Perustiedot
Käsitteet
HiljainenTietoa[TacitTietoa]
ThetacitknowledgeisbasedonMichaelPolanyi'sAconceptproposedfromthefieldofphilosophyin1958.Inhisexaminationofwhichaspectsofhumanknowledgedependonbelief,heaccidentallydiscoveredthefactthatthefactorofthisbeliefisinherentinthehiddenpartofknowledge.Polanyibelieves:"Therearetwokindsofhumanknowledge.Whatisusuallydescribedasknowledge,thatis,expressedinwrittenwords,diagrams,andmathematicalformulas,isjustonetypeofknowledge.Tietoathatisnotexpressedislikewhatwearedoing.Theknowledgepossessedintheactionofsomethingisanotherkindofknowledge."Hecalledtheformerexplicitknowledgeandthelattercalledtacitknowledge.AccordingtoPolanyi’sunderstanding,explicitknowledgecanbeusedbyhumans.Acertaincodesystem(themosttypicalislanguage,butalsoincludesmathematicalformulas,variousdiagrams,Braille,signlanguage,semaphoreandothersymbolicforms)tofullyexpresstheknowledge.Tacitknowledgeistheoppositeofexplicitknowledge,whichreferstothekindofknowledgethatweknowbutitisdifficulttodescribe.
Todisteet olemassaolosta
Afterthe1960s,psychologistsReber,Weiskrantz,andWarringtonalmostsimultaneouslycarriedoutexperimentalresearchintheareasofimplicitlearningandimplicitmemory.Thisconcludesthepreludetotheempiricalresearchonimplicitcognition.
Reber’sresearchconstructedasetofartificialgrammaticalstructures,arrangedandorganizedanumberofconsonantsaccordingtogrammaticalrules,andformedastringofmeaninglessconsonantsaslearningmaterialsfortheexperimentalgroup.Atthesametime,anothersetofconsonantstringswasformedinarandomarrangementasthelearningmaterialsforthecontrolgroup.Inthelearningphase,twogroupsofsubjectsarerequiredtomemorizetheletterstringpresented.Inthetestphase,thegrammaticalstringoflettersandthenon-grammaticalstringoflettersaremixedtogether,andthesubjectsaretoldthatsomeoftheletterstringsconformtoacertainrule,andtheyarerequiredtodistinguishbetweenthetwo.Asaresult,itwasfoundthatsubjectsintheexperimentalgroupcouldeffectivelydistinguishbetweenthetwotypesofletterstrings,whilesubjectsinthecontrolgroupcouldnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenthetwoatall.Reberbelievesthatthestructureofartificialgrammarisextremelycomplex,anditisimpossibleforanyparticipantto"master"thegrammarrulesinashortperiodoftime.However,thebehavioroftheexperimentalgroupparticipantsshowedthateventhoughtheydidnotknowtheimplicitruleswhentheywerelearningletterstringsIntheend,theycannotclearlyexpressthecontentoftherules,buttheycanusetherulestoclassifytheletterstrings,includingnewletterstringsthathavenotbeenpresented.Thisshowsthattheexperimentalgroupparticipantsunconsciouslylearnedthegrammaticalrulesimplicitintheletterstring.Basedonthis,Reberproposedtwomodesofhumanlearning:explicitlearningandimplicitlearning.Explicitlearningisaprocessthatrequireswillfuleffortandstrategicusetocompletelearning;implicitlearningisaprocessofunconsciouslyacquiringcomplexknowledgeintheenvironment.Thisisthefirstevidencefortheexistenceofimplicitlearning.
Theproofofthephenomenonofimplicitmemoryinitiallybenefitedfromtheindirectmeasurementmethodtomeasurethememoryabilityofpatientswithamnesia.WeiskrantzandWarringtonasked4amnesticpatients(3patientswithKorsakoffsyndromeand1patientwithtemporalloberesection)tolearnasetofvocabularylists,andthentook4formsoftests:freerecall,recognition,fuzzywordrecognition(putThehandwritingofawordisblurredandthesubjectisrequiredtosaywhatwordisbasedonimpressionratherthanrecollection)andstemming(showingthefirst3lettersofaword,andthesubjectisrequiredtofillinitaccordingtowhattheythinkinsteadofrecollection)Intoameaningfulword)andcomparethetestresultswith16patientswithnormalmemory.Theresultsshowedthatpatientswithsevereamnesiashowedobviousmemoryimpairmentintraditionalrecognitionandrecalltasks,andtheirperformancewasmuchworsethanthatofthecontrolgroup.Butintheothertwotasksthatdonotrequirerecall,theycanidentifyandfilloutawordwiththeirinnerfeelingsatwill,buttheyusealotofpreviouslylearnedwords.ItisespeciallyworthnotingthattheprobabilityandcomparisonofthelearnedwordsThereisnodifferencebetweenthegroups.Subsequently,otherresearchers'studieshaveachievedsimilarresults,andfoundthatpatientswithamnesiastillretaintheabilitytolearnandremember,buttheycannotbemeasuredbytraditionaldirectmeasurementmethodsandareonlysensitivetoindirectmeasurementmethods.Someresearchersbelievethatthedirectmeasurementmethodandtheindirectmeasurementmethodaretheresultsoftwodifferentinternalcognitiveprocessingprocesses,calledimplicitmemoryandexplicitmemory,respectively.Theformerreferstotheunconsciousextractionofinformationstoredinlong-termmemory.
Aftertheseearlystudieswerepublished,theywererapidlyexpanded,formingimplicitrecognitionincludingvariouscognitiveprocessinglevelsofimplicitperception,implicitmemory,implicitlearning,andimplicitsocialcognition.Inthefieldofknowledgeresearch,alotofbreakthroughshavebeenmade.Ithasbeenproventhatimplicitcognitiveprocessingisrelativelyindependent;subliminalstimulationcanfacilitatesubsequenttasks;implicitcognitiveprocessingabilityhasnoobviousage-stagecharacteristics,andislessaffectedbymentalretardation,amnesia,andschizophreniaImplicitlearninghasthecharacteristicsofautomaticity,generalization,acertaindegreeofcomprehensibility,andanti-interference;personalbackgroundvariablesaffectindividualjudgmentanddecision-makingofsocialrelationshipvariables;implicitcognitiveprocessingisnotaffectedbypsychologyResourceconstraints;non-strategic,non-analytical,unconsciouscognitiveprocessingismoreefficientthanexplicitcognitiveprocessingforthestructureofhighlycomplexmaterials.Theseresearchresultsenablehumanbeingstograduallyanddeeplypeekintoandunderstandtheirownvastunconsciousmentalactivities.
Luokittelu
Fromtheperspectiveofskillsandcognition,corporatetacitknowledgecanbedividedintotwocategories:
Taidot
Mukaan lukien ne muodolliset ja vaikeat ilmaista taitoja, taitoja, kokemusta ja tietotaitoa;
Tietoa
Mukaan lukien oivallus, intuitio, havainto, arvot, henkinen malli, tiimin hiljainen ymmärrys ja organisaatiokulttuuriOdota.
Fromthedegreeofcodificationofenterprisetacitknowledge,itcanbedividedinto:tacitknowledgethatcanbecoded,tacitknowledgethatisnoteasytocode,andtacitknowledgethatcannotbecoded(withoutconditionsinacertainperiod).
Duetotheimplicitnessandcomplexityofenterprisetacitknowledge,generallyspeaking,onlyasmallpartofthetacitknowledgethatcanbecodedorexplicit,andmostofthemarenoteasytocodeorcannotbecoded.Correctclassificationhelpsustoadoptdifferentstrategiesfortheidentification,flow,transformationandinnovationoftacitknowledge.
ominaisuudet
Hiljaisuus
Cannotbeclearlyexpressedthroughlanguage,text,diagramsorsymbols:Tacitknowledgeisgenerallydifficulttoexpressclearlyandlogically.Itistheresultofhumannonverbalintelligenceactivities.Thisisthemostessentialcharacteristicoftacitknowledge.
Yksilöllisyys
Tacitknowledgeexistsintheindividual’smind.Itsmaincarrieristheindividual.Itcannotbepassedthroughformalforms(forexample,schooleducation,massmedia,etc.).)Fortransmission,becauseitisdifficultfortheowneranduseroftacitknowledgetoexpressitclearly.Buttacitknowledgeisnotimpossibletopass,butitispassedinaspecialway,forexample,throughthemethodof"teachingfromteachertoapprentice".Inaddition,thereisaneedtodistinguishbetween"individuality"and"subjectivity."Polanyibelievesthat,unlikethesubjectivestateofmind,whichislimitedtoone'sownandprivatefeelings,individualknowledgeistheknowledgethattheknowerhasahighsenseofresponsibility(resposibility),withauniversalintent,incontactwiththeexternalreality(externalreality).)Basedontheknowledgeobtained.Itcanbeseenthattheindividualisdifferentfromthesubjective,andthekeyisthattheformercontainsauniversalandexternaldimension.
Irrationaalinen
Explicitknowledgeisobtainedthroughpeople’s"logicalreasoning"process,soitcanreflectrationally,whiletacitknowledgeisthroughpeople’sphysicalsensesOritisobtainedbyintuitionandcomprehension,soitisnotobtainedthroughlogicalreasoning.Becauseoftheirrationalcharacteristicsoftacitknowledge,peoplecannotcriticizeitrationally.
Kontekstuaalinen
Tacitknowledgeisalwayscloselyrelatedtospecificsituations,italwaysreliesontheexistenceofspecificsituations,andistheoverallgraspofspecifictasksandsituations.Thisisalsoaveryimportantfeatureoftacitknowledge.
Kulttuurista
Tacitknowledgehasstrongerculturalcharacteristicsthanexplicitknowledge,andisinseparablefromtheconcepts,symbols,andknowledgesystemsthatpeopleanalyzeinacertainculturaltradition.Inotherwords,peopleindifferentculturaltraditionsoftensharedifferenttacitknowledge"systems",includingtacitnaturalknowledge"systems"aswellastacitsocialandhumanknowledge"systems".
Mahdollisuus työelämään
Tacitknowledgeismoreaccidental,morerandom,anddifficulttocapture,soitismoredifficulttoacquirethanexplicitknowledge.
Suhteellisuusteoria
Therelativityherehastwomeanings:oneisthattacitknowledgecanbetransformedintoexplicitknowledgeundercertainconditions,andtheotherisrelativetoaperson.Tacitknowledge,butatthesametimemayalreadybeexplicitknowledgeforanotherperson,andviceversa.
Vakaus
Comparedwithexplicitknowledge,tacitknowledge,likeideasandbeliefs,isnoteasilychangedbytheenvironment;itislessaffectedbyage,anditisnoteasytofadeandforget;Itmeansthatonceanindividualpossessessomekindoftacitknowledge,itisdifficulttotransformit.Thismeansthattheconstructionoftacitknowledgeneedstobecarriedoutinasubtleway.
Rehellisyys
Althoughtacitknowledgeoftenlacksalogicalstructure,itistheresultoftheinternalcognitiveintegrationoftheindividual,anditisanorganiccompositionofacomplete,harmoniousandunifiedsubjectpersonalityThepartplaysamajordecisiveroleinthebehavioroftheindividualintheenvironment,anditisalsointegralandindivisibleasawhole.
Eksplisiittinen malli
Thecoreofenterprisetacitknowledgemanagementistheexplicitizationoftacitknowledge.Thevalueoftacitknowledgemustberealizedthroughthetransformationofexplicitknowledge.Itisthroughthiscirculartransformationthatinternalknowledgeformsaspiralingprocessofknowledgeinnovation.Thetransformationoftacitknowledgeandexplicitknowledgehasgonethroughfourcycles.
Sosialisaatiovaihe
Thesocializationstagereferstothepropagationprocessfromthetacitknowledgeofanindividualtoanothertacitknowledge.Thisistheoldestandmosteffectivewayofspreadinghumanknowledge.Intheprocessofknowledgemanagement,wesparenoefforttomaketacitknowledgeexplicitthroughinformationtechnology,butthereisalwayssomevaluabletacitknowledgethatisdifficulttotransform,andthetacitknowledgeistransmittedthroughthesocializationstageoftacitknowledge.Sharingandinnovation,enhancingthecompetitivenessoftheorganization,havebecomeaveryimportantlinkinenterpriseknowledgemanagement.Inthisprocess,participantscanobtaintacitknowledgefromotherswithoutusinglanguage.Forexample,apprenticescanlearncraftsmanshipbasedonexperience,imitation,andpractice.
Ulkoistamisvaihe
Ulkoistamisvaiheistotransformtacitknowledgeintoaformthatiseasytounderstandandacceptthroughanalogies,metaphors,hypotheses,listening,andin-depthconversations.Transformingtacitknowledgeintoexplicitknowledgeisatypicalprocessofknowledgeinnovation.Peopletransformtheirownexperienceandknowledgeintocontentthatcanbedescribedbylanguage.Itisaprocessofupgradingfromperceptualknowledgetorationalknowledge,andtransformingexperienceintoconcepts.Thepurposeofexplicitknowledgeistoshareknowledge.Undernormalcircumstances,onlythosespecific,operationalorconventionalknowledgecanbedisseminated,anddeep-levelknowledgeisnoteasyforotherstoobtain.Therefore,toimplementknowledgemanagement,wemustfirstcollectandprocessimplicitknowledgethatcanbemadeexplicit.
Yhdistelmät vaihe
Thisstageisthetransformationoftacitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge,anditisaprocessofestablishingarepetitiveknowledgesystem.Itfocusesoninformationcollection,organization,management,analysisanddissemination.Inthisprocess,newideasaregeneratedintheprocessofcontinuousaggregationofinformation.Privateknowledgecannotbeshareddirectly,andonlyrelevantopinionsandinformationintheknowledgecanbetransmitted.Afterothersreceiveinformation,theymustdeeplyperceive,understandandinternalizeitbeforetheycanformtheirownnewknowledge.Theexplicitknowledgecollectedfromindividualemployeesisprocessedtoformgeneralexplicitknowledge,whichisfinallycondensedintothecoreknowledgeoftheenterprise,whichcanbeeasilyabsorbedandusedbyemployeestorealizethenormaloperationoftheorganization.
Sisäistämisvaihe
Internalizationmeansthatthenewlycreatedexplicitknowledgeistransformedintothetacitknowledgeofothermembersoftheorganization.Thepurposeofimplicitknowledgeistorealizetheapplicationandinnovationofknowledge.Theinnovationandapplicationofknowledgeistheultimategoalofknowledgemanagement.Whetheranorganizationcanhaveanadvantageincompetitiondependsonwhethertheorganizationcanmakefulluseoftheorganization'sknowledge,andwhetheritcancontinuouslycreatenewknowledgeandupdateknowledge.Aftertheinternalizationstage,organizationalcompetitivenessisimproved,andknowledgemanagementcompletesabasiccycle.Intheabovefourtransformationprocesses,thetransformationoftacitknowledgetoexplicitknowledgeisthecore,anditisthemostdirectandeffectivewayofknowledgeproduction.Thetacitknowledgeofindividualemployeesisthecoreoftheproductionofnewknowledgeinanenterprise.Howtoeffectivelystimulateindividualtacitknowledge,avoidobstaclesinthetransformationprocess,andincreasetheinteractionofthefourtransformationmethodswillaffectthecompany’slevelofnewknowledgegeneration.
ExplicitObstacles
AsPolanyipointedout,iftacitknowledgeispersonalinsight,itcanonlybeacquiredthroughpersonalexperience,anditisobviouslydifficulttomaketacitknowledgeexplicit..Belowweanalyzethemainobstaclestotheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgefromtheperspectiveofthecharacteristicsofdifferenttypesoftacitknowledge.
Kehopohjainen tietoisuus
Kehopohjainen tietoisuusTheso-calledbody-basedtacitknowledgereferstothetacitknowledgegeneratedandappliedbythesubjectintheprocessofcognition.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeismostlyrootedintheuseofhumanbodyfunctionsortheuseoftools.Suchasartistsplayingandpainting,doctorsperformingoperationsonpatients,etc.Therearealotofhiddencomponentsintheseoperationalskillsandartisticskills.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeismonopolistic,andtacitknowledgeisrestrictedfromenteringthefieldofpubliccommunicationorbeingshared.Thetypicalperformanceistomakeknowledgeproprietaryandcontrolthetacitknowledgewithcommercialvalue,soastoavoidtheexplicitknowledgeofknowledgeandloseitscompetitiveadvantage.Theexplicitnessofsuchtacitknowledgerequirestheestablishmentofatrustmechanism,whichcanbeobtainedthroughinternalthinkingandexternalcommunication.Inaddition,itoftenrequiresrepeatedhands-onpracticeandexperience.
Hiljainen tieto perustuu puheeseen
Hiljainen tieto perustuu puheeseenmeansthatwhentheexternalworldrecognizedbythesubjectisanothersubject,theinteractionbetweenthetwosubjectsmustbepassedSpeech(includingbodylanguage)tocarryout,thetacitknowledgegeneratedandusedinthisprocessisthetacitknowledgebasedonspeech.Theunconsciousfeatureoftacitknowledgeisthatpeoplearenotawareofthescopeoftheirownknowledge.Explicitknowledgeiseasytoidentify,butimplicitknowledgesuchasinnerthinking,inspirationandexperienceisdifficulttodescribe.Experienceanddepthofknowledgeleadtothedeepeningoftacitknowledgeandincreasethedifficultyofexpressingknowledge.Thedifferencesinexpressionsbetweendifferentlanguagesalsoincreasethedifficultyofunderstanding.Theexplicitnessofverbal-basedtacitknowledgeoftenrequiressubjectstohaveacommonknowledgebackgroundrelatedtothesubjectofcommunication.Inaddition,storytelling,throughmetaphor,symbolism,caseanalysis,etc.,canhelpthesubjectsbuildacommoncontext.Therefore,thisapproachplaysanimportantroleintheacquisitionoftacitknowledge.
Perustuu yksilölliseen metakognitioon
Consideringtheinternalthinking,emotion,mentalmodel,intuitionandotherfactorsoftheindividual,thedifferenceofthesefactorswillaffecttheindividual'sextractionofobjectinformationandperformance.Giveeachaspectoftheprocessofintelligentbehaviorandinformationtransmission,soastoformanindividual'suniquewayof"informationcognitionandregeneration".Thesearethetacitknowledgebasedontheinternalmindandthinkingofthecognitionindividual,ortacitknowledgebasedonthe"metacognition"oftheindividual.Thiskindoftacitknowledgeisembodiedintheindividual'smentalmodel,problem-solvingmethod,intuition,emotion,etc.Acquisitiongenerallyneedstobetaughtbymasterandapprentice,andconstructedatthelevelofworldviewandmethodology.
Perustuu sosiaaliseen kulttuuriin
Comparedtotheindividual’smetacognition,thesocialenvironmentformedbyrace,history,andsocialideology,aswellastheorganizationalenvironmentinwhichtheindividualislocated,willaffecttheindividual.The"informationcognitionandregeneration"modelhasasignificantandfar-reachingimpact.Atthislevel,itformsthetacitknowledgebasedonsocialculture.Thiskindoftacitknowledgewillaffectthemetacognitionoftheindividual,theinteractionbetweentheindividualandotherindividuals,andtheprocessoftheindividual'scognitionofnaturalobjects.Forexample,thedifficultyofknowledgesharingisdifferentfordifferentculturalbackgrounds,andtheflowofknowledgesharingrequiresparticipantstoadoptanopenattitude.Theexplicitnessofthiskindoftacitknowledgeneedstoberealizedthroughlong-termexperienceofindividualsintheirenvironment.
On olemassa riskejä
Johdantotoriskit
Tacitknowledgeisdifficulttoexpressinwords,noteasytomeasureitsvalueandnoteasytobeunderstoodbyothers.IthasbecomeThesourceofcorporatecompetitiveadvantage.Comparedwithexplicitknowledge,itiseasytoexpressandtransfer,anditiseasytobeimitatedandlearnedbycompetitors,andcannotformacompany'slastingcompetitiveadvantage.Therefore,withinacertainknowledgelevel,moreandmoreexplicittacitknowledgeisIftheorganizationcannottakecertainconfidentialitymeasuresinatimelymanner,competitorswilltrytoobtaintheexplicitknowledgethathasbeenappliedorcoded,andwilluseittoformtheirowncompetitiveadvantage.Therefore,theorganizationshouldtakecertainmeasurestoensuretheexplicitnessoftacitknowledgeontheonehand,andstrengthentheconfidentialityofexplicitknowledgeontheotherhandtopreventcopyingbycompetitors.
Strengthentheconfidentialityofexplicitknowledgeandpreventcompetitorsfromcopying
Thegainsfromtheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgecannotmakeupforitsexcessivelyhighexplicitcost.Withtheimprovementofthelevelofexplicitness,thetransferofknowledgefromtheconnectionbetweenpeopletothelanguagemodulationprocess,theorganizationneedstocreatethenecessaryenvironmentalconditionsandtechnicalconditions,whichwillinevitablycostalotthecostof.Atthesametime,thebenefitscreatedbyexplicitnessaredifficulttomeasureinashorttime,andthecostofexplicitnesswillchangeasthedegreeofexplicitnessofknowledgeincreases.Therefore,withintheorganization,themeasurementofexplicitcostsandbenefitsisalsoanurgentproblemtobesolved.
Failuretomakethetacitknowledgewithintheorganizationexplicitintimeorcorrectlywillalsobringgreatriskstotheenterprise.Iftheorganizationdoesnotexternalizethetacitknowledgeoftheknowledgesubjectinatimelymannerandmakefulluseofit,itmaycausetheorganizationtolosevariousopportunities.Butatthesametime,itshouldberecognizedthatnotalltacitknowledgecanorcanbeexternalizedintoexplicitknowledgecorrectly.Iftheorganizationdisregardsthetechnicallevelandotherrestrictions,itjustmakesexplicitknowledgethatcannotbemadeexplicit.Leadingtothewronginterpretationofcoreknowledge,sothatthewronguseofknowledgewillbringimmeasurablelossestotheenterprise.Thisrequirestheorganizationtograspadegree,thatis,toknowwhichknowledgecanbemadeexplicitandcanbemadeexplicit.degree.Thesolutionofthisproblemalsoneedstorelyonacertainamountofexperienceandknowledgeofmanagers.
Forknowledgesubjects,althoughthesharingoftheirowntacitknowledgewillimprovetheoverallknowledgeleveloftheorganization,itisnotnecessarilybeneficialtoindividuals.Theinnovationandresearchofpersonalknowledgetakesalotofenergyandhardworktoachieve.Therefore,theknowledgesubjectwillunconsciouslymakeariskpredictionofhisowninputcost,opportunitycost,transactioncost,andreputationcost.Thefairnessandrationalityafterthesharingofsexualknowledgeandwhetheritmeetstheirexpectations.Oftenthesecostscannotbecompensatedbysalary.Whentheknowledgesubjectcannotobtaincompensationthroughinternalmechanisms,itwilllimitthedisseminationandsharingofknowledge,whichmakesitdifficulttoachievethepurposeofmakingpersonaltacitknowledgereasonablyexplicit.
Riskien välttäminen
(1)Inordertoovercomethelossoftacitknowledgecausedbythebraindrain,inadditiontomakingpersonaltacitknowledgeexplicit,itcanalsobeorganizedTheorganizationallearningmechanismthatpromotesthesharingoftacitknowledgecanfullytapthetacitknowledgeinthemindoftheknowledgesubject,andspreadandsharethetacitknowledgeoftheknowledgesubjectthroughvariouschannelswithintheorganizationtobecomethetacitknowledgeoftheorganization.Inthisprocess,itreliesonthetacitknowledgecommunicationbetweenemployees.Thisrequiresknowledgesubjectsintheorganizationtohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofhowtocoordinatetheworkoftheorganization,andtheorganizationshouldcreateaspiritofcooperationthatencouragesknowledgesubjectstodevelopInordertoachievethetacitunderstandingandcoordinationbetweenmembers,torealizetheinductionandsummaryofpersonaltacitknowledge,andtocompletetheconversiontoorganizationaltacitknowledge.
Atthesametime,wemustcontinuouslyincreasethenumberandqualityofenterprisecoreknowledge,especiallytacitknowledge.Throughthecontinuouscreationofnewtacitknowledge,thelong-termcompetitivenessoftheorganizationismaintained.Sincetechnicaltacitknowledgeisbasedonasinglesubjectinthefinalanalysis,itshouldbebasedontheperspectiveofpeople,andtheinternalcultureoftheorganizationshoulddriveknowledge.Generate,encourageemployeestoactivelyseek,share,andcreateknowledge,andformabottom-upknowledge-drivenflowmechanismwithintheorganization.
(2)Improvethetechnicallevelrequiredfortheexplicitizationoftacitknowledgeandtheprofessionalknowledgeneededfortheexplicitizationofknowledgesubjectknowledge,soastoimprovetheaccuracyoftheexplicitizationoftacitknowledge.Withintheorganization,themainbodyofknowledgemustestablishandmaintainthenecessaryknowledgetransformationabilityandtechnologyuseability,aswellastheunderstandinganddigestionabilityoftacitknowledge.Atthesametime,becausetheknowledgesubjecthasastrongsenseofresponsibilityandself-managementability,itcanbeappropriatelygrantedtherighttoprocessanduseorganizationalknowledgetoimprovepersonalknowledge.Atthesametime,knowledgetransformationtechnologymustundergocorrespondingreorganizationandadaptivechangesalongwiththecontinuousadvancementofbusinesstechnology.
(3)Useinformationtechnologyandinformationsystemoutsourcingtoreducetheexplicitcostofknowledge.Professionalinformationtechnologyoutsourcerscanprovidehigh-level,low-costtechnicalproductsandprofessionaltechnicaladvice.Atthesametime,intheprocessofmutualcooperationandexchangewithinformationtechnologyoutsourcers,relevanttechnicalknowledgecanbeincreased.Atthistime,theflowandsharingofknowledgebetweenthepartnersandtheestablishmentofaclosecooperativerelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesarerequired.Ontheonehand,theinternalstaffoftheorganizationshouldactivelyparticipateinthecooperationandprovideinformationabouttheorganization’sworkprocessesandtheintricaterelationshipsbetweendepartments,sothatthetechnicalproductsofknowledgeconversionareclosertotherequirementsofactualwork;atthesametime,byfurtherparticipatingintheknowledgeconversionoftechnicalproductsDesignandworktounderstandtheconceptandrequirementsoftheproduct,andproposeshortcomingstopromotepracticaltechnicalimprovementprograms;ontheotherhand,technologysuppliersshouldalsopayattentiontoabsorbinginternalknowledgeoftheorganizationtohelpmembersoftheorganizationdeepentheirunderstandingTheunderstandingofthistypeofproduct,fromthecustomer'spointofview,asmuchaspossibletoprovidecustomerswithhigh-efficiencyandlow-costknowledgeconversionproducts.
(4)Organizationsmustprovidelooseincentivesforknowledgesubjects.Ontheonehand,theymustabsolutelycompensatetheknowledgesubjectsfortheirnewknowledge,andproviderewardsaccordingtotheamountofknowledgeprovidedtotheorganization.Reward,sothattheexpectedvalueoftheknowledgesubjectismet,sothattherewardforpersonalcontributiontoknowledgeisgreaterthantherewardforhoardingknowledge.Establishagoodexternalsystemtopromotetheaccumulationofknowledgeandincreasethepressureandmotivationofknowledgesubjectstoprovidetacitknowledge.
Johdon valaistuminen
Modernenterpriseshavebeguntorealizethevalueoftacitknowledge,andtheirinvestmentinhumanresourceshasgraduallyincreased.However,howtocombinehumanresourcemanagementwithtacitknowledgemanagement?Theresearchonintegratingthenewcompetitivenessofenterprisesisstillinsufficient.
Perustaaorganisaationkannustinmekanismi
Perustaaorganisaationkannustinmekanismitoensurethetransformationandsharingofknowledge
Tietoainnovationhashighcosts,highrisksandbenefitsTheuncertaintyofdistributionanddistributionmakestheownersofknowledgedeliberatelymonopolizetheknowledgetheypossessinordertorecoverthemaftersuccessfulinnovation.Theoperationofthetraditionalincentivemechanismcanonlyaggravatethismonopolyofindividuals.Therefore,organizationsneedtoestablishanappropriateincentivemechanismtoreasonablysatisfytheinterestsofthetacitknowledgeholdersandstimulatetheirdesiretoshareknowledge.Ontheonehand,theoriginalityandexclusivenessofemployees’personaltacitknowledgeshouldberecognized,andappropriateevaluationindicatorsandanevaluationsystembasedontheknowledgecontributionrateshouldbeestablished,sothatmembersoftheorganizationcanbenefitfromknowledgesharing;ontheotherhand,Employeesprovideopportunitiesforgrowth,guideemployeestoexchangeandsharetacitknowledge,andencourageemployeestogainmotivationforcontinuousinnovationanddevelopment.Thisisveryimportanttopromotetheexchangeandsharingoftacitknowledgeamongemployees.
Perustaa henkilöresurssien tietokanta
Perustaa henkilöresurssien tietokantatoformanorganizationalknowledgemap
Integrateorganizationalresourcesandreflectthecompetitivenessofhumanresources,whichisthecurrenthumanresourceAnimportantissueofresourcemanagement.Throughtheconstructionoftheenterpriseknowledgebase,theeffectivemanagementofemployeeknowledgecanpromotetheorderlycirculationofknowledgewithintheorganizationandincreasetheutilizationrateofknowledge.Atthesametime,byregisteringtheorganization'shumanresourcesintheregisterandestablishingaskilllistdatabase,youcanfindthehumanresourcesneededbytheorganizationaccordingtothemap,andyoucanalsoformulateacontinuoushumanresourcesplantopromotetheformationofalong-termdevelopmentplanforthecompany'semployees.
Perusta oppimisorganisaatio
Perusta oppimisorganisaatiotoincreasethevalueoftacitknowledge
LearningorganizationistodevelopthelearningatmosphereoftheorganizationtogivefullplaytoemployeesAnorganic,highlyflexible,flat,personalized,andsustainableorganizationestablishedbycreativethinkingability.Tacitknowledgealwaysrunsthroughtheentireprocessofknowledgeaccumulation.Ifthereisnorelevanttacitknowledge,whetheritisanindividualoranenterprise,itwillnotbeabletoobtainandabsorbotherknowledge.Therefore,theorganizationshouldcarryoutregularandirregulartraining,enhancethelearningatmospherewithintheorganization,carryoutknowledgeexchangeandsharingmeetingsbetweenemployees,andrealizethecontinuousinnovationofinternalknowledgewithintheorganization.
Järjestä uudelleenorganisaatiorakennemalli
Järjestä uudelleenorganisaatiorakennemallitoconstructadynamicteam
Becausetacitknowledgeisdifficulttoexpress,observeanddescribe,itsmutualtransformationCannotcontinuetheusualthinking.Inadditiontoexternalincentivessuchassalaryandrewards,companiesshouldestablishabrand-neworganizationalstructuremodel.Thestructureofdynamicteamswillfacilitatethetransformationoftacitknowledge.Thelearningoftacitknowledgecanoftenbeachievedthroughtheimperceptibilityofpeople-to-personcontact.Therefore,organizationsshouldgatheremployeeswithdifferentskillsindifferentfieldsofworkintoaspecificteaminatimelymannertorealizeacertainproject,andeffectivelyrealizethedissemination,integration,sharingandinnovationofknowledgeintheprocessofcompletingtheproject.
Inthetheoryandpracticeofknowledgemanagementresearch,moreandmoreattentionispaidtotheresearchoftacitknowledge,whichisinseparablefromthekeyroleoftacitknowledgeinknowledgemanagement.Similarly,emphasizinganddevelopingtheroleoftacitknowledgeinenterprisehumanresourcemanagementisalsoofgreatsignificanceforimprovingenterprisemanagementefficiencyandenhancingcorecompetitiveness.
Muutos
Yleiskatsaus
Exploringtacitknowledgefromtheperspectiveofmanagementinvolvesbothorganizationalandindividuallevels.
Foralongtime,knowledge,especiallytacitknowledge,hasbecomemoreandmoreimportanttoorganizations.Itisthesourceofenterpriseinnovationandcancontinuouslybringcompetitivebenefitstoenterprises.Someorganizationtheoryresearchershavefurtherexpandedtheconnotationoftacitknowledge.Intheirresearchoncorporatecapabilities,Winter,Nelson,andSpenderbelievethatthereisimplicitorganizationalknowledgewithincompanies.Enterprisetacitknowledgereferstotheexistenceofindividualemployeesandorganizationsatalllevelsoftheenterprise(teams,departments,corporatelevels,etc.).Varioustypesofsexualizedimplicitknowledgealsoincludethetacitknowledgethatiseffectivelyacquiredfromoutsidetheenterprisethroughflowandsharing.
Thetacitknowledgepossessedbytheenterpriselevelisformedonthebasisofeffectivetransformation,integrationandlong-termpracticeofindividualemployees,groupsandvariousknowledgeacquiredfromoutsidetheenterprise.ItemergesfromasingleindividualorgroupTietoatraitsthatcannotbepossessed.Themainfeatureisthatitisexpressedasthecorporateculture,valuesystem,corporatepractices,etc.thatareonlyavailableatthecorporatelevel.Theseareknowledgethatisdifficulttoclearlyexplain,butplaysanimportantrole.Italsoincludesknow-how,experienceandcollaborationcapabilitiesthatcanbemasteredbytheenterpriselevel.
Fromtheperspectiveof"personal",therearetworepresentatives,oneisAmericanmanagementprofessorPeterF.Drucker(PeterF.Drucker),theotherisJapanesemanagementprofessorNoakaIkujiroNonaka(IkujiroNonaka).Theyarerecognizedfromtheindividualattributesoftacitknowledge.
PeterDruckerbelievesthattacitknowledgecannotbeexplainedbywords.Itcanonlybedemonstratedtoprovethatitexists.Itismainlyderivedfromexperienceandskills.Theonlywaytolearnistocomprehendandpractise.
IkujiroNonakabelievesthattacitknowledgeishighlypersonalknowledge,whichisdifficulttostandardizeandisnoteasytopassontoothers.Itismainlyimplicitinpersonalexperience,butalsoinvolvespersonalbeliefsandworldviews.,Valuesystemandotherfactors.Tacitknowledgeissubjectiveexperienceorexperience,anditisnoteasytousestructuralconceptstodescribeorexpressknowledge.Explicitknowledgeisknowledgethatcanbecapturedorpresentedobjectivelyusingconcepts.Healsoparticularlyemphasizedtheimportanceoftacitknowledgeandknowledgeenvironmentforthecreationandsharingofenterpriseknowledge.Inaddition,healsoproposedthetransformationrelationshipbetweentacitknowledgeandexplicitknowledgeonthebasisoftheOECDknowledgeclassification.
Muunnosprosessi
JapaneseknowledgemanagementexpertIkujiroNonaka(IkujiroNonaka)proposedtheSECIprocessofmutualconversionbetweenexplicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge:
1.Theprocessofmutualconversionbetweenexplicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge
Socializationistheprocessofgeneratingnewknowledgethroughsharedexperience
ExternalizationmeansTheprocessofexpressingtacitknowledgeintoexplicitknowledge
Combinationistheprocessofcombiningexplicitknowledgetoformamorecomplexandsystematicexplicitknowledgesystem
Internalization(Internalization)istheprocessoftransformingexplicitknowledgeintotacitknowledgeandbecomingtheactualabilityofindividualsandgroupsintheenterprise
1.Thetransformationoftacitknowledgeintotacitknowledge.
Thisisthesharingoftacitknowledgebetweenindividualsandtheprocessofknowledgesocialization.Thetacitknowledgecanbetransmittedmainlythroughobservation,imitationandpersonalpractice.Teachingfromteachertoapprenticeisatypicalformofsharingtacitknowledgebetweenindividuals.Theestablishmentofvirtualknowledgecommunitieswiththehelpofinformationtechnologycreatesconditionsforrealizingthetransformationfromtacitknowledgetotacitknowledgeinawiderrange.
2.Tietotietomuunnos eksplisiittiseksi tiedoksi.
Thisisanexplicitdescriptionoftacitknowledge,transformingitintoaformthatiseasyforotherstounderstand.Thistransformationusesanalogies,metaphorsandassumptions,listening,andin-depthtalks.Somecurrentintelligenttechnologies,suchasknowledgeminingsystems,businessintelligence,expertsystems,etc.,provideameanstorealizetheexplicitnessoftacitknowledge.
3.Thetransformationofexplicitknowledgetoexplicitknowledge.
Thisisaprocessofknowledgediffusion,usuallytofurthersystematizeandcomplicatefragmentaryexplicitknowledge.Integratingthesepiecemealknowledgeandexpressingitinprofessionallanguage,personalknowledgeiselevatedtoorganizationalknowledge,whichcanmoreeasilyshareandcreateorganizationalvalueformorepeople.Distributeddocumentmanagement,contentmanagement,datawarehouse,etc.areeffectivetoolstorealizethecombinationofexplicitknowledge.
4.Thetransformationofexplicitknowledgetotacitknowledge.
Thismeansthattheexplicitknowledgeoftheenterpriseistransformedintothetacitknowledgeofthemembersoftheenterprise.Inotherwords,knowledgeisdisseminatedamongemployees.Afteremployeesreceivethisnewknowledge,theycanuseitintheirworkandcreatenewtacitknowledge.Groupwork,learningbydoing,andon-the-jobtrainingareeffectivewaystorealizetheimplicitizationofexplicitknowledge.Inthisregard,therearealsosomecollaborationtools,suchase-communities,E-learningsystems,etc.