Educationlevel
Vocationalschooleducationisdividedintoelementary,secondary,andhighervocationalschooleducation.Elementaryandsecondaryvocationalschooleducationareimplementedbyelementaryandsecondaryvocationalschoolsrespectively.Secondaryvocationaleducationisthevocationaleducationcarriedoutatthestageofhighschooleducation,includingsomepost-highschoolvocationaltraining.Itiscurrentlythemainbodyofvocationaleducationinmycountry.Itspositioningistotrainalargenumberofskilledpersonnelandhigh-qualityworkersonthebasisofcompulsoryeducation.
Asetusstandardit
Ilmoituskirje
Opetusministeriön ilmoitus"Toissijaisen ammattikoulun asetusstandardien" tulostamisesta ja jakelusta
Opetus-ja ammatillinen menestys[2010]nro 12Opetus-osasto (opetuskomissio)kaikilla provinsseilla, autonomisilla alueilla ja kunnilla suoraan keskushallinnon alaisuudessa:
SinceourMinistryissuedthe"StandardsforSettingupSecondaryVocationalSchools(Trial)"in2001,China'ssecondaryvocationaleducationhasmadegreatprogress.Thedevelopmentenvironmentofvocationaleducationhasalsoundergonegreatchanges.Inordertofurtherpromotetheconstructionofsecondaryvocationalschoolsandstrengthenthemanagementofsecondaryvocationalschoolsunderthenewsituation,ourMinistryhasrevisedthe"StandardsforSettingupSecondaryVocationalSchools(Trial)".Therevised"StandardsforSettingupSecondaryVocationalSchools"arenowprintedanddistributedtoyou,pleasefollowthemandimplementthem.Alllocalitiesshallinspectandevaluatesecondaryvocationalschoolsinaccordancewiththe"StandardsfortheEstablishmentofSecondaryVocationalSchools".Forsecondaryvocationalschoolsthatdonotmeetthestandards,theymustmeetthestandardswithinatimelimitandeffectivelychangethescatteredandThesmallandpoorsituationpromotestheconstructionofsecondaryvocationalschoolstoscaleandlevel.
Kiinan kansantasavallan opetusministeriö
6.7.2010
Asiakirjojen selkeä teksti
Artikla 1Jotta standardoida toisen asteen ammatillisten oppilaitosten perustamista, edistää koulujen rakentamista, varmistaa koulutuksen laatu ja parantaa koulujen toiminnan tehokkuutta, tämä standardi on muotoiltu "Education"-lain mukaisesti.
Article2Thisstandardappliestoalltypesofsecondaryvocationalschoolsestablishedbycitizens,legalpersonsandotherorganizationsinaccordancewiththelaw.
Article3TheestablishmentofasecondaryvocationalschoolshallconformtothelocalvocationaleducationdevelopmentplanandmeetthebasicconditionsstipulatedintheVocationalEducationLaw.
Article4Secondaryvocationalschoolsshallhavethequalificationsforlegalpersonsandshallregisteraslegalpersonsinaccordancewiththerelevantregulationsofthestate.
Artikla 5Toisen ammatillisen peruskoulun perustamisella on oltava koulun peruskirja. Koulukirja sisältää: nimen, koulun toimipaikan, koulun tarkoituksen, koulun sisäisen johtamisjärjestelmän ja toimintamekanismin, tiedekunnan johtamisen, opiskelijahallinnon, koulutuksen ja opetusjohtamisen, koulun hallintojohtajan, koulun hallintojohtajan ja hallinnon.
Artikla6Ammatillisilla keskiasteen oppilaitoksilla tulisi olla peruskoulun mittakaava. Niiden joukossa oppilaiden lukumäärän kouluopetuksessa tulisi olla yli 1 200.
Article7Secondaryvocationalschoolsshouldhaveateamoffull-timeteacherssuitablefortheschool'sschoolscale,withanappropriateproportionofpart-timeteachers.Therearegenerallynolessthan60full-timeteachers,withateacher-studentratioof1:20,andfull-timeteachers’academicqualificationsshouldmeetrelevantnationalregulations.Amongthefull-timeteachers,thenumberofseniorprofessionalandtechnicalpositionsisnotlessthan20%.Thenumberofprofessionalteachersshouldnotbelessthan50%ofthenumberoffull-timeteachersintheschool,andthenumberofdouble-qualifiedteachersshouldnotbelessthan30%.Eachmajorshouldbeequippedwithatleast2full-timeteacherswithintermediateoraboveprofessionalandtechnicalpositionsintherelevantmajor.Hiringpart-timeteacherswithpracticalexperienceshouldaccountforabout20%ofthetotalnumberoffull-timeteachersintheschool.
Article8Thereshouldbecampuses,schoolbuildingsandfacilitiessuitableforthescaleofschoolandtheprofessionalsetting.Campusarea(excludingfacultyandstaffdormitoriesandrelativelyindependentaffiliatedinstitutions):Thetotallandareaplannedfortheconstructionofthenewschoolisnotlessthan40,000squaremeters;thelandareaperstudentisnotlessthan33squaremeters.Schoolbuildingarea(excludingfacultyandstaffdormitoriesandrelativelyindependentaffiliates):Theplannedareaofthenewschoolbuildingisnotlessthan24,000squaremeters;theschoolbuildingareaperstudentisnotlessthan20squaremeters.Sportsland:Thereshouldbeatrackandfieldfieldwithacirculartrackofmorethan200meters,andotherfacilitiesandvenuesthatmeettheneedsofteachingandsportsactivities,andmeetthebasicrequirementsofthe"SchoolSportsWorkRegulations".Healthcareandcampussafetyinstitutionsaresound,teachingandlivingfacilitiesandequipmentmeetthebasicrequirementsofthe"SchoolHygieneWorkRegulations",andcampussafetyisguaranteed.Libraryandreadingroom:Applicableprintedbooksarenolessthan30forstudents;therearemorethan80typesofnewspapersandperiodicals;thenumberofseatsintheteacher'sreading(data)roomandthestudent'sreadingroomshouldbenolessthan20%ofthetotalnumberoffull-timeteachersandstudents10%ofthetotalisset.Instrumentsandequipment:thereshouldbeexperimentalandpracticefacilitiesandequipmentthatmatchtheprofessionalsettingandmeettheteachingrequirements.Theperstudentvalueofinstrumentsandequipmentforengineeringmajorsandmedicalmajorsisnotlessthan3,000yuan,andtheaveragevalueofequipmentforothermajorsisnotlessthan2,500yuan.Internshipandtrainingbase:Theremustbeanon-campustrainingbaseandarelativelystableoff-campusinternshipbasesuitableforthemajorsetuptomeettheneedsofstudents'internshipandtraining.Musthavesoftwareandhardwarefacilitiesandequipmentthatcanapplymoderneducationaltechnologytoimplementmoderndistancevocationaleducationandschoolmanagementinformation.Amongthem,thenumberofschoolcomputersisnotlessthan15per100students.
Article9Secondaryvocationalschoolsimplementtheprincipalresponsibilitysystem.Secondaryvocationalschoolsshouldbeequippedwithschoolleaderswhohavehighideologicalandpoliticalqualities,strongmanagementcapabilities,andarefamiliarwiththelawsofvocationaleducationdevelopment.Theprincipalshouldhavemorethanthreeyearsofexperienceineducationandteaching,theprincipalandthevice-principalofteachingshouldhaveabachelordegreeoraboveandseniorprofessionaltechnicalpositions,andotherschool-levelleadersshouldhaveabachelordegreeoraboveandintermediateprofessionaltechnicalpositions.
Article10Theestablishmentofasecondaryvocationalschoolshouldhaveamajorthatmeetstheneedsoflocalsocialandeconomicconstruction,aclearteachingplan,syllabusandotherteachingdocuments,andcorrespondingCurriculumstandardsandteachingmaterials.
Artikla 11Toissijaisissa ammatillisissa oppilaitoksissa tulisi olla koulutus-, opetus- ja hallintoelimet.
Article12ThefundingforsecondaryvocationalschoolsshouldberaisedandimplementedthroughmultiplechannelsinaccordancewiththeVocationalEducationLawandrelevantlocalregulations.Normalfundssuchasschoolinfrastructure,experimentaltrainingequipment,teachertraining,andper-studentfundingshouldhavestableandreliablesourcesandpracticalguarantees.
Article13Thisstandardisthebasicstandardforsettingupsecondaryvocationalschools,andisthebasicbasisfortheapproval,inspection,evaluation,andsupervisionofsecondaryvocationalschoolsbytheeducationaladministrativedepartment.Forexample,inthefuture,relevantnationaldepartmentshavenewregulationsontheareaoflandusedbystudentsinsecondaryvocationalschoolsandthebuildingareaofschoolbuildingsperstudent,subjecttothenewregulations.Provincialeducationadministrativedepartmentsmayformulatemeasuresfortheestablishmentofsecondaryvocationalschoolshigherthanthisstandard.Fortheestablishmentofsecondaryvocationalschoolsinremoteandpoverty-strickenareas,theschoolscaleandcorrespondingschoolconditionscanbeappropriatelyrelaxed.ThespecificstandardsareformulatedbytheprovincialeducationadministrativedepartmentbasedonthisstandardandreportedtotheMinistryofEducationfortherecord.Forsports,art,specialeducationandothertypesofsecondaryvocationalschools,thebasicrequirementsforthescaleofrunningschoolsandthecorrespondingconditionsforrunningschoolswillbeseparatelyannouncedbytheMinistryofEducationinconjunctionwithrelevantdepartments.
Artikla 14Tämä standardi tulee voimaan myöntämispäivänä.Opetusministeriön vuonna 2001 laatimat "Ammattikoulujen perustamisstandardit (kokeilu)" poistettiin samalla kertaa.
Schoolclassification
Whilesecondaryvocationalschoolsprovidestudentswithhighschoollevelculturalknowledgeeducation,theyalsoimplementtargetedvocationalknowledgeandvocationalskillseducationaccordingtotherequirementsofvocationalpositions.Dividedintotwocategories:publicandprivate.
Therearefourtypesofsecondaryvocationalschools:vocationalhighschools,generaltechnicalschools,adulttechnicalschoolsandtechnicalschools.Technicalschoolshavegraduallydevelopedintothreetypesoftechnicalschools,advancedtechnicalschools,andtechnicalcolleges.Amongthem,technicalschools(techniciancolleges)aremanagedbythehumanresourcesandsocialdepartments,andvocationalhighschools,generaltechnicalsecondaryschoolsandadulttechnicalsecondaryschoolsaremanagedbytheeducationdepartment.
ProfessionalSettings
KatsoProfessionalEducationCatalog(2021).
Employmentrate
2015
AccordingtothewebsiteoftheMinistryofEducation,in2015,thenumberofgraduatesfromsecondaryvocationalschoolsnationwidewas5,154,700,andthenumberofemployedpersonswas4,964,200,Theemploymentrateis96.30%,andthecounterpartemploymentrateis77.60%.Fromtheperspectiveofemploymentdestinations,thedata(notincludingtechnicalschoolsbelow)showthattheemploymentofstateagencies,enterprisesandinstitutionsaccountedfor52.04%ofthetotalemployment,whichisstillthemaindestinationofsecondaryvocationalgraduates;thelegallyengagedinself-employmentaccountedfor16.27%,11.67%areemployedinotherways,indicatingthatmoregraduatesareengagedinentrepreneurialemploymentandplayapositiveroleinpromoting"massentrepreneurshipandinnovation".20.02%ofthoseenrolledinvarioushigher-levelschoolsaccountedforanincreaseof4.7percentagepointsfrom2014.
Fromtheperspectiveofemploymentstructure,thoseemployedintheprimaryindustryaccountedfor10.87%ofthedirectemployment;thoseemployedinthesecondaryindustryaccountedfor32.93%;thoseemployedinthetertiaryindustryaccountedfor56.20%,andtheproportionisstillmorethanhalf.Intermsofmajorcategories,thenumberofgraduates,numberofemployedpersons,andemploymentrateofprocessingandmanufacturingmajorsrankfirst.Theemploymentsituationisthebest,withanemploymentrateof97.30%;followedbyinformationtechnology,reaching96.85%;transportation,transportation,etc.Theemploymentrateofeducation,leisureandhealthcare,financeandcommerceisabove96.23%onaverage.Thisshowsthatsecondaryvocationaleducationkeepspacewiththedevelopmentofmodernserviceindustriesandadvancedmanufacturingindustries,andatthesametimesupportsthedevelopmentofnewindustriessuchastransportation,e-commerce,andmodernlogistics,andhasabettersupportingroleinpromotingthedevelopmentoftherealeconomy.Intermsofgeographicdistributionofemployment,2,291,900peoplewereemployedlocally,accountingfor70.75%ofthedirectemployment;936,700peoplewereemployedindifferentplaces,accountingfor28.92%;10,700wereemployedoverseas,accountingfor0.33%.Comparedwith2014,thenumberofregionswithanemploymentratehigherthanthenationalaveragehasincreasedby5to27,andtheemploymentgapamongregionshasshownanoverallnarrowingtrend.Thisshowsthattheemploymentareaofsecondaryvocationalgraduatesisstilldominatedbylocalemployment,whichisthenewforceofregionaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.Atthesametime,morethan70%ofsecondaryvocationalgraduateswereregisteredinruralareaswhentheyenrolled,butmorethan90%ofstudentswereemployedinurbanareasaftergraduation.Thisshowsthatsecondaryvocationaleducationhashelpedruralyoungstudentsobtainemploymentskillsandstablejobs,promotedtheintegrationofstudentsintourbanlife,andeffectivelypromotedtheconstructionofnewurbanization.
Fromtheperspectiveofemploymentquality,amongthedirectlyemployedstudents,theproportionofsignedlaborcontractsreached89.26%,anincreaseofmorethan1.22%over2014,andtheemploymentstabilityofgraduateshasbeencontinuouslyimproved.Theaveragemonthlystartingsalaryof2001-3000yuanaccountedfor29.56%,andthosewithanaveragemonthlystartingsalaryofmorethan3000yuanaccountedfor12.02%.Nearly84%ofemployedgraduateshavesocialinsurance,andthesocialsecuritystatusofgraduateshascontinuedtoimprove.84.12%ofgraduatesexpressed"relativelysatisfied","satisfied"and"verysatisfied"withtheiremploymentsatisfaction,anincreaseof4percentagepointsfrom2014.Graduates'satisfactionwithemploymentpositionshascontinuedtoincrease.Fromtheperspectiveofcareerguidance,78.65%ofthetotalnumberofgraduatesobtainedqualificationcertificatesupongraduation.Amongthedirectlyemployedstudents,73.32%wereemployedthroughschoolrecommendation;6.84%wereemployedthroughintermediaries;19.84%wereemployedthroughotherchannels.Schoolrecommendationisstillthemainemploymentchannel.
2016
Vuonna 2016 toisen asteen ammatillisista oppilaitoksista valmistuneiden määrä oli 4 747 100, työllisten määrä oli 4 591 500 ja työllisyysaste 96,72%. Vastapuolen työllisyysaste on 75,60%.
Fromtheperspectiveofemployment,thedata(notincludingtechnicalschoolsbelow)showthat45.49%oftheemployedpersonsareemployedingovernmentagencies,enterprisesandinstitutions;13.85%arelegallyengagedinself-employment,indicatingthattheyareinthecountryUnderthegeneralsituationofencouraginginnovationandentrepreneurship,manygraduateshavechosenthepathofentrepreneurshipandemployment.25.10%ofthoseenteringvarioushigher-levelschoolsaccountedforanincreaseof5.08percentagepointsfrom2015.Thisfullyshowsthatthecontinuouswideningoftheoverpassconnectingsecondaryvocationalschoolsandvocationalschoolshasprovidedopportunitiesformoresecondaryvocationalgraduatestoreceivehigher-leveleducation.Intermsofemploymentstructure,thoseengagedintheprimaryindustryaccountedfor8.55%ofthedirectemployment;thoseengagedinthesecondaryindustryaccountedfor31.43%;thoseengagedinthetertiaryindustryaccountedfor60.02%,anincreaseof4%overthepreviousyear,indicatingthattheserviceindustryhasbecomeasecondaryoccupationThemainchannelofemploymentforgraduates.Intermsofmajorcategories,thereare9majorcategoriesofcounterpartemploymentinenergyandnewenergy,processingandmanufacturing,education,medicineandhealth,tourismservices,textilefood,transportation,petrochemicals,andleisureandhealthcare.Theratesareallhigherthantheaveragecounterpartemploymentrate.Amongthem,theenergyandnewenergyprofessionalcounterpartemploymentrateisashighas81.60%.Thisshowsthatmoreandmoregraduateshaveachievedcounterpartemployment,andtheconstructionofsecondaryvocationalprofessionsismoreandmoreinlinewiththeneedsofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Fromthegeographicaldistributionofemployment,1,854,800peopleareemployedlocally,accountingfor67.26%ofthedirectemployment;9,400areemployedoverseas,accountingfor0.34%;893,700areemployedindifferentplaces,accountingfor32.40%.Anincreaseof3.49percentagepointsoverthepreviousyear.Theemploymentsituationofsecondaryvocationalgraduatesinvariousregionsisgenerallyimproving,andtheregionalgaphasbeennarrowing.Thisshowsthattheemploymentareaofsecondaryvocationalgraduatesisstilldominatedbylocalemployment,whichhasbecomethemainsourceoflocalindustryforcesandanimportanttalentsupportforeconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Fromtheperspectiveofemploymentquality,amongthedirectlyemployedstudents,88.68%ofthemhavesignedlaborcontracts,andtheemploymentstabilityisrelativelyhigh.Theaveragemonthlystartingsalaryof2001-3000yuanforemploymentaccountedfor37.70%,andthoseabove3,000yuanaccountedfor15.76%,anincreaseof3.74%over2015.Employmentgraduateswithsocialinsuranceaccountedfor84.61%.Graduates’salaryandsocialsecurityThesituationhasbeengreatlyimproved.Graduateswhoexpresseddissatisfactionwithemploymentsatisfactionaccountedforonly3.38%ofthetotalnumberofgraduates.
Fromtheperspectiveofcareerguidance,76.92%ofthetotalnumberofgraduatesobtainedqualificationcertificatesupongraduation.Amongthedirectlyemployedstudents,70.67%wererecommendedbytheschool;6.47%wereintroducedbyanintermediary;22.86%wereemployedbyotherchannels.Schoolrecommendationisstillthemainchannelofemploymentforsecondaryvocationalgraduates.
Developmentprospects
Inthe21stcentury,thetraininggoalsofthesethreetypesofsecondaryvocationalschoolsaregraduallyconverging,andtheschool-runningformsaregettingcloser.Thecountryclaimsthatithasdecidedtograduallybreaktheboundariesofdepartmentsthroughreforms,structuraladjustments,resourceintegration,etc.,andpushthemtowardintegration.
Tuition-freesubsidyfunds
Tuition-freesubsidyfundsforsecondaryvocationalschoolsincludenotonlysecondaryvocationalschools,butalsovocationalhighschools,technicalschools,secondaryschoolsaffiliatedtocollegesanduniversitiesandpublicofficesPrivategeneraltechnicalsecondaryschool(hereisathree-yearsecondaryvocationalschoolchangedtoathree-yearvocationalschoolsince2008.Thetrainingobjectives,textbooks,andteachingcontentofthepreviousfour-yeartechnicalsecondaryschoolaredifferent),adultsecondaryvocationalschools(includingemployees)Technicalsecondaryschool)etc.
EstablishingNationalScholarships
OnMay28,2019,theMinistryofEducationstatedthatstartingfromthefallsemesterof2019,thestatewillestablishnationalscholarshipsinsecondaryvocationalschools.