Overview
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization(InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationforshortINTELSA)
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,intergovernmentalglobalCommercialcommunicationssatelliteorganization,referredtoassatelliteorganization.HeadquarteredinWashington,USA.
Introductiontotheorganization
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization
Aninternationalsatellitecommunicationsorganizationfundedandestablishedbymostcountriesintheworldtooperatecommunicationssatellitecommunicationsservices.OnAugust20,1964,14countriesincludingtheUnitedStates,Canada,France,theFederalRepublicofGermany,Australia,andJapanjointlyformedatemporaryInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.Afterpassingthe"AgreementonInternationalTelecommunicationsSatellites"and"AgreementonInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOperations"inFebruary1973,itbecameapermanentorganization.Chinajoinedtheorganizationin1977.AsofJanuary1996,therewere128members.ThefirstsatellitewaslaunchedinApril1965,called"INTELSTA-1",locatedinageostationaryorbitovertheAtlanticOcean.Thecommunicationcapacityis240telephonesor1TV.InJune,acommercialsatellitecommunicationsservicebetweentheUnitedStatesandEuropewaslaunched.Sincethen,satellitesof2,3,4,5,and5Ahavebeenlaunchedsuccessively,respectivelypositionedovertheAtlanticOcean,theIndianOceanandthePacificOcean.Sincethe1960s,communicationsatelliteshavemadeanindeliblecontributiontomasscommunication.Inordertobetterrealizetheroleofcommunicationsatellites,manycommunicationsatelliteorganizationshaveemerged.
Historicalevolution
HistoryIntheearly1960s,theUnitedStatesconductedaseriesofexperimentswithBritain,France,Japanandothercountriestosuccessfullyuseartificialsatellitestocommunicateacrosstheocean.Internationalcommunications.In1962,theU.S.CongresspassedasatellitecommunicationslawauthorizingtheestablishmentoftheU.S.communicationssatellitecompany
andrequiredthecompanytonegotiatewithothercountriestoestablishaglobalcommercialcommunicationssatelliteorganizationassoonaspossible.InJuly1964,representativesof11countriesincludingtheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,France,andJapangatheredinWashingtontonegotiateandformulatethe"InterimAgreement"and"SpecialAgreement"ontheestablishmentofaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationssatellitesystemformembersoftheInternationalTelecommunicationUnion.Countriesjoinedandsigned.OnAugust20ofthesameyear,representativesof13countriessignedthe"InterimAgreement"inthenameofthegovernment,andsignedthe"SpecialAgreement"inthenameofthegovernmentorgovernment-designatedtelecommunicationsagency,announcingtheestablishmentoftheInternationalCommunicationSatelliteConsortium.
InJuly1971,representativesofmorethan70countriesthatjoinedandsignedthetwoagreementsgatheredinWashingtontoreviewandrevisetheabovetwoagreements,andtheywerenamed"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement"and"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement".OrganizationalBusinessAgreement.The"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement"istheorganizationallawofthesatelliteorganization,includingthepurpose,scopeofactivities,financialprinciples,organizationalstructure,therightsandobligationsofthecontractingstates,andtheproceduresforjoining,withdrawingfrom,andamendingtheagreement.Thisagreementisjoinedbygovernmentsorgovernmentagenciesofvariouscountries,andthosewhojoinarecalledcontractingparties.The"InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationOperationAgreement"istheoperatinglawofthesatelliteorganization,includingtherightsandobligationsofthesignatories,investmentandcapitallimits,procurement,spacesegmentcapacityallocation,etc.Thisagreementissignedbythegovernment,governmentagencies,ortheirdesignatedtelecommunicationsagencies,andthesignatoriesarecalledthesignatories.ThemeetingalsodecidedtochangethenameoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteConsortiumtotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.AsofJuly16,1984,109contractingstatesandsignatorieshavejoinedandsignedthetwoagreements.
Mainpurpose
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-ImaginationMapofGlobalSatelliteSystemInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,itspurposeistoestablishanddevelopaglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationsystemforcountriesaroundtheworldEqualuse.TheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationiscurrentlythelargestsatelliteorganizationintheworld.ItwasfoundedintheUnitedStatesinAugust1964andisheadquarteredinWashington,DC,theUnitedStates.Theorganizationhasbeencommittedtothemaintenanceandoperationoftheglobalsatellitesystemthroughthespacesegmentoftheglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystemtoservetheinternationalpublictelecommunicationsbusiness.Thisspacesegmentincludessatellitesdistributedingeosynchronousorbits,whichjointlyprovideglobalservicesthroughtheV,V-A,andV1satellitesovertheAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceanregions,andtheKsatellitesovertheAtlantic.TheserviceworkoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationmainlyincludes:internationaltelephoneservice,internationaltelevisionservice,domesticcommunicationservice,internationalcommunicationsatelliteorganizationbusinessservice,internationalInternetservice,VISTAserviceandlinerepairservice,etc.
InstitutionalScale
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-"Asiae"No.1Satellite
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization'sglobalsalesforceisconcentratedinAustralia,Brazil,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionofChina,Germany,India,Norway,Singapore,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates.Today,therearemorethan140memberstatesandnearly200userswithanetworkof20geostationaryorbitsatellites,providingsatellitecommunicationservicesfortelecommunicationbroadcastersinmorethan200countriesandregions.Itistheworld'slargestinternationalsatellitecommunication.net.ChinaandInternationalSatelliteOrganization:AsearlyasAugust1977,ChinajoinedtheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization.Since1985,ChinahasleasedthehemisphericalbeamtransponderofthesatelliteovertheIndianOceanbelongingtotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationforsatellitetelevisiontransmissionandtelegraphandtelephonecommunicationsservicestoremoteareas.Inthe1990s,inadditiontorentinginternationalsatellitetransponders,Chinaalsoleasedthe"Asia"No.1satellitetranspondertoformadomesticsatellitecommunicationsnetworktogetherwithChinesesatellites.Chinaisworkinghardtoorganizeadomesticsatellitecommunicationnetworkwithadomesticsatelliteasthemainstayandtheleaseofinternationalsatellitesandregionalsatellitetranspondersasasupplement.
InstitutionalPolarization
Thesatelliteorganizationisdividedintofourlevels
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-MeasurementandControlEquipment
1,ConferenceofContractingStates:Thehighestbodyofthesatelliteorganization,composedofrepresentativesofthegovernmentsofthecontractingstates,usuallyconvenesonceeverytwoyears,andconvenesspecialconferenceswhennecessary.Theconferencereviewedthegeneralpolicies,long-termplans,majoreconomicandtechnologicalmeasuresoftheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,majorissuesrelatedtothesovereigninterestsofthecontractingstates,amendmentstotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement,appointmentandremovaloftheDirector-General,etc.
2.Signatoriesmeeting:Itiscomposedofrepresentativesofthesignatories,usuallyheldonceayear,andspecialmeetingsareheldwhennecessary.Reviewtheoperationandmanagementofsatelliteorganizations,thetechnicalstatusofequipmentoperations,financialplans,recommendationsandresolutionssubmittedbytheboardofdirectors,andamendmentstotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationBusinessAgreement,etc.
3.Theboardofdirectors:Itiscomposedofrepresentativesofeachdirectorcountry,andconsistsofthreeadvisorycommitteesoftechnology,planningandaccountingaudit,whichusuallymeetfivetimesayear.Reviewandapprovepolicies,plans,andplansforthedesign,development,construction,installation,andoperationandmaintenanceofcommercialcommunicationssatellites,internationaloperationscenters,andmeasurementandcontrolequipment.
4.ExecutiveBoard:apermanentofficeheadedbytheDirector-GeneraloftheSatelliteOrganization,responsibleforthedailyworkoftheoperation,maintenance,researchanddevelopmentoftheglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystem.
5.Activities:Eachsignatoryshallinvestinsatelliteorganizationsinproportiontothenumberofinternationalcommunicationssatellitecircuitsused.Satelliteorganizationsusethisinvestmentamounttodevelop,produce,launch,andupdatecommunicationssatellitesamongthesignatoriesbymeansofopenbidding.AsofFebruary29,1984,theglobalcommercialcommunicationsatellitesystemconsistedof15internationalcommunicationsatellitesinsynchronousorbitsoverthethreeoceansand615satellitecommunicationearthstationsin154countriesorregions,whichundertooktransoceanicinternationalcommunicationsworldwide.Two-thirdsofthebusinessvolumeandalmostalltransoceanicTVrelayservices,andbroadbandsatellitechannelsarealsoprovidedfordomesticcommunicationservicesortelevisiontransmissionsin25countries.Thesatelliteorganizationcollectsusagefeesbyrentingsatellitecircuitsfromcountriesaroundtheworld,deductingthenecessarymaintenanceandmanagementfees,andtherestareallusedasdepreciationfeesforglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellites,internationaloperationscentersandotherassetsandremunerationforinvestmentbyeachsignatory(annualinterestrate14%),Repaidtoeachsignatory.
Organizationagreement
Introductiontothecatalog
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization-MeasurementandControlEquipment
Article1:Definitionp>
Articulus 2:
Article3:Thescopeofactivitiesofsatelliteorganizations
Articulus 4 : Legalpersonality
Article5: FinancialPrinciples
Article6:OrganizationalStructureofSatelliteOrganizations
Articulus 7:ConferenceofStatesParties
Article8: Subscriptio
Partnermeeting
Articulus9:BoardofDirectors,Composition and Voting
Article10:
Articulus 11 : Director Generalis
p>Article12:TransitionalManagementandSecretary-General
Articulus 13: Procurement
Article14:RightsandObligationsofMemberStatesArticle15Article:SatelliteOrganizationHeadquarters,Privileges,TaxExemptionsandImmunities
Article16: Recedere
Article17:AmendmentArticle18:DisputeResolutionArticle19Article:SignArticle20:Entryintoforce
Article21: OtherProvisions
Article22: DocumentArchiver
AnnexA:Responsibilities of the Secretario-Generalis
AnnexB:ResponsibilitiesofManagerialContractorsandGuidelinesforManagerialContracts
AnnexC:ResolvingArticle18ofthisAgreementandArticle18oftheBusinessAgreementRulesofProcedureforDisputesinArticle20
AnnexD:TransitionalProvisions.
ContractingStates
:TakingintoaccounttheprovisionsofUNGeneralAssemblyResolution1721(XVI),satellitecommunicationsshouldbeavailabletoallcountriesintheworldwithoutdiscriminationassoonaspracticallypossible.Theprinciples,takingintoaccounttherelevantprovisionsoftheTreatyonPrinciplesfortheExplorationandUtilizationofOuterSpace(includingtheMoonandOtherStars)byStates,especiallytheprovisionsstatedinArticle1thatouterspaceshouldbeusedforthebenefitofallcountries,Itisnotedthatinaccordancewiththe"AgreementonTemporaryArrangementsfortheGlobalCommercialCommunicationSatelliteSystem"andtherelated"SpecialAgreement",aglobalcommercialsatellitecommunicationsystemhasbeenestablished.ItishopedthatthiscommunicationsatellitesystemwillcontinuetobedevelopedtoestablishaAseparateglobalcommercialcommunicationssatellitesystem,aspartofanimprovedglobalcommunicationsnetwork,willexpandcommunicationsservicestoallregionsoftheworldandcontributetoworldpeaceandunderstanding.ItisdeterminedtoachievethisgoalthroughavailableThestate-of-the-arttechnology,forthebenefitofmankind,providesthemosteffectiveandeconomicalfacilitiespossible,andconformstotheprincipleofthebestandfairestuseofradiofrequencyspectrumandspaceorbits.Itispossibletousetheglobalcommunicationssatellitesystem,andenablethoseITUmemberstatesthatarewillingtoinvestinthesystemtoinvestinthesystem,andthenparticipateinthedesign,development,construction,(includingprovisionofequipment),installation,operationandmaintenance,andtheacquisitionofthesystemOwnership,inaccordancewiththe"AgreementonTemporaryArrangementsfortheGlobalCommercialCommunicationSatelliteSystem."
ConveneameetingofStatesParties
InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationholdsaconferenceofparticipatingStateseverytwoyears,andameetingofStatesPartiesisheldeveryyear.ItiscomposedoftheConferenceoftheParties(composedofcontractingpartiestotheInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationAgreement),thesignatoriesmeeting(composedofthesignatoriesoftheworkagreement),theboardofdirectorsandtheexecutivebody.InNovember2000,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationpassedaprivatizationresolutionwiththeaimofenhancingthecompany'sadaptabilityandcompetitivenessintheincreasinglyfiercecompetition,anddedicatedtocustomers'Internetservicesandbroadbandservices.OnJuly18,2001,InternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganization,theworld’sfirstcommercialcommunicationssatellitetechnician,announcedthatithadcompletedthehistorictransformationfromatreatyorganizationtoaprivatecompany.ThenewlyestablishedInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteCo.,Ltd.hasmorethan200shareholders,includingcompaniesfrom145countries,andrepresentstheoperatorsofmostoftheworld'sfamoustelecommunicationscompanies.
Concentrationofglobalsalesforce
Italreadyhasanetworkof20geostationarysatellites,providingInternettocustomersinmorethan200countriesandregions,Broadcasting,telephoneandnetworkcooperationprograms.
Defectum
OnApril10,2019,theInternationalTelecommunicationsSatelliteOrganizationannouncedthatstartingonApril7,theIS-29epropulsionsystemmalfunctionedandpropellantleaked,andithadbeeninterruptedwiththeearthCommunication.