Collectioninformation
Basic notitia
Scrittura di scritture di Dunhuang (Museo di Nanchino)
p>Specifications:Thescripturesarewritteninbatches,withdifferentsizes,thelongestis500lines,andthelengthis24meters.
Date:NorthernWeiDynastytoFiveDynasties
Collection:NanjingMuseum
Introductiontotheexhibits
NanjingMuseumhasmorethan30Dunhuangmanuscripts.ThesescripturesspanfromtheNorthernWeiDynastytotheFiveDynasties.Amongthem,mostofthemarefromtheTangDynasty.Thefarthesthasahistoryof1500years,andthemostrecenthasahistoryofmorethan1,100years.OfalltheChinesescriptures,exceptforoneincursivescript,mostoftheothersareinKaishustyleandWeibeistyle.ThecontentsaremainlyBuddhistscriptures,suchastheLotusSutraoftheMiaoDharma,theThirty-sevenLevelsoftheBuddhaSutra,theMahayanaSutraoftheLengga,theYogaMaster’sEarthTheory,theInfiniteLifeSutra,theAmitabhaSutraoftheBuddha,theGreatPranaNirvanaSutra,theGreatWisdomSutra,andtheMahayanaSutra.HeparamiSutraandsoon.Inaddition,thereisonemanuscriptofLaozi'sDaodejingandthemanuscriptaftertheSpringandAutumnPeriod,andtwoscriptureswritteninUyghurscriptduringtheTangDynasty.
DigitalMuseum
In2013,NanjingMuseumandBaiduBaikejoinedforcestocreateadigitalandthree-dimensionalauthoritativeknowledgepopularizationplatform:theencyclopediadigitalmuseumofNanjingMuseum.ThedigitalmuseumdisplaysmanypreciousexhibitsoftheNanjingMuseuminalldirectionsthroughthebronzemuseum,jademuseum,ceramicsmuseum,calligraphyandpaintingmuseumandotherbranches.
Overview
DunhuangmanuscriptsareatreasureofancientChinesedocuments.SincetheDunhuangmanuscriptswerediscoveredintheDunhuangBuddhistscripturecavein1900,theDunhuangmanuscriptsthathavebeenkeptsecretformanyyearshavebeenscattered.Manycompletescriptureswerelootedbyforeignexplorers.Itwasnotuntil1910thattheQingdynasty'sacademicdepartmenttransportedthesurplustoBeijing.
ThescripturesfoundintheDunhuangTibetanScriptureCave,fromthetwoJinDynastiestotheSongandYuanDynasties,mostofwhicharescripturescripturesoftheTangDynasty,andtherearemanyscripturescriptureswithcopyersanddates.TheinscriptionoftheTangDynastyprovidesrarematerialmaterialsforpeopletounderstandtheTangDynastyJingshenganditscalligraphy.
Atpresent,theNationalLibraryofDunhuangmanuscriptsinthedomesticcollectionisthemostconcentrated.TheNanjingMuseumhasmorethan30Dunhuangmanuscripts.Becausethesemanuscriptshavealonghistoryandirreplaceableuniqueness,Therefore,eachpieceinthisgroupofscriptureshasanunusualcollectionexperienceandextremelyhighculturalrelicsandacademicvalue.
ThetimespanoftheDunhuangscripturesintheNanjingMuseumisfromtheNorthernWeiDynastytotheFiveDynasties,andmostofthemarefromtheTangDynasty.Theseworkshaveahistoryof1,500yearsasfarawayasthepresent,andmorethan1,100yearsago..AmongalltheChinesescriptures,exceptforoneincursivescript,mostoftheothersareinKaishustyleandWeibeistyle.ThecontentsofthisbatchofscripturesaremainlyBuddhistscriptures,suchastheLotusSutraoftheWonderfulDharma,theThirty-sevenLevelsoftheBuddhaSutra,theMahayanaSutra,theYogaMaster’sEarthTheory,theInfiniteLifeSutra,theAmitabhaSutraoftheBuddha,theGreatPranaNirvanaSutra,TheGreatWisdomSutra,MahāpraramisSutra,etc.Inthisbatchofmanuscripts,therearealsoonemanuscriptofLaozi'sDaodejingandthemanuscriptoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.ThisisrelativelyrareintheDunhuangscripturesthathavebeendiscovered,anditsacademicvalueandmaterialvalueshouldnotbeunderestimated.Inaddition,therearetwoscriptureswritteninUighurscriptduringtheTangDynasty,whicharerareintheDunhuangmanuscriptsfound.Mostofthesescripturesarewellpreserved,thelongestofwhichhas500linesandalengthof24meters.
TheoriginoftheDunhuangscripturesintheNanjingMuseumisalsoextraordinary.In1936,thePekingHistoryMuseumwasmergedintothePreparatoryOfficeoftheCentralMuseum.Amongthepreciousculturalrelicshandedover,therewere4Dunhuangscriptures;in1942,theCentralMuseumorganizedstafftogotoDunhuangCounty,GansutorescuetheDunhuangscriptures.12pieces;intheearlydaysofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theEastChinaMinistryofCultureassigned11preciousDunhuangmanuscriptsofdifferentoriginstotheNanjingMuseumforcollectionandstudy;inaddition,LiuHouze,adescendantofthefamouswriter,industrialist,andcollectorLiuEinthelateQingDynasty,formervicepresidentofthecountryRongYirenandhisyoungerbrotherRongHongren,thelatefemaledeanofNanjingMuseumZengZhaoxue,thefamouscalligrapherPanBoying,thefamouscalligrapherandconnoisseurQinGuliu,etc.,alldonatedtheirDunhuangscripturestothecollectionofNanjingMuseum.TheDunhuangscripturesintheNanjingMuseumaremorehistorical,humanisticandlegendary.
Theartofcalligraphy
DunhuangscripturewritingcalligraphyisthetreasurehouseofChinesecalligraphyart.Thescripturewritingcalligraphyhasstrongcharacteristics,sothatitiscalledthe"jingshengbody".Intermsoftheoriginoftheteacherandinheritance,wefoundthatthestudentsstillusethepopularcalligraphytemplatesastheirmodels.MostoftheDunhuangscriptureswerecopiedwithpen,whichisamasterpieceofancientfolkcalligraphy.Thecopywritersofthepapersaremostlyhiredscriptwritersorordinarypeople.Theycopyalltheyearround,andpracticemakesperfect.Somearestrong,braveandboldinwriting;someareproficientandelegantinwriting.Thebookstyle,cursive,official,andsealareallavailable,colorful,naturalandsimple,flexibleandflexible.Itsskills,aestheticsandtastearealladmiredandadmired.
TheartisticvalueofDunhuangscripturewritingisveryhigh.SomescripturewritingcalligraphyreflectsthehigherlevelofcalligraphyintheTangDynasty.PeopleintheearlyTangDynastywrotethe"MiaofaLotusSutra"VolumeOne,Preface,andConvenientProducts."Inthefirsthalf,authoritativefiguresinthecalligraphycirclesaidthat"thebrushworkisinthefleshandblood,andthementalityisflying,enoughtoresistYan,Ou,andChu,andreallypushthetopgradeintheMingshalegacy."Andtherearemanysuchexcellentwritings..InthecalligraphycirclesoftheTangDynasty,famousartistswereemphasizedandtheyturnedablindeyetoscripturewritingandcalligraphy.AtthetimeofHuizongintheNorthernSongDynasty,theimperialpalacewasabletocollectthehandwrittenscriptsofTangJingsheng,whichhasalreadyexpresseditspraiseforhiscalligraphylevel.MostofthescripturesintheTangDynastywereelaboratelyconceivedworksofZhujiandYuzhang.Takethenamelessbook"MahayanaEnteringtheLangaSutra"asanexample.Betweenthelines,thereareclearWusicolumns(thisisalsothecommonformofwritingscriptures).Itiscute,andmostofthetextsofeachwordarewithinthe"foursquares",whichisanimportantmanifestationoftheuniformityofthewritingandcalligraphyoftheTangScriptures.However,whenyoulookcloselyateachword,thereisalotofchangeinthefoursquares,especiallythemainstrokessuchashorizontalstrokesandstrokes.Thehorizontalstrokesinthemiddleofthefontaremorebrokenandstraight,similartoasharpknife,andpauseforawhile.,Thatis,asthefront,givingpeopleasenseofswiftnessandjoy.Ofcourse,thissingle-handedapproachisalsoduetothespeedofcopyingsutras.
Ofcourse,theDunhuangscripturewritingmanuscriptsarenotnecessarilyfinepieces.Onthecontrary,someareveryrough,andsomebasicskillsofregularscriptarealsoverylacking.Comparedwithothercopyingscriptures,thelevelofcalligraphyinthe719"BuddhaNameSutra"lagsfarbehindbyseveralgrades,andtherearemanysimilarsituations.Inmorecases,folkBuddhistbelieverscannotaffordtohirepeopletocopythescriptures.Theymaycopyscripturesbythemselves.Thiskindofuntrainedcopyingofscripturesseemsalittleroughandunavoidable.However,thegovernmentcopyingscripturesafterheavychecksisinevitable.Ofcoursetherewillbenosimilarsituation.
FromtheartofscripturewritingandcalligraphyinDunhuang,werealizethepurposeofBuddhismtoaccumulatemeritsthroughscripturewriting,realizetheBuddhistconventionsonart,andleavetheseculturalinspectionstotalkaboutthemeritsanddisadvantagesofscripturewritingandcalligraphy.Thelevelofitsartisticlevelismeaningless.
Relatedinformation
In2010,theNationalArchivesBureauauthoritativelyannouncedthethirdbatchofselecteditemsinthe"ListofChineseArchivesandDocumentsHeritage",andthe"DunhuangManuscripts"declaredbytheDunhuangArchivesofficiallyBeingselectedsignifiesthat"DunhuangManuscripts"isofficiallylistedastheChinesearchivaldocumentheritageandwillbekeptintheDunhuangArchivesforever.