Introductio
Inhistory,dynamicpsychologygenerallyreferstothepsychologyofR.S.Woodworth.Heisafunctionalpsychologistinabroadsense,andheisparticularlyinterestedinthedrivingforceofbehavior.Hesaidin1896thatakindof"motivation"shouldbedeveloped.In1918,thebook"DynamicPsychology"waspublished,andtwopaperswerewrittenin1925and1930,whichexplainedthedynamicpsychologyclearly.In1958,hepublishedthebook"BehavioralDynamics".HeopposesthebiasesofE.B.Tichenna,J.B.WatsonandW.MaiDugu,andstrivestounderstandthecausalmechanismofhumanconsciousnessandbehavior,aswellasthemotivationalstimulusorsituationthatdeterminesthedrivingforce.Heproposedthetwoconceptsofmechanismanddriveinanattempttoexplainallhumanactivities.Hebelievesthatmechanismisanexternalbehavioralwaytosatisfythedrive,anddriveistheinternalconditionofthemechanism.Forbehavior,themechanismistoanswerthe"how"question;thedriveistoanswerthe"why"question.Thetwocanbetransformedintoeachother.Themechanismisstimulatedbyexternalstimuliandcontinuestobeactive.Itnolongerneedstobesupplementedbymotivation,andcanbecomeadrivingforceinitself.Forexample,themechanismofseekingfoodcanbedirectlytransformedintothedrivingforceofseekingfood.Inthisway,habitcanalsobetransformedintointerest.E.G.Paulinecreatedaspecialchapterfordynamicpsychologyintherevisededitionofhis"HistoryofExperimentalPsychology"(1950).Hebelievesthatalthoughdynamicpsychologyisnotaschool,itincludesmanyschools.HecitedFreud’spsychoanalyticschool,MaiDugu’spsychologyofpurposeorinstigation,E.Holt’sso-calledFreud’sdesire,E.Tolman’spurposefulbehaviorism,K.Lewin’stopologicalpsychology,andtheHarvardPsychologicalClinicofHAMurrayandtheYalesystemheadedbyC.Hull.HealsoadmittedthatWoodworthshouldbethepioneerofdynamicpsychology.Paulinealsopointedoutthatallpsychologythatcaresabouthumannatureandpersonalitycanbeincludedindynamicpsychology.Inthisway,themodernnewpsychoanalysisandthelaterhumanisticpsychologythatemergedintheUnitedStatesshouldbeincluded.Thescopeofdynamicpsychologyisindeedverywide.
Motivationmaybeoneofthemostimportantfunctionsofhumanbeings.Althoughithasattractedthegeneralattentionofwesternpsychologists,thereisalwaysalackofsystematicresearch.Manymodernpsychologistswhostudylearning,perceptionandpersonalityhaverealizedthatthedecisiveroleofmotivationshouldbeemphasized,buttheyarestilllimitedtothetheoreticaldiscussionofindividualmotivationsorsmallmotivations.Researchontheneuralmechanismofmotivationhasalsomadesomeprogress.Ingeneral,itisdifficulttoestablishascientificgeneraltheoryofmotivationbecauseithasnotbeenabletodeeplyexplorethesocialandhistoricalnatureofmotivation.
Theoreticalanalysis
1.Asamammal,humanbeingshaveadaptiveadvantagesandstrategies,mainlyfromsexualreproduction,anditscomplicatedandlonglactationperiod-goodenough"Theprototypeofthe“container”.Laterothercomplexadaptationadvantagesarethecomplicationandadvancementofthissexualreproductionandlactation.Butnomatterhowadvancedandcomplicatedthelaterbehavioralmodelis,itsbasicmodelremainsthesame.Whattheso-calledpsychodynamicsismostconcernedaboutisnotthesedetails,buttryingtograspthebasicandsimpledynamicsbehindtheadvancedandcomplex.Therefore,inordertoexplorethenatureofsadismandabuse,wehavetogobacktothemomentwhenourliveschangefromasexualreproductiontosexualreproduction.Becauselifecanevolveandadapt,itismainlythroughthecomplexityanddivisionoflaborofDNAcarriersorcontainers.
2.Theexistenceofsexualreproductionindicatesthatsexualreproductionisadaptable.Thefirstpremiseofsexualreproductionisthemutualattractionoftwolives,whichleadstoahypothesisthatthesubjectseekstheobject.Furthermore,wecanspeculatethatthereisaninstincttoseektheobject.Itisthisinstinct.Itistheoriginalimpetusoftheobjectrelationshipandthedrivingforceofthesexualizationprocess.
3.Thesecondpremiseistoswallowafterattractingeachothertomakesexualreproductionpossible.Therefore,thesecondkeyfactorintherelationshipbetweenobjectsismutualswallowingandbeingswallowed.Ibelievethiswillalsobefixedbyinstinct.Anydevouringmustincludethedevourerandthedevoured.Theprototypeofsadomasochismandtheoriginalsubjectandobjectofsadismandsadismareformed.Wecancallthisinstinctthatpromotestheformationofdevouringandbeingdevoured.Sadismandmasochisminstinct-Itcanbespeculatedthatthemomentwhentheywerefoodforeachother,swallowedeachother,withstrongaggressionandsexualityintheoriginalperiodoflife,wasanepoch-makingmomentforthedevelopmentofbiologicalevolutionandsexualreproduction.Meaning.
4.Ifphagocytosisleadstothedisappearanceofacell,sexualreproductionisboundtofail.Onlywhenphagocytosis,whilemaintainingtheirrespectiveexistenceandintegrity,cansexualreproductionbetrulyrealized.Theintegrityofself-existenceisanecessaryprerequisitefortheexistenceofsexualreproduction,anditisthebasisandmotivationforthesubsequentdevelopmentandformationofindividualization.
5.Theobjectrelationshipwillbeformedundertheconditionsofcoexistenceofphagocytosisandself-preservation,andcoexistenceofsexualizationandpersonalization,andundertheinteractionoftheattractionofsexualizedpowerandtherepulsionofpersonalizedpower,Moveforwardandevolve.Thesuperegoprincipleisprobablyformedunderthisbackground.Thesuperegoisthelawofbalancingandcompromisingthepowerofsexandindividuality.Itisbelievedthatthissuperegowillalsohaveaninstinctivecolor,whichwecancallmoralinstinct.Therefore,theobjectrelationshipwillbeformedundertheconditionsofcoexistenceofphagocytosisandpreservation,andwilldevelopandevolveforward.Itcanbeinferredthatonlyspeciesthatobeythisprinciplecanbepreservedassexuallyreproductivespecies.Sadomasochismisthebasicmovementthroughtheformationofobjectrelations.Thehistoryoftheformationofobjectrelationsisanevolutionaryhistoryofsadomasochism.Theevolutionofsadismandmasochismisatameprocessofsadismandmasochism,accompaniedbydesexualization,de-aggression,andpersonalization.Themainadaptivesignificanceofsadismandmasochismistomaketheobjectrelationshipfacethepressureofsadismandmasochism,whichisconducivetoweedingoutmismatchedsexspouses,soastocontinuouslyformabalanced,individualized,andcanmaximizethelifeenergy.、Spousesandindividualswhocancompletethetasksofsurvivalandreproductionmoresatisfactorily.
Analysisofthedynamicpsychologyofanxietydisorders
1.ThefollowingevolutionarytimelineofsadismandmasochismwillprobablyfollowthedevelopmentstageoflibidoTocomplete,formsadomasochismintheoralphase,sadomasochismintheanalphase,andOedipussadomasochism.Theso-calledsadomasochismatvariousdevelopmentalstagesareessentiallythedifferentmanifestationsofobjectrelationsatdifferentstagesofsadomasochisticevolution.
2.Theevolutionaryprocessofsadismandmasochismisrestrictedbytheenergyinvestedandthesecondlawofthermodynamics;thebalanceofenergyandthedirectionofmovementdeterminethestageofdevelopmentorregressionofsadismandmasochismandtime.Theperformanceandformofmovementofsadismandmasochismdependontheenergyefficiencyofthesubject'spowerandtheenergyefficiencyoftheobject"container".Thesadomasochisticphenomenonthatappearsintheclinicisessentiallyakindofregressandfixationtothelowerleveloftheobjectrelationshipduetoinsufficientstrength.Parentsandanalystsactuallyactasapsychologicalcontainerforchildrentogrowupinsadismandabuse-anefficientthermodynamicequilibriumcontainer.Theessenceofthetherapeuticrelationshipistheinteractionofacontainersystemwithlowenergyefficiencyandacontainersystemwithhighenergy.Inthissense,theanalystisa"goodenough‘container’forostensiblysadisticabuse."
3.Fromthis,wecanboldlymakesomefurtherassumptions.Thefirstassumptionis:thesadisticandmasochisticinstinctsarethebeginningoflove,anearlierinstinctanddevelopmentalstage;Thesecondhypothesisisthatthereisaninstinctfordevelopment,thisinstincthaschronologicalcharacteristics,orahierarchicalsystemofhighandlowlevels;thethirdhypothesisisthattheopeningofinstinctisalsocontrolledbyinstinct;thefourthhypothesisisthatinstinctTheopeningofissubjecttothesecondlawofthermodynamics.
4.Underthepremiseoftheabovehypothesis,wecanalmostperfectlyexplainthelawoftransfer,distribution,andbettingofforce.Ofcourse,wecanalsogiveimpetustotheprocessofsadomasochism.Learntoexplain.Moreover,thishypothesiscanbewidelyadaptedtovariousexistingtheoriesaboutsadism(suchassexualizedpornographicmasochism,suchasfeminization,suchasmoralmasochism,suchastheconceptofcontainer,etc.).And,undertheguidanceofthishypothesis,thetreatmentofprimarypersonalitydisorderhasachievedsatisfactoryresults.
Dynamicbehavior
Heregardsthechangeofindividualbehaviorastheresultoftheinteractionofinternalandexternalfactorsinacertaintimeandspace.Lewincallsthespaceanindividualisinatacertaintimeasafield.Whenthetermfieldisused,heborrowstheconceptofaforcefieldinphysics.Itsbasicmeaningis:variouselementsinthesamefieldaffecteachother;whenacertainelementchanges,Allotherelementswillbeaffected.ThisisLewin'sfieldtheory.Heusedfieldtheorytoexplainhumanpsychologyandbehavior,andusedthefollowingformulatoexpresstheinteractionbetweentheindividualandhisenvironment:
B=f(PE)
B:Behavior;P:PersonPersonal;E:Environment;f:function.Themeaningofthisformulaisthatallpersonalbehaviors(includingmentalactivities)changewiththechangeofoneselfandtheenvironmentalconditions.Lewin'spsychologicalfieldtheorysystembeganwiththeconceptof"livingspace".Hecalledthesumofallfactorsthataffectaperson'sbehavioratacertaintimeandplaceaslifespace.Heregardsthefactorsinthelivingspaceasthepsychologicaleventsofpersonalawareness,andpsychologicaleventscanbedividedintothreecategories:internal(suchashunger);external(suchasfood);recall(suchaschildhoodexperience).Inhislateryears,Lewinturnedhisattentiontosocialpsychologyissues.Amajorresearchresultinvolvedvarioussocialatmosphereandaggressiveissues.
AfterestablishingtheGroupDynamicsResearchCenterattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyin1944,LewinextendedtheprinciplesofGestaltpsychologytothestudyofgroupsocialbehavior.HepointedoutthatanygroupwillhavethecharacteristicsofGestalt:thegroupisawhole,andeachmemberofthegroupwillinteractwitheachother.Hebelievesthateachmemberofthegrouphasthepowerofinterdependence.ThisisthegroupdynamicsadvocatedbyLewin.
Justasindividualsformapsychologicalfieldintheirlivingspace,sogroupsandtheirenvironmentformasocialfield.Thecharacteristicofthegroupisthedynamicinterdependenceofthemembers.Aperson'sstatusdependsonhisarea,andhisareaisconnectedwithotherareas(groupmembers).Thegroupissubjecttocohesionanddisintegration.Whenthebarrierstocommunicationbetweenmembersaretoogreat,itwillproducedisintegration.Thegroupconstitutesaforcefield,andindividualattractionorrepulsiondependsontheattractingandrejectingvaluewithinthegroup.Lewin'sresearchongroupdynamicshasplayedastimulatinginfluenceonthedevelopmentofcounselingandcounselingpsychologyinthefuture.Later,theencountergroup(encountergroup)foundedbytheAmericanpsychologistJacobMoreno(1890-1974)wasbasedonLewin'sideaofgroupdynamics.
ResearchScope
1.Thedefinitionof"sadomatism-masochism"mentionedinpsychodynamics:acombinationofsadismandmasochismInthestateofbeingtogether,insocialrelationsandsexualrelationswithothers,thereareattitudesofsubmissionandattackatthesametime,accompaniedbyastrongtendencytodestroy,anditisspeculatedthatthisstatehasthenatureofbeingabletobetonenergy.
Second,themeaningof"sadism-masochism"indynamicpsychologyresearch:Negativetreatmentresponsehasalwaysbeenananalyst'streatmentofprimarypersonalitydisorders(includingnarcissisticPersonalitydisorder,paranoidpersonalitydisorder,borderlinepersonalitydisorder.)Themaintroubles.Accordingtomyownexperienceandobservationsinpsychoanalysis,nomatterwhatitsultimateoriginis,negativetherapeuticresponseismanifestedinadifferentdegreeofsadomasochisticnatureinthetherapeuticrelationship.Negativetransferenceisoftenthroughsadomasochism.It'sdonebyabuse.Blumbelievesthatsadismandmasochismareacomplexcompromisedmixture,withmultiplefunctions,anditislikelytoappearinvariousstagesofmentaldevelopment.Theubiquitoussadomasochisticphenomenonrepresentsanimportantdimensionofsatisfaction,defense,adaptation,andtherelationshipbetweenselfandobject.Allpsychologicalstructuresareinvolvedintheformationofacompromisedmixtureofsadismandmasochism.Thedifficultyofsadomasochismandthedivergenceofconceptualopinionsshowthatwehavenotreallygraspedtheessenceofsadomasochismandmasochism,norhavewetrulyunderstoodtheoveralldynamicsofsadomasochism.Throughtheresearchonthepsychologicaldynamicsofsadomasochismanditsadaptivesignificance,wecanhaveanin-depthunderstandingofnegativeempathyandnegativetherapeuticresponse,therebyimprovingtheabilitytodealwithprimarypersonalitydisorders.
3.Theperspectiveofdynamicpsychologyresearch:Adaptabilityisthecorepointofview,thatis,thisresearchmainlystartsfromtheperspectiveofadaptabilityandexploresthelevelofmetapsychology.Themotivationandoriginofsadomasochism.Thereasonfortheresearchfromthisperspectiveisthat"survivalofthefittest"isthemostfundamentallawthatdeterminesthemovementofmatterandlife,includingthesecondlawofthermodynamics.Onlybystartingfromthemostfundamentallawcanitbeessentiallygrasped.Sadismisacomplexpsychologicalphenomenon.Ifwestartfromtheperspectiveof"survivalofthestable"and"survivalofthefittest",wecanthinkthat"whatexistsisreasonable".Onlybysatisfyingthispremisecanitexist.Therefore,itseemsthatwecanalsoinferthateverythingthatexists,Itmusthaveitsadaptivesignificance.Thisarticleattemptstofindtheoriginalmotivationandadaptivesignificanceofthewidespreadexistenceofsadomasochismunderthepremisethattheabuseandabuseoffakefacilitieshaveadaptivemeaning.Theresearchwillfirstmakeaseriesofhypothesesandreasoningbasedonseveralacceptedprinciples,andthen,inordertoincreasethepersuasivenessofthesereasoningandhypotheses,itwillalsoprovideseveraltreatmentcasestoprovideevidencefortheirhypothesesandreasoning.
SpiritualMotivation
Whenweanalyzeabelief,weoftenthinkabout"whysuchbeliefbecomesthedrivingforceforherdstruggleorlife".Thisisakindofspiritualmotivationproblemofbelief.Fromapsychologicalpointofview,itisapsychologicalmotivationproblem,thatis,thepsychologicalreasonfortheindividualtoinitiate,guideandmaintainacertainactivityorcareer.WhenweanalyzeConfucianism,wealsohavethisidea.ThisquestionisalsooneofthebasicquestionsofunderstandingConfucianism.Thisisasubjectiveviewoffaith.Beliefcanberegardedasanactofthebeliever’swhole-personinvolvementthathasadecisiveimpactonhislife.Itincludesthebeliever’swholeperson,thatistosay,includesthebeliever’sconsciousnessandunconsciousness,rationalityandsensibility...etc.Inaperson,thereareoftenconflictingandtensionfactors.Faithencompassesandtranscendsthesefactorsatthesametime.Inotherwords,beliefisnotsimplythesumofthesefactors,butsomethingthattranscendsthesefactorsthatwillaffectthesefactorsrespectively.Therefore,itisnotthatacertainfactor(whetheritisrationaloremotional)becomesatraitthatdeterminesbelief,but,conversely,beliefdeterminesthesefactors.
Motus
Inasense,thetheoryofemotionalarousalcanalsobeclassifiedasthetheoryofmotivationalenjoyment.Somepeoplebelievethatitisavariantofthetheoryofmotivationalenjoyment,andthefocusisontheorganism'seffortstoachievethegreatestpleasureandleastunpleasantemotion.However,inessence,theemotionalstimulationtheoryisnotnecessarilyrelatedtopsychologicalneedsordrive,butitisrelatedtomotivation.Inthe"OxfordEnglishDictionary",emotionsareexplainedintheformofdynamics,sayingthatemotionisawayofaction;adesire,fearorotheremotion,areasonthattendstoaffectpeople'swill.PTYoungisoneoftheearlytheoristswhoemphasizedtheroleofemotioninmotivation.AccordingtoYang,internalorexternalstimuliobtaininducementvaluesthroughconnectionwithemotionalstimuli,andareessentiallyfeltaspositiveandnegative.Withthegradualaccumulationofexperience,involvingtheconnectionofdifferentstimuliandemotionalstimuli,theindividualdevelopsavaluesystem.Thestrengthofmotivationdependsonthestrengthoftheemotionalprocessoforganizationalmotivation.Itispreciselybecauseofthismotivationthattheorganismfacesorfacesanobject;itisalsothisemotion-basedmotivationthatcausesandcontrolsbehavior.Inshort,emotionalprocessesplayaleadingroleinorganizing,stimulating,controlling,andmaintaininglearnedbehaviorpatterns.OtherpsychologistswhoputemotionatthecoreofmotivationincludeD.McClelland,OHMoeller,andS.Tomkins.Infact,inthedynamictheoriesofmanypsychologists,theemotionalarousaltheory,thedrivetheoryandtheinducementtheoryoverlap.Forexample,MaiDuguemphasizedtheroleofemotioninthedevelopmentofgoals;drivetheoristsalsoemphasizedtheimportanceofemotion;emotionaltheoristsemphasizedthedevelopmentandmaintenanceofthegoalsystemwhileexplainingtheroleofemotion.
Thecognitionofmotivation
Althoughthetheoryofreducedmotivationwasoncepopularwithanimalpsychologistsandpersonalitypsychologists,bytheendofthe1950s,theconceptofdriveNolongermonopolizestheliterature.Themainreasonsare:thereisaproblemwithcompilingascaleofdrivingforcesonthehumanside;theresultsofscientificresearchdonotsupportthetheoryoftensionreduction;theriseofinformationprocessingtheoryrelatedtothecognitiverevolution.Insomeways,cognitionhasreplacedmotivationasamajorissue.Somecognitivetheoriesstillhavetracesoftheweakeningoftension.Forexample,L.Firth’stheoryofcognitivedissonance(tensioncausedbytwoormorecontradictorythoughts)nolongeremphasizestheimportanceofneedordrive,butinsteademphasizestheimportanceofcognition.Inhistheory,thereisstilltheviewofLewinSchool,whichemphasizesthetensioncausedbyconflictandthemotivationofthetensiontoweaken.Someconfessiontheoriesemphasizetheinherentmotivationalroleoforganismsininformationprocessingactivities.JMHunterbelievesthatorganismsalwaysseektointegratenewinformationwithwhattheyalreadyknow.Theinformationenteredmaybeconsistentwithwhatisknown,oritmaybeinconsistent.Hunterexemplifiesthatcontradictoryorbrand-newinformationpromotesapproachingbehavior,butwhenthegapbetweentheinputandstoredinformationistoolarge,retreatbehaviormayalsooccur.Henotonlyemphasizesinternalincentives(rootedintheinformationprocessingactivitiesoforganisms).Motivation),andpointedoutthatdifferentdegreesofcontradictionbetweentheoldandnewinformationleadtodifferentdegreesofarousalandpositiveandnegativehappymood.However,althoughHunteremphasizedtheintrinsicmotivationandmotivationrootedintheinformationprocessingactivitiesoftheorganism,hedidnotproposethepossibleconnectionbetweenarousalandhedonicmood.
GA·Kellyisatheoristwhoemphasizespuredynamiccognitivetheory.Heopposedthe"softandhard"theorythatoncedominateddynamicpsychology,thatis,thetheorythatemphasizestheinducementof"pull"theorganismtowardthegoalandthetheoryoftheinternaldrivethatemphasizesthe"push"oftheorganism.Onthecontrary,Kellyarguedthateveryoneisascientistseekingbetterexpectationsofevents.Accordingtohim,humanbeingsarealwaysactive,soamotivedoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheactivityitselfisnotfeasible.Accordingtothedirectionofmovement,humanbeingschoosebehaviorsinawaythatclarifiesthemaximumpotentialoftheirconceptualsystem,soastoachievethedesiredeffectofenhancement.Therefore,thereisnoneedforinternaldrive,need,inducement,orreducedtensiontoexplainhumanbehavior.Whenpeoplecannotanticipateevents,theymayexperienceanxietyasanegativeemotion;whenpeople’sentireconstructivesystemisinadangerousstate,theymayExperiencethethreat.
Moreover,suchnegativeemotionswillleadtocorrectactions.Itneedstobepointedoutthatsuchdynamicbehaviorshouldnotbeconfusedwiththebasicnatureofhumanactivities,becausetheformeraimstounderstandandanticipateeventsinthesurroundingworld.Inshort,thecognitiverevolutionisrelatedtotheemphasisonorganicinformationprocessingactivities.Althoughsometheoriesemphasizecognitionandinformationprocessing,theyarestillimplicatedindrive,reducedtension,ororganicenjoymentpatterns;sometheoriesexplicitlygetridofthisviewandemphasizemotivationalcognitivepatterns.Finally,theemphasisoncognitionhaspromptedsomepsychologiststopayattentiontoinformationprocessingthatlacksmotivation.Asaresult,thereisadecreaseininterestinpowerissuesinmanyplaces.