Navigazione veloce
Panorama
Historicalevolution
Han, WeiandJinperiods
Guozijian (10photos)
ThehighestinstitutioninthecountryduringtheHanDynastywascalled"TaiXue".Theestablishmentofthe"TaiXue"byEmperorWuoftheHanalsoinheritedthefunctionofthehighestinstitutionofimpartingConfucianclassics.InthefirstyearofYong'an(258years),theEmperorSunXiuoftheEasternWuDynastyestablishedGuoxue,establishedadoctoralsystemofTaixue,andenacteddoctorsoftheFiveClassics,whichwastheoriginofJianyeTaixue.TheWesternJinDynastyEmperorWudiXianningestablishedGuozixueatthebeginningoffouryears(278).ThiswasthebeginningoftheestablishmentofGuozixueapartfromTaixueinthehistoryofancientChineseeducation.
"BookofJin·Volume24·OfficialRecords"records:"Xianningfouryears(278years),EmperorWuestablishedGuozixueatthebeginning,fixedtheGuoziJijiu,onedoctor,andfifteenassistantsPeopleteachstudents.Doctorsareallthosewhoperformpureandclearcode.Ifyouarefreetoridearegularattendant,aservantofthemiddlebook,oraprince'sconcubine,youmustcallforatest."Enrollment.However,thestudyofGuoziwasnotprosperousintheWesternJinDynasty,especiallyaftertheendoftheWesternJinDynasty.
AfterJinwuEmperorSimaYanunifiedthecountry,JianyeTaixuewassuspended.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuofJin,the"EightKingsRebellion"oftheCentralPlains,alargefamilyheadedbyWangDaoandXieAn,surroundedtheWesternJinimperialfamilyLangxieWangSimaRuiin307,andhurriedlycrossedsouthtoJianye(nowNanjing),knownas"Yongjia"inhistory.Nandu"establishedtheEasternJindynasty,whichwasontheleftsideoftheriver,andbuiltJiankangTaixueunderJilongMountain.
AttheendoftheWesternJinDynasty(313), quia Imperator JinMin nominis erat SimaYe, inordinata est nomen Jiankang.
DuringtheLiuSongDynasty,inthefifteenthyearofYuanjia(438),EmperorWencalledLeiCizongtothecapital(nowNanjing)andopenedtheSchoolofGuoziinJilongMountain,andgatheredhundredsofprofessors.
AttheendoftheLiuSongDynasty,ZuChongzhireturnedtoJiankangandservedastheofficialancestorofYeZheShushe.ZuChongzhispentalotofenergytostudymachinerymanufacturing,rebuildguidecars,andinventedthousandsofmilesofboats,watermills,etc.,whichwastheearliestbeginningofthemechanicalengineeringprofessionintheSouthernDynastiesofmycountry.
ZuChongzhicalculatedthetruevalueofPitobebetween3.1415926and3.1415927,whichisequivalenttoaccuratetothe7thdecimalplace,simplifiedto3.1415926,whichbecamethemostadvancedachievementintheworldatthattime.
NorthernQichangedGuozixuetocallit"GuoziTemple".AfterSuiPingchen,heimplementedapolicyofrestrainingthelocalforcesinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,destroyingthepalacesoftheSixDynasties,blazingfiresandburningthousandsofmiles,JiankangCitywascompletelydestroyed,andJiankangTaixuewasinterrupted.
DuringtheSuiandTangDynasties
IntheearlyyearsofEmperorKaihuangintheSuiDynasty,itwasdecidedthatGuoziTemplehadjurisdictionoverGuozixue,Taixue,FourSchools,CalligraphyandMathematicalStudies.InthethirteenthyearofEmperorKaihuang(593),GuoziTemplewasnolongeraffiliatedwithTaichangandbecameanindependenteducationalmanagementinstitution,renamedGuozixue.
InthethirdyearofDaye(607),itwasrenamedGuozijian.Therewasonepersonintheprisonwhowasdedicatedtothemanagementofeducation.Therewereonemasterbookandonerecorderunderthesupervisionofthegovernment,suchasGuozixueandTaixue.,FourSchools,Calligraphy,andMathematicalStudies.Therearequotasfordoctors,teachingassistants,andstudentsinallofficialschools.Accordingtothe"SuiShu·HaiguanZhixia"record:Doctor:"Guozi,Taixue,andfourdisciplineseachhavefivepeople,andShushu,andmathematicseachhavetwopeople,"AssistantProfessor: "Guozi, Taixue, et quatuor disciplinis quinque homines habent", Book andCounting two peopleeach,"discipulus: "Onehundred et quadraginta homines in regione ....
TheTangDynastyinheritedthesystemoftheSuiDynasty.InthefirstyearofWude(618),theGuoziSchoolwasestablishedintheTangDynasty.Theschoolhas300students,allstudentsarechildrenofnobles,and24teachers.InthefirstyearofZhenguan(627)TangrenamedGuoziSchoolasGuozijian,andatthesametimebecameanindependenteducationaladministrativeinstitution.Intheprison,thereisonepersonwhosacrificeswine,whoisthehighesteducationchief.ThereisoneCheng,onemasterbook,andonepersonresponsibleforstudents'academicperformanceandschoolstatusandotherspecificmatters.IntheTangDynasty,ZengJiyichangedthenameofGuozijian,andwasrenamedSichengguanandChengjunjian.ThenamewasrestoredinthefirstyearofShenlong(705).Accordingtothe"BookofOldTang·TheBookofEmperorGaozong":"AllsixstudiesareundertheImperialCollege."Theso-calledsixstudiesareGuozixue,Taixue,Simenxue,law,calligraphyandarithmetic.
DuringtheSongandYuanDynasties
AftertheTangDynasty,ChinaenteredtheperiodoftheGreatSplitofFiveDynastiesandTenKingdoms.Duringthisperiod,Jiangzhou(nowNanjing)onceagainbecamethecapitaloftheSouthernTangDynasty.In902,YangXingmiwasnamedtheKingofWu,andYangzhouwasthecapitalofthecountry,andhewascalled"YangWu"inhistory.Later,thepowerministerXuWenmanipulatedWu'smilitaryandpoliticalpower.In909,XuWenconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorofaforeignstate,andhisadoptedsonXuZhigaowasinchargeofmilitaryandpoliticalaffairs.
In937,XuZhigaoproclaimedEmperorWuinthereignofWuandmadeJinlingthecapital.JinlingwasrenamedasJiangningMansion,thecountrywasnamedTang,anditwascalled"SouthernTang"inhistory.In939,XuZhigaoclaimedthathewasthedescendantofEmperorYongwang,thesixthsonofEmperorMingofTangDynasty.ThepalacecityoftheSouthernTangDynastywaslocatedinthecenterofJinlingCity,roughlylocatedalongtheHongwuRoadinpresent-dayNanjing.
TheSongDynastyfollowedtheTangDynastysystem,dividedintoXijingGuozijian(nowLuoyangCity,HenanProvince),TokyoGuozijian(nowKaifengCity,HenanProvince),andaddedmartialarts.TheGuozijianintheSongDynastyalsochangeditsnamefrequently,sometimescalledGuozijianorGuozixue,anditsfunctionsweredualistic.Onewastoserveasthehighestadministrativeinstitutionforgovernmenteducation,andtheotherwasthehighestinstitutionforstudentstostudy.
Forexample,ChengYi,awell-knownscholarintheNorthernSongDynasty,onceservedastheimprisonmentfortheImperialAcademyinXijing,andHuYuanoncesentencedtheImperialimprisonmentforTokyointhenameofspeakingout.InthesecondyearofEmperorTaizongofSongDynasty(989),GuozijianwaschangedtoGuozijian,andinChunhuafiveyears(994),GuozixuewaschangedtoGuozijian,andthenamechangedrepeatedly.
Recruitthechildrenofofficialsabovegrade7toenroll,andtheyarecallednationalstudentsorsupervisedstudents.AtthebeginningoftheSongDynasty,therewasnoquota,butlateritwaslimitedto200people.However,theactualnumberisverysmall,soitcanbeaddedtotheclasstofillupthevacancyoraudit.
Guozixuesetupasupervisingschooltosupervisetheschool,whichwillteachthebusinessandmoralitybydirectlectures.
NanjingGuozijianintheNorthernSongDynasty-YingtianfuAcademy(2photos)
InthethirdyearofQinglioftheNorthernSongDynasty(1043),FanZhongyanparticipatedinthepolitical"NewQingliNewDeal",andYingtianfuAcademywaspromotedItwastheImperialCollegeinNanjing(nowShangqiu),andtheImperialCollegeinTokyo(nowKaifeng)andXijing(nowLuoyang)wererankedasthehighestinstitutionintheNorthernSongDynasty.FanZhongyanputforwardtenreformproposalssuchas"refiningtributesandselectingofficials".Reformingtheeducationsystematthattime,Yingtianfu(nowShangqiuCity,HenanProvince)implementedreformsfirst,andchangedthesuperficialstyleofstudythatadvocatedCifuatthattime,emphasizingtheclassicsandtherighteousnessandcurrentaffairs.,Focusonreality.ThecentralgovernmentschoolsintheLiaoDynastyalsohadShangjingGuoziStudies,ZhongjingGuoziStudies,TokyoGuoziStudies,XijingGuoziStudiesandNanjingGuoziStudies.ExceptforNanjingGuozixue,thereisnocleartexttotest.
GuoziXueintheJinDynastywasfoundedinthethirdyearofHailingKingTiande(1151).ItstipulatedahundredstudentsofCifuandJingyi,andonlythebrothersordescendantsofofficialsfromtheclan,relatives,andofficialsofthethirdrankandabovewereenrolled.
Inaddition,inthethirteenthyearofKingSejong'sDading(1173),theJurchenGuoziSchoolwasestablished,andonlyoutstandingJinrenstudentswereallowedtoenter.
IntheYuanDynasty,GuoziwasestablishedtosuperviseGuozixue.MongoliaGuozisupervisedandadministersMongoliaGuozixue.MongoliaGuozixuewasfoundedintheeighthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1272).TheadmissionqualificationsarelimitedtoMongolianandHanpeople.ThelearningcontentismainlybasedontheMongoliantranslationof"Tongjian""JieYao",andconcurrentlystudyarithmetic,learntopassanexam,andassigntalentstoofficials.HuihuiguozisupervisesHuihuiguozixue,andHuihuiguozixuewasfoundedinthetwenty-sixthyearofYuanShizutoYuanDynasty(1290).
Thequalificationsforadmissionarelimitedtothepublicofficialsandthechildrenofthewealthypeople.Thecontentofthestudyismainly"ThinkingfortheOther"literature,andthepurposeistocultivatetalentsfortranslatinghistoryofgovernmentofficials.IntheYuanDynasty,therewasalsoastudyofChineseandGuozi.Thecoursestaughtinclude"TheClassicofFilialPiety","ElementarySchool","TheAnalects","Mencius","TheUniversity","TheDoctrineoftheMean",aswellas"Poetry","Book","BookofRites ", ZhouLi", "ChunQiu", "Facile" et mox.
DuringtheMingandQingDynasties
InthetenthyearofYuanDade(1306),BeijingGuozijianwasfoundedandoriginallycalledBeipingCountySchool.Asof2017,ithasahistoryof711years.ThehighesteducationalinstitutionandeducationaladministrationinstitutioninthecountryduringtheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.
TheMingDynastyGuozijianwasfoundedwhentheMingTaizufirstappointedJinling,thatis,theTianfuSchoolwaschangedtoGuozixue.LaterTaizuestablishedthecapitalofNanjing,rebuilttheschoolbuildingunderJimingMountain,andchangedtheschooltoprison,soitwascalledGuozijian.IntheeighthyearofHongwu,ZhongduGuozijianwasestablishedseparatelyinFengyang.
Inthetwenty-sixthyearofHongwu(1393),FengyangZhongduGuozijianwasabolished,anditsteachersandstudentsweremergedintoNanjingGuozijian.Atthistime,thenumberofstudentsinNanjingGuozijianhasincreasedtomorethan8,000.InthesecondyearofYongle(1404),BeipingCountySchoolwasrenamedtheImperialCollege.
IntheeighteenthyearofYongle(1420),thecapitalwasmovedtoBeijingintheMingDynasty,andtheBeijingGuozijianwaschangedtoJingshiGuozijian.Therefore,theGuoxueintheMingDynastywasdividedintothenorthandthesouth(alsoknownasthenorthandthesouth).Inthe20thyearofYongle(1422),thereweremorethan9900peopleinNanjingGuozijian,anunprecedentedgrandoccasion.
Atthattime,neighboringcountriessuchasKorea,Japan,Ryukyu,Siamandothercountries"tothecountryforcultureandeducation"continuedtosendoverseasstudentstoNanjingGuozijiantostudy.Butthiskindofgrandoccasionlastedforawhile,andafterZhengde,itgraduallydeclined.
IntheseventhyearofShunzhi(1650),NanjingGuozijianwaschangedtoQingjiangNingfuSchool.DuetotheoldsystemoftheMingDynasty,theancestorsoftheQingDynastyfirstrepairedtheImperialPalaceinBeijing.Accordingtothe"DraftsofQingHistory·ElectionRecords":"TheancestorappointedtheDingYanjing,andrepairedtheMingBeijianastheTaixue.
In primo anno Shunzhi, hesets immolat, moderatores et supervisores, doctores, doctores assistentes, scolares. Officia ut Zheng, Xuelu, Dianbu, etc.
DuringtheQianlongperiod,GuozijianJijiuimitatedtheteachingmethodofHuYuansuLake,afamousConfucianinSongDynasty,dividedintotwoteachingsofclassics,justiceandgovernance,"strictlysetupcourses,rewardandlure",insistedonthepracticalapplicationofthecountry.Thereisaglorioussceneof"agreatnumberofmastersandapprentices,allworkinghard,researchingandpursuingpracticalstudies".However,theincreasingcorruptioninthelateQingDynastymadetheschoolavassaloftheimperialexamination.
In1902,NanjingQingjiangNingfuSchoolestablishedSanjiangNormalSchool(thepredecessorofSoutheastUniversity)onthebasisofSipailouJiangningSchool.
OnDecember6,1905(31styearofGuangxu),theschoolsystemwasreformedinthelateQingDynasty,theschoolwassetup,theImperialCollegewasabolished,anditseducationaladministrationfunctionwasincorporatedintotheEntranceDepartment,andthehistoricalmissionoftheImperialCollegecametoanend.
In1956,BeijingGuozijianwasbuiltastheCapitalLibrary.
In1998,PiyongopenedtheBeijingGuozijiantotheoutsideworld.
In2005, in CapitalLibrarymovedout.
In2006,BeijingGuozijianandConfuciusTempleestablishedtheBeijingConfuciusTempleandGuozijianManagementOffice.Itisahistoricalandculturaltouristattraction.
OnApril22,2021,theChineseCultureLectureHallGuozijianCommunicationCenterwasinauguratedinYilunHallhere,whichmarkedtheofficial"settlement"oftheChineseCultureLectureHall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan700years.
Mainfunctions
GuozijianStatueofConfucius (15photos)
GuozixueorGuozijian,aneducationalmanagementinstitutioninthefeudalsocietyofancientChinaAndthehighestinstitution,ithastwofunctions,oneisthefunctionofthenationalmanagementagency,andtheotheristhefunctionofthecountry'shighestinstitution.TheestablishmentofGuozixue,comparedwith"TaiXue",inadditiontobeingthecountry'shighestinstitutionforteachingclassics,italsoassumesmoreofthefunctionofnationaleducationmanagement;butatthesametime,GuozijianandTaixuecanalsobereferredtoaseachother.,TaixueisoftenusedtorefertotheImperialCollege.
Aftertheemergenceof"Guozijian",thedifferentmeaningsof"learning"and"supervision"illustratethedifferentdivisionoflaborbetweenthetwofunctions."Learning"impartsknowledgeandpointstoeducationandthehighestinstitutionsFunction;"Supervision"referstothefunctionofsupervisionandsupervision,pointingtothenationaleducationmanagement.
MingGuozijianstudiedthe"Quatuor Libros" et "FiveClassics", et concurrently studuit "Encyclopedia de Sexual Principiis", leges et regulas, libri numeri, etc.
Positionsetting
Position
One persontosacrificewine,a quarto gradu;forduo populo, a quarto.
ChengYi,fromthesixthgrade,isinchargeofthesupervisors.Everyyear,sevenstudentswillbesuccessfulintheircareers,andtheywillparticipateinthetestwiththedivisionandthewinesacrifices.
Onepersoninthemainbook,fromtheseventhproduct.Palmseal,sentencetosupervisesupervisors.
Guozixue
Fivedoctors,thefifthgradeishigh.Thosewholivefromthethirdgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenofthecountry,andthegreat-grandsonabovethesecondgrade.
Assessores quinque, ab sexto gradu. Dr.ZhangZuois in professores dividuntur.
Speakingstraighttofourpeople,withDr.ZhangZuoandassistantteachersteachingclassics.
Duodoctori FiveClassicseach, in quinto gradu. Thepalmteaches the country with thestudyofitsclassics.
TaiXue
SixPh.Ds,onthesixthgrade,andsixteachingassistants,ontheseventhgrade.Thosewholivefromthefifthgradeorabove,thegrandchildrenoftheprefecturesandcounties,andthegreat-grandsonofthethirdgrade,aredividedintofivepartsastheirprofession,andtherearehundredsofpeopleineach.Thereareseventystudents,fourofDianxue,sixofZhanggu,andfifteenofDongdustudents.
GuangwenMuseum
Fourdoctorsandtwoteachingassistants.AscholarwhoisinchargeofthestudentindustryofGuozi.Therearesixtystudentsandtenintheeasterncapital.Tianbaonineyearsago,theGuangwenMuseumwassetup,andtherewasZhijinshiassistantteacher,andthenthenameofZhijinshiwasdismissed.
FourGateHall
SexPh.Ds, in 7thgrade;6administri,8thgradi;4populi recti. Qui septimum gradum docebat, in persona Houbeziisaman, et sonofaconcubineis avirtuoso. Sunt tres discipuli, quatuor in Dianxue, et sexinZhanggu, in Dong-o.
Leges
Threedoctors,fromtheeighthgrade;oneteachingassistant,fromtheninthgrade.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ThelawisZhuanYe,andhealsolearnsthestylelawsandregulations.IntheSuiDynasty,LvxuewasattachedtoDaliTemple,witheightdoctors.AtthebeginningofWuDe,undertheImperialCollegeoftheState,itwasabandoned;Zhenguanwasrestoredinsixyears,andthenabandonedinthethirdyearofXianqing,DaliTemplewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow;Longshuowasrestoredintwoyears.Thereare20studentsandtwoDianxue.AtthebeginningofYuanhe,Dongduhadfivestudents.
Scientiae
Twodoctors,underthegradenine;oneteachingassistant.Thosewhoteachtheeighthgradeorlessandwhoarethesonsofprostitutes.ShiJing,"SuoWen"and"ZiLin"belongtoZhuanye,andalsostudyYuShu.AtthebeginningofWuDe,thestudyofabolishedbookswasrebuiltinthesecondyearofZhenguan,anditwasabolishedinthethirdyearofXianqing,underthepostofthesecretaryoftheprovincewithadoctoraldegreeorbelow,andthesecondyearofLongshuo.Therearetenstudents,twofromDianxue,andthreefromDongdu.
Mathematica
Twodoctors,underthe9thgrade;oneassistant,teachesthosewhoareunderthe8thgradeandthesonofaprostitute.
Relatedknow
Guozijian's "Prison" nonreadandread est
"Carcer" in visione adhibitur, custodiat et custodiae interpretationis. Pingshengjiān(etiam), cum usus officiosus nomen et officium designatus est, "in-commendatam." HanSimaqian scriptor "Historiae recordationes · Quinque imperatorum Benji":" (Yellow imperator) super- cusavit "in-sus". "Meanstheword" praeerant" intheback.Boththeleftandrightsupervisorsareofficialnames.
ZhangShoujiemeansthatthe"supervisor"oftheofficialnameisreadout,andthe"supervisor"ofsupervisionisreadflat.FromtheWei,JintotheSuiandTangdynasties,theprovincialgovernor’sofficewasthecentralsupervisor,andaftertheendoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,thesecretaryoftheprovincialgovernor’ssecretarysupervisedthesecretarialsupervisor.
The"supervisor"isalsotheofficialsignature,suchasZhongshuSupervisor,QintianSupervisor,andShepherdHorseSupervisor.Guozijianisnotonlyanofficialoffice,butalsohasthenatureofGuozixue.
Inourcountry,GuozixueandGuozijianhavealonghistory.InthesecondyearofEmperorWudioftheWesternJinDynastyinXianning(276AD),Guozixuewasestablished,anditstoodsidebysidewithTaixue.DuringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,eitherGuozixue,Taixue,orbothwereestablished.
NorthernQichangedGuozixuetoGuoziTemple.ThisisthesignofGuozixue'stransformationfromahighereducationinstitutiontoaneducationalmanagementagency.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyusedGuoziTempletogovernGuozi,Taixue,andFourSchools,whichemphasizedtheeducationandmanagementfunctionofGuoziTemple.EmperorYangofSuichangedGuoziTempletoGuozijian.
TheTangandSongDynastiesalsogovernedGuozixue,TaixueandFourSchoolsunderthejurisdictionofGuozijian.GuozijianwasestablishedintheMingandQingdynasties,whichwasaneducationalmanagementagencywiththenatureofGuozixue.
Inthe31styearofGuangxuintheQingDynasty(1905AD),aschoolwasestablished,andtheImperialCollegeretiredfromthestageofhistory.
WhoareGuozi?"ZhouLi·Diguan·Shishi":"Teachthecountrywiththethreevirtues.Oneisthemostvirtue,whichisthefoundationofTao.ThesecondisMinde,whichisthepracticeversion.Thethirdisfilialpiety,toknowtheevil."EasternHanConfucianismJiaZhengXuan'snote:"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheGongqing.""HanShu·LiYueZhi":"Thesonofthecountry,thesonofthedoctoroftheQingalso."QingLiuShunian" LiuGuiyang scriptorum scripturarum manutenens· GuoZi'stestimonia error": "Filius patriae, filius principis, princeps, principes et magistratus omnes."
Assignationes officiales, "praepositi" of MuMaJian, QinTianJian, et ZhongShuJianal-Jian (commendantur). Ut antiquae mediae deductionis administrationem agentis et summae institutionis institutio, Guozijian etiam ab "praefecti" commendatur.
Inhistory,therewereonlymaleandfemaleprisons,andtherewerenoprisonsdedicatedtoimprisoningthechildrenofnobles.Inaddition,inancienttimes,officialswerecalled"supervisors",low-levelofficialsofthegovernmentofficewerecalledsupervisors,studentsandunderemployedoftheGuozijianSupervisorwerecalledsupervisors,thenumberoneintheexaminationofGuozijianwascalledJianyuan,andthebooksengravedbyGuozijianwerecalledSupervisors.,SaidtherulesandregulationsofGuozijianSupervisoryRegulations,andtheofficialofficethatsupervisedthesaltindustryintheTangDynastywascalledSupervisoryYuan.These"monitors"shouldallberead.
PanoramaGotoBaiduMaptoviewthepanorama>>