

Bazooka:about1,900.

30aircraft:10fighters,10liaisonaircraft,10trainers,nobombers.

Totalstrength:about98,000people.

Beforethewarbrokeout,themilitarystrengthofNorthKoreaandSouthKoreawasasfollows:troopstrength2-1,artillery2-1,machinegun7-1,semi-automaticrifle13-1,tank6.5-1,aircraft6.-1.Comparingthetwosides,theKoreanPeople’sArmyhasanabsoluteadvantage.

"UnitedNationsArmy"

bytheUnitedStates,Britain,Australia,theNetherlands,NewZealand,Canada,France,thePhilippines,Turkey,Thailand,SouthAfrica,Greece,Belgium,Luxembourg,Colombia,EthiopiaAtotalof16countries’combattroopsandfivecountries’medicalteamsincludingSweden,India,Denmark,NorwayandItaly.ItisworthpointingoutthattheSouthKoreanarmyisalsounderthecommandofthe"UnitedNationsArmy".

DuringtheKoreanWar,the"UnitedNationsArmy"invadingNorthKoreareached932,600troopsatmost,andthenumberofSouthKoreantroopsunderthecommandofthe"UnitedNationsArmy"reachedmorethan590,000people.TheUnitedStatesrankedfirstinadditiontoSouthKoreantroops.,Withastrengthofmorethan300,000;theUnitedKingdomrankedsecondwithastrengthofmorethan14,000;Canadarankedthirdwithastrengthof8,123;Turkeyrankedfourthwithastrengthofmorethan5,400;theorderoftheremainingtroopsTheyareAustralia,thePhilippines,NewZealand,Thailand,Ethiopia,France,Greece,Colombia,Belgium,theNetherlands,Luxembourg,andSouthAfrica.

IntheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesusedone-thirdofitsarmyforce,andthebattlefieldforcereached302,483atitspeak;one-halfofitsnavalforce,itdispatched210shipsofvarioustypes,and383combataircraftofthenavalaviationforce.One-fifthoftheairforce’sstrength,tensofthousandsofaircraftofvarioustypeshavebeendispatched,andthenumberofaircraftonthebattlefieldisashighasmorethan1,700.

TheU.S.Armyemploysalargenumberofelitetroops,includingthe"FoundingFathers"-theFirstCavalryDivision,"TheSwordoftheUnitedStates"-theFirstMarineDivision,andthe"HourglassDivision"-theSeventhU.S.ArmyDivision,"AceFlyingTeam"-Alargenumberof"aces"suchastheFourthAviationWing.

TheU.S.militaryusesallmodernweaponsexceptatomicbombs.Thedensityofartilleryfire,battlefieldforcedensity,andairstrikedensityinmanybattlesandbattleshasexceededthelevelofWorldWarII.

Casualties

CasualtiesinSouthKorea,theUnitedStatesandothercountries

  • SouthKoreaannouncescasualties

Inthe"UnitedNationsArmy",theUnitedStatesandSouthKoreahadatotalof174,415deaths,hundredsofthousandsofwoundedandsick,andtensofthousandsofmissingandcaptured.Amongthem,36,574werekilledbytheUSmilitary;103,284wereinjuredorsick;morethan8,000weremissingorcaptured,accountingfor74.26%.IntheUSmilitary'sdeathtoll,theArmyaccountedfor68.44%,theAirForceaccountedfor13.06%,theNavyaccountedfor8.30%,andtheMarineCorpsaccountedfor10.20%.TheSouthKoreanarmyunderthecommandofthe"UnitedNationsArmy"killed137,899people,injured450,742people,and32,838missingandcaptured,atotalof621,749people,andatotalof415,004SouthKoreansoldiersandciviliansdied.

SouthKorea’scasualtydataisthemostconfusing.Accordingtoasetoffigures,SouthKoreahaslost1,312,836people,includingmilitaryandcivilians,ofwhich415,004died,425,868weredisabled,and459,428weremissing.

In1976,the"WarHistoryofKorea"publishedbytheWarHistoryCompilationCommitteeoftheMinistryofDefenseofSouthKoreaclaimedthatthenumberofcasualtiesandmissing/capturesofthe"UnitedNationsArmy"was1,168,160.TheSouthKoreanarmylostmorethan984,400people,ofwhichmorethan227,800werekilled,morethan717,100injured,andmorethan43,500missing.ThisfigureisnottoofarawayfromthefigurethatChinaandNorthKoreaestimatedtokillandinjuretheKoreanarmy.However,otherinformationfromtheSouthKoreansideclaimsthatthisincludesthenumberofcasualtiesofnon-militarypersonnel,andtheofficialSouthKoreanfigurehasnowbeencorrectedto620,000.

  • Chinaannouncestheresultsofthewar

DuringtheentirewartoresistUSaggressionandaidKorea,theChinesePeople’sVolunteerswipedouttheenemy718,477people.IncludingthenumberofenemieswipedoutbytheKoreanPeople’sArmyfromJune25,1950toJuly27,1953,theChineseandNorthKoreantroopswipedoutatotalof1.093839millionenemies,ofwhichmorethan390,000werefromtheU.S.Army,morethan660,000fromtheKoreanArmy,andtheremainingservants2Morethantenthousandpeople.Shotdown,woundedandcaptured12,224enemyaircraft,destroyedanddamaged3,064enemytanks,andsunkanddamaged257enemyships.

  • StatisticsofUSmilitarycasualties

AccordingtothesecondvolumeofU.S.militaryhistoryduringtheKoreanWarComparingthenumberofcasualtiesoftheUSmilitary,the2010USCongressionalResearchInstitute(CRS)reportonthecasualtiesofpreviousUSwarsandmilitaryoperationssubmittedtoCongressshouldbethemostcredible(asshowninthetablebelow).Amongthedeathfigures,therearealsodataabout8,000peoplemissingduringmissions(alsoknownasUNACCOUNTEDFOR,whichmeansthatthebodieshavenotbeenfound,theyhavebeenpresumeddead).Theabovefiguresarealsoconstantlychanging,andtheremainsofAmericansoldiersareconstantlybeingfound,Theidentitywasconfirmedandburied.AsofJanuary15,2014,therearestill7896Americansoldierswhosebodieshavenotbeenrecovered.

Category

Totaldeaths

Deathinbattle

Otherdeaths

Injury

Total

36574

33739

2835

103284

Army

29856

27731

2125

77596

Navy

657

503

154

1576

Marines

4509

4267

242

23744

AirForce

1552

1238

314

368

CasualtiesbetweenChinaandNorthKorea

From1950-1958,theChineseVolunteerssufferedmorethan390,000casualties,including171,687peoplewhowerekilledordiedofillness.220,000peoplewereinjured(deductingmultipleinjuries),atotalof390,000casualties,andtherearereportsthatthetotalnumberofcasualtiesandmissingpersonsoftheChineseandNorthKoreantroopsisabout630,000.OnehundredthousandpeoplewerecapturedbytheKoreanarmy.Accordingtoincompletestatistics,duringtheKoreanWar,theVolunteerssufferedmorethan360,000casualtiesand171,687peoplediedinaction.ThepersonnellossesoftheChinesePeople’sVolunteersintheKoreanWarwere:111,400deathsandaccidents,21,600dead,230,000injured,13,000dead,437,000sick,21,700captured,and0.4missing.10,000people,withatotalof382,000casualties.

Aftermorethanadecadeofnationwideinvestigationandverification,theWarMemorialoftheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKoreahasconfirmedthatasofOctober2010,atotalof183,108ChinesePeople’sVolunteershaddiedforthecountryfrom1950-1958.OnOctober29,2014,theMinistryofCivilAffairsandtheGeneralPoliticalDepartmentofChinaconfirmedthattherewere19,763martyrsintheWartoResistUSAggressionandAidKorea.

Summaryofcasualties

SouthKorea:137,899peoplekilled,450,742injured,24,495missing,and8,343captured;

UnitedStates:36,574killed(including2,830Non-combatcasualties),103284injured,7926missing,4714captured;

UK:1109killed,2674injured,179missing,977captured;

Turkey:741killed,2068injured,168missing,244captured;

Australia:339killed,1216injured,43missing,26captured;

Canada:516killed,1042injured,1missing,33captured;

France:262killed,1042injured,1missing,12captured;

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Thailand:129killed,1139injured,5missing;

Greece:192killed,543injured,3missing;

Netherlands:killed120people,645injured,3missing;

Colombia:163killed,448injured,28captured;

Ethiopia:121killedand536injured;

Philippines:92peoplewerekilled,299peoplewereinjured,97peopleweremissingandcaptured;

Belgium:101peoplewerekilled,478peoplewereinjured,5peopleweremissing,and1personwascaptured;

Luxembourg:2killedand13injured;

NewZealand:34killedand299injured;

SouthAfrica:34killedand9missing;

Summarizedfiguresfromseveralaspects.DuringtheentireKoreanWar,thelowestpersonnellossstatisticsconfirmedbythe"UnitedNationsArmy"was:thepersonnellossofthe"UnitedNationsArmy"wasmorethan570,000.Inthisfigure,itisestimatedthatthelossescausedbytheChinesearmyaccountedformorethantwo-thirds,thatis,morethan380,000people.

NorthKorea:215,000–350,000killed,303,000injured,120,000missingandcaptured;

China:StatisticsonChina’scasualties:183,108killed(34,000ofwhomwerenon-combatants)Killedinbattle),383,218injured,25,621missing,21,400werecaptured;

AccordingtotheUnitedStates,thenumberofcasualtiesinChina:400,000killed,486,000injured,and21,839captured;

SovietUnion:Duringtheentirewar,12Sovietairdivisionsparticipatedinaircombat.Thetotalnumberofairforcesparticipatinginthewarwas72,000,andin1952,itreached25,000to26,000atitspeak.TheSovietAirForce’sfighterplanesshotdown1,097enemyplanes,andtheanti-aircraftartilleryshotdown212enemyplanes.AccordingtostatisticsseeninthearchivesoftheGeneralStaffoftheArmedForcesoftheRussianFederation,Sovietaviationlost335aircraftand120pilotsinNorthKorea.Inthiswar,Sovietsoldierssacrificedatotalof282men.

Totalnumberofcivilianskilledandinjured:anestimated2.5millionpeople.

SouthKorea:990,968people;amongthem,373,599werekilled,229,625wereinjured,and387,744weretakenprisonerormissing.

NorthKorea:Itisestimatedthatthereareabout1.55millionpeople.

Waratrocities

TheUSmilitary,becauseofconcernsthatNorthKoreanintelligencepersonnelandsaboteurswillbemixedintotherefugeeswhofledsouth,itfiredatgroupsofrefugees.ThepublicmassacresofciviliansbytheUSmilitaryincludetheLaogenliincidentandtheXinchuanCountymassacre.Inaddition,U.S.aircraftalsobombedcitiesandciviliantargets.Causedalargenumberofcasualties.OnJune23,1952,theU.S.AirForcebombedtheYaluRiverHydropowerPlantinChinaonalargescale.OnJuly11,theU.S.AirForcecarriedoutbombingandfire-raisingonPyongyang.ProtestsanddenunciationshavebeenlaunchedalloverChina,exposingandprotestingthisatrocitiesintheUnitedStates.Somescholarsbelievethatthe"UnitedNationsArmy"usedbacterialweaponsinthewar.

TheSouthKoreanarmyorganized"securityteams"and"communistregiments"inthenationalterritoryregainedbytheSouthKoreanarmyandinthecitiesandvillagesofNorthKoreathatitsubsequentlyoccupied.Civiliansofpro-communistscarriedoutlarge-scaleinvestigationsandexecutions,suchastheGanghwaIslandmassacre.

TheKoreanPeople’sArmy,afteroccupyingmostofSouthKorea’sterritoryatthebeginningofthewar,andwhentheU.S.forceswereforcedtowithdrawfromSouthKoreaafterthelandinginIncheon,theyconductedscreeningsinvariousareasofSouthKoreaandcheckedSouthKoreangovernmentofficials,militaryofficers,police,andmilitarypolice.,Capitalists,businessmen,intellectuals,teachers,journalists,landlords,religiousfigures,andtheirfamilieshavecarriedoutmassarrestsandexecutions.

Theimpactofthewar

TheKoreanPeninsula

TheNorth-Southsplitbeforethewarwasnotresolvedthroughthewar,butithasalsoworsened.TheKoreanPeninsulaisontheworldmilitarystage.Oneofthehotspotscontinuestothisday.

  • SouthKorea

TheSouthKoreaneconomywasseverelydamagedafterthewar.Afterthewar,reunificationwasstillthegoal,andeconomicdevelopmentwasnotemphasized.HekeptplanningforanotherwarwithNorthKoreaatanytime.AftertheApril16thMovement,LeeSeung-mansteppeddown,andthesituationhasnoteased.Sincethen,the"SilmiIslandIncident"occurredduringParkZhengxi'sadministration,andthehostileatmospherebetweenthetwosideshasnotchangedduetothechangeofleaders.TheleadersofNorthKoreaandSouthKoreahavehadseveralmeetingsandtalks,butduetothefundamentaldifferencesinideologyandpoliticalsystemsbetweenthetwosides,noactualprogresshasbeenmade.

  • NorthKorea

DuetotheunificationwarlaunchedbyNorthKorea,WesterncapitalismledbytheU.S.Withtheresistanceofthecamp,NorthKoreawasseverelydamagedinthewar,andthesocialwealthaccumulatedduringthepeacebuildingfrom1945to1950disappeared.ThisbattlelaidthefoundationfortherapiddevelopmentofNorthKoreaoverthenext20years.

TheUnitedStates

TheUnitedStatesalmostbrokeoutanall-outwarwiththetwomajorsocialistpowers,ChinaandtheSovietUnion.DeanAcheson,whoservedastheSecretaryofStateoftheUnitedStatesduringtheKoreanWar,onceclearlystatedthatthe"maintrouble"intheKoreanWarwas,"Wearefightingawrongenemy.Wearefightingasecond-tierteam,andtherealenemyis.It’stheSovietUnion."

Inaddition,thewarpromotednationalintegrationwithintheUSmilitary.Morethan100,000blacksoldiersjoinedthearmytofightontheKoreanPeninsula.ThisisthefirsttimethattheUSmilitaryhasmixedblackandwhitesoldiersonalargescale.Inthesameunit.

ThroughtheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatesrealizedthatitwasdifficulttowinalocalwarontheground.Afterthewar,itimplementeda"large-scaleretaliationstrategy"andshifteditsarmamentfocustothedevelopmentofnuclearweaponsandtheairforce.TheannualmilitaryexpenditureoftheUnitedStateshassoaredfrom15billionU.S.dollarsbeforetheKoreanWartomorethan40billionU.S.dollarsduringandafterthewar.ThecontinuousarmsracewiththeSovietUnionhasledtofurtherintensificationoftheColdWarsituation.

TheSovietUnion

TheinfluenceofthewarontheSovietUnionisverycomplicated.ItisgenerallybelievedthattheSovietUnionwasthebiggestwinner.StalinsuccessfullysentChinatofightagainsttheUnitedStatesandotheralliedforces,andalsousedthistosellalargeamountofsurplusmilitaryequipmentfromWorldWarIItoearnfundsandmaterials.Chinadidnotpayoffallitsdebtsuntil1965.ChineseofficialscomplainedabouttheSovietUnionafterthewarItisthe"merchantsofdeath"(merchantsofdeath).ThewarcausedadirectconflictbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates,andtheSovietUniondidnotdirectlyintervene.ThewarweakenedtheAmericanpowerandtransferredthesuperpoweroftheUnitedStatesfromthebattlefortheIronCurtaininEuropetothequagmireoftheKoreanWar.ItboughttimefortheSovietUniontohealthewoundsofwarontheruinsafterWorldWarII,developcutting-edgedefensetechnology,andreduceitsrelationshipwiththeUnitedStates.gap.

Japan

AlthoughJapandidnotparticipateinthewar,theU.S.militarypurchasedalargeamountofmaterialsinJapanduringthewar,whichgreatlypromotedJapan’seconomicrecoveryafterWorldWarII.Role,layingthefoundationforJapantobecomeaneconomicpowerinthefuture.Duringthewar,theUnitedStatesallowedJapantoreorganizeitsmilitaryinthenameofthe"Self-DefenseForce"inordertoconsolidateitsrear,andthefoundationoftheUS-Japanmilitaryalliancewasalsolaidatthistime.

China

DuetotheKoreanWar,theSovietUniondispelledtheworrythatthePeople’sRepublicofChinawouldbecomethesecondYugoslavia.Since1952,itbegantoprovidelarge-scaleassistancetotheChinesemainlandtobuildacomprehensiveindustrialbase.Theseaidedconstructionprojectsanddozensofindustrialprojectsscheduledin1954werecollectivelyreferredtoasthe156keyprojectsaidedbytheSovietUniontoChinaduringtheFirstFive-YearPlan,whichlaidthefoundationforChina’smetallurgy,petroleum,mining,coal,powergeneration,Powerequipment,machinerymanufacturing,textiles,papermaking,sugarmaking,aviation,aerospace,transportationandrailways,nationaldefenseweaponmanufacturingandothercomprehensivescientificresearchandproductionbases,thePeople'sRepublicofChinahassincebegunanindependentandcompleteindustrializationroad.

China’sofficialviewisthatsincetheOpiumWarin1840,ChinahasrepeatedlyfallenintodisastrousorextremelypassivesituationsinwarswithWesternpowers(includingJapan).Thegovernmenthasgainedgreatprestige,andtheself-confidenceoftheChinesehasgreatlyincreased.PengDehuai,commanderoftheChinesePeople’sVolunteers,describedthis:"Forhundredsofyears,Westernaggressors,aslongastheysetupafewcannonsonacoastintheeast,theerawhentheycanoccupyacountryisgoneforever."

China'snavalconstructionhasbeengreatlyaffected,andhopesofoutsourcingBritishshipshavebeenshattered,sotheyhadtopaysky-highpricesforoldSovietships.

In1954,KhrushchevcametoChinatotalkaboutthewithdrawaloftheSovietarmybase.Becauseofthetrucejustnow,MaoZedongsaid:"IthinkitisinappropriatefortheSovietarmytowithdrawatthistime.TheAmericansMayusethisopportunitytolaunchanoffense."Heagreedafterrepeatedpersuasion.

TheotherimpactisthattheUnitedStatespubliclyprotectedtheTaiwanauthorities,whichtemporarilylosttheopportunityforthePeople’sLiberationArmytocaptureTaiwan;italsoindirectlyallowedtheJapaneseeconomytore-emergeandsaveJapanfromthepunishmentofWorldWarII.

FortheKuomintangregimethatmovedtoTaiwanatthattime,theoutbreakoftheKoreanWardelayedorpreventedthePeople'sLiberationArmyfromattackingTaiwan.Atthesametime,theparticipationofthePeople'sRepublicofChinainthewarmadetheUnitedStatesrealizetheimportanceofTaiwantocontainthestrategicpositionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandre-includeTaiwaninitsdefensesystem.The"China-USMutualDefenseTreaty"signedinthefutureisbasedontheinfluenceoftheKoreanWar.Asaresult,theUnitedStateschangeditsattitudetowardstheKuomintangauthoritiesandcontinuedtorecognizetheso-called"RepublicofChina"astheonlylegitimateChinesegovernmentandsupportthe"RepublicofChina"intheUnitedNations.

TheKuomintangregimereceivedU.S.aidbecauseoftheKoreanWar,whichhelpedTaiwan’seconomicdevelopmentatthattimeandalsoenhancedTaiwan’smilitarystrength.USPresidentTrumansenttheSeventhFleettopatroltheTaiwanStraittodetertheChinesePeople'sLiberationArmyfromattackingTaiwan,Penghu,Jinma.Atthesametime,theChinesePeople'sVolunteerswereforcedtorepatriatetoTaiwanattherequestoftheKuomintangauthorities,whichgreatlyboostedthemoraleoftheKuomintangtroops.Therefore,theKoreanWarwasalsocalledthe"Xi'anIncidentinTaiwan."Inaddition,theKuomintangregimehadintendedtosendtroopstoparticipateintheKoreanWartohelpSouthKorearepeltheKoreanPeople’sArmy,andMacArthuralsodeliberatelyexpandedthefightingtomainlandChina,hopingtoallowtheKuomintangregimeto"counter-attackthemainland",butwasdefeatedbyTrumanoftheUnitedStatesandLeeSeungofSouthKorea.Lateandsomecountriesopposedit,sotheKuomintangregimechangedtoprovidematerialassistancetotheUnitedStates,SouthKoreaandothercountriestorepelNorthKorea’ssouthwardoffensive.Inaddition,duetothelargenumberofChinesePeople’sVolunteerswhohaveinvestedinNorthKoreaandthe"UnitedNationsArmy"lackstalentswhoarefamiliarwithChineseandtheChineseCommunistarmy,theKuomintangregimehasprovidedsomepersonnelfromtheTaiwanarmyandtheembassyinSouthKoreatoassistinintelligencewarfare,heartwarmingpropaganda,andChineseleaflets.Productionandinterrogationofvolunteerprisonersofwar.

Britain

Britainisanimportantcountryintheanti-communistcamp.Inaddition,asanallyoftheUnitedStates,itneedstoexchangesupportfromWashingtononanumberofissues,soitisbothdiplomaticandmilitaryTakeactionagainstNorthKorea.

AfterChinaintervenedintheKoreanWar,thispolicywaschallenged.Externally,LondonfearsthatitshostilitywithChinawillendangerBritishinterestsinChinaandevenpromptthesocialistcamptoposeathreattotheFarEastcoloniessuchasHongKong.Internally,Britain,whichwasgreatlyinjuredafterWorldWarII,tighteneditsnationaltreasuryduetoitsarmedpoliciesandmilitaryexpenditures.People'slivelihoodandsocialwelfarebudget.AfterSouthKoreanPresidentRheeSeung-manpubliclyaccusedBritain,Canada,NewZealand,andAustraliaandotherCommonwealthsendingcountriesof“affectingMacArthur’sdismissal”,theBritishpeoplehaveagreatresentmenttowardsLeeandtheSouthKoreanregime’scorruptionandautocracy,andpublicopinionstands.Alsograduallyturnedtoanti-war.

TheKoreanWarpolicyoftheLaborPartyandAttlee’scabinetlostpopularsupport,andthepartybrokeoutduetopublicopinionpressureandbudgetissues.ThesefactorsmadetheLaborPartyloseinthe1951Congressionalelection.TheConservativeParty,whichcriticizedtheLaborPartyfordraggingBritainintothequagmireoftheKoreanWarbeforetheelection,tookpowerundertheleadershipofChurchill.

AfterChurchillcametopower,hequicklychangedhispositionandpromotedthearmisticepolicy,sothatBritainwasabletowithdrawfromtheproblemsoftheKoreanpeninsulaandatthesametimenolongersupporttheUnitedStatesontheissueoftheKoreanWar.

MajorEventsRecord

Time

Event

At4:30,June25,1950

TheKoreanCivilWarbrokeout

June27,1950

TheUSSeventhFleetenteredtheTaiwanStraitandmilitaryinterventionintheTaiwanStrait

June28,1950

TheKoreanPeople’sArmycapturedSeoul,thecapitalofSouthKorea(ieSeoul)

July7,1950

TheUnitedStatesgathered15countriestoformtheUSmilitaryasthemainforceandtheUnitedStatesTheso-called"UnitedNationsArmy"undercommand

MidAugust1950

TheKoreanPeople’sArmydrovetheUSandSouthKoreantroopstoacornerofBusanandoccupied90%ofthelandinthesouthernpartoftheKoreanPeninsula

At16:40onAugust27,1950

TwoU.S.P-51militaryaircraftinvadedtheskyoverLangtouAirportinAnDongCity,Strafingfor2minutes,killing3airportworkers,wounding19,anddestroying2trucks

September1950On15th

The"UnitedNationsArmy"landedinIncheonandcontinuedtobombardandshootnortheastChina(theUSAirForceblamedpilotsfornavigationerrors),seriouslythreateningChina’ssecurity

September22,1950

OneAmericanB-29bomberinvadedtheKuandianLagupostforreconnaissance,andthenflewoverthecityofAnDong.Itdropped12bombsalongZhen'anRoad,killing2residentsanddestroying28houses.Morethan800rooftilesandglassweredestroyed,and3,330squaremetersofvegetablefieldswereblownup

September25,1950

TheActingChiefofStaffofthePeople’sLiberationArmyNieRongzhenissuedastatement:TheUSmilitarycrossestheline,andChinawillneverignoreit

September28,1950

"UnitedNationsArmy"recoversSeoul

September30,1950

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SouthKoreantroopscrossedthe38thline

1950October2,2015

ThePolitburomeetingoftheCPCCentralCommitteemadethefinaldecisiontodispatchtroops.Onthe3rd,ZhouEnlaiurgentlymetwiththeIndianAmbassadortoChina

October19,1950

The"UnitedNationsArmy"conqueredPyongyang,thecapitalofNorthKorea

October19,1950Dayandevening

ChinesePeople’sVolunteersjointhewar

October27-31,1950

TheChinesePeople’sVolunteerslaunchedthefirstbattle(BattleofYunshan)

October31st-November2nd,1950

ChinesepeopleVolunteerscapturedtheQingchuanRiver

November25th-December9th,1950

TheChinesePeople’sVolunteerslaunchedthesecondbattle(BattleofChangjinLake)

December5,1950

TheChinesePeople’sVolunteersregainedPyongyang

December15,1950

"UnitedNationsArmy"withdrewtothesouthofthe38thparallel

December31,1950-January5,1951

TheChinesePeople’sVolunteerslaunchedthethirdbattle

January4,1951

ChinesePeople’sVolunteersconqueredSeoul

March15,1951

"UnitedNationsArmy"regainedSeoulforthesecondtime

April11,1951

MacArthurwasremovedfromthepostofSupremeCommanderandLiQiweitookover

April22,1951Day-May23

TheChinesePeople’sVolunteerslaunchedthefifthbattle

June23,1951

SovietDeputyForeignMinisterMareksuggestedaceasefire

July10,1951

ThetwosidesbegantrucenegotiationsinKaesong

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August18-September18,1951

The"UnitedNationsArmy"launchedasummeroffensive

August22,1951

TheKaesongnegotiationisinterrupted

September29-10,1951February22

"UnitedNationsArmy"launchedanautumnoffensive

October25,1951

TheKaesongarmisticenegotiationsresumed

1952

TheUSinvaders,regardlessofpublicinternationallaw,beganinJanuary1952tosecretlyattackNorthKoreaThemilitaryandciviliansandtheChinesePeople'sVolunteerscarriedoutagermwarfare.1月28日起，中朝人民军队和朝鲜人民全面展开了反细菌战的斗争。至1952年底，粉碎了敌人进行的细菌战。

1952年2月17日

停战谈判第五项议程达成协议

1952年5月2日

停战谈判第三项议程达成协议

1952年5月7日

巨济岛事件

1952年5月12日

李奇微离任，克拉克担任"联合国军"总司令

1952年10月8日

停战谈判中断

1952年10月14日

"联合国军"发动金化攻势

1952年10月14日－11月25日

上甘岭战役

1953年5月13日

中国人民志愿军发动夏季攻势

1953年6月8日

双方就战俘安排达成协议

1953年7月13日

中国人民志愿军发起金城战役

1953年7月19日

板门店双方谈判代表在所有问题上达成协议

1953年7月27日

停战协定签字，朝鲜战争暂停

1958年2月19日

中朝两国政府发表关于中国人民志愿军年内全部撤出朝鲜的联合声明

1958年2月20日

中国人民志愿军总部发表声明，决定于1958年底以前分批全部撤出朝鲜；首批于3月15日动身回国

1958年10月22日

志愿军总部官兵在司令员杨勇上将、政委王平上将等率领下启程返国

1958年10月26日

志愿军总部公报：志愿军已全部撤离朝鲜

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纪录片《断刀》、《不能忘却的伟大胜利》

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现代京剧《奇袭白虎团》

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