Kaupungistuminen

Peruskäsitys

Kapitalismin selitys

Yleisesti ottaen se on maatalousväestön muuttaminen ei-maatalousväestöksi,maatalousaluemuuksi-maatalousalueeksi,maataloustoimintaamaatalouden prosessiväestöksi.

Afterthereformandopeningup,Chinahasgraduallylooseneditsoriginalcontroloverpopulationmobility.Alargenumberofmigrantworkershavemovedtocities,andatthesametimetheprocessofurbanizationhasbeenaccelerated.Itcanbesaidthat"thedreamofreformisthousandsofmilesinspring,andthepeasantsareswarmingtobecomeworkers.Therearehighbuildingsinthedesertedbeachesandmountains,andthethree-dimensionalnetworkedurbanagglomeration"(Zuohewaterpoem).However,theongoingurbanizationhasalsobroughtaseriesofcontradictionstothesustained,rapidandhealthydevelopmentofChina'seconomyandsociety.Therefore,simpleanddeliberateurbanizationisnotsuitableforChina'snationalconditionsandtheneedsofsteadydevelopment.China'scurrenturbanization(urbanization)shouldbethe"five-in-one"urbanizationofindustry,population,land,society,andruralareas,ratherthanendorsing"realestate".

"2012China's New Urbanization Report" huomautti,ettäKiinan asukasmäärä ylitti50%.Tämä tarkoittaa sitä, että Kiinan esikaupunkiväestö ylittää väestömäärän ensimmäistä kertaa,jaKiinan esikaupunkialue on siirtynyt kriittiseen vaiheeseen.

Marxistexplanation

Marx'stheoryofcapitalurbanizationisoneofthemaincorecontentsofMarxistgeography.Thetheorybelievesthattheessenceofthecityistheartificialenvironmentunderthesocialsystem.Undertheconditionsofcapitalism,theprocessofproductionandcreationoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultofthecontrolandactionofcapital,anditistheconsequenceofthedevelopmentofcapitalitselfthatneedstocreateahumanisticandmateriallandscapethatsuitsitsproductionpurposes.

Theman-madeenvironmentisproducedandcreatedfortheaccumulationofcapitalinordertoexploitlabor.Theproductionprocessofurbanspaceundercapitalismalsobearsthecontradictionsincapitalistproduction.Theurbanprocessundercapitalismisaprocessofinteractionbetweencapitalaccumulationandclassstruggle.

Theurbanizationofcapitalismistheurbanizationofcapital.Citiesarethespatialnodesofcapitalaccumulationandcirculation.

Furbanisoinnin talousdynamiikan periaatteet:

Pääomakertymä,pääomankierto,pääomankierto,pääoman arvostus

Thecontradictionofthefirstcycleofcapitalandtheurbanprocess:Thebasiccontradictionofindustrialcapitalproduction:thecrisisofover-accumulationformedbyover-accumulationofcapital.

Thecontradictionofthesecondcycleofcapitalandtheprocessofurbanization

AWhenindustrialproductionfacesadeclineintherateofreturninthefirstcycle,capitalturnstothesecondcycleandinvestsintheproductionofman-madeenvironments.

BTheartificialenvironmentofthecityprovidesinvestmentchannelsandopportunitiesfortheover-accumulatedcapitalinthefirstcycle(providingexportsforthefirstcyclecontradiction)

CThecreditsystemoffinancialinstitutionsandthecountry’sCoordinatedinterventiontoovercomethelackofinvestment,sothatthefirstcycletothesecondcyclecanbecompletedsmoothly.

"Theformationanddevelopmentoftheurbanartificialenvironmentistheresultoftheruthlessdrivinganddominanceofindustrialcapitalprofits.Capitalistscreatetheurbanhumanisticandmateriallandscapeaccordingtotheirownwishes."——Marx

2CapitalThethirdcycleofcontradictionsandtheprocessofurbanization

AInthesecondcycle,investmentopportunitiesarequicklysaturatedduetothetrendofexcessivecapitalaccumulation;

BThethirdcycleistowardscienceandtechnologyAndthehealth,educationandotherinputsrelatedtolaborreproduction;

CThethirdcyclealsodoesnoteliminatethetrendofexcessiveaccumulationandintegratewiththetheoryoftheworldsystem.

Syyt

1.Ihmisten vaatimukset ympäristönlaadulle ovat lisääntyneet

2.Infrastruktuurin parantaminen maaseutualueilla ja pikkukaupungeissa

3.Thedevelopmentofexpresswaysandthepopularizationofprivatecars

DevelopmentTrend

Thestate'sregulationoftherealestateindustryhasacertainimpactontheconstructionindustry,butwiththecontinuousadvancementofurbanizationinmycountry,Withthelaunchofreconstructionandexpansionprojectsintownsandcities,andthestartoflarge-scaleconstructionofaffordablehousing,theconstructionindustrywillcontinuetomaintainastabledevelopmenttrend.Thedevelopmentofmetropolitanareas,urbanagglomerations,urbanbeltsandcentralcitiesheraldedtherapidtake-offofChina'surbanizationprocess.

Reasonablelayout

Inordertoenablethecitytohaveastrongagglomerationandradiationdrivingcapacity,itsurbanpopulationshouldbemorethan2million(inordertoprovideabetterPublicservice,otherwisetheserviceisinsufficientorcorrupt;thisisalsotherootcauseofpeopleflockingtomegacitiessuchasBeijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Chengdu,Chongqing,etc.),preferablymorethan3million(tosupportthemoredevelopedpublictransportationindustry,suchassubwaysandaviation,etc.));whentheurbanpopulationexceeds16million,moreseriousurbandiseaseswilloccur;whenthepopulationofurbanagglomerations(within200kilometers)exceeds50million,therewillalsobemoreseriousurbanagglomerationdiseases,especiallyenvironmentalproblems(Itisdifficulttodisposeofurbanwastenearby),housingproblems,trafficproblems,etc.

Chinahasapopulationofabout1.4billion,andtherewillbeatleast1billionurbanpopulation.Onlyabalancedlayoutofmoremetropolitanareas(2-16millionpeopleincentralcities,10-50millionpeoplewithin200kilometers),theconstructionofmore(about50)metropolitanareas(newprovincesormunicipalitiescanbeadded),sothatChina’spopulationcanberelativelyevenlydistributed,andurbanwastecanbeabsorbednearby(within200kilometers),andfundamentallysolvedThecontradictionbetweenurbanizationandurbandisease.

Thereasonableradiusofthe“town”drivenbytheradiationofthe“city”shouldbenomorethan200kilometers(itisconvenientforthetownship(orurbanarea)personneltogototheurbanarea(ortownship)todothingsonthesameday);therefore,theexistingextralargeAcity(especiallyaprovincialcapital)200kilometersaway,ifthereisalargerarea(morethan30,000squarekilometers)andalargerpopulation(above10million/easytocultivateacentralcitywithapopulationofmorethan2million),newcentersshouldbecultivatedCities(suchasbeingthecapitalofanewprovince),constructionofarterialtransportationhubs(especiallyhigh-speedrail),constructionofcomprehensiveresearchuniversities,etc.)inordertoachieveabalancedandreasonabledistributionofcitiesandtownsacrossthecountry,andfundamentallypreventthepopulationfromonlyagglomeratinginthecountryInexistingprovincialcapitalsormunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment(makingurbandiseasesandurbanagglomerationsmoreandmoreserious).Amongthem,theareascenteredoncitiessuchasXuzhou,Yichang,Ganzhou,Guilin,andYibinareidealareasforcultivatingnewmetropolitanareas.

Lisäksi, jotta"keskuskaupunki(maakunta)" voisi ajaa tehokkaasti läänin kyliä,"keskuskaupungin(maakunta)"ja läänin rajan välisen etäisyyden tulisi olla 20-30 kilometriä (kohtuullinen etäisyys julkiselle liikenteelle).

Evolutionprocess

Thenormalgeneralizedurbanizationprocesswillgothroughtheprocessofurbanization,suburbanurbanization,counter-urbanization,andre-urbanization,buttheurbanizationdiscussedinessenceisDoesnotincludecounter-urbanization.However,thisprocessisnotenoughtosolvetheproblemofhumansustainabledevelopment,anditneedstobesolvedbysecondaryurbanizationintheworld.TheUNCarbonEntropyActionProgramisaguidingprogramforthesustainabledevelopmentofhumancities,allowingcitiesthatoccupy2%oftheearth'sareabutconsume80%oftheearth'sresourcestosustainablydevelopscientifically.

Urbanizationgenerallyreferstotheprocessofpopulationagglomerationinurbanareasandtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareas.

Features

Intheworld,highlyurbanizedcountriesandregionsareundergoingre-urbanizationintheworld-widepopulationflow,forminganeweconomicandsocialsustainabilityintheworldThecenteristhesecondurbanization,andtheresultingcityisthenewworldcenter.

1.Inresponsetotheinflationcrisisformedbythesingleindustrializedeconomyandthelong-distancelogisticsexchangemodelleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisformedbyusingcarbonentropycitiesthatcanproduceenergytoeliminatetheinflationcrisis.Anewcitywithoutaninflationcrisisisitsfirstfeature;

2.Inresponsetothehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,itisbasedsolelyoneconomicinterestsandlackstheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment.Theformationofenergycrisis,theuseofself-producedenergycarbonentropycitiestoeliminateenergycrisisandtheformationofnewnon-energycrisiscities,isitssecondfeature;

3.ForthefirsttimeintheworldTheplunderingofthebiomassresourcesleftoverfromtheurbanizationhistorythatcoexistedwithmankindexceededhumanexpectations.Drivenbyeconomicinterests,citiesexpandedindefinitely,plunderingalargeamountoflandresourcesthatcanproducefood,andcreatinganewcrisisforfood.Energy-producingcarbonentropycitieseliminateinflationarycrises,energycrisesandatthesametimeeliminatefoodcrises.Citieswithoutfoodcrisesarethethirdfeature;

4.Aimingattheworld’sfirsturbanizationThelegacyofhistoryispurelyforthepurposeofeconomicbenefits,sacrificingthequalityofhumanlifeandcausingacrisisofpensionandemployment.Thecarbonentropyurbanfarmingthatcanproduceenergybyitselfsolvestheproblemsofemploymentandpensionsandformsacrisisofnopensionemployment.Fourthfeature;

5.Inresponsetothesingleindustrialeconomyformedbyburningfossilenergyleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworld,theclimatecrisisthatmankindcannotsurvive,thecarbonthatcanproduceenergyonitsownEntropycityhassolvedtheclimatehazardandformedacitywithoutclimatecrisisasitsfifthfeature;

6.AimingattheunrestricteduseofwaterleftoverfromthehistoryofthefirsturbanizationintheworldTheresultingwater-freecrisis,thecarbonentropythatcanproduceenergyforthecity,isonepercentoftheoriginalurbanwaterconsumption,sothecitywithnowater-sourcecrisisformedbysolvingthewatercrisiscausedbywaterconsumptionisthefirstplace.Sixcharacteristics.

Inresponsetothemanycrisesthatwereleftoverfromthehistoricallegacyofthefirsturbanization,theUNCarbonEntropyActionPlanistheguidelinefortheworld'ssecondurbanization.

Themainflowofpopulationisthemigrationofthemiddleandupperclassesoftheurbanpopulationtothesuburbsoroutlyingareas.Thisisthesuburbanurbanization.

Counter-urbanization

Sincethe1970s,thepopulationofdevelopedcountriesandthecentralurbansuburbsofsomelargecitieshasmigratedoutward,movingtoruralareasandsmalltownsfartherfromthecities.Therehasbeenaphenomenonofpopulationmovementoppositetourbanization.Counter-urbanizationisalsocalledhollowingoutofurbancenters.

Counter-urbanizationisnotthedeclineofurbanization,butanewformofurbanizationexpansion.Itisbasedonthedisappearanceofurban-ruraldifferencesandtheformationofurban-ruralintegration.Completefacilitiessuchastransportation,water,electricity,information,andsuperiornaturalsceneryhaveattractedbigcityresidentswhohavebeenfacingturbidairandnoiseinthecityforalongtimetoliveandsettleinvillagesandtownstemporarily,leadingtothephenomenonofcounter-urbanization.InsomedevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandWesternEurope,thephenomenonofcounter-urbanizationisobvious.

Specifically,thecentralareaof​​bigcitiesisshrinking;thenumberofruralpopulationisincreasing,andtheurbanpopulationisreturningtoruralsettlementsandsmalltowns.

Chinesecharacteristics

——TheMovementofGoingUptheMountainstotheCountryside,whichemphaticallytookplaceduringtheCulturalRevolutioninMainlandChinainthe1960sand1970s,ChairmanMaoItissuedinstructionsthat"thecountrysideisavastworld,andtherecanbealottodo",and"itisnecessaryforyoungintellectualstogotothecountrysidetoreceivere-educationfrompoor,lowerandmiddlepeasants."TheChinesegovernmenthasorganizedalargenumberofurban"educatedyouths"toleavethecities.Thepoliticalmovementtosettleandworkinthecountryside.

——Yhden lapsen lisääminen (perhesuunnittelu).1980-luvun jälkeen Kiinan yhden lapsen politiikkaa otettiin käyttöön kaupunkialueella väestönkasvun hallinnassa. KoskaKiina ryhtyy vauhtiin. Noudataperhesuunnittelunperuspolitiikkaa,parantaa syntyvyyden laatua,parantaa asteittain politiikkaa ja edistää pitkän aikavälin tasapainoista väestökehitystä."GovernmentworkThereport(2013)esittelee myös:"Väestöpolitiikan asteittain parantamiseksi. laatu-, rakenne- ja jakelukysymykset ja edistää pitkän aikavälin tasapainoista väestönkehitystä."

Re-urbanization

Facedwiththeagingeconomicstructureandpopulationdecline,oldcitiesareactivelyadjustingtheirindustrialstructure,developinghigh-techindustriesandtertiaryindustries,andactivelydevelopingdebilitatingdowntownareas.Attractingyoungprofessionalstoliveinthecity,re-urbanizationhasoccurred.

Urbanization

Carbonentropyreferstotheentropystateofcarbonutilization,thatis,toorderthedisorderedcarbonstateintoameasurable,Verifiablesteadystateofentropy.Carbonentropyincrease,carbonentropyreductionandcarbonentropyeliminationarethreecontrollablemeasuresforcarbonentropyordering.

Carbonentropytechnologycanbeappliedtonationalurbanizationandsecondaryurbanization.Theincreaseincarbonentropycanmakethecityself-sufficientinthedemandforenergy,water,foodandothermaterials,andthereductionincarbonentropycanmaketheoldcityself-sufficient.Zeroemissionofwasteheat,wastewater,exhaustgasandsolidwaste,completelyeliminategreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandmethaneinthenewcity,carbonentropyelimination-eliminateplagueandotherpathogensandheavymetalpollution,maketheurbansystemhavebiologicalfunctions,andrealizetheintegrationofhumanandurbansystemsSelf-purification,self-productionofenergy,mutualsymbiosis,enhancethevitalityofthecity,andrealizethesustainabledevelopmentofthecityandsocialscience.

Positivesignificance

Reasonableurbanizationcanimprovetheenvironment.Forexample,throughmeasuressuchaslevelingtheland,constructingwaterconservancyfacilities,andgreeningtheenvironment,theenvironmentisconducivetoimprovingpeople’slivingstandardsandpromotingThedirectionofsocialdevelopmentchangestoreducethepressureofhumanactivitiesontheenvironment.

Astheeconomiccenterofregionaldevelopment,itcandriveregionaleconomicdevelopment,andtheimprovementofregionaleconomiclevelpromotesthedevelopmentofcities;itpromoteschangesinproductionmethods,settlementpatterns,lifestyles,andvalues.

Populationtransformation

Citiescancreatemorejobopportunitiesandabsorbalargenumberofsurplusruralpopulation.Thelaborforcegraduallyshiftsfromtheprimaryindustrytothesecondary,tertiary,andfourthindustry.

Industrialadjustment

Theprocessofurbanizationcaneffectivelypromotethedevelopmentofthevastruralareasandhelpimprovetheregionalindustrialstructure.

Industrialdevelopment

Urbanizationhelpstoimprovetheefficiencyofindustrialproduction,andindustrializationgivesurbanizationacontinuousdrivingforce.

ScienceandTechnologyProgress

Theadvancementofscienceandtechnologyandtheadvancementofinformatizationhavemademodernlargecitiesbecomemajorscientificandtechnologicalinnovationbasesandinformationexchangecenters.Andthenimprovetheoveralldevelopmentleveloftheregion.

Culturalexchanges

Urbanculturespreadsandpenetratesextensivelyintothecountryside,affectingtheproductionandlifestyleofthecountryside(self-sufficientnaturaleconomy),andincreasingthedegreeofopeningupofthecountrysidetotheoutsideworld.Itisconducivetotheexchangesbetweencitiesandvillagesandnarrowsthegapbetweenurbanandruraldevelopment.

Thedrivingforceofdevelopment

Therearenomorethantwodrivingforcesforthedevelopmentofurbanization,oneisthrustandtheotherispullingforce.Pushreferstothefactorsthatcausethecrowdtoleavethecountryside,andpullreferstothefactorsthatattractthecrowdtothecity.Thethrustsincludetheintensificationofhuman-landconflicts,frequentnaturaldisasters,lowincomes,poorlivingstandards,andshortageofsocialserviceresources;pullssuchasmoreemploymentopportunities,abundantsocialserviceresources,convenienttransportation,andcompleteculturalfacilities.

Haitalliset vaikutukset

Ympäristöongelmat

Biosfääri

Biologisen monimuotoisuuden vähentäminen

Litosfääri

Tunnelma

Vesiympyrä

Sosiaaliset ongelmat

Taloudelliset vaikutukset

Maahintojen nousu, kustannusten nousu.

Thefoodproblem

Alargenumberoffarmershavelefttheoriginalcultivatedland,andtheproblemofabandoningfarmlandandwastelandisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.China’sgrainimportrateisgraduallyincreasing,makingthepopulationofChina’sfoodsecurityproblemhidden.ThisisnotconducivetoChina'snationaldevelopmentandpoliticalstability.

Tapaus

Althoughmorethan2500acresofarablelandinZhaojiagouVillage,YongheCounty,LinfenCity,ShanxiProvince,thereisstilllittleabandonment,buttheprospectsNotoptimistic.Themainlaborforceforplantingcorn,walnuts,etc.arefarmersaround60yearsold,unclefarmersandaunts,whostillinsistonfarmingoutofnaturalaffectionforlandandcultivation,buteachpersonhastooperate20-30muofarablelandonaverageandbasicallyrelyonmanpower.Withanimalpower,thelaborforce"overloads".Thereisalreadyashortageofgrainfarmersinthisvillage.Whentheseoldpeopleareunabletoworkin5-10years,therewillbenootherlaborforceinthemaingrain-growingareas.Intheseareas,farmlandisscattered,landtransferpracticesareimmature,andtheenthusiasmofsocialcapitaltoenterconcentratedfarmingisnothigh.Ifthe"farmershortage"isnotalleviatedforseveralyears,theexisting"abandonment"phenomenoninruralareaswillintensify.Duetotheseasonalityoffoodproduction,itoccursonce,affectsoneseason,andcontinuestooccur.Itwillbeaviciouscirclethatthreatensnationalfoodsecurityandsociety.Stablize.

IfChina’sseniorleaderspaymoreattentiontotheproblemoftheshortageofrurallaborforce,takeadvantageofthepositiveenergyofthecountry’seconomicstrengthtoreintegraterurallandresources,runintensiveagriculture,andrealizethelarge-scaleandmechanizedagricultureinChina.Transformationisconducivetothegreatdevelopmentofruralareas,anditalsoguaranteesthecountry’sfoodsecurityandsocialstability.Conversely,thedevelopmentofmodernizationinruralareaswillsurplusmorelabor,andthesesurpluslaborwillfurtherpromotethescaleofChina'sindustryandpromotefurtherurbanization.

MetropolitanDisease

TodayChina’sMetropolitanDiseaseisalreadyquiteserious.Trafficcongestion,resourceshortages,andthedeclineinthequalityoflifeofurbanresidentsarehauntingtheprogressofcities.ThepaceofconstructionandtransformationofChina'slargecitieshasaccelerated,urbancircleshavebeguntoappearinsomeareasofChina,andmanymegacitieshavealsobeguntobuild"satellitecities"hopingtosolvemanyproblemsinlargecities.Forexample,DingXiangyang,directoroftheBeijingMunicipalReformCommission,mentionedinareporttotheMunicipalPeople’sCongressatthe12thBeijingMunicipalPeople’sCongressthatBeijingwilldeterminehigh-levelplanninganddesignthroughpublicbiddinginaccordancewiththestandardsofamodernecologicalcity,andconstructseveralsuitablefiveAnewtypeof"satellitecity"withapopulationofmorethan100,000livingandworkinghasbeenusedtoevacuatethepopulationinthecentralareaof​​thecity.However,thedevelopmentof"satellitecities"inactualoperationoftenmakescitiesmore"bloated"andthephenomenonof"urbandiseases"becomesmoreprominent.Therefore,tosolvetheproblemofurbandiseases,whiledeveloping"satellitecities"fordecentralizedurbanization,careshouldbetakennottomakecitiesmore"bloated."Inthepasttwoyears,theroleofurbanizationinpromotingthecountyeconomyhasweakened.Urbanizationinsomeplacesfocusesonlarge-scaleandhigh-intensity"city-buildingcampaigns",whichpartiallyoverdraftsthedividendsofurbanization.

Transformationofurbanfunctions

Theurbanizationprocessofdevelopedcountriescanberoughlydividedintotwophases.Thefirststageischaracterizedby"centralization",andthesecondstageischaracterizedby"decentralization".Asaresult,"metropolitancircles"or"urbanagglomerations"and"urbanbelts"centeredonlargecitieshavedevelopedrapidly.SomedevelopedregionsinChina,suchasBeijing,Shanghai,andGuangzhou,havealreadyseenatrendofthewealthyclassesmovingfromthecitytothesuburbs,thatistosay,theyhaveenteredthesecondstageofurbanizationdevelopment:the"suburbanizationstage."Thedevelopmentof"urbancircle"and"satellitecity"requiresattentiontothetransformationandcoordinateddevelopmentofurbanfunctionsandsurroundingsuburbanfunctions.Theprocessofurbanizationistheprocessofcontinuousmodernization.Centralcitiesshouldcontinuouslystrengthenthescale,layout,andfunctionofthe"urbanbelt"and"regionaleconomy".Thecontinuousevolutionofurbanfunctionsistheprerequisiteforthesounddevelopmentofcentralcities,anditisalsothebasisforsolvingtheproblemsofbigcitiesanddrivingthestableandhealthyeconomicdevelopmentofsurroundingareas.

Theproblemsbroughtaboutbyurbanizationandurbanizationareindeedshocking.Somescholarsoncesummarizedthatthedisadvantagesofmodernurbanizationaremainlyreflectedintwoaspects:oneis"urbandisease",whichismanifestedinhousing,transportation,environment,employment,safety,health,etc.;theotheris"urbanculturaldisease",thatis,peopleSuspect,disappointment,hatred,hatredandevenhostilitytowardsthecityitselfandotherextremementalitiesandbehaviors.

SomeWesternscholarshaveproposedthatmodernurbanizationisfundamentallyaWestern-styleurbanizationof"urbanadvancementandretreatfromagriculture".Becauseitisbasedonthetheoryofoppositiontonatureandtheexclusionofthecountryside,thisdistortedurbanizationisdestinedtobeunkindtonature,tothecountryside,andtodisadvantagedgroups,anditisdifficulttoavoidrootlessnessandunsustainability.

Theabovegeneralizationmaybebiased,butithelpstopiercethebeautifulmythofWestern-styleurbanizationbasedonbigcities.Letusfacetheproblemsofmodernurbanizationandseekcountermeasures.Metropolitandiseasesareanimportantpartofenvironmentalproblems.Iftheyarenotsolvedwell,theywilldirectlythreatenthemodernizationprocessandnationalecologicalsecurity.InthewordsofDavidGriffin,"Iftheecologicalcrisisisleftunchecked,humancivilizationwillcometoanendintheglobalpursuitofuncontrolleddevelopment."

Theshortcomingsofmodernurbanizationshowthatitisnecessarytoexploreanurbanizationmodelinwhichmanandnatureareinharmonyandurbanandruralareasareprosperous.Thisnewmodelshouldbeanupgradedversionofmodernurbanization,advocatingtheintegrationofthecityandthecountryside,theharmonybetweenindustryandagriculture,andthedevelopmentofanorganic,rooted,andsentimental"aestheticcity."

Thecommunity-supportedagriculture,urbanagriculture,andurbantransformationcampaignsbeingcarriedoutinWesterncountriesareimportantexplorationsofnewurbanization.

Thecommunity-supportedagriculturalmovementisdevelopingrapidlyintheUnitedStates.Moreandmoreyoungpeopleinthecitygotothecountrysidetoengageinfarmingandopensmallorganicfarms.Community-supportedagricultureisnotonlythecitynurturingthecountryside,butalsothecountrysidenurturingthecityandagriculturesupportingthecity.Itisa"green"channeltoachievetheharmoniousdevelopmentofurbanandruralareas.Community-supportedagricultureencouragesmoresmallholderstoadoptorganicfarmingmethodstotreattheirlandwell,whichtrulyembodiesthekindnessof"butkeepasmallamountoflandandkeepfarmingwithchildrenandgrandchildren".

Theurbanagriculturalmovement,whichoncefellintoadownturn,isrejuvenated.Peopleareincreasinglyrealizingthatthebenefitsofurbanlandusedforagricultureareverylowwhenviewedsolelybyeconomicmeasures,butconsideringthesocialandecologicalreturns,"itsvaluewillbehighlighted."Urbanagriculturehasmadeaninestimablecontributiontoreducingenvironmentalpollutioncausedbyhumanactivities,increasinggreenplants,reducingfoodproductionlinks,andreducingcarbonemissions.

The"UrbanTransformationMovement"isanotherrootedeffort.The"UrbanTransformationMovement"originatedinTotnesCounty,England,advocatingsustainablelifestylesandrebuildinglocalecologicalresilience,reducingenergyconsumptionaccordingtolocalconditions,andgettingridofdependenceonoil.

ThisnewurbanizationpathhasnotyetappearedonalargescaleintheWest.

ForChina,thestatemediaandofficialscholarsbelievethatChinanotonlyhasexcellentculturaltraditionssuchas"theharmonybetweenmanandnature",butalsohastheeconomicandpoliticalfoundationstoadvancefromindustrialcivilizationtoecologicalcivilization.China'shigh-speedrail,mobilemultimedia,newenergyandothertechnologieshaveprovidedimportantsupportfornarrowingthegapbetweenurbanandruralareasandrealizingco-prosperitybetweenurbanandruralareas.Ifthisurbanizationwithbothurbanandruralareassucceeds,itwillnotonlybenefittheChinesepeople,butalsomakeahugecontributiontotheworldandhumancivilization.

Process

Asearlyastheperiodwhenprimitivesocietytransformedintoslavesociety,citiesappeared.However,inalonghistoricalperiod,thedevelopmentofcitiesandtheincreaseofurbanpopulationhavebeenextremelyslow.Until1800,theworld'surbanpopulationonlyaccountedfor3%ofthetotalpopulation.Onlyinmoderntimes,withtheriseoftheindustrialrevolution,theemergenceoflarge-scalemachineryindustryandlarge-scalesocialproduction,andtheemergenceanddevelopmentofcapitalistproductionmethods,manynewindustrialandcommercialcitieshaveemerged,whichhasledtorapidurbanpopulationgrowth.Theproportionofthepopulationcontinuestorise.From1800to1950,thetotalpopulationontheearthincreasedby1.6times,whiletheurbanpopulationincreasedby23times.IntheUnitedStates,duringthe60yearsfrom1780to1840,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationonlyrosefrom2.7%to8.5%.WhentheUnitedStatesbegantheIndustrialRevolutionin1870,theurbanpopulationaccountedforonly20%,butby1920,itsproportionsuddenlyroseto51.4%.Lookingattheworldasawhole,theurbanpopulationaccountedfor13.6%in1900,28.2%in1950,33%in1960,38.6%in1970,and41.3%in1980.Therefore,theprocessofurbanizationstartedwiththeemergenceofmodernindustryandcapitalism.

Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantsymbolofacountry’seconomicdevelopment,especiallythedevelopmentofindustrialproduction.Duetodifferencesinnaturalconditions,geographicenvironment,totalpopulation,andimbalancesinsocialandeconomicdevelopment,thelevelandspeedofurbanizationinvariouscountriesvarygreatly.Thedegreeofurbanizationineconomicallydevelopedindustrializedcountriesismuchhigherthanthatofeconomicallybackwardagriculturalcountries.In1980,theaverageproportionofurbanpopulationindevelopedcountrieswas70.9%.Amongthem,theUnitedStateswas77%,Japanwas78.3%,theFederalRepublicofGermanywas84.7%,theUnitedKingdomwas90.8%,andCanadawas75.5%.Theaverageurbanpopulationindevelopingcountriesis30.1%,andmanyofthemarelessthan20%.

Cityisthesymbolofhumancivilizationandthecenterofpeople'seconomic,politicalandsociallife.Thedegreeofurbanizationisanimportantindicatorformeasuringtheeconomic,social,cultural,andtechnologicallevelofacountryandregion,anditisalsoanimportantindicatorformeasuringthelevelofsocialorganizationandmanagementofacountryandregion.Urbanizationisaninevitableprocessforhumanprogressandanimportantclueinthetransformationofhumansocialstructure.Afterurbanization,itmarkstherealizationofthegoalofmodernization.Onlyafterthebaptismofurbanizationcanmankindenteramoregloriousera.However,itisfarfromenoughtobeamazedbythefruitfulresultsbroughtaboutbyurbanization,andtoshoutoutloudly.Theprocessofurbanizationisnotnecessarilyabeautifulmovement.Likemanyadvancements,theprocessofurbanizationisalsomixed.Therearemanydiscordantsounds.ItisofgreatsignificancetoChinatocorrectlyunderstandtheimpactofurbanizationandtakenecessarymeasurestosolveitseriously.

Thelevelofurbanizationinsocialistcountriescontinuestoincreasewiththegradualrealizationofindustrialization.TheproportionoftheurbanpopulationintheSovietUnionwasabout18%beforetheOctoberRevolution,reached50%in1961,androseto65%in1981.OtherEasternEuropeancountries,suchasBulgaria,Hungary,GermanDemocraticRepublic,Poland,Czechoslovakia,etc.,allhavemorethan50%oftheurbanpopulation.

Kiinan kaupungistumisprosessi

The"2012ChinaNewUrbanizationReport"introducedthattheurbanizationdevelopmentprocessofNewChinahasroughlyincluded1949-1957.Theinitialdevelopmentofurbanization,thetortuousdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1958to1965,thestagnantdevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1966to1978,therecoveryanddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1979to1984,thesteadydevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1985to1991,therapiddevelopmentofurbanizationfrom1992topresent,etc.6Stages.

AreportreleasedtodaybytheNationalBureauofStatisticsonAugust17,2012showsthatChina’stotalpopulationhasgrownsteadilyatalowratesincethe16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofmycountry,populationfertilityhascontinuedtoremainstableatalowlevel,populationculturalqualityhascontinuedtoimprove,andthelevelofurbanizationhasbeencontinuouslyimproved.Withfurtherimprovement,thepopulation’smarriageandfamilystatusremainedstable.Thereportshowsthattheurbanizationratein2011reached51.27%.

Kiinan prosessifurbanisointi:Sille on ominaista uusi alku, keskitaso, ja nopea nopeus.Kiinan kuuden väestönlaskennan tietojen mukaan aikaisempien väestölaskennan kaupungistumistaso ovat:12,84%, 17,58%, 20,43%, 25,84%,..9%, 5,8%,.9%.

Vuoden 2019 lopussa Kiinan asukasväkiluku oli 848,43 miljoonaa, mikä vastasi 60,60 % kokonaisväestöstä. Tämä on ensimmäinen kerta, kun Kiinan pysyvän väestön kaupungistumisaste on ylittänyt 60 %.

Furbanisaatiotaso on kasvanut tasaisesti

Kiinan kommunistisen puolueen 16. kansalliskongressin jälkeen maani asuinalue on kehittynyt nopeasti. Vuodesta 2002 vuoteen 2011 maani asukasmäärä on kasvanut 12,18 % vuoteen 2002 verrattuna.Kaupunkiväestö oli 69,79 miljoonaa,kasvu188,67 miljoonaavuotta 2002; väestöväkiluku oli 65,56 miljoonaa,kasvu125,85 miljoonaa. .....

Kiinan kaupungistuminen alkoi pääasiassa 1970-luvun lopulla, eli sen jälkeen ja avaaminen.

Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,andthestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Intheprocessofurbanization,wemustfirstestablishapeople-orientedthinking.First,themajorityofagriculturalworkersneedtohaverealfreedomtochoosetheirjobsandland,breaktheartificialshacklesthatfixfarmersontheland,andimprovethelandpolicy,householdregistrationpolicyandsocialsecuritysystem;Atallstagesofurbanization,fullattentionmustbepaidtotheinterestsofpeopleintheprocessofurbanization.

Therehavebeenmanyproblemsintheprocessofurbanizationandtherewillbemanyproblems.Wemustinsistthaturbanizationitselfstartsfrompromotingpeople'sproductionmethods,improvingpeople'sproductionmethods,andenhancingpeople'svalues,soastosuperviseandguideourwork;constantlydiscoverandsolveproblems.People-orientedsustainabledevelopmentisthelong-termroadtourbanization.

The2012SocialBlueBook"AnalysisandForecastofChina’sSocialSituationin2012"issuedbytheInstituteofSociologyoftheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesonDecember19,2011statedthat2011wasamilestoneinthehistoryofChina’surbanizationdevelopment.Inoneyear,theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationwillexceed50%forthefirsttime.ThismarksthatChina'sdevelopmenthasenteredanewstageofgrowth,andurbanizationhasbecomeanewenginethatpromoteseconomicandsocialdevelopmentafterindustrialization.

Kiinan kaupungistumisaste vuosien aikana

Vuoden 2017 lopussa Kiinan maakunnan kaupungistumisaste voidaan jakaa neljään tasoon (viitatenManner-Kiinaan 31Provinssin hallintopiiri):

Ensimmäinen taso: mukaan lukienShanghai、Peking、Tianjin< /b>3Suoraan keskushallituksen alaisuudessa olevia kaupunkeja, kaupungistumisaste on80 %～90 %

Toinen taso: mukaan lukienGuangdong、Jiangsu,Zhejiang< /b>,Fujian,Jiangxi,Chongqing >,Liaoningja muut7 maakuntaa,kaupungistuminen on 60 %～70 %

Kolmas taso: mukaan lukienHeilongjiang,Shandong,Hubei< /b>,Jilin,Ningxia,Hainan、Shanxi< /b>、Shaanxi、Hebeib>,Hunan< /b>,Anhui,Qinghai,Sisä-Mongoliaja 13 muussa maakunnassa kaupungistumisaste on 50 %～ 60 %

Neljäs Taso: SisältääSichuanin、Xinjiangin、Guangxi< /b>,Henan、Yunnan、Gansu、Guizhou、Tiibetja muut 8 maakuntaa, kaupungistumisaste on alle 50 %

Practicalproblems

Currently,therearefivemajorstrategicdisadvantagesinthedevelopmentofurbanizationinChina:First,intheworldstructure,China’surbanizationisclearlylaggingbehindthemismatchofindustrialization;thesecondisChina’surbanization.Intheprocess,itisobviousthatlandurbanizationisfasterthanpopulationurbanization.ThethirdisthatChina’surbanizationurgentlyneedstoovercometheunfairnessof"urbanandruralareas,registeredpopulationandpermanentpopulation";fourth,China’surbanizationismorefocusedThequantityandscaleofurbandevelopment,ignoringthecostofresourcesandtheenvironment,presentsextensiveproductionofnon-intensive;fifth,China’surbanizationmustsolvehowtoenteramodernmanagementsystemandeliminatetheimmaturityofurbandiseases.

In-situurbanization

In-situurbanizationreferstotheoriginalruralareaswithoutthedirecteffectandinfluenceofcities;duetothediscoveryanddevelopmentofcertainresourcesorDuetotheestablishmentofexternaltransportationstatus,orduetochangesintheproductionstructure,farmersareseparatedfromthelandtoengageinnon-agriculturalproduction,andtheprocessoftransformingruralareasintourbanareasistheprocessofruralurbanization.

DuetoChina’slargeruralpopulationandaserioussurplusofurbanandrurallabor,theprosperityofChina’sruralareasmustbeachievedthroughthedevelopmentofruralnon-agriculturalindustries.Theexistinglargecitiescannotabsorbhundredsofmillionsofruralpopulations.Itcanstartinsmalltownsandcitieswithlowinvestmentandsimplefacilities.ThroughtheanalysisofChina'sreality,someproblemsintheurbanizationofruralareascanbeexposed.Manyproblemsarisefromtheprocessofurbanizationinruralareas,andatthesametimehindertheprogressofurbanizationinthisarea.

Adjustingtheindustrialstructure

Atpresent,Chinahasenteredacriticalmomentofeconomicdevelopment.Fortyyearsofreformandopeninguphaveshowninitialresults,andanewroundofdeepeningreformsisunderway.InChina,westillneedtoexploreandmoveforward.WiththeadvancementofurbanizationinChina,itisfacinganewroundofurbanconstructionclimax.Weknowthatasanintermediaryconnectingcitiesandruralareas,citiesandtownsshouldmakefulluseoftheresourcesoftheregionanddevelopindustriesthatsuitthem.Atthesametime,attentionshouldbepaidtothecoordinateddevelopmentoftheeconomy.Inmanyareas,therearestillcasesofblindlylaunchingprojectsandcausingrepeatedinvestment;notonlyhasitcausedalotofwaste,butmoreimportantly,ithasdelayedtheprocessofurbanizationandmodernization.Therefore,asatownconstructioncloselylinkedtothecountryside,itsdevelopmentmodelshouldbeformulatedinaccordancewiththeactualsituationoftheregioninitsdevelopmentprocess.Forexample,insomebackwardareasinthewesternregion,becauseoftheirweakeconomicfoundationandshortageofresources,itisquitedifficulttostartdevelopmentattheinitialstage.Inordertoquicklyimprovetheself-developmentcapacityofbackwardareas,wecanestablishanoptimizedsequenceofindustrialdevelopment,thatis,firstdeveloptertiaryindustrieswithlowinvestmentandquickresults,suchastourism,commerceandotherindustries,andusethemtopromotetheoriginalaccumulationofregionaldevelopmentfundsandcommunicateTheoutsideworldlaysthefoundationfortherationalintroductionofexternalcapitalandtechnology.Thendevelopotherindustriesandrelatedindustriesthataresuitablefortheareaaccordingly,therebydrivingthereasonable,sustainableandhealthydevelopmentofthearea,andavoidrushingforsuccess.

Localprocess

In2012,localgovernmentshavestrongdesiretoinvest,suchasHainanInternationalTourismIsland,AnhuiUrbanBelt,ChongqingLiangjiangNewDistrict,andHubei’s“12trillion”investment.Regionalrevitalizationplanshavebeenissuedoneafteranother,localgovernmentshavebecometheprotagonistoffixedassetinvestment,andthedeclineininvestmentgrowthincentralprojectsmorereflectstheintentionofthecentralgovernmenttocontrolthepaceofinvestmentinordertopreventexcessivegrowth.

Buildingpopulationquality

Theurbanizationofruralareasisaprocessofchangesintheproductionmethodsandlifestylesoftheruralpopulation.Withtheprevalenceanddevelopmentofindustrializedproductioninruralareas,theimprovementinthequalityoftheagriculturallaborforceandthecompletenessofsocialservicesareinlinewiththis.Peoplearethemainbodyofthecity,thestartingpointanddestinationofurbanization.Thekeytohumanurbanizationishumanmodernization.Wemustnotonlyspeeduptheentryoffarmersintocitiesandturntheagriculturalpopulationintonon-agriculturalpopulation,butmoreimportantly,throughtrainingandemploymentandstrengtheningcommunityculturalconstruction,strengtheningideologicalandmoraleducation,scientificandculturaleducation,andlegaleducation,improvingtheoverallqualityofthepopulation,andenablingvillagersTransformintoarealcitizen.BasiceducationisanimportantfactoraffectingthedevelopmentofChina'scomprehensivenationalstrengthinthefuture.China'seducationalresourcesareunevenlydistributed,andthelowlevelofcultureinaregionwillinevitablyaffectthedevelopmentofaregionaleconomy,therebyaffectingtheprocessofChina'surbanizationdevelopment.Strengtheningbasiceducationandvocationalskillstrainingfortheruralpopulationandfocusingontheimprovementofthequalityofthesubjectsofurbanizationarefundamentalissuesthatneedlong-termattentionandurgentsolutionsintheprocessofurbanization(city)ization.

Akateemiset keskustelut

Akateeminen keskustelu maamatkailusta oli erittäin kiivaa 1980-luvulta 1990-luvulle, ja se sisälsi pääasiassa teorian pienistä kaupungeista, suurkaupungeista, keskikokoisista kaupungeista ja moniarvoisuudesta.Kehitysteoria,kaupunkijärjestelmä.

SmallCityTheory

In1983,theChinaUrbanizationRoadAcademicSymposiumagreedthatChinashouldtakea"socialisturbanizationpathsuitableforChina’snationalconditionsandwithitsowncharacteristics."Theurbanizationroadsindifferentregionsshouldalsohavetheirowncharacteristics."Thefocusoftheseminar’ssummaryreportfocusedon"activelyrestoringanddevelopingsmalltowns,especiallythevastruralmarkettowns".Smallcitiesare"rationalandviable."Giventherealityofruralindustrializationafterthereformandopeningup,theorientationofthe"smalltownstrategy",andtheinertiaoftheestablishedurban-ruralsystem,thiskindofassertionalmostprevailedinthe1980sandearly1990s.

Thetheoryofbigcities

Somescholarsbelievethatthedevelopmentof"largeandmediumcitieswithbetterconditions"and"centralcities"shouldbeemphasized.Somescholars(RaoHuilinandQuBingquan,1989)clearlypointedoutthatlargecitieshavefargreaterscalebenefitsthansmalltowns.Somescholarshaveproposedanoptimizedcityscalerangewithapopulationof1millionto4millionthatissuitableforthecountry'scurrentconditions.Somescholarsalsobelievethatthebenefitsofurbanscalearestillplayingamajorrole,andtherestrictionsonthescaleoflargecitiesneedtobeappropriatelyrelaxed.Inaddition,somescholarsbelievethatinbackwardareas,largecitiesmustdevelopfirsttoforma"polarcore",andthendrivethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedcities.

Moniarvoisuus

Jotkut tutkijat ovat myös yrittäneet löytää tasapainon kahden kannanottomielipiteen välillä, ehdottaneet maaseudun kaupungistumista ja kaupunkien nykyaikaistamista ja kestäviä konnotaatioita. st.

MediumCityTheory

"EconomicTrends"-toimitusosasto esitti"MediumCityTheory" vuonna 1984.

UrbanSystemTheory

Withthedeepeningofurbanizationresearch,somescholars(YiXing,1988)pointedoutthat“thereisnouniformandoptimalurbanscalethatcanbeuniversallyaccepted.Thesystemisalwayscomposedoflarge,mediumandsmallcitiesandtowns,andcitiesatalllevelshaveobjectiverequirementsfordevelopment.Therefore,theurbanizationmodelshouldbediverseandmulti-level."Thedevelopmentpathoftheurbansystemispaidattentionto.

Älykkäät kaupungit ovat furbanisoinnin edistyneitä vaiheita

Asearlyas2007,theEuropeanUnionproposedtheideaof​​buildingsmartcities.Thenin2009,theEuropeanCommissionputforwardaspecificplanfortheconstructionofsmartcities,anddecidedtoinvest10billionto12billioneurosfortheconstructionofsmartcities.TheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEUmainlyincludessmartbuildings,smartenergynetworks,smartcitytransportationandsmartmedicalsystems.Comparedwithotherregions,theEU'ssmartcityconstructionpaysmoreattentiontothecity'secologicalenvironmentandsmarteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionhasselectedabout30citiesasthefirstbatchofpilotprojectsfortheestablishmentofsmartcities.

RelevantexpertsintheEuropeanUnionbelievethatsmartcitiesareanadvancedstageofurbanizationdevelopment,basedontheintegrationofmajorurbansystems,theinteractionofphysicalandcyberspace,andtheextensiveparticipationofordinarypeople.Smartcitiesrequiremoresophisticatedmanagement,amoreharmoniousenvironment,amorehigh-endeconomy,andamorecomfortablelife.Comparedwithdigitalcities,smartcitiesfocusmoreonpeople'slivelihoodandservices,encourageinnovationanddevelopment,putmoreemphasisonperceptionandtheInternetofThings,andputmoreemphasisonpublicparticipationandinteraction.TheEU’ssmartcityevaluationcriteriaincludesmarteconomy(i.e.innovativeeconomy),smartmobility(i.e.notonlysmarttransportation,butalsoextendedtoeducation,shoppingandotherfields),smartenvironment(i.e.focusontheecologicalenvironmentofthecity),smartgovernance(i.e.Theadjustmentandimprovementofgovernmentmanagementmodel)andotherindicators.Accordingtoevaluationsbyrelevantauthoritativeorganizations,citiesinSweden,Finland,theNetherlands,Belgium,Luxembourg,Austriaandothercountrieshaverelativelyhighlevelsofintelligence.

Ingeneral,theInternetofThingsplaysaverycriticalroleintheconstructionofsmartcitiesintheEuropeanUnion.InadditiontotheinteractivefunctionsoftheInternetofThings,itismoreimportanttoprovideintelligentdecisionsandservicesbasedontheseinteractiveinformation.Inrecentyears,theEuropeanCommissionhasbeencommittedtoencouragingandpromotingthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsindustrywithintheEU,andhastakenthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThingsasanimportantpartoftheconstructionofsmartcities.TheEUhasmainlyadoptedtwomajormeasuresinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings:First,continuetoincreaseinvestmentintheInternetofThings,focusingonkeytechnologies,suchasmicroelectronics,non-siliconcomponents,positioningsystems,wirelessintelligentsystemnetworks,securitydesign,softwaresimulation,etc.;Thesecondistostrengthencooperationwithprivatecompaniesinthefourareasofgreencars,energy-efficientbuildings,futurefactories,andtheInternetofThingstoattracttheprivatesectortoparticipateinthedevelopmentoftheInternetofThings.

TheInternetofThingscannotonlyhelpcompaniesimproveeconomicefficiencyandsavecostsinthetraditionallogisticsfield,butalsocanbewidelyusedinroads,transportation,medicalcare,energyandotherfields.TheEUbelievesthatthedevelopmentandapplicationoftheInternetofThingswillmakeamajorcontributiontotheconstructionofsmartcitiesandthesolutionofmodernsocialproblems.Forexample,healthmonitoringsystemswillhelphumanscopewiththeagingproblem.Intrafficjams,the"electroniccallforhelpsystem"canautomaticallycallemergencyrescueserviceswhenacarhasaserioustrafficaccident.TheInternetofThingsapplicationslaunchedbysomememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionhaveachievedsignificantresults.Forexample,EUmemberstatesareincreasinglyusingdedicatedserialcodesinmedicinestoensurethatmedicinescanbecertifiedbeforetheyreachpatients,reducingcounterfeiting,fraud,anderrorsindistribution.AnotherexampleisSweden,inordertosolvethetrafficcongestionprobleminStockholm,throughtheuseofradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyandtheuseoflaserscanning,automaticphotographyandadvancedfreetrafficroadsidesystemstoautomaticallydetectandidentifyvehicles,andchargeforvehiclesenteringandleavingthecitycenterduringthedayonweekdays.Asaresult,trafficcongestioninStockholmwasreducedby25%,thetimerequiredfortrafficqueuingwasreducedby50%,andurbanpollutionwasreducedby15%.

SmartgridisanimportantpartoftheEU'sconstructionofsmartcities.ThedevelopmentoftheEuropeansmartgridismainlyledbytheEuropeanUnion.TheEUisresponsibleforsettingoveralldevelopmentgoalsanddirections,andprovidingpolicyandfinancialsupport.Between2010and2018,theEUplanstoinvestapproximately2billioneurosinsmartgrids.Asearlyas2001,theItalianNationalPowerCompanytooktheleadininstalling30millionsmartmetersacrossthecountry,establishinganintelligentelectricitymeteringnetwork.Atthattime,theItalianNationalElectricCompanyfullyimplementedremotemeterreading,mainlytosolvetheproblemofdoor-to-doornuisanceandwasteofmanpower,whileavoidingmisreadingormiscalculation.

Nowadays,moreandmoreEUmemberstatesestablishsmartpowerinformationsystemsbyinstallingsmartmeters,moretoreduceenergyconsumptionandgreenhousegasemissions.

Ontheonehand,theintelligentelectronicinformationsystemallowselectricutilitycompaniestoremotelymonitortheuseofelectricitywithoutleavingtheirhomes,andusersnolongerneedtorelyontheirownassessmenttocalculatetheirownenergyconsumption.Quantity,therebysavingalotofmoneyandenergy.

Ontheotherhand,thesmartgridoperationmanagementcentercansimultaneouslycontrolthepowersupplyanddemandwiththehelpofthesmartpowerinformationsystem,whichcannotonlyrealizethetimelyadjustmentofsupplyanddemandloadchanges,butalsoadjusttheoperatingstatusofpowerfacilities,Stabilizetheoperationofthepowergrid,andimprovetheoperatingeconomyofbothsupplyanddemand.

Differentfromthepastpracticeofcontractuallystipulatedloadlevelsbybothsupplyanddemandparties,smartgridscanrespondtochangesinsupplyanddemandinamoretimelymannerandmakepreciseadjustmentstoensurethepowerqualityofthegrid.Inaddition,theEuropeanUnionhopestointegratewindpower,photovoltaicandotherrenewableenergypowerintotheEuropeanpowergridthroughsmartgridtechnology.

Inordertoestablishasmartgrid,theUnitedKingdomhasannouncedtheinstallationof53millionsmartmetersfor30millionresidentialandcommercialbuildingsintheUnitedKingdomby2019,andFranceplanstoreplaceallnewlyinstalledmetersfromJanuary2012Itisasmartmeter.TheEuropeanCommissionbelievesthattheconstructionofasmartgridisoneofEurope'slargestinfrastructureconstructionprojectsinthenext10years.

Neljä malliafurbanisaatiosta Kiinassa

1.PearlRiverDelta-malli: avaaminen ulkomaailmaan - ulkomailla rahoitettujen yritysten perustaminen - teollistuminen - kaupungistuminen

2.ZhejiangWenzhou-malli: pienten hyödykkeiden hallinta-yksityisyritys-teollistuminen-kaupungistuminen

3.Etelä-Jiangsu-malli:LargeCityProliferation-Townand Township Enterprises-Teollistuminen-Kaupungistuminen

4. Koillismalli:metsien ja mineraalivarojen kehittäminen-suurten ja keskisuurien valtion omistamien yritysten perustaminen-teollistuminen-kaupungistuminen

Performancecharacteristics

TheperformanceoftheurbanizationprocesshasacertaindegreeCharacteristics:Theproportionofurbanpopulationinthetotalpopulationcontinuestorise;intheindustrialstructure,theproportionsofagriculture,industryandotherindustriesfluctuateandchangewitheachother;thelevelofurbanizationisdirectlyproportionaltothegrowthofpercapitaGDP;thelevelofurbanizationishighItisnotonlybasedonthedevelopmentofsecondaryandtertiaryindustries,butalsotheresultofagriculturalmodernization.

Edistyminen

1. Kaupunkitason osoitin

Tämän indikaattorin kaava:PU=U÷P×100%;jossa:U——kaupunkiväestö;P-kokonaisväestö.

2.Kaupungistumisnopeusindeksi

Tämän indeksin kaava on:TA=1÷n(PUt+n—PUt);jossa:TA——kaupungistumisnopeus;n——Kahden kertaan välinen nopeus;PUt+n,PUt——väkiluvun prosenttiosuus vuonna+nandt;huomaa, että yksikköfurbanisaationopeus(TA)prosentinlisäysnopeus(TA) , ei prosentteja.

3. Kaupungistumisen laatuindikaattorit

Theurbanizationqualityindicatorsarenotsingle,butanindicatorsystemthatintegratesvariousindicators.Here,theindicatorsystemproposedbyYeYumintomeasurethequalityofurbanizationisused,Andmakeslightchanges,dividedintotwomajorsystems.

UrbanModernization

Urbanmodernizationisacomprehensivereflectionofthequalityofacity,whichisembodiedinallaspectsofthelevelofurbandevelopment.Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurbanmodernizationisdividedintothreecategoriesand11indicators.

Thefirstcategoryisanindicatorofthemodernizationleveloftheeconomicstructure.Itmainlyincludes3indicators:percapitaGDP(yuan/person),theproportionofemployeesinthetertiaryindustry(%),andtheproportionoftheaddedvalueofthetertiaryindustryinGDP(%),whichareusedtoreflectthelevelofeconomicdevelopment.

Toinen luokka on infrastruktuurin nykyaikaistamisindikaattoreiden taso.Sisältää 4 indikaattoria:per capitavedroa (neliömetriä),kymmentätuhatta ihmistä omistaa julkisia busseja ja raitiovaunuja (ajoneuvoja),kymmentätuhatta ihmistä omistaa lääkäreitä (henkilöitä), kymmenentuhatta ihmistä omaa puhelinta (mukaan lukien matkapuhelimet).

Theyreflectthedevelopmentleveloftransportation,medicalandhealthcare,andcommunicationrespectively.Thethirdcategoryisthelevelofhumanmodernizationindicators.

Including4indicators:percapitapossessionofpubliclibrarycollections,numberofcollegestudentsper10,000people(persons),percapitalivingarea(squaremeters),andpercapitapublicgreenarea(squaremeters).Respectivelyreflectthehumanqualityandthehumanlivingenvironmentandthedevelopmentlevelofculturalinfrastructure.

Kaupunki-maaseutuintegraatio

Kaupunkien ja maaseudun yhdentyminen on prosessi, jossa kaupungit ja kylät integroidaan toisistaan ​​riippuvaiselle alueelle, jota täydentää integraatio, koordinoitu kehittäminen ja yhteinen hyvinvointi.

Theindicatorsystemformeasuringurban-ruralintegrationtheoreticallyincludesfourindicators:theaverageprofitrateoftheprimaryindustryandthesecondaryandtertiaryindustries,thematerialflowandinformationflowbetweenurbanandruralareas,andtheincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents.ThedifferenceinEngelcoefficientbetweenurbanandruralresidents.

Duetothelimitationofstatisticaldata,twoindicators,theincomedifferencebetweenurbanandruralresidents(reflectinglivingstandards)andthedifferenceinEngel'scoefficientofurbanandruralresidents(reflectingqualityoflife)areselectedtocalculatethecurrentlevelofurban-ruralintegrationinChina.

Kehityksen vertailu

Kehittyneiden ja kehitysmaiden furbanisoinnin ominaisuudet ovat erilaisia.

Kehittyneet maat

1.Alussa.

2.Furbanisaatiotasokorkea.

3.Vastakaupungistumisen ilmiö ilmestyy.

Kehitysmaat

1.Aloita ja kehitä nopeasti.

2.Furbanisaatiotaso on alhainen.

3.Kaupunkikehitys on kohtuutonta.

Esimerkiksi Brasiliassa kaupunkiväestön osuus on 3/4 maan väestöstä, ja ongelmafurbanisaatio on erittäin vakava.

Furbanisaatioon liittyvät näkökohdat

Matkailu

"Kaupungistuminen"on"ihmisten kaupungistuminen",se on ihmislähtöistä kaupungistumista. Voidaan sanoa, että "kaupungistuminen" ei ole sama kuin "teollistuminen".Matkailusuuntautunut "ei-teollinen" kaupungistumismalli on erittäin tärkeä ja edistämisen arvoinenuudenkaupungistumiskehitystie.

Ensinnäkin meidän on ymmärrettävä tiukasti ekologisen sivilisaation rakentamisen yleissuuntaan, otettava "vihreä kehitys, ympyräkehitys ja vähähiilinen kehittäminen" furbanisaation johtaviksi periaatteiksi ja ohjaamaan kaupungistumista"kauniille" tielle, anna"KauniinKiinan"toimia ja kuljetettavissa.

Secondly,wemustpersistinprotectingandinheritinglocalculture,maintainingandstrengtheninglocalindividuality,takingculturalshapingasthedrivingforceforlocalsocialandeconomicdevelopment,andsimultaneouslyimprovinglocalsoftandhardpowerthroughculturalconstruction.

Again,itisnecessarytoplantourism,organizewelltheindustrialformat,tourism-orientedurbanizationdevelopmentmodel,andadvocateanewurbanizationpathof"non-industrialization",andtousetourism,culturalandcreativeindustries,andmodernservices.Themodernandnewrealeconomysuchasindustryasthemainbody,buildanewtypeofindustrialstructurewithoutstandingcharacteristics“tobringanimalsandcapitalflowswiththeflowofpeople”,andcreateabetter,higher,andhigher-qualityeconomyandSocialdevelopmentperformance.

Finally,wemustfocusonimprovingtheeconomiccontributionrateandsocialcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andmakeitapillarandleadingindustrysupportinglocaleconomicdevelopmentwiththehighcontributionrateofthetourismindustry,andatthesametimegiveplaytothetourismindustrytoabsorbThelargenumberofjobsandthewiderangeofemploymentopportunitiesmakeitabasicindustryforlocalemployment,allowingtourismtomaketangiblecontributionstopromotinglocaleconomicdevelopment,absorbinglocalemployment,improvingpeople’slivelihood,andimprovingpeople’squalityoflife.

Theinterventionoftourismcansolvetheindustrialproblemsintheprocessofurbanization,aswellastheproblemofwhowillinvestininfrastructure,farmers'welfare,andurbanconstructionintheprocessofurbanization.Whentheproblemofindustriallayoutanddevelopmentissolved,theproblemofinvestmentanddevelopmentwillbesolvedfundamentally.Inotherwords,itistousetourismtopromotethedevelopmentofotherindustries.

Urbanizationofpeople

Thecentralgovernmenthasrepeatedlystatedthaturbanizationisthegreatestpotentialforexpandingdomesticdemandinmycountry.Underthemarketbackgroundoftheurbanizationtrend,allregionsarekeentosubmitnewdistrictsandnewcitiesforapproval,andplansforsomenewdistrictsandurbansub-centershavebeenreleasedinlargequantities.Itisexpectedthatlarge-scalenewcitieswillemergeinthefuture.

First,adjustandreformlocalgovernmentperformanceevaluationindicators,weakentraditionalextensiveeconomic-orientedindicatorssuchasGDP,andstrengthensomenewintensiveeconomicevaluationindicators.

Secondly,fromtheperspectiveofregulation,stabilizingtheexpectationofmacroeconomicdevelopmentthroughalong-termregulationmechanismisthebasisforavoidingrealestatespeculation.Arelativelystablemacroeconomicdevelopmentexpectationandarealestatemarketdevelopmentenvironmenthavebeenformed.Onlyinthiswaycanrealestatespeculationandrealestatemarketbehaviorbeavoided,andthe"emptycity"phenomenoncausedbyoverheatedinvestmentintherealestatemarketcanbeprevented.

Thirdly,realestatenolongerreliesonthe"policycity"tostimulateregionalplanningandrealestatemarketdevelopment,butaccordingtotheneedsofregionalindustriallayouttocoordinatethedevelopmentofcities,capital,industryandpopulation.Graduallycarryouttheprocessofurbanization.

Neljänneksi uusien teollisuuskaupunkien kehittäminen edellyttää teollisuuden ottamista johtoasemaan ja todenmukaisesti saavuttaakseen "teollisuuden ja kaupungin integraation".