Perusmerkitys
TheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensitymentionedbyMarxreferstothelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthemiddlelevelortheaveragelevelofthedepartment,whicharethesubjectiveconditionsoflabor.Thecommodityvaluedeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesocietyisthesocialvalueofthecommodity.
Regardingsociallynecessarylabortime,Marxwrotein"DasKapital":"Thelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamehumanlaborandtheconsumptionofthesamehumanlabor.Itisreflectedinthetotalvalueofthecommodityworld.Theentirelaborforceofthesocietyisregardedasthesamelaborforceofahumanbeinghere,althoughitiscomposedofcountlessindividuallaborforces.Eachsuchindividuallaborforce,liketheotherlaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce,aslongasithasThenatureofthesocialaveragelaborforceplaystheroleofthissocialaveragelaborforce,sothatonlytheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsocialnecessarylabortimeisusedintheproductionofgoods."
Inthispassage,MarxputsthesocialAlllaborisabstractedasthesamelaborofhumanbeings.Itismadeupofcountlessindividuallabors.Everysinglelaborforce,aslongasithasthenatureofsocialaveragelaborforceandplaystheroleofsocialaveragelaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce.
Thesamehumanlaboronlyusestheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsociallynecessarylabortimeincommodityproduction.Thisisthemostimportantpassageforustounderstandtheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Onlybymakingacorrectunderstandingofthissentencecanwesolvethesociallynecessarylabortime.
Ymmärrämme, että tällä kappaleella on useita merkityksiä:
(1)Sociallynecessarylabortimeistheaveragesociallynecessarylabortime.
Theso-calledaveragenecessaryworkingtimeshouldbetheaveraging,socialization,andhomogenizationofthelabortimenewlypaidinthecurrentperiodandthelabortimetransferredinthepreviousperiodtobecomethesamelabortimeinthecurrentperiod.
(2)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthetimetransformedbytheaveragelaborforceinsociety.
Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbetheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlypaidlaborforceinthecurrentperiodandthelaborforcetransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborforceinthecurrentperiod.Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbeaccuratelycalledthe"averagenecessarylaborforce".
(3)Sociallynecessarylaborcontainstwocontradictoryfactors:sociallaborandnecessarylabor.
Sociallynecessarylaboristheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlycreatedlaborinthecurrentperiodandthesociallabortransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborinthecurrentperiod.
(4)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisusedincommodityproduction,notinproductproduction.Thatistosay,sociallynecessarylabortimeonlyappliestocommodities,nottoproducts.
Hyödykkeiden tuottajille sen merkitys on:
① Selvitä, voidaanko hyödykkeiden tuottajien työnkulutus korvata täysimääräisesti;
②Määritä hyödykkeiden tuottajien kannattavuus;
③Määritä hyödyketuotannon asema ja kohtalo markkinakilpailussa.
Sosiaali- ja taloudellinen kehitys:
Promotecommodityproducers,improvetechnology,improvemanagement,andincreaselaborproductivity,therebypromotingsociallaborproductivityImproveandpromotethedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandsocialeconomy.
Konnotaatiohajoaminen
Yhteiskunnallisesti välttämättömän työajan hajoaminen
Jaamme sosiaalisesti välttämättömän työajan kahteen osaan: "sosiaalinen aika" ja "välttämätön työ".
Sosiaalinen aika
Sosiaalinen aikaisthe"timepoint",whichistheunityoftimeandspace.Itisarelativelystaticstateintheprocessofspace-timemovement.Therangeoftimepointscanbelargeorsmall,aslargeastheentirehumansociety,assmallasanenterprise,orevenacommodity.Thetimingisconstantlychanging.Notwotimingsarethesame.
Howtoindicatethetimepoint?Thisisthecruxoftheproblem.Afterourresearch,webelievethatalthoughnotwotimepointsarethesame,anyonetimepointcanberelativelyquantified.Therelativeamountoftimepointis"1".Anytimepointcanberepresentedbythenaturalnumber"1"."1"meanstherelativestaticformatanypointintime.
Yhteiskuntaa voi edustaa"1",teollisuutta voi edustaa"1",yrityskanava voi myös edustaa"1"jatuote"1".Koko kansainvälistä yhteisöä voi myös edustaa"1".
Soanysociety,industryorenterprise,theirexistenceistheunityoftimeandspace,soitcanberepresentedby"1".Inotherwords,althoughsocialtimeisanabstractthing,itcanbespecifically"1".Compatibilityreferstothedirectandsimplefourarithmeticoperationsbetweendifferentcommodityvalues.Onlythingsofthesamequalitycanbenegotiated,whichrequiresthattheprovisionsofthevaluequalitymustbe"same".
Työvoimaa ja tarpeellista työtä
(1) Työvoima
AccordingtoMarx’sprincipleoflaborduality,therearespecificlaborandabstractlabor.Say.Hunting,farming,weaving,ironsmelting,calculation,painting,etc.areallconcretelabor.Theabstractlaborisaspecialformofsociallabor,apartfromconcretelabor,humanlaboringeneral.Differentscopesofspecificlaborcanhavedifferentlaborgeneralizations,suchasproductionlabor,commoditylabor,andsoon.Thelaborofeachenterpriseisspecificlaborrelativetotheindustry;eachindustryisalsospecificlaborrelativetotheentiresociety.Thespecificlaborofanenterprisecanbesummarizedascorporatelabor,thespecificlaborofvariousindustriescanbesummarizedasindustriallabor,andalllaborinthewholesocietycanbesummarizedassociallabor.
(2) Välttämätön työ
Necessarylaboristhelaborthatsocietyneedstoproduceacertainkindofcommodity.Thelaborinthislaborconceptusuallyreferstosociallabor.Butintermsofquantity,itisequivalenttotheconcretelaborofproducingthiskindofcommodity.Therefore,necessarylaborcanalsobeexpressedasthespecificamountoflaboranindividualspendstoproduceacertaincommodity.
Forlabor,itissociallaborthatmaintainslaborproductionandreproduction.
Weseethatthegreaterthenecessarylabortimeinsociety,thegreatertheamountofvalueandthesmallerthenecessarylabor.
Sosiaalinen työaika
Theproportionalrelationshipbetweensocialtimeandnecessarylaboristhesocialnecessarylabortime.Itisnotdifficulttosynthesizesuchaconcept.Whatisimportantishowtoexpresstheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Wehavefoundthroughresearchthattheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortimecontainstwoopposingfactors,oneisthetimefactorandtheotheristhelaborfactor.
Nämä kaksi tekijää eivät ole samat, mutta vastakkain. Siksi heidän suhteensa tulisi ilmaista vastakkaisesti, eli sosiaalinen aika / välttämätön työ. Niiden joukossa sosiaalinen aika voidaan esittää "1", joten "sosiaalinen välttämätön työaika" on"1/."
Tämä on vastaus "sosiaalisen välttämättömän työajan" Goldbachin arveluun.
Arvo ja hinta
Valuereferstotheexchangevalue,thatis,theamountofcurrencyexchangedperunitofcommodityvolume,andpriceistheexpressionofvalue.Thedimensionofvalueandpriceismonetaryunit/quantityunitofcommodity.
Howisvaluerelatedtosociallynecessarylabortime?Hereweneedtointroduceaconcept:howmuchisthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime-thetotalvalueofacertaincommodityinacertainsocietyinacertainperiod/thetotallabortimeofacertaincommodityproduction.Differentcommoditieshavedifferentcommodityvaluesperunitoflabortime.
Value=howmuchthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime×sociallynecessarylabortime
Inacertainperiod,assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimedoesnotchange,thenthereisvalueandsociallynecessarylaborTimeisproportional.Indifferentperiods,thevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimecanbechanged.
Consideringthereciprocalrelationshipbetweenlaborproductivityandsociallynecessarylabortime,thevalueformulacanalsobeexpressedas:
Value=thevalueofthecommodityperunitlabortime/laborproductivity
Assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged,thenthevalueisinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity.
Valueisdirectlyproportionaltosociallynecessarylabortimeandinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity,providedthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged.
Tietty aika, hinta ja arvo ovat samat.
Determinantit
Sosiaalisesti välttämättömän työajan määrittäminen
Thefinalformationofcommoditiesisexchange.Inotherwords,exchangeisthefinalmechanismofcommodityformation.Theprocessofcommodityformationistheprocessofconcretelabor,thenecessarylaborprocessofcommodityformation,andtheprocessoftransformingnecessarylabortosocialnecessarylabortimeincommodityformation.
Thenecessarylabortimeinsocietyistheamountofvalue,whichisuncertainbeforethetransactioniscompleted.Whentheexchangeiscompleted,thecommodityisformedandthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthecommodityisdetermined.
Becausethecommodityexchangeinsocietyiscarriedoutallthetime,incountlesstimes,thenecessarylabortimeforeachcommodityisdifferent.Thesociallynecessarylabortimeorvalueofanycommodityisdeterminedbyalltheexchangesinthesocietyatthetimewhentheexchangeiscompleted.
AsMarxsaid:"Peoplemaketheproductsoftheirlaborrelatedtoeachotherasvalues,notbecausetheyseethemasthematerialshellofthesamekindofhumanlabor.Onthecontrary,theyareexchangingInmakingtheirvariousproductsequaltoeachotherasvalues,theyalsomaketheirvariouslaborequaltoeachotherashumanlabor.Theydidnotrealizethis,buttheydidit."
Inotherwords,theequalquantityofcommodityvalueisaccomplishedthroughexchange,butexchangemustnotberegardedasanaccidentalindividualmechanism.Thenecessarylabortimeinacommoditysocietyissocial,anditisnotdeterminedbyaccident,butbythesocialexchangesystem.
Marxsaid:"Intheaccidentalandconstantlychangingexchangerelationsofprivatelaborproducts,thesociallynecessarylabortimeforproducingtheseproductscompulsorilyblazesapathforitselfasanaturallawthatplaysaregulatoryrole,justlikeahouse.It’sthesameaswhenthelawofgravitycompulsivelyopensthewayforoneselfwhenitfallsonaperson’shead."
Inshort,everycommodityhidessociallynecessarylabortimeasaquantityofvalue.ThissociallynecessarylabortimeisexploredbyMarx.Arrived,butMarxfailedtograspitandidentifyit.ButMarxknewthatnecessarylabortimeexistsinthissociety,andhewasconvincedofthis.Inparticular,Marxpointedoutthatthenecessarylabortimeinthissocietyisnotformedbyaccidentalindividualexchanges,butbycountlessexchangesinthesociety.Itishimselfwhoisopeningtheway,nottheotherwayaround.
Ilmenemistapa
Theghostofsociallynecessarylabortimehasbeenwanderingfor150years.
TheresearchresultisbasedonMarx'sdiscoveryoftheshadowofsociallynecessarylabortimewithoutcatchingit,hecaughtitand"exposedit."
Atthispoint,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofanycommodityisnolongermysterious.Aslongaswedeterminetheauthenticityofthecommodityprice,wecandeterminethetrueidentityofthesociallynecessarylabortime,thatis,thevalueofthevalue.Aslongaswelookbackwardsattheprice,wecanseetheamountofvalue,andwecansee"sociallynecessarylabortime".
However,itmustbeparticularlyemphasizedthatitisnotpricethatdeterminesvalue.Onthecontrary,valuemustdetermineprice.AsMarxquotedabovesaid:thesocietymustworktimetoforciblyblazeapathforitself,nottheotherwayaround.Thisisthelawofvalue.Thepriceisonlytheinvertedimageofthevaluebehindthecameralens.
Aiheeseen liittyvät keskustelut
SociallyNecessaryLaborTimeandValue
ThereisaneffectiveTheproblemoflaborandinvalidlabor.Onlyeffectivelaborcanbetransformedintosociallynecessarylabortimeandformthevalueofcommodities;andinvalidlabor,regardlessofwhetheritmeetsthesociallynecessarylabortime,cannotformvalue.Correspondingly,high-efficiencylaborcanbetransformedintomoresociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatemorevalue;whileinefficientlaborcanonlybetransformedintolesssociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatelessvalue.
Recognizingthisproblemisofpracticalsignificance.Inthepast,whendemonstratingthetheoreticalbasisofpricebasedonquality,thedifferenceinqualitywasoftensaidtobedeterminedbytherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand,whichisamanifestationofpricedeviationfromvalue.Buthowcanthepricedeviationvalueberelativelyfixed?Ifthehighqualityoftheproductisduetomorelabor(productioncost),theactualproductionprocessshowsthatlabor(productioncost)hasnotincreased.Therefore,onlybyaffirmingthathigh-efficiencylaborcancreatemorevaluecanprovideatheoreticalbasisfordemonstratingthequalitydifference.
Fromaninternationalperspective,intheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservices,thebasisofinternationalpricesisinternationalvalue,andtheamountofvalueisdeterminedbytheamountofnecessarylaborintheinternationalsociety,orinotherwords,bytheworld'slaborMeasuredinaverageunits.
Marxpointedout:"Differentcountrieshavedifferentmediumintensityoflabor;somecountriesarehigher,somecountriesarelower.Sotheaverageofeachcountryformsaladder,anditsunitofmeasurementisworldlabor.Theaverageunit.Therefore,themoreintensivenationallaborwillproducemorevalueatthesametimethanthelessintensivenationallabor,andthisinturnismanifestedasmorecurrency."
Inotherwords,laborandlaborvaluetheoryalsoplayaroleininternationaltradeandinternationaleconomicoperations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,especiallyaftermycountry'saccessiontotheWTO,itisofgreatsignificancetorecognizethis.Itrequiresustoconsiderthevaluedeterminationofourcountry’scommoditiesaccordingtotheamountofnecessarylaborintheworld,reducethelabortimeofproductionunitsofcommodities,increaselaborproductivity,andcontinuouslyenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness.However,theformationofinternationalmarketvaluepresupposestheglobalizationofmarketeconomy,globalizationofexchanges,nobarriers,andunfairexchanges.Theseareconditionsforthe"balance"ofglobalproductivitydevelopmentandthenarrowingofthegapineconomicdevelopment.
Laskuesimerkki
In1jacket=20yardpellan:
Jos pellava onyleinen vastaavuus, niin 20 jaardilainaSe on takin hinta; ja "1/20 jaardina" on takin sosiaalisesti välttämätön työaika, eli takin arvo.
In1coat = 10 taels hopeaa:
Ifsilveristhegeneralequivalent,then10taelsofsilveristhepriceof1coat;and"1/10taelsofsilver"isThesociallynecessarylabortimeofajacketisthevalueofthejacket.
In1jacket = 50 yuania:
RMByuanisthegeneralequivalent,then50yuanisthepriceof1jacket;and"1/50yuan"is1pieceThesociallynecessarylabortimeofthecoatisthevalueofthecoat.
Yksilöllinen työaika ja sosiaalisesti välttämätön työaika
Twokindsofinterrelatedlabortimethatdeterminethevalueofgoods.Individuallabortimereferstothelabortimeconsumedbyindividualcommodityproducerstoproduceacertaincommodity.Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthelabortimerequiredtoproduceacertaincommodityaccordingtotheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthesocietyunderthenormalproductionconditionsofthesocietyatthattime.
Undertheconditionsofthecommodityeconomy,therearemanyproducersofthesamekindofcommoditiesineverydepartment.Becausetheyusedifferentmeansofproductionandthequalityoflabor,theindividuallabortimespentinproducingthesamecommodityisalsodifferent.Thevalueofacommodityisdeterminedbythelabortimespentproducingthecommodity.
Butthisisbynomeanstosaythatthelazieraperson,thelessskilledthelabor,themorevaluablethegoodsheproduces.Individuallaborhoursformtheindividualvalueofcommodities.Thelongertheindividuallabortime,thegreatertheindividualvalueofthecommodity.However,commoditiesareusedforexchange.Althoughtheindividualvaluesofthesamecommoditiesproducedbydifferentproducersaredifferent,theycanonlyhaveonevalueinexchange.
Becausethelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamegeneralhumanlaborandistheexpenseofthesamehumanlabor,asinglelabormusthavethenatureofsocialaveragelaborandplaytheroleofsocialaveragelabor.Therefore,itisexpressedinThevalueofthecommodityinexchangeisdeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesociety.
Alkuperäisen "DasKapital" selitys
Thequantityofcommoditiesproducedbyeachproducertogetherconstitutethetotalquantityofthiskindofcommodity.Thetotalamountofacertaincommodity,likeitsindividualcommodity,containsthenecessarylabortimeofthesocietytoproduceit.Ingeneral,mostofacertaincommodityisproducedundermediumconditions,andasmallpartisproducedunderbetterandworseconditions.
Atthistime,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofthetotalamountofthiskindofcommodityisdeterminedbytheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedundermediumconditions,andthedifferencebetweentheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedunderbetterandworseconditionsCancanceleachotherout.
Thisisthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningofcommodityproduction,thatis,thesociallynecessarylabortimeactuallyconsumedtoproduceasingleproductandthetotalamountofacertaincommodity.Thereisalsoasecondmeaningofsociallynecessarylabortimerelatedtocommodityproduction,thatis,thelabortimethatshouldbeinvestedtomeetthecurrentneedsofthesociety,orthetotalsociallaborshouldbeproportionaltotheamountoflaborproducedbythiskindofcommodity.
Thesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaningdeterminesthequantitativelimitoftherealizationofthecommodityvalueformedbythesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaning.Whensocialproductioniscarriedoutinproportion,theproductionvolumeofthiscommodityisconsistentwiththesocialdemand,andthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,andthetotalvalueofthecommoditycanbeAllachieved.
Onthecontrary,whenthetwoareinconsistent,thatis,whenthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisinconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,themarketvalueofthecommoditywillnotbeequaltothemarketprice.
Whenthetotalamountofacommodityactuallyproducedexceedsthetotalsocialdemandforthatcommodity,thetotalamountofsociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningexceedsthesociallynecessarylaborinthesecondmeaningThetotalamountoftime,partofthelabortimespentinthiskindofcommoditycannotberecognizedbythesociety,andtherefore,partofthevalueofthiskindofcommoditycannotberealized.
Thereisaunityofoppositesbetweenindividualworkinghoursandsociallynecessaryworkinghours.Theindividualworkinghoursofindividualproducersandsociallynecessaryworkinghours(regardlessofthefirstandsecondmeanings)areofteninconsistent.Thisisofgreatsignificancetocommodityproducers.
Thelevelofhisindividualworkinghoursdirectlyaffectshisincomeandhispositionincompetition.Ifhisindividualworkingtimeisequaltothesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hislaborconsumptioncanbefullycompensated;ifitislessthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hecangetextraincome;ifitishigherthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,partofhislaborwillnotbecompensated.
Therefore,necessarylabortimeinsocietyforcesproducerstoimprovelaborproductivitythroughimprovedtechnologyandreduceindividuallabortimeincommodityproduction.Inasocietybasedonprivateownership,thissituationwillpromotethedevelopmentofproductivitytoacertainextent,anditwillalsocausethepolarizationofcommodityproducers.
Teoreettinen kaivaminen
Kysymyksiä on:
First,underthenormalproductionconditionsofsociety,theproductivityofeachindustryandeachenterpriseisdifferent.MayIasksomeoneWhichenterpriseinwhichindustryshouldthisusevaluebeplacedinisconsideredanormalproductionconditioninsociety?Onlysomecompaniesincertainindustriescanrepresenttheaverageproductivitylevelofsociety.Howcantheyproduceallkindsofsocialproducts?
Second,laborintensityreferstothenumberoftimesthemusclesstretch,theamountofcalculationsofthebrain,orthepsychologicalburden.Atleastthesedimensionsmustbeunified.
Third,howisthelaborproficiency,theproficiencyoffarmingandtheproficiencyofembroideryunifiedandaveraged?
Fourth,acertainusevalue.Somepeopleusecomputerstoplaygames,somepeopleusecomputersforofficework,andsomepeopleusecomputersformining.Whatkindofusevalueisacomputer?
Thiskindofaccountabilitydoesnotunderstandthattheformationofquantitativestandardsissocial,forexample,forcapitalism:"Capitalhasatendencytoreduceittonecessarylaborwhenitdirectlyuseslivinglabor,andItisnecessarytousevarioussocialproductivityoflabortocontinuouslyreducethelabornecessarytoproduceproducts,soitisnecessarytosavethelivinglabordirectlyusedasmuchaspossible.
Similarly,italsohasatendencytouseitunderthemosteconomicalconditions.Thiskindoflaborthathasbeenreducedtothenecessarydegree,thatistosay,thevalueoftheconstantcapitalusedmustbereducedtoitslowestpossiblelimit.
IfthevalueofcommoditiesiscontainedbycommoditiesThenecessarylabortimeisdetermined,notbythelabortimegenerallycontainedinthecommodity.Then,itisthecapitalthatrealizesthisdecision,andatthesametimecontinuouslyshortensthesociallynecessarylabortimerequiredtoproducethecommodity.
Asaresult,thepriceofthecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum,becauseeverypartofthelaborrequiredtoproducethecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum."
Theso-calledproductionpricecontentiscontinuouslyenriched.,Infact,referstothemovementconnectionbetweenthephysicalformandthelifeform,thatis,thedevelopmentofcapitalmovement;thisprocessissimpler,thatis,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofindustrialcapitalandthecontinuousgrowthofsociety.Intheinitialstage,itcanevenbeconsideredthatthesocialpriceformissimplydeterminedinaccordancewiththevalue=productionprice.
Therefore,thevaluedefinitionproposedatthebeginningof"DasKapital":value=socialvalue,isaregulationthatneedstobegrown;acleardefinitionofvaluecanonlybegivenbythehistoricalmeaningofoveralldevelopment.Inthissense,itisonly"abstract",not"concrete".Theso-called"existingsocialnormalproductionconditions"laterpointedoutthatitwasamediumleveloforganiccapitalformation.Thisintermediatelevelwasnotinitiallycausedbycompetition.
Marxexplainedthatthehistoricallawofcapitalaccumulationis:"Inthebeginningitwasonlytheexpansionoftheamountofcapital.""Iftheexpansionisonlytheexpansionoftheamount,thentheprofitsofthelargerandsmallercapitalsinthesameproductionsectorAllareproportionaltotheamountofprepaidcapital.Iftheexpansionoftheamountcausesaqualitativechange,thentheprofitrateofthelargercapitalwillincreaseatthesametime."
Theresult:"SpecialcapitalistproductionTheway...isnotjustkeepingpacewiththeincreaseinaccumulationorthegrowthofsocialwealth.Theyprogressmuchfaster...Astheaccumulationprogresses,theratiooftheconstantandvariablepartsofcapitalwillchange;hypothesisItturnedouttobe1:1,butlateritwillbecome2:1,3:1,4:1...Withtheincreaseofcapital,thepartofthetotalvalueofcapitaltransformedintolaborisnotone-half,butdiminishingtoone-third.1.One-quarter ,Viidesosa...
Marxalsopointedout,"Theassumedsequencerepresentstheactualtrendofcapitalistproduction."
Summary:Abstractlaborisonlyhumanlaboritself,anditistheradiationofhumanlaborintheeconomicsociety.
Ifyouabandonthisrequirementandusethedefinitionmethod,nomatterifyoudirectlydescribeitas"naturallabor"(innatelyspeaking),"startinglabor"(dualunderstanding),"Physiologicallabor"(physiologicaltheory),or"capitalistproductivelabor"(scientificempiricaltheory)throughlaboratorytechnologyandtheso-calledscientificthinkingof"socialaveragelabor"(valueoperationtheory)asthelawofaverageGraspingisnothingmorethanseekingadeductivestartingpoint,bywhichthesetheoriescanfindtheirownsystembuildingfulcrumsastheywish.
Valitettavasti niin kutsuttu murtumaton "lähtökohta" tai "tukipiste" on kaikki tieto = looginen kaava, ei historiallinen looginen ja realistinen logiikka, ja sen valhe ei ole tarpeen.
Let’srecallMarx’sdefinitionofsociallynecessarylabortime.Marx'sspeechalwayshasabackgroundcontextofamachineproductionsystem.Hedealswiththeplacementoflaborfactorsinthehuman-machinerelationship,thatis,whichfactorscanonlybestoredintheworkersandwhichfactorscanbestoredinthemachine.
"Averagelaborproficiency"referstoaveragecomplexlabor,"averagelaborintensity"referstoaveragesimplelabor,andthecombinationofthetwomeans"averagelabor(quality)"."Thenormalproductionconditionsintheexistingsociety"(normalconditionsinacertainsociety)includelabordisciplinefactors,leavingasidethefactorsoflaboritself(Marxtakestheaveragelaborqualityofthesocietyinordertoachievethisgoalintheanalysis)toreflectthesocietyTheindicatoroflaborproductivity.So,whatroledoestheaverageplayinthis?Theregulationsonhistoricaldevelopment,theregulationsonthesociallevel,andsoonareallinit.Thesimplequantityaveragecannotaccomplishthesefunctions.