Ajattelutapa

Määritelmä

Thefundamentalmethodofthinkingaboutproblemsincludestwotypes:linearthinkingandnon-linearthinking.Formallogicisalinearwayofthinking,whilesymmetricallogicisanon-linearwayofthinking.Itcanalsobecalledthemethodologyofthinking.Concretelogic-formallogiccannotbeawayofthinking,onlyoveralllogic-symmetricallogiccanbecomeawayofthinking.Ifwetakeconcretelogic—formallogicasawayofthinking,wewillbetrappedinametaphysicalwayofthinking,andwecanonlydrawone-sidedconclusionswhenlookingatproblemswithametaphysicalwayofthinking.

Liittyvät käsitteet

Ontheonehand,thewayofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtoculture,anditisaconcentratedexpressionofthecharacteristicsofculturalpsychology.

Havearestrictiveeffect.Thewayofthinkingisembodiedinallareasofnationalculture,includingmaterialculture,institutionalculture,behavioralculture,spiritualcultureandcommunicationculture,especiallyinphilosophy,language,technology,aesthetics,literature,art,medicine,religion,politics,economy,andlaw,Education,diplomacy,military,productionanddailylifepractice.Thedifferenceinthewayofthinkingisanimportantreasonforculturaldifferences.

Ontheotherhand,thewayofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtolanguage,whichisthedeepmechanismoflanguagegenerationanddevelopment,andlanguagepromotestheformationanddevelopmentofthewayofthinking.Languageisthemaintoolofthinking.

ja tunteita

Psychologicalresearchshowsthataperson’swayofthinkingiscloselyrelatedtohisemotionalresponse.Cognitivepsychologybelievesthataperson'semotionsarenotcausedbyevents,butaredeterminedbytheindividual'swayofthinking,thatis,thinkingdeterminesemotions.

Forexample,apersonwithlowself-esteemandaconfidentpersononcegreetedthemanager,butthemanagerpassedawaywithoutanyresponse.Atthistime,peoplewithlowself-esteemwilloftenbecomeinabadmood,becausetheyarehabituallypessimisticaboutproblems.Thiswayofthinkingwillmakehimnegativelyinterpretotherpeople’sbehaviors.Hewillthinkthatthemanagerthinksthatheisnotgoodbecausehehasopinionsonhim.Justignorehim;onthecontrary,aconfidentpersonwillnothavetoomuchemotionandwillnotpayattentiontoit,becausehewillthinkthatmaybethemanagerhassomething,maybehedidn’tseeit,andinshort,hiswayofthinkingwillnotlethimhappenimmediately.Toomanynegativethoughts.

Aiheeseen liittyviä kysymyksiä

1.Onko kiinalaisilla omaperäinen ajattelutapa?

2. Mikä on kiinalaisten ainutlaatuinen ajattelutapa?

3.Miten se on muodostettu?

4. Mitä vaikutuksia sillä on yksilöihin, muihin ja yhteiskuntaan?

5.TheobjectivityoftheChinesewayofthinking,andwhatarethecharacteristicsoftheChineseasaresultofit?

6.Thenecessityandpossibilityofimprovingthewayofthinking.

Avainkohta on selvä

"Everythingstartsfromreality,theorymustbelinkedtoreality"ThisisourwayofthinkingIrrationalTowardsThefocusofreason,especiallywhenusinglinearthinking,youshoulddeliberatelythinkaboutwhetheritisinlinewiththecurrentsituation,Thispointmustbeveryclear."Thetreeoflifeisevergreen","Thetheoryisalwaysgray".Wemusthaveascientificsuspicionofalltheories,viewpoints,andconcepts,includingthosethathavebeenconcluded,thosethatarepopularintheworld,thosethatseemtobeadvanced,andtheaccumulationofeachperson’sownexperience.Wemusthaveascientificsuspicionandabreakthrough.Thesharpnessoftheshackles.Especiallyforthekindofconceptthatyouaremoreconvinced,youmustbemorealerttobeingboundbyit,andpayattentiontoalwayscheckthecurrentsituation.Youshouldalsotrytoavoidquotingexistingopinionsandthoughtsinyourthinking,speaking,andwriting.Youmustalways,everything,andeverywheretoexerciseyourabilitytothinkabstractlyfromreality,oruserealitytotestvariousideas,sothatyourwayofthinkingwillgraduallyembarkonamorecompletetrackofseekingtruthfromfacts.

Uusia menetelmiä tarvitaan

Itmaybeabrand-newjobtorequestimprovementstotheChinesewayofthinking,sotheworkingmethodsshouldalsobenew.Here,basedonpersonalexperience,talkaboutthenewmethodof"ThinkingaroundPurpose".

Theessenceof"thinkingaroundpurpose"isakindofsystematicthinking,whichevaluatesandweighsthepossibledevelopmentandchangestates(results)ofthingsinadvance,andfindsthebestdevelopmentandchangestate(results)fromit.Asaselectioncriterion,thevaluejudgmentandbehaviorbasisofthesubjectarethendetermined.Iunderstandthat"thinkingaroundpurpose"cancarryouthigh-levelandrationalthinkingaboutmany(everything?)things,includingthedevelopmentandprogressofthecountry,andthesurvivalandlifeoftheindividual,anditcansolvethebigtheoreticalproblemsthatareentangled.Clarificationandsuccinctnesscanorganizeandbenefitthedailytrivialmattersthatarepronetoabuse,makingtheproblemofheavyanddifficultthinkingtransformationeasier,moreconvenientandmoreaffordable.

Erot

ThedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesternthinkingmodesaremainlyreflectedindialecticalthinkingandlogicalthinking:ScholarsoftenusedialecticalthinkingtodescribeOrientals,especiallyChinesethinking;UselogicalthinkingoranalyticalthinkingtodescribethewayofthinkingofWesterners,especiallyEuropeansandAmericans.

Intheirview,theChinesedialecticalthinkingcontainsthreeprinciples:thetheoryofchange,thetheoryofcontradiction,andthetheoryofneutralization.

Thetheoryofchangebelievesthattheworldisalwaysinchange,andthereisnoeternalrightorwrong;

ThetheoryofcontradictionbelievesthatEverythingisaunityofcontradictionscomposedofopposites.Withoutcontradiction,thereisnothingitself;

Thetheoryofneutralityisembodiedinthedoctrineofthemean,thinkingthateverythingisThereisamoderaterationality.

ForChinesepeople,"TheDoctrineoftheMean"Afterthousandsofyearsofhistoricalaccumulation,ithaseveninternalizeditsowncharacterfeature.DifferentfromChinesedialecticalthinking,Westernthinkingisakindoflogicalthinking.Thiskindofthinkingemphasizestheidentity,non-contradictionandexclusiveneutralityoftheworld.Identitybelievesthattheessenceofthingswillnotchange,andthatathingwillalwaysbeitself;non-contradictionbelievesthatapropositioncannotberightorwrongatthesametime;exclusionemphasizesthatathingiseitherrightorwrongwithoutintermediary.Westernpeople’swayofthinkingisalsocalledanalyticalthinking.Whenconsideringproblems,theydonotpursuecompromiseandharmonyliketheChinesedo.Instead,theyliketoseparatethingsfromawholeandmakelogicalanalysisoftheessentialcharacteristicsofthings.

Becauseofthedifferentwaysofthinking,inmanycases,OrientalsandWesternerstendtobeoppositeinattributiontohumanbehavior:AmericansemphasizetheindividualWhiletheChineseemphasizetheroleoftheenvironmentandothers.Forexample,psychologistPengKaipinghasstudiedtheattributionofAmericansandChinesetotwomurders,andfoundthatChinesetendtoattributetheincidenttothesurroundingenvironment,whileAmericansbelievethatitistheresultofthecharacteristicsofthemurdererhimself..

Nisbet’s"ThinkingGeography"providesachoiceforunderstandingthedifferencesbetweenEasternandWesterncultures,butthisunderstandingisonlyamacroscopicunderstanding,andtheviewsheputforwardareonlyaboutthemoderngeographyschool.Acopyofthedifference.Webelievethatinordertounderstandtheabove-mentioneddifferencesmorecomprehensively,amorein-depthanalysisofthesetwoculturalsystemsisnecessary.Thisanalysisshouldtakeintoaccountmanyfactorssuchashistorical,economic,political,andculturalresilience.

Firstofall,fromthesocialbackground,theancientGreeksocietyemphasizedindividualcharacteristicsandfreedom,whichwasasocietybasedonindividualism;whiletheancientChinesesocietyemphasizedtherelationshipbetweentheindividualandthesociety,whichwasakindofsociety.Asocietycharacterizedbycollectivism.Thisdifferentemphasisdeterminesthecorrespondingphilosophicalbeliefsandleadstodifferentanswerstoscientificandphilosophicalquestions.Theseissuesinclude:continuityanddiscontinuity;fieldandobject;relationshipandsimilaritytoclassificationandrules;dialecticsandlogic.

Secondly,speakingfromthesocialcognitivesystem,thedifferentphilosophiesandepistemologiesoftheEastandtheWesthaveconstructeddifferentpsychologicaltheoriesinthecontextofsocialhistory.ThecomplicatedsocialrelationsinChineselifemakethemhavetofocustheirattentionontheoutsideworld,sotheself-structureofChinesepeopleisdependent;onthecontrary,thesocialrelationsofWesternersarerelativelysimple,sotheyaremorelikelyFocusyourattentionontheobjectandyourgoal.Inthissocialcognitivesystem,socialorganizationhasadirectimpactonthecognitiveprocess,anddialecticalandlogicalthinkingarethecharacteristicsofthiscognitiveprocess.Moreimportantly,thischaracteristichasbeenmaintained,andithashadawide-rangingimpactonthepsychologyandbehaviorofpeoplelivingtoday:Chinesepeople’scognitionissituation-centered,Westernersareindividual-centered;ChinesepeoplearepassiveViewtheworldwithapositiveattitude,andWesternerslookattheworldwithaproactiveattitude.

Finally,fromtheecologicalbackground,Chinesecultureisbasedonanagriculturalsociety,whichisacomplexhierarchicalsociety,emphasizinghierarchyandharmony;whiletheGreekcivilizationdoesnotcompletelydependonagriculture,duetotheecologicalenvironment.Thereasonisthattheyrelyheavilyonhuntingandfishing,andtheseindustrieshavehigherrequirementsforpersonalcharacteristics.Therefore,inlinewiththisecologicalenvironment,thethinkingorientationofWesternersispersonal,whichisdifferentfromtheinterpersonalorientationofChinesepeople..Themaintenanceofthesetwothinkingsystemsiscloselyrelatedtosocialpractice,sothetwoareamutuallyreinforcingrelationship:thethinkingsystemleadssocialpractice,andsocialpracticealsostrengthensthethinkingsystem.ThisviewisfurtherembodiedinNisbet’s"GeographyofThinking".Nisbetbelievesthathumancognitionisnotthesameeverywhere,andthatthethinkingcharacteristicsofAsiansarecompletelydifferentfromthoseofWesterners.

Esimerkkejä

Yleiskatsaus

TheformationoftheChinesewayofthinkingisinseparablefromtheuniquecultureofthousandsofyears.Chineseculturehastwofundamentalcharacteristics.Oneistheworshipofsacredness.ThehistoryofChinaforthousandsofyearsisactuallythehistoryofautocracyandanti-authoritarianism.Politicalruleisauthoritarian.Allkindsofinfighting,turmoil,andwarsarecausedbytheoverthrowofonetypeofautocracy,butregardlessofsuccessorfailure,thegoalisstilltoestablishanothertypeofautocracy,evencontinuingtheultra-stablestateoftheancientcountry.Politicsisnotonlyconnotedtoculture,butalsohigherthanculture.Itdrivestheoldculturalcarandmakesitfollowitsoldrutsinalawfulmanner.Autocraticpoliticsrequires"loyaltytotheemperor",andthecultureundertherulerequires"oneword"."RejectingahundredschoolsofthoughtandrespectingConfucianism"isregardedasaninevitablelogic.Later,aftercountlesssuppressions,sieges,andkillings,likebloodinfullswing,and"heretics"almostrushedtoextinction,the"establishedpath"thinkingoftheChinese"championingthesage"finallybecamethemainline.

TheChinesepeople’ssaintlyandnarrow-mindedwayofthinkingisadeep-seatedsocialphenomenonandasystematicandobjectiveexistence.Itcannotbechangedonalargescaleinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.RecognizingthischaracteristicishelpfultocorrectlyadvanceChina'soverallreform(tobeanalyzedinanotherarticle).

Tutkimus

TheChinesewayofthinking:"Everyoneisbeautiful,thebeautyofthebeauty,thebeautyofthesame,theworldisinharmony".TheChinesewanttoachieveharmonyforallandtheworldasone.ThisfullyreflectstheChinesewayofthinkingindealingwithpeople,andthisprovidesmodernscholarswithawaytogainadeeperunderstandingoftheChinesewayofthinking.

Inancientbooks,therearesimilargeneralizations:"Misfortune,whereblessingdepends;Fortune,wheremisfortunelies","Ifweloseourhorses,wecan'tknowwhatisnotgood."Westernconceptsaremoreinclinedtothinkabsolutelyindependently.ThecoreofChinesethinkingistorecognizethatopposingpartiescantransformeachother.

ThestudyoftheChinesewayofthinkingonthebasisofthistraditionneedstobecarriedoutontwolevels.Firstofall,whatproblemscanthisresearchsolvetheoretically?TutkimusinthisfieldneedstoexplainhowcultureaffectsChinesepeople’spsychologyandtheirbehavioratadeeperlevel;secondly,whatproblemscanthisresearchshowinpractice?ManypeoplenowcommentthattheChineselackcreativityandthatemergingsciencehasnotappearedinChina.Infact,theChinesehavelongrecognizedtheseproblems.

Aboutthe"BookofChanges"hinderingthedevelopmentofmodernChinesescienceandtechnology,ithasarousedfiercecontroversy,somecriticizedandsomeagreed.Andresearchshowsthatpsychologysupportsthisviewtosomeextent.Fromtheresultsofpsychologicalresearch,Chinesepeopleuseaholisticandconnectedpointofviewtolookatproblems.Theylackthewillingness,ability,andskillstodistinguishproblemsfromtheoverallcontext,sotheycannotmakefurtherclassifications.TheChinesehavelongrecognizedremoteforces,buttheyarenotgoodatmakingmoredetaileddistinctionsandclassificationsofthiscontent,anditisimpossibletoproducenewsubjectssuchaselectromagneticsandquantummechanics,letalonemorefocusedandin-depthresearch.

ThreefactorsareusedtostudytheChinesewayofthinking:fromtheperspectiveofgoals,theChinesehopetoachieveharmony;fromtheperspectiveofcognitionandprocess,theChineselookattheproblemfromtheoverallperspective;fromtheperspectiveofbehavior,TheChinesehaveadoptedacompromisemethodtodealwiththeproblem.Chinesedialecticalthinkingshouldalsocontainthreedimensions:contradictoryconcepts,Chinesethinkingrecognizescontradictoryconcepts;cognitivechanges,fromtheperspectiveofcognitiveorientation,Chineserecognizechanges;behaviorchanges,ChinesebelievethathumanbehaviorwillalsoChanges.Chinesepeopleliketolookatproblemsfromaconnectedpointofview,admitchanges,accommodatecontradictoryideas,pursueharmonywhendealingwithinterpersonalrelationships,andadoptcompromisemethodswhendealingwithproblems.

Aiheeseen liittyviä kuuluisia lainauksia

1.Languageisthecarrierandimportantpartofhumanculture;eachlanguagecanexpresstheworldviewandthinkingmodeoftheuser’snation

2.Thinkershelppeoplethinkbecausetheysetthethinkingmethodforothers.Noonecanwriteorthinkbehindcloseddoors-thinkingisintangible,butinordertocreatesomethingtangiblewiththebreathofthetimes,itisnecessarytoexpressit.——RonHubbard