Aviation,acomplexandstrategichumanactivity.Referstotheflight(navigation)activitiesofaircraftintheearth'satmosphere(airspace),aswellasrelatedscientificresearchandeducation,industrialmanufacturing,publictransportation,professionaloperations,aviationsports,nationaldefenseandmilitary,governmentmanagementandmanyotherfields.Throughtheuseofairspaceandaircraft(aircraft),aviationactivitiescanbesubdividedintomanyindependentindustriesandfields,suchasaviationmanufacturing,civilaviation,andsoon.Itisoftenseenthatpeopleusethistermfromtheirrespectivefields,anditsconnotationisextremelyrichandvaried.
Aircraftengagedinflyingactivities,alsoknownasaircraft,aredividedintotwotypes:aircraftthatarelighterthanairandaircraftthatareheavierthanair.Theformerreliesonthestaticbuoyancyofair,suchasballoonsandairships,andthelatterreliesontheaerodynamicforcegeneratedbyrelativemotionwiththeair,suchasairplanesandhelicopters.Accordingtowhetheritismanned,itcanbedividedintomannedaircraftandunmannedaerialvehicle.
Mankindhaslonggerminatedastrongdesiretoflytothesky,suchastheChinesemythsandlegendsofChang'eflyingtothemoon,andtheinventionofkites.Inthe19thcentury,manypeoplemadegliderswithoutenginestofly,andhotairballoonsandairshipsweregraduallyused.In1903,theAmericanWrightbrothersinventedtheairplaneandsuccessfullytestedit.However,somepeoplethinkthatClementAdelistherealinventoroftheairplane,andFengRu,the"fatherofaviation"inmycountry,isalsoapioneerinthehistoryofworldaviation.
Историја
Humanaviationhasalonghistory,eventhestonesandspearsusedbytheancients,themechanicalpigeonsmadebytheancientGreekAlchitas,andtheboomerangsasfarawayasAustralia,ChineseKongminglanternsarerelatedtokites.Asforrealflying,IcarusasearlyasinancientGreekmythologyisapersonwhocanfly,aChineseYuanhuanghead,aEuropeanparachuteandaMuslimAbbasKasimIbnFurnas.Glidingandflyingareallmanifestationsofhumanwantingtofly.Inthe15thcentury,daVinci’sservantsusedmockingbirdwingstomakeflappingwingaircraftforflighttests,butnotonlycouldnotfly,butalsobrokealeg.
(English:Aviation)Inanarrowsense,itreferstothenavigationactivitiesofmannedorunmannedaircraftintheatmosphere.Inabroadsense,aviationalsoreferstoaviationresearch,aviationmanufacturing,andairtransportation.Fieldsrelatedtoaviation.Humanshavehadthedesiretosoarintotheskylikeabirdsinceancienttimes,butitwasnotuntilthelate18thcenturythatmannedhotairballoonswerelaunchedinEuropeforthefirsttime.WiththetechnologicaladvancementbroughtaboutbytheIndustrialRevolutionintheearly20thcentury,humanaviationdevelopedrapidly.OnDecember17,1903,theAmericansWrightbrotherssuccessfullytestedthefirstmankind'saircraftthatisheavierthanair,powered,controlledandsustainablysuspendedintheair[3],openinganeweraofmodernaviation.Aviationisthemostactiveandinfluentialfieldofscienceandtechnologyinthe21stcentury.Theimportantachievementsinthisfieldmarkthedevelopmentlevelofhumancivilizationandalsoreflectthecomprehensivenationalstrengthandscienceandtechnologylevelofacountry.
Балони (17 фотографија)
ThebeginningofmodernaviationhistorywasonNovember21,1783,thehotairballoondesignedbytheFrenchMengfeibrotherswascarriedout.Thefirstmannedflightexperiment.Butthepracticabilityofthehotairballoonatthattimewasverylow,becauseitcouldonlyflydownwindandwasrestrictedbythewinddirection,soamaneuverableairshipwasneeded.Jean-PierreBlanchardinstalledamanualpropelleronaballoonin1784andsuccessfullyusedtheballoontocrosstheEnglishChannelin1785.Later,differenttypesofairshipsweredeveloped.Forexample,HenryGiffardin1852builtthefirstpower-drivenairship,theairshipdesignedbyDavidSchwarzin1896,andAlbertSantosDuin1901.MontedrovetheairshiptocompleteacirclearoundtheEiffelTower.Eventhoughthereweremanyaircraftcapableofflyingatthattime,itisgenerallybelievedthattheaircraftmanufacturedandsuccessfullyflownbytheWrightbrothersonDecember17,1903wasthepioneerofmodernaircraft,buttheiraircraftstillhadmanyproblems.After11yearsofimprovementoftheaircraft,theoutbreakofWorldWarIchangedthepurposeoftheaircraft,mainlyresponsibleforreconnaissance,bombingandevengroundattacks.
Aircrafthavebecomelargerandmorereliable,andsomearemoreusedforcommercialpassengertransport.Asforairships,largerigidairshipsbecametheairvehicleswithhighpassengerandcargocapacityatthattime.Theywereabletocarrypassengersandcargoforlong-distanceflights.ThemostfamousofthesewastheGermanZeppelinCompany.Zeppelin’smostsuccessfulairshipistheEarlofZeppelin.Intotal,itflewmorethanonemillionmiles,includingitsround-the-worldflightinAugust1929.However,Zeppelin’s"goldenage"endedonJune6,1937,whentheairshipwasreplacedbyanaircraftwitharangeofonlyafewhundredmiles.ThiswasbasedonthecrashoftheHindenburg,whichkilled36people.Eventhoughtheairshipstillhascustomerspatronizingit,theerathatbelongstoitisover.
The1920sand1930swereamajoradvancementinaviationhistory.Forexample,CharlesLindberghsuccessfullycrossedtheAtlanticin1927.ThemostsuccessfulaircraftatthetimewasDouglas'sDC-3.Itshighpassengercapacitymadeairlinesprofitableandwroteanewpageinaviationhistory.DuringtheSecondWorldWar,manycitiesbuiltairports.Thewaradvancedaviationtechnology,andtheworld’sfirstrocketsandjetswerealsodevelopedduringthewar.
Afterthewar,theaviationindustryhasundergonetremendouschanges.Manyaircraftareusedforcommercialorprivatepurposes,andalargenumberofretiredfighterpilotsandmilitaryaircrafthavebeenputintocivilaviationservice.ThissituationismostobviousinNorthAmerica.AircraftmanufacturerssuchasCessnahaveexpandedtheirproductionscaletoproducemoresmallandmedium-sizedaircraft.Inthe1950s,theCometaircraftmanufacturedbyDeHavillandbecamethefirstcivilaviationjet,andtheBoeing707becamethefirstcivilaviationjettobewidelyused,andtheroleofthepropelleraircraftcouldbeconvertedtoservesomelow-passengeraircraft.Amountofroutes.
Thedevelopmentofspaceactivitiesalsohasapositiveimpactonaviationactivities.OnApril12,1961,YuriGagarinflewintospaceforthefirsttime,andonJuly21,1969,NeilArmstrongfirstlandedonthemoon.Sincethe1960s,peoplehavefoundthataircraftmadeofcompositematerialsarequieter,morefuel-efficientandmoresuitablethantraditionalones,butmoreadvancedistheimprovementofaircraftinstrumentationandflightcontroltechnology.GPS,transistors,Communicationsatellites,computers,andLEDdisplays.Thesetechnologiesreducethenumberofinstrumentsinthecockpit,savespace,andareofgreathelptosmalleraircraft.Inadditiontobeingabletoaccuratelydrivetheaircraft,thepilotscanalsoaccuratelyobservetheterrainandsurroundingaircraft.environment.In1969,thefirstsupersonicHarmonyairlinerthatwasputintoserviceinlargenumbersmadeitsmaidenflight.ItsflyingspeedwasashighasMach2,whichwastwiceasfastasanordinarycivilaircraftandbecameoneofthefastestairtransportationvehiclesatthattime.OnJune21,2004,Spaceship1becamethefirstprivatejetthatcouldflyintospace,openingupanewmarketfortheaviationindustry.Atthesametime,aircraftfuelcanalsobereplacedbyothernewenergysources,suchaselectricity,ethanol,andevensolarenergy.Thesenewfuelswillbewidelyusedinsmallaircraft.
Цивил
Цивилuse,thatis,civilaviation.Цивилaviationreferstoallmilitary,police,customsandothernationalaviationactivitiesotherthanaviationactivities,includingpublicairtransportationandgeneralaviation.
ПублицАирТранспорт
Ербас, са седиштем у Европи
Боеинг, са седиштем у Сједињеним Америчким Државама
p>Бомбардиер, седиште у Канади
Ембраер, седиште у Бразилу
Туполев ДесигнБуреау, са седиштем у Русији
Boeing,Airbus,andTupolevareallfocusedonproducingnarrow-bodyandwide-bodypassengeraircraft,whileBombardierandEmbraermainlyproduceregionalpassengeraircraft,andtheARJ-21developedbyChina’sAVICCommercialAircraftCo.,Ltd.willJointhemarket.Mostaircraftmanufacturersareonlyresponsibleforthedesignandfinalassemblyandtestflight,whileaircraftpartsareprovidedbydifferentagenciesaroundtheworld.
Untilthe1970s,mostlargeairlineswerenationalairlinesandwereprotectedbythegovernmentfromthreatsfromrivals.However,sincetheimplementationoftheopenskiespolicy,manyairlineshavebeenestablished,causingthepriceofairticketstofall.Coupledwithhighfuelprices,highsalaries,andtheSeptember11andSARSincidentsthatoccurredin2001,manyolderairlineshaveCompanieshavefiledforbankruptcyprotection,governmentprotectionormergers,butatthesametime,low-costairlinessuchasSouthwestAirlineshavebecomebeneficiariesduringthisperiod.
Генералавиатион
Генералавиатионisatypeofcivilaviation,whichreferstocivilaviationactivitiesotherthanpublicairtransportation.Генералавиатионcanprovidetrainingforflighttraining,parachutes,hotairballoons,glidingflights,aerialphotography,ambulanceflights,aerobatics,airpatrolpoliceorforestfirefighters.Eachcountryhasdifferentregulationsforgeneralaviation,andtheregulationsdependonwhetheritisprivateorcommercial.
Itsmarketismainlyaimedatcustomerswhowanttoownprivatejetsortrainingaircraftforflyingschools.Withtheimprovementofavionicssystems,onlytheavionicsoflargeaircraftsinthepastcanalsobeinstalledonsmallaircrafts,suchasGPS,andtheapplicationofcompositematerialsmakestheaircraftlighterandflyfaster,whichhasbecomeadrivingforceforthedevelopmentofsmallaircrafts.force.Allowingmanycountriestoallowprivateflightscanenablethegovernmenttosavemoneyandreduceregulationstoissueairworthinesscertificatestoaircraft.
Војска
Asearlyasthe18thcentury,humanshaddevelopedunpoweredsurveillancehotairballoons.Today,militaryaircraftareinlargedemandandproduced.Војскаaircraftmanufacturersarecompetingwitheachother,becauseonlyoneofthemcanobtainacontractfromacertaincountrytoprovidemilitaryaircrafttothatcountry.Thegovernment’sconsiderationismainlyinthepriceandperformanceoftheaircraft.Andspeed.
Типови војних авиона
Fightersareusedtodestroyenemymilitaryaircraftandprotectone'sowntargets,suchaszero-shipfightersandF-15heavyfighters.
Theattackaircraftisusedtoattackgroundtargetsandimplementclose-rangefiresupport,suchastheA-10ThunderIIattackaircraft.
Bombersareusedforstrategicortacticalbombing,suchastheBritishTornadofighterbomberandtheB-2Ghoststealthstrategicbomber.
Thetransportaircraftisusedformanpowerormaterialtransportation,suchastheC-130transportaircraft.
Reconnaissanceaircraftisusedfordatacollection,suchasU-2reconnaissanceaircraftandSR-71reconnaissanceaircraft.
За хеликоптере се може рећи да су "свемоћни", који се могу користити за спасавање на бојном пољу, копнене ватрене ударе, команду за извиђање, пројекцију силе и логистичку подршку.
Контрола ваздушног саобраћаја (АТЦ)
Trafficcontrolissimilartothegroundtrafficpolice,whichexiststoensuretheorderofairnavigationandtheeffectiveuseofairspace.Airtrafficcontrolisresponsibleforcommunicatingwiththepilotsandmaintainingthedistancebetweentheaircrafttoensurethattheaircraftwillnotcollideduetobeingtooclose.Theflightcontrollerneedstoknowthepositionoftheaircraft,whetheritisprovidedbythepilot,orseethepositionoftheaircraftontheradarinalargerairport.Thetypesofairtrafficcontrolare:
Centralcontrollersandcontrolconsolesareresponsibleforcontrollingaircraftwithintheairport.
Marinecontrollersareresponsibleforcontrollingaircraft,mostlyinternationalflights.
Theterminalcontrollerisresponsibleforcontrollingtheaircraftabout50-80kilometersoutsidetheairport.
Ininstrumentflight,airtrafficcontrolisveryimportant,becausepilotsmaynotbeabletoseeotheraircraftorairportsduetoweatherproblems.Eveninlargerairports,theaircraftcanflyvisually,butPilotsarerequiredtotakeordersfromthecontrollertomaintainorderintheair.Thecontrollerwillprovidedifferentinformationtoseparatetheaircraftduetotheworkloadofthepilot,suchasweatherbroadcast,terrain,flightassistanceandotherdata.However,itisimpossibleforacontrollertocontrolallflights.ThevisualflightthatispopularinNorthAmericadoesnotrequireconstantattentiontothecontroller’sorders.Insomeareas,suchasnorthernCanada,thereisnoairtrafficcontrolservice.Itisnotpossibletoflyatlowaltitudesinthisplace.
Утицај на животну средину
Likecombustionactivities,theuseofenergyaircraftwillreleasegreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxide,carbonblackandothersubstances.Theenvironmentalimpactsareasfollows:
Whentheaircraftapproachesthetopoftheconvection,itwillreleaseaircraftcloudsandaerosols,whichwillincreasethecirruscloudsinthesky,upto0.2%ofthecloudcover.
Whentheaircraftapproachesthetopoftheconvection,chemicalswillbeproduced,whichwillaffecteachother'sgreenhousegases,especiallynitrogenoxides,whichwillincreasetheconcentrationofozone.
Thegasolineburnedbymostsmallpistonairplanescontainstetraethyllead,ahighlytoxicsubstancethatcanpollutelandandairports.
Хисторицалдевелопмент
Тхефирстцомпани
ThefiveoldestairlinesthatstillexistintheworldareKLMRoyalDutchAirlinesintheNetherlandsandColombiainColombiaAirlines,Australia’sAustralianAirlines,Mexico’sAeromexicoandCzechAirlinesintheCzechRepublic.
америчка компанија
ThefirstcommercialflightrouteintheUnitedStateswasestablishedonJanuary1,1914.TheearliestairlinesincludeBraniffInternationalAirlines,PanAmericanAirlines,DeltaAirLines,UnitedAirlines(originallyasubsidiaryofBoeing),GlobalAirlines,NorthwestAirlinesandEasternAirlines.Passengerserviceswerefewintheearly1920s,andmostairlinescarriedparcels.In1925,FordMotoracquiredanaircraftmanufacturingcompanyandbegantobuildanall-metalFordthree-engineaircraft,whichwasthefirstsuccessfulflightaircraftintheUnitedStates.Itcancarry12passengers,thusmakingpassengerservicesmoreprofitable.AirflighthasgraduallybecomeasupplementtorailtransportationintheU.S.transportationnetwork.Atthesametime,JuanTrippbegantobuildanaviationnetworkconnectingtheUnitedStateswiththerestoftheworld.HefoundedPanAmericanAirlinesandusedafleetofseaplanestosetuproutesfromLosAngelestoShanghaiandBostontoLondon.Beforethe1940s,PanAmandNorthwestAirlines(fromthe1920stoCanada)weretheonlytwoairlinesintheUnitedStateswithinternationalroutes.TheemergenceofBoeing247andDouglasDC-3inthe1930smadeAmericanairlinesgenerallyenteraprofitablestate.EventheGreatDepressiondidnotweakenthistrend.ThistrendcontinueduntiltheSecondWorldWar.
Развој после1945
Afterthewar,governmentsbegantosetstandardsandscopefortheemergingcivilaviationindustry.TheUnitedStatessupportedthelargestFreedomofoperation.OneofthereasonsisthatAmericanairlinesdidnotsufferhugedamageinthewarlikeairlinesinEuropeandAsia.Sofar,theUSgovernmentstillsupportsthis"openspace"policytoacertainextent.TheSecondWorldWar,liketheFirstWorldWar,gaveahugeboosttotheaircraftindustry.Manyairlineshavemadeafortunethroughleasecontractswiththemilitary,predictingthehugedemandforcivilairtransportationofgoodsandpassengersinthefuture.TheyarenowwillingtoinvestinnewaircraftsuchasBoeing377,LockheedConstellationandDouglasDC-6.MostofthesenewaircraftweredevelopedonthebasisofAmericanbomberssuchastheB-29Superfortressbomber.Thedevelopmentofthesebombersledtothedevelopmentofnewtechnologies(suchassupercharging).Thesenewtechnologieshaveimprovedtheefficiencyoftheseaircraft,allowingthemtoincreasetheirspeedandloadcapacity.
Inthe1950s,CometRihavilland,Boeing707,DouglasDC-8,etc.becamethefirstflagshipsofWesternjets.TheBoeing747,DouglasDC-10andLockheedL-1011Samsungairlinersthatappearedinthe1970sonceagainbroughtahugeboosttotheairlineindustry.Todaytheseaircraftarestillthemainforceoftheinternationalaviationindustry.Tu-144andConcordemakesupersonicflightareality.Airbus,establishedin1972,isbyfarthemostsuccessfulcommercialaircraftmanufacturerinEurope.Mostoftheseairplaneshavenotimprovedmuchinspeed,buthavegreatlyimprovedinpassengercapacity,loadcapacityandrange.
In1978,theUnitedStatesrelaxeditscontroloftheaviationindustryandloweredtherequirementsfortheestablishmentofnewairlines.Theeconomywasinaperiodofdepression.Newairlinesenterthemarket.Theybuyaircraft,leasehangarsandmaintenanceservices,trainnewpersonnel,andhirepersonnelfiredbyotherairlines.Inthe1980s,halfoftheworld'saviationflightswereintheUnitedStates.Today,therearetensofthousandsofflightsintheUnitedStateseveryday.Anewtypeoflow-costairlineattheendofthe20thcentury.Theyprovidecheapflightswithoutextras.Low-costairlinessuchasSouthwestAirlines,JetBlueAirways,andCrossAirlineshaveposedseverechallengestomajorairlines.Atthesametime,therearecorrespondingtrendsinEurope,CanadaandAsia.Theircommercialpossibilitiesposeaseverecompetitivethreattoconventionalairlines.However,TransairAirlineshasceasedoperationsagain.Inthepast50years,theU.S.aviationindustryhasgrownfromprofitabilitytoextremelyloss-making.Asthefirstmajormarketderegulatedin1978,theUSaviationindustrywashitharderthantheaviationindustryofanyothercountryorregion.Today,allmajorairlinesexceptAmericanAirlinesareunderChapter11bankruptcyprotectionofthe"UnitedStatesBankruptcyLaw"orhavealreadywithdrawnfromthemarket.
EuropeancompaniesTheearliestEuropeancountriesengagedinairtransportationareFinland,France,Germany,theNetherlandsandtheUnitedKingdom.
KLMRoyalDutchAirlinesistodaytheoldestairlineintheworldthatstilloperatesunderitsoriginalname.Itwasestablishedin1919.Itsfirstflightwasin1920flewtwoBritonsfromAmsterdamtoLondonHeathrowAirport.LikeothermajorairlinesinEuropeatthetime,KLM’sinitialdevelopmentwasmainlythroughservicesconnectingdistantcolonies.ButaftertheDutchEmpirelostitscolony,KLMwasinabadsituation,becausetheNetherlandsisasmallcountrywithfewpossiblepassengers,soitmainlyreliesontransitpassengerstomaintainitsbusiness.KLMwasthefirsttousethehubsystemtoachieveeasytransfers.
FrancebeganairmailserviceswithMoroccoin1919.Thisservicewasprivatizedin1927andthecompanywasnamedAéropostale.Itgainedalotofcapitalandbecameanimportantinternationalairline.Thecompanywentbankruptin1933,wasnationalized,andmergedwithseveralotherairlinestoformAirFrance.AeroO/Y,achartercompanyinHelsinki,wasestablishedonSeptember12,1923.ItisthepredecessorofFinnairandoneoftheoldestairlinesstilloperatingintheworld.TheearliestaircraftusedbythecompanywasaJunkerF13,whichwasdeliveredonMarch14,1924.TheearliestflightwasfromHelsinkitoTallinn,thecapitalofEstonia,onMarch20,1924.
Lufthansawasfoundedin1926.Unlikemostotherairlinesatthetime,LufthansabecamealargeinvestoroutsideEurope.ItinvestedinEmbraerandColombianAirlines.TheJunker,DornierandFokkeraircraftusedbyGermanairlineswerethemostadvancedintheworldatthattime.ThepinnacleofGermanairtransportwasinthemid-1930s,whentheNazipropagandaministerapprovedthestartofcommercialZeppelinservices.Thesehugeairshipsbecameasymbolofindustrialcapability.However,theiruseofflammablehydrogencausedsafetyproblemsandeventuallyledtothe1937Hindenburgspacecraftcrash.
OnAugust25,1919,theBritishcompanyAircraftTransportandTravel(AircraftTransportandTravel)beganservicesbetweenLondonandParis.Thiswastheworld'sfirstinternationalflight.ThemostimportantairlineintheUKatthistimewasImperialAirways,whichwasrenamedBritishOverseasAirwaysin1939.ImperialAirwaysusesahugeHandley-PejbiplanetoflybetweenLondon,theMiddleEastandIndia:ImperialAirways’planeswererepairedbyBedouinsintheRubKhaliDesert,themostpicturesleftoverfromtheBritishEmpire.Oneofthefamous.
Дерегулација
ThederegulationoftheaviationindustrybytheEuropeanUnionintheearly1990shadagreatimpactontheaviationindustry.Thedistancesofflightshavebeenshortened,andeasyJetandRyanairhavecreatedhugecompetitionfortraditionalnationalairlines.Thesestate-ownedairlinesthemselvesarealsoprivatized,suchasAerLingusandBritishAirways.SomeairlinessuchasAlitaliawerehitbyrisingoilpricesinearly2008.
Домаћи развој
AccordingtotheInternationalAirportAssociation,theglobalairportpassengerthroughputwas3.336billionpassengersin2010,ayear-on-yearincreaseof6.2%.Amongthem,theAsia-Pacificregionhasthefastestgrowth,withayear-on-yearincreaseof12.3%.Inthecontextofthebetterrecoveryoftheglobalcivilaviationindustry,theChinesemarkethasalsoperformedwell.In2010,Chinahad175transportationairports,covering91%ofthecountry'stotaleconomy,76%ofthepopulationand70%ofcounty- ниво административних јединица.Обим путничког саобраћаја цивилне авијације порастао је са 160 милиона у 2006. години на 268 милиона у 2010. години, уз стопу раста комплекса од 14,1%.
Fromtheperspectiveofdomesticairticketagents,therearemanyChineseairpassengertransportationsalesagents,buttheconcentrationislow.In1998,therewereonlyabout500airticketagentsanddirectsalescallcentersinChina.Aftermorethantenyearsofdevelopment,by2010,therewereabout8,000first-andsecond-tierdistributorswithagentqualificationsinthecountry,plusthosesoldthroughexternalwebsitesystems.Thenumberofairticketagentsmaybemorethan100,000,andtheaverageannualsalesofairticketsperagentislessthan30,000.Themarketshareofthetop3companiesintheindustryislessthan15%,andthetop8companiesarelessthan20%.Themarketisconcentratedintheindustry.Degreeislow.Fromtheperspectiveofsub-saleschannels.
Ctrip,eLong,andTempushaveusedOTAmodelforonlineticketsales,Kuxun,Qunarandotherwebsites'ticketverticalsearchenginemodel,andticketbiddingplatformssuchasPiaomengand51BOOKaredomesticticketdistributors.Themaincampofthechannel.Inthepasttwoyears,hundredsofthird-partyplatformsinChinahaverapidlyrisenandgainedmarketrecognition.Thedailytransactionvolumeofairticketsthroughtheplatformamountstotwotothreebillionyuan,andtheairtickettransactionvolumeaccountsfor40%-50%ofthetotalairtickettransactionsofChina'scivilaviation.Thenewe-commercemodelmeetstheneedsofconsumersatmultiplelevelsinthemarket.
Fromtheperspectiveofforeignticketagents,intheUnitedStates,theproportionofdirectairlineticketshasreached61%,andagentsonlyaccountfor39%ofthemarketshare;inEurope,BritishAirways,Lufthansa,FranceTheshareofdirectsalesbyairlineshasreached50%.Evenwiththeimplementationofzeroairticketagencyfees,agentshavenotcompletelydisappeared,anddirectsalesandagentsarebasicallyevenlydivided,andthemarketshareofairticketagentsishighlyconcentrated.
Althoughthecommissionratiohasadownwardtrendinthelongrun,directsalesanddistribution,asthetwochannelsofticketsales,willstillcoexistforalongtime.Airlinedirectsalesandagencydistributionhavetheirownadvantages.Theyfacedifferentmarketsegmentsandcomplementeachother.Althoughtheincreaseintheproportionofdirectticketsalesisthegeneraltrend,theshort-termimpactontheagencyindustryislimited.Forairlines:agencysalesaretheirmainsaleschannels,andairlinescanincreasetheirsalesscalethroughlarge-scaleagencycompanies.Ifanairlineimplementsaverticalintegrationstrategytoenterthefieldofticketsales,itwillneedtoexpandcapitalandmanpowerinvestment,whichwillincreasethecomplexityofmanagement;whileseekingcooperationwithmatchingcompaniescanreducemanagementcostsandmarginalcosts,andachieveMaximizebenefits.Fromtheconsumer'spointofview:alargeagencycompanythatcanprovideguaranteedservicesanddiversifiedchoicesatthesametimeisabetterchoice.Duetothelowflightdensityofasingleairline,therangeofoptionsforpassengersislimited,especiallyforbusinesstravelerswhoarenotprice-sensitive.Traveltimeistheirprimaryconsideration.LargeagencycompanieshaveintegratedtheairticketsupplyofmultipleairlinesandcanbetterMeetthisdemand.Inaddition,large-scaleagencycompaniescanalsoprovidemulti-product"one-stop"servicessuchashotelreservations,carrentals,andtravelroutes,savingtravelersalotofsearchtimeandpreparationwork,whichisfavoredbyconsumers.Therefore,agencycompanieswillcontinuetoexistforalongtimeandoccupyanimportantpositioninthesaleschannelsofairtickets.
AlthoughthecivilaviationindustryinChinaisdevelopingrapidly,theservicecapacityofcivilaviationisstillinsufficient,andtheproblemsofunbalanced,uncoordinated,andunsustainabledevelopmentstillexist.Duringthe"TwelfthFive-YearPlan"period,China'scivilaviationwillshowatrendofpopularizationanddiversification,andrapidgrowthwillstillbethebasicfeatureofthisstage.AccordingtotheTwelfthFive-YearPlanfortheDevelopmentofЦивилAviationinChina,by2015,thenumberoftransportationairportsinChinawillreachmorethan230,andanairportsystemwithreasonablelayout,completefunctions,distinctlevels,andsafetyandefficiencywillbeinitiallyestablished;passengertrafficwillreach450millionpeople,acompoundannualgrowthrateof11%.AssumingthattheproportionofdirectsalesofChineseairlineswillincreaseto30%,basedontheaverageticketpriceof1,100yuanandthecomprehensivecommissionrateof6-7%,itisestimatedthatthescaleoftheairpassengertransportationsalesagencymarketwillreach20-24billionyuan,andtherewillberoomforfuturedevelopment.huge.
Ascompetitionintheairpassengertransportationsalesagencyindustrycontinuestointensify,outstandingdomesticairpassengertransportationsalesagencycompaniespaymoreandmoreattentiontotheresearchoftheindustrymarket.Itispreciselybecauseofthisthatalargenumberofexcellentdomesticairpassengertransportationsalesagencycompanieshaverisenrapidlyandgraduallybecomeleadersintheairpassengertransportationsalesagencyindustry!
Латинамерицанцомпаниес
stillexistintheworldThefiveoldestairlinesareMexico’sMexicanAirlines,CzechAirlines’CzechAirlines,Columbia’sColumbiaAirlines,Australia’sAustralianAirlines,andtheNetherlands’KLMRoyalDutchAirlines.
TheChileanNationalAirplaneinSantiago,Chile.ThefirstcompaniesinLatinAmericatohaveairlineflightsincludeChile’sChileNationalAirlines,Colombia’sColombianAirlines,Mexico’sAeromexico,Brazil’sEmbraerandCentralAmericancountries(Honduras),ElSalvador,CostaRica,GuatemalaandNicaragua).TheseairlinesallstartedoperationsbeforetheSecondWorldWar.
MexicanAirlineswasestablishedin1934andwasoriginallynamedAeronavesdeMéxico.OtherregionalairlinessuchasArgentinaAirlinesaresimilar.Alltheseairlinesarestilloperating.TheairfreightmarketinLatinAmericaisdevelopingrapidly.Theseairlinesservetheirdomesticairflights,aswellasconnectingLatinAmericancountriesandflyingtoNorthAmerica,Europe,Australia,AfricaandAsia.OnlyChileNationalAirlineshasoverseasbranchesinPeru,Ecuador,ArgentinaandDominica,withChileasthecenter.
TheairtransporthubsinLatinAmericaincludeSaoPauloinBrazil,BogotainColombia,LimainPeru,MexicoCityinMexico,BuenosAiresinArgentinaandSantiagoinChile.
АсианЦомпаниес
OneofthefirstAsiancountriesthatstartedtohaveairfreightcompanieswasthePhilippines.PhilippineAirlineswasestablishedonFebruary26,1941.ItistheoldestairlineinAsiaandtheoldestairlinethatstilloperatesunderitsoriginalname.TheairlinewasorganizedbyagroupofbusinesspeopleinthePhilippinesatthetime,anditsfirstflightwasadailyflightbetweenManilaandBaguiostartingonMarch15ofthatyear.LateritbegantouselargeraircraftsuchasDouglasDC-3.
JapanAirlines’firstplane(aDC-3)wasleasedfromPhilippineAirlines.OnJuly31,1946,aDouglasDC-4leasedbyPhilippineAirlinescarried40AmericansfromManilaNelsonAirporttoOakland,CaliforniaviaGuam,WakeIsland,JohnstonAtollandHonolulu,Hawaii,becomingthefirstAnAsianairlineacrossthePacific.InDecemberofthesameyear,thecompanystartedflightsbetweenManilaandSanFrancisco.In1946,theairlinealsobecamethenationalairlineofthePhilippines.
Anotherearly-startairlineisAirIndia,whichwasestablishedin1932underthename"TataAirlines".ItwasthebusinessofIndianindustrialistJamsetjiTata(today’sAdivisionofTataGroup).OnOctober15,1932,Tatahimselfflewasmallsingle-engineaircrafttodeliverthemailfromKarachitoMumbaiviaAhmedabadforImperialAirlines.Afterthat,aRoyalAirForcecontinuedtoflytheaircrafttoChennai.
AftertheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar,manynewlyestablishednationalairlinesconvertedtheiraircrafttomilitaryuse,socivilaviationinAsiawasbasicallystopped.AftertheSecondWorldWar,Indiaresumedcivilaviation.OnJuly29,1946,TataAirlinesbecameapartiallystate-ownedenterpriseandwasrenamedAirIndia.AfterIndia'sindependence,thegovernmentheld49%ofthesharesintheairline.TheairlinehastherighttoflyinternationalflightsfromIndiaandisthenationalairlineofIndia.
India’sneighboringcountriesalsosoonbegantoengageincivilaviation.PakistanInternationalAirlines(formerlyknownasEasternAirlines)andCathayPacificwereestablishedin1946,SingaporeAirlinesandMalaysiaAirlineswereestablishedin1947,andIndonesiaEagleTheairlinewasestablishedin1949,JapanAirlineswasestablishedin1951,ChinaAirlineswasestablishedin1959,andKoreanAirwasestablishedin1962.