William Wundt

Luonnesuhde

Käännä tarjousvirhekorjaus

• OppilasHugo·Munsterberg

  Virhe 4613653on ilmoitettu.

Hahmon elämä

Lapsuus

16. elokuuta 1832, Wundt syntyiSaksassaNeckarauin kaupunkiMannheimissa,Badenissa on neljäs lapsiperheenhuoltajakylässä. Wundt on vanhempi veli nimeltä Ludwig, joka on 8 vuotta vanhempana kuin Wundt. Kun Wundt oli 2-vuotias, hänen veljensä lähetettiin tätilleen 'talo Heidelbergissä ja kävi koulua siellä.

Wundthadfewpartnersinchildhood,andtheonlyonewhohadagoodrelationshipwithhimwasachildwhowasolderthanhimwhohadsomeproblemswithintellectualdevelopment.Hewenttoschoolinthetownfor2years.Duringschool,FengTehadaseriousproblemwithdaydreaming,andwasreprimandedbyhisfatherforthis.

Sincehewas8yearsold,hisfather'sassistantPastorFrederickMullerbecamehisteacher.Hehasaverygoodrelationshipwithhisteacher,sothatafterthreeyearsofteachinghim,theteacherwillgotoanothernearbytowntobeapastor,andWundtalsolivedandstudiedwithhim.

Middleschoolperiod

In1845,underthearrangementofhisparents,WundtenteredBruchsalHighSchooltostudy.ShyandtimidWundtdidnotadapttotheenvironmenthere,didnotformagoodrelationshipwithhisclassmates,andhisacademicperformancewasparticularlypoor.Sometimeshewouldescapehome,buthismotherwouldsendhimbacktoschool.Duetohispooracademicperformance,someteacherseventhinkthatamoresuitablejobforWundtistoworkatthepostoffice.Wundt’sparentssenthimtohisaunt’shomeinHeidelberginthesameyear,whereheattendedpre-universitycoursesintheautumnof1845.Whilelivingandstudyinghere,Wundtbecamealotmorecheerful,metsomefriends,andparticipatedinextracurricularactivities.ButWundt'slearningsituationhereisstillmediocre.

Yliopistokausi

Vuonna 1851 Wund saapuiTubingentin yliopistoon opiskelemaan lääketiedettä.

In1852,hetransferredtoHeidelbergUniversitytostudymedicine.DuringhisstudiesatHeidelbergUniversity,Wundtstudiedveryhard.Onceinordertostudytheeffectofsaltonthebody,hecontrolledtheintakeofsaltinfoodforseveraldaysuntilthebodyhadmetabolicdisorders.Basedonthisresearch,hepublishedhisfirstarticle"OnSodiumChlorideinUrine"in1853.

In1855,WundtparticipatedinthemedicalqualificationexaminationoftheGrandDuchyofBadenandrankedamongthebestinallexaminations.Thisyear,healsoworkedasaninterninahospitalinHeidelbergforseveralmonths.

In1856,WundtwenttotheUniversityofBerlintostudyphysiologywithJohannesPeterMüllerandEmileDubois-Remforasemester.Inthesameyear,WundtgraduatedfromtheFacultyofMedicineofHeidelbergUniversitywithaPh.D.andobtainedthequalificationoflecturerintheschool.

Heidelbergin opettaja

Vuonna 1857, Wundtoped-kurssi kokeellisessa fysiologiassaHeidelbergin yliopistossa. Samana vuonna, Wundthadasasiramus.

In1858,HermannvonHelmholtzcametoHeidelbergUniversityasaprofessorattheInstituteofPhysiology,andWundtbecamehislaboratoryassistant.

In1862,Wundtopenedthe"PsychologyofNaturalScience"course(laterchangedto"PhysiologicalPsychology"),andtheterm"experimentalpsychology"wasfirstproposedthatyear.Inthiscourse,hebegantostudypsychologyusingexperimentalmethodsfromnaturalsciencesandneurophysiologicalresearchresults.

Vuonna 1864 hänet ylennettiin apulaisprofessoriksi.

In1871,HelmholtzleftHeidelbergUniversity.Wundtfailedtosucceedhimandonlyreceivedthetitleofinterimprofessor.InthesameyearhemarriedhisfiancéSophieMao.Aftermarriage,Wundtdevotedhimselftowriting"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology",oneofthemostimportantworksinthehistoryofpsychology.

In1874,"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"waspublished.Thisisthefirsttextbookdedicatedtopsychologyinthehistoryofpsychology.Inthisbook,heorganizestheresultsofpsychologicalexperimentsintoasystem,andstudiesthefollowingmentalactivitiesofpeople:feeling,emotion,will,perception(Wundtcallsitperception),andthinking.

Leipzigin opetus ja eläkkeelle jääminen

Vuonna 1875 Wundt valittiin Leipziganin yliopiston filosofian professoriksi.

InDecember1879,Wundtestablishedtheworld'sfirstpsychologylaboratoryintheuniversity.Atfirsttheschooldidnotsupporttheoperationofthislaboratory,butWundt’sclassesbecamemoreandmorepopular.In1882,thelaboratorymovedfromasingleroomtoanewaddresswith11rooms.In1897,thelaboratoryevenhadanindependentlaboratory.Ofthefloor.

Vuonna 1881 Wundt perusti"PhilosophicalResearch"-lehden. Tämä on ensimmäinen kokeellisen psykologian ammattilehti.

1889-90, toimi Leipzigin yliopiston rehtorina.

Vuonna 1917, peritty opettamisesta, ja hänen oppilaansa FelixKruger onnistui.

SincecomingtoLeipzig,Wundthasalmostnevertraveled,excepttoenjoyconcerts,andisnotkeenonpublicactivities;however,heandhiswifeoftenentertainseniorstudentsandassistantsathome.LikeKant,Wundthasalwayslivedarigorousandregularlife.Thetimeinthemorningismainlyusedforwriting,andintheafternoonhevisitsthelaboratory,attendsclasses,andthentakesawalk.Wundtisfullofpassionandeloquenceintheclassroom,whichfullyreflectshisomnisciencetotheprofession.

31. elokuuta 1920 Wundtkuoli GreatBottenissaLeipzigan lähellä 88-vuotiaana. Samana vuonna julkaistiin kymmenen osainen mestariteos "National Psychology", joka kesti 20 vuotta.

Academicsystem

TheWundtpsychologicalsystemfocusesonthecontent,structure,elementsandcombinationrulesofthestudyofconsciousnessandexperience.Thewholesystemconsistsoftwoparts:individualpsychology(ie,experimentalpsychology)andethnicpsychology.Individualpsychologyfocusesonthestudyofindividualconsciousness;socialpsychologystudiestheadvancedpsychologicalprocessesofhumanbeings.

Researchobject

InWundt’spsychologysystem,theresearchobjectofindividualpsychologyisthedirectexperienceoftheindividual;theresearchobjectofethnicpsychologyisthehigh-levelpsychologicalprocessofhumanbeings.

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologyisthescienceofdirectexperience.Hebelievesthatbothpsychologyandnaturalsciencesarebasedonexperience,buttheyarestudiedfromdifferentangles.Fromtheperspectiveofthesubjectofexperience,psychologicalprocessessuchasfeelings,feelings,andwillaredirectlyexperiencedbythesubject,whichisanimmediateexperience,whichistheresearchobjectofpsychology.Fromtheperspectiveoftheobjectofexperience,people’sexperienceoftheexternalworldisknownthroughindirectinference,whichisanindirectexperience(mediateexperience),whichistheobjectofnaturalscience.Therefore,Wundtcallspsychologya"disciplineofdirectexperience."

Wundtbelievesthatexperimentalpsychologycanonlystudythedirectexperienceofindividuals,whilehumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses,suchasconcepts,emotions,andwill,needtobestudiedinthesystemofnationalpsychology.

Researchmethods

Fromthetheoreticalsystemandresearchobjectsofpsychology,Wundtdeterminedtworesearchmethodsofpsychology,theexperimentalintrospectionmethodandthepsychologicalproductanalysismethod.

Kokeellinen itsetutkiskelu

BecauseWundtdefinestheobjectofindividualpsychologyasthedirectexperienceoftheresearcher,andthedirectexperienceexistsintheexperiencerHebelievesthatintrospectionisauniqueresearchmethodofpsychology.Wundtbelievesthatthetraditionalintrospectionmethodisunscientificandmustbecombinedwiththeexperimentalmethod.Onlybymeansofexperimentintrospectionorself-observationcanitbescientificandreliable.Becausepsychologicalphenomenaarefleetingandnoteasytoobserveaccurately,thecombinationofintrospectionandexperimentationcanachievethefollowingtwopoints:(1)Artificiallycreateexternalconditionssothatacertainpsychologicalprocessoccursatacertainmoment(2)Allowtheobservertocontrolthegeneralsituation,sothatthestateofconsciousnessaccompanyingthisprocessisalmostthesame.Therefore,Wundtattachesgreatimportancetoexperiments,andbelievesthat"experimentalmethodsarethebasictoolsforstudyingtheprocessofconsciousness."Wundtintroducedexperimentalmethodsintopsychology,transformedtraditionalexperienceintrospectionintomodernexperimentalintrospection,andstrengthenedthescientificnatureofpsychologyresearch.

Psykologinen tuoteanalyysimenetelmä

Psychologicalproductanalysismethodisaspecialmethodofstudyingsocialpsychologythroughhumanhistoricalandculturaldata.Wundtbelievesthatinordertoestablishacompletepsychologicalsystem,inadditiontoindividualexperimentalpsychology,theremustalsobegroupethnicpsychology;experimentalpsychologyonlyinvolvesthe"periphery"ofthesoul,andethnicpsychologycanreachthedepthsofthesoul.Inhisbook"NationalPsychology",Wundttriedtoclassifyandinterpretculturalproducts,suchaslanguage,myths,customs,lawsandotherhistoricalmaterials,toexplaintheadvancedhumanpsychologicalprocessandrevealthedevelopmentlawofsocialpsychology..

Tutkimustehtävät

Wundtin ajatuksiin vaikuttavatHerbartin psykologiset ajatukset, assosiatiiviset psykologiset ajatukset Locken jälkeen ja JohnMuellerin psykokemialliset ajatukset. Tieteentehtävä1vastata hepsykologia;(2)mikä on psykologisen kompleksin rakenne;(3))mikä on henkisen kompleksin muodostumistila?

Psykologisten elementtien analyysi

Wundtbelievesthatallpsychologicalphenomenaarecomposedofpsychologicalelements.Theanalysisofpsychologicalelementsisthefirstquestionthatpsychologymustanswer.Inhisview,thepsychologicalcomplexistheunityofpsychologicalelements;thepsychologicalelementisanindivisibleunitofthepsychologicalstructure,whichincludestwoaspects:sensationandemotion.Wundtpointedoutthatsensationisthebasicunitofpsychologicalelements,presentingtheobjectivecontentofhumanexperience.Andfeeling(feeling)showsthesubjectivecontentofhumanexperience,whichisthesubjectivesupplementoffeelingelements.Wundtbelievesthatfeelingsandemotionsareinterrelated,andsimpleemotionsareproducedwithfeelings.

Uskomme, että tunteita ei voi kuvailla vain ilon ja epämiellytyksen termein, vaan niitä on kuvattava kolmella eri mittasuhteella, jotta ne olisivat tarkempia, nimittäin:(1)miellyttävä-epämiellyttävä;(2)jännitys-rentoutuminen;(kolme)Jännitystä1.

Mielenkompleksin rakenne

Wundtbelievesthatmentalelementscanbecombinedintovariousmentalcomplexes.Hecalledthementalcomplexcomposedofsensationsanidea.Therearetwokindsofconcepts:oneismemory(ormemoryimage),whichisnotdirectlycausedbyexternalimpressions;theotherisperception,whichisformedbyexternalsensoryimpressions.Concept.

Wundtbelievesthatthementalcomplexhasemotionsinadditiontoideas;itisacomplexcomposedofseveralemotions.Becauseemotionsmakeupemotions,andemotionsleadtowill,Wundtregardsbothemotionandwillasacomplexcomposedofemotions.InWundt'sview,althoughthevolitionalprocessisahigh-levelpsychologicalcomplex,itisalsothemostbasicandprimitivelifeprocessofhumansandanimals.Wundtbelievesthatsimplewillisanunconsciousimpulseandtheessenceoforganismlife.Itoriginatesfromprimitivefeelingsandcausesimpulsivebehavior.Ontheotherhand,complexwillcausesintentionalandselectivebehaviors,manifestedasfeelingofresolutionandfeelingofdecision.

Psykologisen kompleksin muodostuslaki

Wundtbelievesthatpsychologicalelementsarecombinedintoapsychologicalcomplexthroughassociationandperception.Therearefourbasicformsofassociation:(1)fusion,thatis,theintegrationofanumberofpsychologicalelements;(2)assimilation,thatis,twoobjectswithsmalldifferencesinafamiliarrelationshiptendtoproduceTheconceptofequivalence;(three)complex(complication),thatis,theassociationbetweendifferentfeelings;(four)successiveassociation(successiveassociation),thatis,theassociationofmemory.Wundtbelievesthatperceptionistheprocessofraisingtheimpressiontothefocusofattentionorthecenterofconsciousness,andhasthefunctionofcreativesynhesis.Wundtbelievesthattheabove-mentionedcombinationofassociationsispassive,mechanicalandlow-level,andonlythecombinationofperceptionisactive,internalandhigh-level.Wundtemphasizedtheinitiativeandintegrationofperception,andpointedoutthatvariouspsychologicalelementsformanewpsychologicalcomplexthroughthecreativesynthesisofintegration,andtheactivitiesofhumanrationalknowledgearemainlyrealizedthroughthecreativesynthesisofperception.

Julkaistut teokset

Pääteokset

"Avustuksia aistihavainnon teoriaan" (1862)

Tässä kirjassa Wund ehdotti ensimmäistä kertaa "kokeellisen psykologian" käsitettä. Tämä kirja yhdessä Fechnerin "Psychophysics Outline of Psychophysics" -oppaan kanssa pohtii uuden psykologian (eli kokeellisen psykologian) syntymistä.

"ALecture onthe Mindof Humansand Animals" (1863)

ThisworkisthepreliminaryworkofWundt’snewpsychologicalsystemconception.Thisbookdiscussesmanyissuesthatexperimentalpsychologistshavepaidattentiontoformanyyears.ThebookwasreprintedafterWundt'sdeathandwastranslatedintoEnglishandpublished.

"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology" (1874)

Thisworkisricherandmorein-depththantheabovetwoworks.ItisWundt’searlytenyearsThesummaryoftheteachingandresearchworkofphysiologicalpsychologyattheUniversityofHeidelbergintheyearisalsoamanifestationofWundt’smaturethoughtsonexperimentalpsychology.Therefore,Paulinbelievesthatitisaveryimportantbookinthehistoryofmodernpsychology.Turningtothemarkofapsychologistisalsotheinitiationofpsychologyasanewindependentscience.Thisbookfirmlyestablishedpsychologyasanexperimentalsciencewithitsownexperimentalsubjectsandexperimentalmethods.Therefore,theworkisconsideredbythepsychologycommunitytobethegreatestworkinthehistoryofscientificpsychologyandthedeclarationofindependenceofscientificpsychology.

"TheOutlineofPsychology" (1896)

Järjestettiin kirjan "kolmen asteen tuntemusten" teoria, joka käynnisti paljon kokeellista tutkimusta.

"LanguageHistoryand LinguisticPsychology" (1901)

ThisbookisasummaryofWundt’searlylinguisticresearchresults,andhealsoproposedtohimselfAsummaryofthepsycholinguistictheory.TherearemanystrikingsimilaritiesbetweenWundt'stheoryoflanguageprocessorspeechmechanismandtheresearchofmodernpsycholinguistics.

"NationalPsychology" (1900-1920)

Thisbookiscomposedoftenvolumes.ItisasocietywhereWundtuseshistoricalmethodstostudyhumanadvancedpsychologicalprocesses.Psychologymonograph.ThissetofmonographswascompletedbyWundtinthelast20yearsofhislifetime.Althoughthetitleofthebookiscalledethnicpsychology,itisactuallyasocialpsychologyaboutlanguage,art,mythology,religion,customs,law,morality,etc.,withitsrichconnotations.Schultzbelievesthatthesignificanceofthebookitselfis"farmoreimportantthanwhatiswritteninthebook,becauseitdividesthenewpsychologyintoexperimentalandsocialparts."

Muut tärkeät teokset

Julkaisukirjat

Pääosuudet

Psykologinen riippumattomuus

Vaikka psykologialla on pitkä historia ,se ei oleriippuvaistatilasta pitkään aikaansuuria tutkimuskohteidensa monimutkaisuuttajaepävarmuutta.Alan pääomakehityksen ja tieteen ja tekniikan kehityksen myötä psykologian riippumattomuuden vaatimuksesta on tullut korkea ja korkeampi. psykologiset ilmiötja antoi kokeellisen psykologian hyvän alun,muttatutkimuksen tarkoitus oli puolustaafilosofisia näkemyksiä,ei luonut tieteellistä psykologiaa.Helmholtz ja ErnstWeber tekivätmerkittäviä osuutta fysiologiaan käyttämällä kokeellisia psykologisia menetelmiä, mutta psykologinen toiminta hakuobjekteja.Hänen näkemyksensä psykologian tutkimusobjekti eroaa filosofiasta ja luonnontieteestä.Vuonna 1879 hän johti maailmanensimmäistä psykologiselle tutkimukselle omistettua laboratoriota,ja perusti uuden kokeellisen psykologian järjestelmän.

Thecreationofexperimentalpsychology

BeforeWundt,psychologydidnotconductsystematicscientificanalysisandexperimentalresearchonpsychologicalphenomena,mainlyrelyingonintuition,inference,andguesswork.AtthesametimeasWundt,evenearlierthanhim,WilliamJames(1875)oftheUnitedStatesalsobuiltapsychologicallaboratoryatHarvardUniversity.Inthesameyear,KarlStumfofGermanypreparedanauditorylaboratory,FechnerHeandHelmholtzhavedonemanyexperimentsonphysiologicalpsychologyandpsychophysics,buttheyallhavelittleinfluenceduetoequipmentandmethods.Butitshouldbesaidthattheyallcontributedtotheestablishmentofthenewpsychology.ButWundtfoundedaprofessionalpsychologylaboratory,usingexperimentalintrospection,reactiontimeandotherresearchmethodstoconductresearchonhumanperception,reactionspeed,attentiondistribution,emotions,andwordassociationanalysis,etc.,andobtainedAlotofimportantachievements.

Cultivatingscholars

BeforeWundt,therewerenoprofessionalpsychologistsandnospecialpsychologyschool.WithWundt'screationofthefirstpsychologylaboratory,heattractedalargenumberofyoungpeoplefromallovertheworldtostudyhere.Ithasbecometheinstitutionandcradleofcultivatingthefirstbatchofprofessionalpsychologistsintheworld.PsychologiststrainedherearealloverEurope,AmericaandAsia.AccordingtothestatisticsoftheAmericanphilosopherSahakien,amongWundt’sstudents,thereare136Germans(includingAustrians),14Americans,13EasternEuropeans,10British,6Polish,andRussian.Thereare3people,2Danesand2French.34ofthembecamewell-knownfiguresinthehistoryofpsychology,suchasHall,Cartel,Angel,Munsterberg,JuddintheUnitedStates,TichennerintheUnitedKingdom,andKlepelin,Kulpe,andMalbiinGermany.,Moyman,Denmark'sLangeandLeman,Russia'sBekhchelev,Japan'sMatsumotoYitaro.Afterreturningtotheirhomecountries,thesepeoplesetuppsychologylaboratoriesintheirhomecountriesandcarriedoutexperimentalpsychologyresearch,whichenabledcountriestoembarkonthepathofpsychologicalresearch.

Character Evaluation

Vuonna 1896, kun tärkeä saksalainen sanomalehti mainittiin Wundtissa, hän kutsui häntä "Manner-Euroopan psykologian paaviksi".

TheAmericanpsychologistandhistorianofpsychologyPaulinstudiedWundt’swritingsandfoundthatWundtisthemostprolificpersoninthehistoryofpsychology:"Ifthereare24,836daysin68years,thenWundtwillstartfrom1853.From1920to1920,Iwroteorrevised2.2pagesofbookseveryday,about1wordevery2minutes,regardlessofdayandnight,forafull68years."

Germanpsychologist,GestaltPsychologyFounderWertheimersaid:"Exceptforwork,Wundtisalmostuninterestedinotherthings.Inhisentireautobiography,hementionedthatthecontentofhiswifeandfamilyonlyoccupiesasmallpart.Heissoinvestedinpsychology,soAsforwhenhewasseriouslyillorevenonthevergeofdeath,hewasstillanalyzinghispsychologicalexperience."

TheGermanbiologistandphilosopherHaeckelsaidinhisbook"TheMysteriesoftheUniverse"publishedin1899.:"OneofthemostimportantpsychologistsincontemporaryGermanyisWilhelmWundtofLeipzig.Hehastheunparalleledadvantagesofotherphilosophers:heisproficientinzoology,anatomyandphysiology.WundtisHelmholOurassistantsandstudentswereusedtoapplyingthebasiclawsofphysicsandchemistrytotheentirefieldofphysiologyintheearlydays,aswellastothepsychologydefinedbyJohannesMuller,whichispartofphysiology."

Wundt’sstudent,founderofstructuralistpsychology,andthefamousAmericanpsychologistTiechennersaidinanarticlecommemoratingWundt’sdeathinNovember1920:“Wundt’sdeathmadeouracademicworldlessAnimportantperson:agreatscientist,awell-knownphilosopher,aprolificauthor,andapersonwithoutstandinginfluence.PsychologyisafieldcloselytiedtohisnamebecauseofhisbirthandlongevityAndfortunately...IfyouwanttosumuptheimportanceofWundt'slife'sworkinonesentence,itisthatheisthefirstpersoninthehistoryofthoughttocriticizescientificandphilosophicalissuesfromapsychologicalperspective.Wundtisabornphilosopher.Eventhoughhispredecessorshadthesametemperament,hedidnothavetheopportunity.Heworkedhardtostepintothedoorofpsychology.AlthoughhehasnotescapedtheinfluenceofthepastphilosophicalsystemandthetoorigidbiologyoftheearlyDarwinera,heAlwaysimproving,thelasteditionof"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"ismuchbetterthanthefirstedition.HehasbeenlikenedtoHerbertSpencer;buthehimselfpreferstoberegardedasLeibniz’sContemporaryfollowers.ButIthinkthetwocomparisonsarenotenough:Wundtistheonlyone,anditishardtoseeacomparableoneinthefuture."