History
SouthernDynasties
After304years,ChinesehistoryenteredastageofdivisionandconfrontationbetweenNorthandSouth.Inthesouth,althoughthereweresuccessivechangesinthefiveregimesoftheEasternJinDynasty(theEasternJinDynastyandtheWesternJinDynastyarecollectivelycalledtheJinDynasty),theSouthernSongDynasty,theSouthernDynastyQi,theSouthernDynastyLiang,andtheSouthernDynastyChen,exceptforthethreeyearsofEmperorLiangYuan’suseofJianglingasthecapital.Intherestofthetime,thecapitalofthesoutherndynastieswasalwaysbuiltinJiankang(nowNanjing,Jiangsu).
Etelädynastia ja lauludynastia (420–479 vuotta) oli niiden joukossa suurin, vahvin ja pisin hallituskausi. Siellä oli 4 sukupolvea ja 8 keisaria, yhteensä 60 vuotta.
SouthernQiDynastia(479-502)GuoZuo on lyhytikäinen,vain 24 vuotta,mutta toistuvien taistelujen ja tappojen vuoksi se on kokenut 3 sukupolvea ja 7 keisaria, keskimäärin 3 vuotta yhdelle keisarille. Tämä on erittäin nopeamuutos.
Eteläisten dynastioiden (502-557) liangilla on 3 sukupolvea ja 4 keisaria, yhteensä 56 vuotta. Heidän joukossaan WuEmperor XiaoYan on ollut vallassa pisimpään, lähes puolessa vuosikymmenessä.
Etelädynastian Chen(557-589),3dynastiaaja5keisaria,noin 32 vuotta.ChenChengshuailiangin pahoinvointi oli dynastia, jolla oli kapea alue,heikko väestö,jaheikko valta.
Historia, Songin, Qin, Liangin ja Chenin neljää eteläistä dynastiaa kutsuttiin Etelä-Dynastioiksi.
SouthernSongDynasty
Laulu on vanhin Etelä-Dynastian neljästä dynastiasta.60 vuotta.
SongWuEmperorLiuYuwasoriginallyageneraloftheNorthernArmyintheEasternJinDynasty,andtookcontrolofthecourtaftertheHuanxuanRebellion.Inordertogainprestige,heusurpedtheJinDynastyandlaunchedtwonorthernexpeditions,regainingShandong,HenanandGuanzhong(afterGuanzhongwasoccupiedbyDaxia).Afterthat,LiuYukilledEmperorJin'anandre-establishedEmperorGongoftheJinDynasty.Twoyearslater(420years),heusurpedthethroneoftheEasternJinDynasty.HetookSongasthetitleofthecountryandchangedittothebeginningoftheYuanDynastyandwascalledLiuSonginhistory.IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,FangandLiuSongformedanorth-southconfrontationuntiltheunificationofthenorthin439.
EmperorSongWuwasborninthemilitaryandwasresoluteandfrugal.Heclaimedthattheempressstillpracticedfrugality,andhispoliticalstylewasverygoodforatime.However,itseemsthathedoesnotattachimportancetoroyaleducation,sothatheentrustedhimtoinhuman,causinggreatchanges.Henoticedthatthepoweroftheclanatthattimewasgreatandtheauthorityofthemonarchyhadfallen,soheusedthecoldclantograspthesecretsinthegovernment,andthemilitarypowerwasentrustedtotheclanandroyalfamily.Theclancontrolledthemilitarypowerandpoliticaldistricts,andthushadtheintentionofusurpingthethrone.Therefore,thereweremanyfratricidaltragediesbetweentheemperorandtheclan.
AfterEmperorWuofSongDynastypassedaway,EmperorSongShaocontinuedtostand.HewaskilledbyauxiliaryministersXuXianzhi,FuLiang,andXieHuibecauseofhislackofmorality.Later,heandthefamousBeifugeneralTanDaojieradicatedXuXianzhiandotherswhocontrolledthestateaffairs,andmadetheclancontrolthepowerofthegovernment.Atthesametime,heappointedthenoblefamilyandthecoldpeopletoparticipateinthegovernment,sothatthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamilyandthecoldfamilyappearedinthepoliticalbalanceoftheclan,thenoblefamily,andthecoldfamily.Stablize.Onthisbasis,EmperorWenofSongadvocatedthriftandclarifiedthegovernanceofofficials,andcreatedthegovernanceofYuanjia.
Since430,EmperorWenofSonghasrepeatedlyexpeditionstothenorth.DuetoinsufficientpreparationsandthewrongcommandofEmperorWen,the"soldiersandfinancialbills"havegreatlyreducedthenationalpower.FamousgeneralsTanDaojiandPeiFangmingwereeradicatedbecauseofthesuspicionofEmperorSongWenformilitaryservice.In450years,EmperorSongWenonceagaindefeatedtheWei,but"theNorthernExpeditionwasinsultedandseveralprefecturesweredestroyed."ThevastlandnorthoftheYangtzeRiverwastrampledbytheNorthernWeiExpeditionaryArmy.LiuSong'snationalstrengthsufferedaseveresetback.
In453,EmperorWenofSongwaskilledbyPrinceLiuShao,andhisthirdsonLiuJuntooktheopportunitytoseizethethrone,namelyEmperorXiaowu.IntheearlyreignofEmperorXiaowuSong,aseriesofreformswereimplementedinthefieldsofpolitics,economy,militarysystem,householdregistration,ritualsystem,taxsystem,etc.;duringhisreign,the"coldpeopleholdthekey"(thepowerofhigh-rankingofficialsheldbythegentrywasshifteddownIn458,thepoliticalsituationof“FourWarsandFourVictory”and“BreaktheSevenCities”inQingzhouareawasdefeatedbytheWeiarmyin458;Liangzhouin460TheBeiyinpingareaofBeijingonceagainrepelledtheinvasionoftheNorthernWeiDynasty;forawhile,"thebreedingofprivatehouseholdswillbecompletedsoon".However,inthelastyearsofhisreign,hechangedhisearlystyleofrelievingsoldiersandsimplifyingadministration,andbegantobeproudandcomplacent.Hestartedtobuildcivilengineering,extravagantdesiresandevenrecklessbehavior,whichincreasedtheburdenonthepeople,andledtoLiuSong,whohadgraduallyimprovedintheearlydaysofhisreign.Inthelastyearsofhisreign,itfellintodecline.Duringhisreign,twoclanwarsbrokeout,andfinallythecityofGuanglingwaskilled.Atthattime,folkrumorssaid:"LookingatJiankangCityinthedistance,Xiaojianglingersagainstthecurrent,seeinghissonkillhisfatherbeforeseeinghissonkillhisfather,andseeinghisbrotherkillhisbrotherlater"indicatesthisperiodofhistory.In464AD,EmperorXiaowudiedofillness.
TheformeremperorLiuZiye,thesonofEmperorXiaowu,killedtheclanafterhewasestablished.LaterhewaskilledbythekingofEasternHunan,LiuYu,whowasEmperorMingofSongDynasty.However,healsoslaughteredtheclanandkilledthedescendantsofEmperorXiaowu.Inhislateryears,EmperorMing'spoliticalmistakescausedtheQing,Hebei,Xu,YansiprefecturesnorthoftheHuaiheRiverinLiuSongDynastyandthesixHuaixiprefecturesinYuzhoutofallintotheNorthernWeiDynasty,andtheirnationalpowerwasgreatlyreduced.AfterEmperorMing'sson,theemperorLiuYu,thepoliticalsituationwasturbulentandrebellious,andthegeneralXiaoDaochenggraduallytookcontrolofthemilitary.
AfterthedeathofEmperorFei,XiaoDaochengsupportedEmperorSongShun'sLiuZhunandtookoverthegovernment.AfterannihilatingpoliticalenemiesYuanCanandShenYou,XiaoDaochengusurpedthethronein479.HewasnamedDaqiasthefoundingofthecountry.HewasrenamedasEmperorQiGaodiinhistory,andhediedintheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.
NanDynastyQi
Neljän dynastian lyhyin olemassaolo, 24 vuotta.
QigaoEmperorbelongedtothefamilyoftheLanlingXiaofamily,buthisstatuswasnothigh,sohewasdespisedbythenoblesofthefamily.HispoliticalstylewasalsothesameasthatintheearlySongDynasty.Hewasfrugalanddiedafterfouryearsofreign.Hewassucceededbytheprince,theEmperorQiWu.EmperorQiWuwasinchargeofQingming,andhehadnowarwiththeNorthernWeiDynasty,andhewasknownasthe"rulingofYongming"inhistory.Atthattime,theemperorusedDiansignofficersaseyesandearstomonitorthepoliticalaffairsofthestatesandthekingsoftheclan.
AfterthedeathofEmperorQiWu,hewassucceededbytheemperor'sgrandsonXiaoZhaoye,andXiaoZiliangandXiaoLuanwereinchargeofthegovernment.However,XiaoZhaoye'sextravagantplay,statepoliticsgraduallyfellunderthecontrolofXiaoLuan.XiaoLuandeliberatelyusurpedthethrone,andafterkillingXiaoZhaoye,hechangedhisyoungerbrotherXiaoZhaowen,andsoonabolishedtheemperorandestablishedhimselfasEmperorQiMing.AfterEmperorQiMingsucceededtothethrone,heusedDiansignofficialstomassacrethekingsoftheclan,andthedescendantsofEmperorGaoandEmperorWuwereallkilled.
AfterEmperorQiMingdied,hewassucceededbyPrinceXiaoBaojuan.Hewasstupidandcruel,killedMinisterGuMing,andprovokedrebellionsinvariouslocaltowns.Afterthechaoswascalmeddown,hekilledtheYongzhougovernorXiaoYiwhohadbeensuccessfulincalmingthechaos.
In501,XiaoYi'syoungerbrother,XiaoYan,announcedthathewouldraisehisarmyandsetuphisbrotherBaoronginJianglingtobeEmperorQihe.AfterXiaoYaninvadedJiankang,QiDiBaojuanwaskilledbyGeneralWangZhenguo.Inthefollowingyear,XiaoYanusurpedthethroneandbecameknownasEmperorLianginhistory.XiaoQidied.
NanDynastyLiang
LiangWuovelimmebuddhalaisuuteen,ja hän oli munkkikolme kertaa.Langendaarisen keisarin.KeisariWuof Liang oli Xia-perheen syrjässä. SongQiclanin,Emperor Wuof Liangin massamurha oli erittäin suvaitsevainen, vaikka hän olisi syyllistynyt rikokseen.Hän oli tiedostavaja puolusti akateemista kehitystä,joka teki Etelä-Dynastyn koulutuksen aina äärimmäisenlaiseen kehitykseen ja kulttuuriin. uhrasi itsensä temppeliin kolme kertaa.Koska munkit ja taolaiset eivät maksaneet veroja, lähes puolet heidän tileistään rekisteröitiin, mikä aiheutti suuria menetyksiä kansalliselle rahoitukselle. Tuolloin klaani ja virkamiehet olivat ahneita ja ylimielisiä ..
IntheearlydaysofEmperorWuofLiang,contradictionsaboundedintheNorthernWeiDynastyaftertheSinicizationMovement,andthenationalpowergraduallylosttotheSouthernDynasty.Fromthebeginningof503,theNorthernWeiDynastyandtheLiangfoughtintheHuainanarea,andfinallyChangYizhi,CaoJingzong,andWeiRuidefeatedtheNorthernWeiArmyinthebattleofZhongli.SofarEmperorWuofLiangintendstoexpeditiontothenorth,butthescopedoesnotgooutsidetheHuainanarea.AfterdefeatingtheNorthernWeiArmyintheBattleofShouyangin516,theNorthernExpeditionwassuspendedduetoexcessivelosses,andShouyangwascapturedonlytenyearslater.
LiangWudilikestousesurrender,hopingtogetsomethingfornothing.WhentheSixTownsRebellionoccurredintheNorthernWeiDynasty,EmperorWuofLiangsentChenQingzhitoescortYuanhao,thekingoftheNorthSeaoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,toreturntothethrone.Atthattime,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasstillfightingtherebellioninShandong,Hebei,andGuanzhong.ChenQingzhiandYuanHaoLienvictoriouslyattackedLuoyangalltheway,butduetothelackofassistance,themainforceoftheNorthernWeiArmyreturnedtoLuoyang.ChenQingzhihadtoreturntohisarmy.ThisNorthernExpeditionEndedwithfailure.
DuringtheEasternandWesternWeiDynasty,theEasternWeigeneralHouJingwasforcedbytheEasternWeiandtheWesternWeitosurrendertotheLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangappointedhimtoexpeditetheEasternWeiinthenorth.ButafterLiangJunwasdefeated,EmperorWuofLiangintendedtoreturnHouJingtoseekreconciliation.AfterHouJinglearnedofit,hethrewhistroopsintorebellionandattackedJiankangsouth,whichwasknownastheHouJingRebellioninhistory.
LiangledXiaoZhengdetocrosstherivertomakeHouJinginvadeJiankang,EmperorWuofLiangretreatedtoTaicheng,andHouJingsurroundedTaicheng.Afterthat,althoughtherewereteachersofKingQin,theyallwaitedandwatched.HouJingwenknewthatKingQinmadepeacetalksforawhile,butintheendherebelledandcapturedTaicheng,imprisonedEmperorWuofLiang,andEmperorWuofLiangwasfinallystarvedtodeath.AfterthefallofJiankang,HouJingmassacredtheJiangnanclanandbroughtadevastatingblowtothepoliticsoftheSouthernDynasty.HouJingkilledLiangJianwenEmperorXiaoGangandHuaiyinKingXiaoDongsuccessively,andfinallyusurpedthethrone,foundingtheHanDynasty.However,HouJing'sforceswereonlyintheJiangdongarea,andtheHuguangandSichuanareaswerestillunderthecontrolofLiangShi.ItwasjustthattheLiangdynastiesattackedeachotherandhadnotimetocrusadeHouJing.Later,XiangdongKingXiaoYidefeatedotherLiangdynastyclanforces,andwaslaterjoinedbyGuangzhouPrefectChenBaxian,andhisstrengthgreatlyincreased.SoXiaoYidispatchedgeneralsWangSengbianandChenBaxiantojoinforcestodefeatHouJing,andsuccessivelydefeatedtheappointmentofthegeneralsofHouJing.SongZixianthenstartedadecisivebattlewithHouJinginTaicheng.HouJingwasdefeatedandfledandwaslaterkilledbyhissubordinates.ThechaosofHouJingwassettled.
XiaoYi,thekingofeasternHunan,succeededtothethroneinJianglingandbecameEmperorLiangYuan.Afterthat,XiaoJi,theWulingkingwhoguardedYizhou,proclaimedhimselfemperorandattackedJiangling.EmperorLiangYuanaskedforhelpfromtheWesternWeiDynasty.XiaoJihou,theWulingKing,attackedtheWesternWeiDynasty.YizhouwasalsotakenawaybytheWesternWeiDynasty.Thefollowingyear,XiaoTsengledtheWesternWeiArmytotaketheopportunitytocaptureJiangling,EmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,andtheWesternWeiDynastyestablishedXiaoTshouasthechief,knownasXilianginhistory.
AfterEmperorLiangYuanwaskilled,ChenBaxianarguedwithWangSengthatXiaoFangzhi,thekingofJin'an,wasemperor,thatis,EmperorLiangJing.ThentheNorthernQisentXiaoYuanmingtothesouth,LiangJunwasdefeated,WangSengarguedandgreetedXiaoYuanmingastheEmperorofLiang.ChenBafirstledanarmytokillWangSengbianandre-establishedEmperorLiangJing.Afterthat,hesuccessivelydefeatedthesoutherninvadingarmyoftheNorthernQiDynastyandXuSihuioftheWangSengbianYudang,anddictatedLiangTing.Finally,itusurpedthethronein557,thenameofthefoundingcountrywasChen,thecapitalwasJiankang,andtheYuanwaschangedtoYongding.Inhistory,itwascalledEmperorWuofChenandthedeathofLiang.
SouthernDynastyChen
Kiinan historiassa dynastioiden ja keisarien nimet osuvat yhteen, vainEtelädynastioiden Chen-perhe.Vuonna 557 jKr ChenBa lakkautti ensin keisari LiangJingin, perusti itsensä keisariksi ja perusti Chenas-Keisarin Wu:n.
EmperorChenWuwasanativeofWuxing(nowChangxingCounty,ZhejiangProvince).Atthistime,afteryearsofwarinsouthernChina,thefamilyofoverseasChineseandthefamilyofWusurnamedwerebothinjuredbyHouJing’srebellion,andtheireconomysufferedSeriousdamage.Manylocalforceshavealsosplittheirregimes.Acountryestablishedonthisbasisisdestinedtobeshort-lived.BecauseEmperorWuChencouldn'tsettledownallthetime,headoptedthemethodofappeasement.
AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWu,hisnephewChenQiansucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorChenWen.Atthistime,WangLin,whowasformerlyXiaoYi'sarmy,rebelledinthetwolakesandunitedtheNorthernQiandNorthernZhouforcestoconquerJiankang.EmperorChenWendifirstdefeatedWangLinandtheNorthernQicoalitionforces,andthenblockedBakiu,preventingtheNorthernZhouDynastyfromadvancingeastwardalongtheriver.Sofar,thenationalpowerisdetermined.Duringhisreign,heworkedhardtoreviveJiangnan'seconomy,andmadeChen'spowerinthesoutherndynastystronger.
AfterthedeathofEmperorChenWen,hewassucceededbyPrinceBozong,namelyEmperorChenFei.Soon,hisuncleAnchengWangXuandtheemperorbecameindependent,namelyEmperorChenXuan.Atthattime,theNorthernZhouDynastyintendedtodestroytheNorthernQi,soitinvitedtheChendynastytoconquertheNorthernQitogether.EmperorChenXuanintendedtoregainHuainanandagreed,andsentWuMingchetotheNorthernExpeditionin573,andregainedHuainantwoyearslater.
Atthattime,theNorthernQiDynastywasindecline,EmperorChenXuancouldtaketheopportunitytoattack,buthejustwantedtodefendit.ThentheNorthernZhouDynastytooktheopportunitytoattacktheNorthernQiDynastyandmarchedsouthin577.TheChenarmywasdefeatedandChenintheSouthernDynastywasindanger.However,EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastysuddenlypassedaway.
AfterYangJianestablishedtheSuiDynasty,EmperorChenXuandied,andhewassucceededbyPrinceShubao,thatis,EmpressChen.Hewaslicentiousandextravagant,thestateandgovernmentwereinchaos,andthegovernmentwasextremelycorrupt.Atthattime,theexploitationofofficialswassevere,andthepeopleweremiserable.Duringtheharvestseasoninthesouth,theSuiarmyburnedthefieldsinthesouth,severelyweakeningtheeconomicstrengthofNanchen,andChenGuolioftheSouthernDynastyfellsharply.
In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyappointedYangGuangasthechiefgeneralandlaunchedthesouthernexpedition.ChenChenreliedonthenaturaldangersoftheYangtzeRiverandsanganddancedasusual.Inthefirstmonthofthefollowingyear,theSuiarmyinvadedJiankang,andChenShubao,hisconcubineZhangLihuaandKongGuirenescapedintothewellandwerecaptured.ChendiedintheSouthernDynasty.ThereunificationoftheSuiDynastyendedChina'snearly300-yearsplit.
NorthernDynasty
TheNorthernDynastyisthegeneraltermfortheNorthernDynastythatcoexistedwiththeSouthernDynastyinChinesehistory,includingtheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWei,NorthernQi,NorthernZhouandotherdynasties.TheNorthernWei,EasternWei,WesternWeiandNorthernZhouwereallfoundedbytheXianbeipeople,whiletheNorthernQiwasbuiltbytheXianbeiHanpeople.
NorthernWei-dynastian syntyminen
PohjoisWei-dynastian perustiTuobaXianViidenHuanKuusitoista kuningaskunnan ajanjaksollaJian, joka tunnettiin aiemmin nimellä DaiGuo.Feishuin taistelun romahtamisen jälkeen entisenQinDynastian,Tuobaguin kuningaskunnan.
TheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallygrewunderthemanagementofEmperorDaowu,EmperorMingyuan,andEmperorTaiwu.TuobaguifoughtagainsttheHouyan,foughtmanywars,anddefeatedtheYanarmyinthebattleofHepi.ThenheledthearmytobreakthecapitalofHouyanandmovedthecapitaltoPingcheng.Hebecameemperorinthefollowingyear,thatis,EmperorDaowu.EmperorDaowuhadacrueltemperamentandwaslaterkilledbyhissonTuobaShao.Inthesameyear,EmperorDaowu'seldestsonTuobaSipingsucceededtothethrone,namelyEmperorMingandYuan.HecapturedLiuSong'sHenanprovince,butdiedsoonafter.HissonTuobaTaosucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorTaiwu.Heworkedhardtogovern,andhisnationalpowerwasprosperous,andherepeatedlyattackedLiuSong.AfterremovingthethreatfromtheNorthRouran,thewarofunificationoftheNorthwaslaunched.From431to439,EmperorTaiwusuccessivelyeliminatedthethreekingdomsofHuXia,BeiyanandBeiliang,thendefeatedRouranandconfrontedtheSouthernDynastyandSongDynasty.TheNorthandtheSouthhaveofficiallyenteredthe"SouthernandNorthernDynasties".However,therewasalsoHouQiuChi,whodiedintheNorthernWeiDynastyin443.
AlthoughtheNorthernWeiDynastywasprosperous,therewasapowerfulenemyinthenorth,Rouran,sothathecouldnotgosouthwithallhisstrength.
Gaiwu,aLushuihuwhobelievesinBuddhism,ledthepeopleofallethnicgroupstoraiseanuprisingandwasputdownbyEmperorTaiwu.EmperorTaiwualsocrackeddownonBuddhismandbecameoneofthethreewarriorswhodestroyedtheBuddha.AfterTaiwuunifiedNorthChina,hedestroyedShanshan,oneofthefivepowersintheWesternRegions,andtookcontroloftheWesternRegions.In450,hecounterattackedLiuSongagain,approachingGuabu,andthreatenedtocrosstheriver.Afterwards,50,000householdswereplunderedandreturnedtothenorth.Sofar,theNorthernDynastyreversedthesituationwherethenationalpowerwassuppressedbytheSouthernDynasty,butitsmilitarystrengthwasalsogreatlydamaged.EmperorTaiwuwastorturedcruellyinthelaterperiod,andwasfinallykilledbytheeunuchZongAi.
WhenEmperorXianwenwasinpower,hewaspoisonedbyhisaunt,QueenMotherFeng.EmpressDowagerFengsetupTuobahong,thesonofEmperorXianwen(ieEmperorXiaowen),andtookcontrolofthegovernment.EmpressDowagerFengwasjealousofhowwiseandabusedpunishment,butitstabilizedthestateaffairs.EmperorXiaowenmayhaveadmiredHanculturebecauseoftherelationshipwiththeQueenMotherFeng,andbelievedthattheXianbeipeopleshouldgodeepintoSinicization.Hewaswiseandstudious,andexpandedthecapitalPingseongtoSeoulaftertakingoffice.BasedonthefactthatLuoyangismoreprosperousthanPingchenganditsgeographicallocationcontrolsthewholecountry,itiseasytosendtroopstothesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,whichcangetridofconservativeforces.
Se oli YuanHong, keisari Xiaowen, joka käynnisti Pohjois-Wei-dynastian kultakauden.
EmperorXiaowenimplementedthethree-managementsystem,promulgatedtheequalizationsystem,movedthecapitaltoLuoyang,andimplementedaseriesofmeasurestoreformXianbei’soldcustoms.Afterthecapitalwasmoved,theSinicizationmovementwaslaunchedinthreeyears,suchastheuseoftheofficialsystemoftheHangovernment,theprohibitionoftheHusband,thepromotionofeducation,thechangeofsurnamesandtheencouragementofintermarriagebetweentheXianbeiaristocratsandtheHanaristocrats,theprohibitionofburialandtheadoptionoftheHansystemforweightsandmeasures,andanedictannouncedtheabsorptionHanculture.EmperorXiaowentriedtoachievethegoalofmergingwiththeHannationalitybyrestrictinghisownculture.ThroughaseriesofreformsofEmperorXiaowen,theadvancedcultureandadvancedpoliticalsystemoftheHannationalitywerecompletelyintegratedintotheruleoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.
EmperorHouXiaowenreturnedwithoutsuccessaftermanysoutherncampaigns.AsfortheXianbeiaristocratswhoremainedinthesixnortherntownsbecausetheywereunwillingtomovesouth,theygraduallylosttheattentionoftheLuoyangcourtandlosttheirpower.ThissplittheNorthernWeiDynastyintotwogroupsofXianbeiandSinicization,whichbecameoneofthereasonsforthechaosofthesixtownsinthefuture.
In494,theprinceYuanxunintendedtoreturnnorthtoPingcheng.EmperorXiaowenabolishedtheprinceandgavehimhisdeath.TheconservativeMutaiandLuRuisupportedtheking'smutinyinPingchengandweresuppressed.EmperorXiaowenpersonallypatrollednorthtoappeasethem.AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,theNorthernWeiDynastybegantogodownhill.
AfterthedeathofEmperorXiaowen,duetotheoppositionofsomeconservativearistocratsandXianbeiwarriors,therulersoftheNorthernWeiDynastygraduallyabandonedthepreviouspolicyofnationalreconciliationandrestoredtheprivilegesoftheXianbeipeople,soanewcontradictionarose.Begantodeclinegradually.
Pohjois-Wei-dynastian erottaminen
Kun KeisariXiaowen ohitti vuonna 499, keisari Xuan onnistui ja valtio oli kaaoksessa, aatelisto kilpaili ylellisyydestä. ed, koska heidän erimielisyytensäKingQinghen kanssa ja ottivat hallinnanhallituksen.LiuTengin jälkeen,525EmperorXiaomingjaQueenMotherHutoi kaoottisen puolueen.Mutta keisarinnaDowagerHuo alkoi mennä kohti tuhoa.
IntheearlyyearsoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,inordertopreventRouranfrominvadingthenortherncapitalofPingcheng,sixtownssuchasWoye,Huaishuo,Wuchuan,Fuming,Rouxuan,andHuaihuangweresetupalongtheYellowRiverinYinshantoguardthecapital.ThegeneralsofthesixtownsareheldbytheXianbeinobles,andthegeneralsaretheseniorsonsoftheXianbeiorHannationality.Theyareregardedasthe"heartofthecountry"andcanreturntoBeijingtotakeuppositionsatanytime.ButafterthecapitalwasmovedtoLuoyang,thestatusofthesixtownsdeclined.BecausehestillretainstheoriginalhabitsofXianbei,hewasdiscriminatedagainstbytheSinicizedaristocracyas"Daibeihan,"andthepromotionofgeneralswassuppressedanddissatisfied.Finally,in523thesixtownsoftheXianbeinoblesandmilitarytroopsinthenorthernpartofthecountrytookplace,andthepeopleofallethnicgroupsinQinlong,Guandongandotherplacesalsostarted.Thismatterwassettledafterthreeyears,andmanywarlordswereformed.Amongthem,ErZhurong,whoguardedJinyang,wasthemostpowerful.Afteraseriesofmilitaryoffensives,ErZhurongdefeatedGeRong,themostpowerfulintheKwantungregion,andotherheroestobecomethemostpowerfulwarlord.
EmperorWeiXiaomingintendedtojoinErZhurongtodealwithQueenMotherHu,butwaspoisonedtodeathbyQueenMotherHu.EmpressDowagerHuappointedPrincessXiaoming,theonlydaughterofEmperorXiaoming,andhercousinYuanZhaoasemperors.Inthesameyear,ErZhurongtookrevengeonEmperorXiaomingandledhisarmytocaptureLuoyangandcontrolthegovernment.HedrownedtheyoungmasteroftheNorthernWeiDynastyandtheEmpressDowagerHuintheYellowRiverinHeyin,changedhimtoEmperorXiaozhuang,andkilledmorethantwothousandministers.Thehistoryiscalled"HeyinChange",andErZhurongremotelycontrolledthegovernmentinJinyang.EmperorXiaozhuangwasangryasapuppetandpersonallykilledhimwhenhemetinErzhuRongjinin530.ThenErZhuRong'snephewErZhuZhaoandhisyoungerbrotherZhuShilongembraceChangguangWangYuanYeastheemperor,andaftertakingLuoyang,theykilledEmperorXiaoZhuangandchangedEmperorJiMin.Inthesameyear,thewarlordGaoHuanraisedtroopstoopposetheErzhuGroup.GaoHuanandYuxinallembracedYuenLongastheemperor,andafterhecapturedLuoyangin532,heestablishedEmperorXiaowu.
EmperorWeiXiaowumadeitforhim,andheintendstounitewithGuanzhongTowntofightHeBayueagainstGaoHuan.GaoHuanpreemptivelyassassinatedHeBayuein534.EmperorXiaowutookYuwentai'splace,andbrokewithGaoHuan,andfledtoYuwentai.GaoHuanthenmadeYuanShanjian,theemperorofQinghe,theEmperorXiaojingoftheEasternWeiDynasty,andmovedhiscapitaltoYecheng.EmperorXiaowuwaspoisonedbyYuwentaishortlyafterherushedtothewest,andYuwentaichangedtheNanyangkingYuanbaojutotheemperor,thatis,EmperorWendioftheWesternWeiDynasty,andmadehiscapitalChang'an.TheNorthernWeiDynastysplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWeiin534andthenperished.
Itäisen Wei-dynastian ja läntisen Wei-dynastian välinen vastakkainasettelu
Itäinen WeiDynastiaperinnöi vuonna 534 ja LänsiWeiDynastia perustettiin vuonna 535. Itäinen WeiDynastia ja LänsiWeiDynastia olivat pinnallisesti periytyneet. rintamallaPohjoisQi:njaNorthernZhouDynastian välillä.Pohjimmiltaan idän ja lännenWeirajaaBianheRiverinShanxiaShaanxi monen hyökkäyksen jälkeen ja kahden puolen välinen vastakkainasettelu on päätetty.
TheEasternWeiDynastycontrolledbyGaoHuaniscomposedoftherefugeesfromthesixtownsofXianbeiandtheHebeidynasty.GaoHuanitselfisalsotheHanpeopleofXianbei,makingitmorepoliticallydependentontheXianbei.Later,theNorthernQiemperoralsodeliberatelymaintainedtheXianbeicustoms,advocatingtheXianbeilanguageandmartialarts.GaoHuanemployspeopleonly,andmanywell-knownofficialsintheDPRKarehispartners,allofwhichlaidasolidfoundationforthelaterNorthernQiDynasty.However,histacticswereinferiortoYuwentai,andhewasdefeatedrepeatedlyinthreebattles.
In536years,GaoHuanrateDouTaiandothersfoughttheWesternWeiDynasty,andDouTai'sarmywasdefeatedatTongguan.Thefollowingyear,GaoHuantookadvantageofthegreatfamineinGuanzhongandledhisarmytothewestagain,andwasdefeatedinthebattleofShayuanbyYuwentai,whowasnotstrongenough.Atthispoint,thedivisionwassettledandthebattlefieldturnedtotheHedongarea.
In538,theEasternandWesternWeiDynastybrokeoutintheBattleoftheRiverBridge,andthetwosideswoneachother.
In543,theEastandWestWeiManshanbattleswerefierce,andoffensiveanddefensivewereintertwined.
In546,GaoHuanledanother100,000armytothewest,butwasblockedbyYubiCity.DefendingthecitywasthegeneraloftheWesternWeiDynasty,WeiXiaokuan.GaoHuanwasunabletoconquertheYubi.IntheEasternWeiDynasty,morethan70,000peoplewerekilledandinjured.GaoHuanhadnochoicebuttoretreatanddiedofillnessinJinyangthefollowingyear.AfterGaoHuan'sdeath,theeldestsonGaoChenginheritedhishegemony,expelledtherebelgeneralHouJing,consolidatedtheterritory,strengthenedGao'sregimeinternally,andactivelypreparedtostandonhisownbehalfonbehalfofWei,butwasassassinatedshortlyafterwards.
HisbrotherGaoYangabolishedandkilledtheEasternWeiEmperorin550afterhesucceeded,andmassacredtheEasternWeiimperialfamily,andtheEasternWeiDynastydied.GaoYangestablishedtheNorthernQiDynastyandchangedtheYuanTianbao,andhewascalledEmperorWenxuanoftheNorthernQiDynastyinhistory.
TheWesternWeiDynastycontrolledbyYuwentai,withtheassistanceofgeneralssuchasthe12thGeneralsoftheEightPillarKingdom,effectivelyresistedthemultipleattacksoftheEasternWeiDynastyandconsolidatedthesituationintheWesternWeiDynasty.Atthattime,theWesternWeiDynastywasinferiortotheSouthernLiangandEasternWeiDynastyintermsofeconomyandculture.YuWentaiappointspeopletobetalents.HeaskedSuChuoandotherstoreformtheofficialsystem,reconciletheconflictsbetweenHuandHan,establishGuanzhongstandardsothatgeneralsHuHancanworktogether,setupamilitarysystemtoestablishprofessionalsoldiersandmaintainthespiritofmartialarts.TheGuanlongGroup,representedbyHeBayueandYuwentai,secretlysupportsSinicization.TheGuanzhongareaisthebirthplaceofZhouculture.JudgingfromthetendencyofHanscholarssuchasSuChuoandLuBian,ZhouculturestillhasacertaininfluenceinGuanzhongatthistime.Moreimportantly,intermsofgeographicallocation,itisaChinesenationality.Inthisrespect,itisnotinferiortotheWei-JincultureinheritedfromShandongandJiangzuo.Onthisbasis,SuChuoandothersproposedtoadoptthesixofficialsystemoftheancientZhoudynasty,namelyheaven,earth,spring,summer,autumn,andwinterofficials.ThesemeasuresallmadetheWesternWeinationalpowergraduallystronger,andalsoaffectedthepoliticalsystemandtheSuiandTangDynasties.Groupdistribution.YuwentaitookadvantageoftheinfightingoftheclankingsaftertherebellionofLiangYuHouJingintheSouthernDynasties,andsuccessivelycapturedthelandofShuandJiangling,andestablishedXiliangasthechiefstate.AftertheWesternWeiDynasty,EmperorFeiandEmperorGongweresuccessivelyestablished.AfterYuWentai'sdeathin556,hisnephewYuWenhudictatorship.Inthefollowingyear,heabolishedEmperorGongoftheWesternWeiDynasty,thecountrywasnamedZhou,andmadeYuwenTaiziYuwenjueasEmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,anddiedintheWesternWeiDynasty.
Pohjois-Zhou-dynastian ja NorthernQin välinen vastakkainasettelu
Pohjois-Qiin periIitäisen Wei-dynastian alueen,ja sen perusti keisari Wenxuanin550Jianguo. Keisari Wenxu voitti peräkkäin Kumoxin,Qidanin,Rouranin,Liian,Dynaconan,Shanhun. tai suola-jarautateollisuus,ja posliiniteollisuus ovat melko kehittyneitä.NorthernQiDynasty oli suurin piirtein sama kuin NorthernWei-dynastia,ja jatkoi maantasausjärjestelmän käyttöönotossa. Xianbeiaristokratian suojelemiseksi, hän tappoiHan-perheen .Ihmisten sorrosta tuli kovempi,joka aiheuttipohjoisen taantuman.EmperorQiFeison jälkeen hänen isäntänsäGaoyan oli vastuussa hallinnosta.Mutta GaoYansyonylivaltaistuimellejaaina,ainakin onnistui kahden vuoden kuluttua ja onnistui Sen jälkeenChenandHuainan vangitsi Pohjois-Qiin ja kuoli Pohjois-ZhouDynastyn 577:ssä.
TheNorthernZhouDynastyinheritedtheterritoryoftheWesternWeiDynasty.In556,EmperorXiaominoftheNorthernZhouDynastyestablishedthecountry,butthegovernmentwascontrolledbyhiscousinYuWenhu.EmperorXiaominintendstojoinZhaoGuiandDuguxintooverthrowYuwenhu.However,itwasdiscoveredbyhimthatZhaoGuiandDuguxinwerekilled,andEmperorZhouXiaominwasabolishedthenextyearandthenkilled.YuwenhuchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatis,EmperorZhouming,butin560hewaspoisonedtodeathbyEmperorZhoumingandchangedYuwenyuastheemperor,thatisZhouwudi.EmperorWuofZhouadoptedatacticalplan,andsuccessfullykilledYuwenhuaftertwelveyears,andtookchargeofthegovernmenthimself.AftertheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorYuwenYongzhukilledYuwenhuandbegantopro-government,hepursuedapolicyofsafeguardingtheinterestsofthelandlordclass.TheNorthernZhouDynastyusedConfucianismasanideologicalweapontoabandonsomeoftheoutdatedcustomsoftheXianbeipeopleandthepopularemptytalk.YuwenyongfocusesoncultivatingalargenumberofpeoplewithConfucianideasasthepillarsoftheregime.
Intermsofmilitaryaffairs,YuwenyongalsorecruitedalargenumberofHanpeopleasasourceoftroopsduringhisreign,supplementingthemilitarystrengthoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,andenablingthesoldiersoftheHanandXianbeinationalitiestoknowhowtocoordinateoperations.
EmperorZhouWuwaswiseandmajestic.Hepromotedvariousreformsinternally,suchasrestrainingBuddhism,makingpeacewiththeTurksindiplomacy,andlivinginpeacewiththeChenDynasty.ThesemeasuresallmadetheNorthernZhouDynastymorepowerful.
In577,EmperorWuofZhouconqueredthefaintandchaoticNorthernQiandconqueredYechengthefollowingyear,andtheNorthernQidied.AfterEmperorWuofZhouunifiedthenorth,hewasannexedbyLiDelinandotherKwantungclan,andhismomentumwashuge.HeimmediatelyconqueredChenfromthesouth,butdiedinthesameyear,andthencivilstrifebrokeoutintheNorthernZhouDynasty,sothebattleagainstChenwasabandoned.
Tuhoa
YangJian oli Pohjois-Zhou-dynastian 12. kenraalin, YangZhongin poika, ja hän oli myös prinssi YuWenyunin appi.
AfterEmperorWuofZhoudiedin578,hewassucceededbyPrinceYuwenYun,namelyEmperorZhouXuan.Hewaslicentiousandfaint,superstitiousofBuddhismandTaoism,establishedfivequeensandseizedhiswives.HekilledtheclanheroYuWenxianandwithdrewthekingstothecountry.YangJianbegantogathercivilandmilitaryofficialstoformahugegroup.
AfterEmperorZhouXuan'sdeath,hissonYuwenChansucceededtothethrone,thatis,EmperorZhouJing,LiuFang,ZhengtranslatedtheimperialedicttoYangJiantolearnaboutChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynasty.YuChijiong,SimaXiaonan,WangQianandothersweredissatisfiedwithYangJian'smonopolyandraisedtroopstofightagainstYangJian,whichwasknownasthe"ThreeGeneralsRebellion"inhistory.YangJianwasplannedbyLiDelinandputdowntherebelswithWeiXiaokuanandothers.
In581,YangJianreplacedZhouastheemperor,thatis,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty.HewasrenamedtheSuiDynastyanddiedintheNorthernZhouDynasty.
Vuonna 587 Sui-dynastian keisari poisti Xiliangin, herra XiaoCongin, joka syntyi Xiliangissa.
In588,EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastylaunchedthebattletodestroyChen,withYangGuangandYangSuasthemarshalsofthemarch,andthefamousgeneralssuchasHeRuobiandHanQinhusenttroopstoattackChen.ThefollowingyeartheSuiArmycapturedJiankang,andChendiedintheSouthernDynasty,andChinawasreunifiedagain.
SincetheYongjiaRebellion,the"SouthernandNorthernDynasties"inwhichChinawasdividedfornearlythreehundredyearsended.
Alue
Etelädynastian alue
Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastioiden eri maiden sukukartta(7 kuvaa)
IntermsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties'territory,theSouthernandSongDynastiesinheritedTheterritoryoftheEasternJinDynastybasicallyconsistsof22states.HenanwasgraduallyannexedbytheNorthernWeiDynastyafterthefouryearsofTaichu(422),anditwaschangedtoHuaiRiverastheboundary.IntheSouthernDynasty,QiwasbasicallythesameastheSongDynastyas22states,butlostthelandofYongzhouMianbeiandHuainanYuzhouoneafteranother.IntheSouthernDynasties,LiangShizhoucountysettingsandterritorieschangedgreatly.DuetotheNorthernExpedition,thelandofHuaibeiwasacquired,andoncereachedHenan.ItalsoopenedupMin,Yue,Pinglicaves,andbrokeZangke.By539,therewere107states.AfterHouJing'srebellion,theNorthernQiDynastyoccupiedthelandofHuainaninthenorthofJiangxi,andtheWesternWeiDynastyoccupiedBashuinHanzhong.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,entrustedbyXiaoTing,heledhisarmytoseizethelandnorthofLiangjianglingintheSouthernDynastyandestablishedthevassalstateofXiliang.AfterthefoundingofChenChenintheSouthernDynasty,therewerenotmanyterritories.In569,hebegantoregainpartofHuainanandpartsofHuaibei,andoncecapturedthelandnorthoftheYellowRiverintheNorthernQiDynasty(573-577).AttheendofChen'speriod,theinvasionoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreducedtheterritory,leavingonlytheareasouthoftheYangtzeRivertoJiaoguang.
TheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty
AsfortheterritoryoftheNorthernDynasty,theNorthernWeiDynastyrosefromtheplaceoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,anditunifiedNorthernChinain439andendedtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.HerepeatedlyinvadedLiuSongandoccupiedShandong,HenanandHuaibei.TakethesouthernpartofQihuaiintheSouthernDynastiesandtheLianghanzhongandJiangeareasoftheSouthernDynasties.Sofar,theterritoryextendsfromtheMonangrasslandinthenorth,totheeasternpartoftheWesternRegioninthewest,tothewestofLiaoningintheeast,andtotheJianghanRiverBasininthesouth.Duringtheexpansionoftheterritory,thestatesandcountiesoftenadjustedtheirmeasuresaccordingtotimeconditions,andbegantoreorganizein487.AfterEmperorXiaomingoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theterritorywasreducedandtheprefecturesandcountieswereindiscriminatelysetup.Afterthedivisionoftheeastandthewest,therewere80statesintheEasternWeiDynastyand33statesintheWesternWeiDynasty.AftertheestablishmentoftheNorthernQiDynasty,theplanningofpoliticaldistrictsbegantoberectified,andthethreestates,onehundredandfifty-threecountiesandfivehundredandeighty-ninecountieswereabolished.AftertheJianghuailandintheNorthernQiDynastywasoccupiedbyChenoftheSouthernDynasty,theNorthernZhouDynastyrepeatedlycapturedthelandofLiangbashuandJianghanintheSouthernDynasty.EmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynastydestroyedtheNorthernQiandtookthelandofChenJianghuaiintheSouthernDynasty,greatlyexpandingitsterritory.
Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastioiden pääkaupunki
Song,Qi,Liang,Chen:Jiankang(inNanjing,JiangsuProvince)
Xiliang:Jiangling(inHubeiProvince)JingzhouDistrict,JingzhouCity)
Sukupolvi: Shengle (Helinger Countyssa, Sisä-Mongolian autonomisella alueella)
↓
PohjoisWei-dynastia: Pingcheng(Shanxin maakunnassa)DatongCity)→Luoyang
EasternWeiDynasty,NorthernQiDynasty:Ye(inLinzhangCounty,HebeiProvince),Jinyang(inJinyuanDistrict,TaiyuanCity,ShanxiProvince)
Länsi-Wei-dynastia, Pohjois-Zhou-dynastia: Chang'an (inXi'an, Shaanxin maakunta tänään)
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Politiikka
Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastioiden alkuaikoina oli edelleen hillittyäristokraattista politiikkaa, ja yhteiskuntaluokat jakautuivat aristokraattisiin perheisiin. Vaikka Etelä-Dynastin keisari tarvitsee edelleen valtaperheen tukea, hän paransi myös poliittista valtaa, jaEtelädynastianaikana syntyi keisarillinen tutkimusjärjestelmä.Etelädynastian perhe vähentyi asteittain pitkäaikaisen mukavuuden vuoksi ja romahti kokonaanKodin kapinan jälkeen. PohjoisWei-dynastian keisariXiaowen inicization-liike oli vaurain.Sekoitusprosessi johti kiihkeisiin ideologisiin konflikteihin,poliittisiin kamppailuihin tai etnisiin konflikteihin,kutenKuudenkaupunginpohjoisdemokratianjaYuwentainpohjoispoliisin yuwentain perustamanGuanlongGroupin kautta on viimeinkin liitetty yhä korruptoituvampi NorthernQiDynasty.Kuoleman jälkeenKeisariWuofZhou,HanYangJianto Etelä-ChentouniteKiina.Luo avoimia ja sisältäviäSuiandTang-imperiumia.
Governmentdepartments
AftertheSouthernDynastyandtheSongDynasty,therewasaprovinceunderthegovernment,andthethreeprovincessystemhasbeenestablishedsofar.Theprovinceisresponsibleforprovidingsuggestionsandadmonishingtheemperor,participatinginconfidentialmatters,andbecomingapowerfulinstitution.
Administrativedivisions
TheSouthernDynastygovernmentinheritedtheEasternJinDynastyandimplementedathree-levelsystemofstates,countiesandcounties.QiaozhouprefecturesandShuangtouprefectureshavealsobecomegeneralprefecturesandcountiesduetolandbreakage.Sincetheimplementationofthethree-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesinthelateEasternHanDynasty,itwaschangedtothetwo-levelsystemofprefecturesandcountiesaftertheSuiPingandChen.IntheSouthernDynasties,theprefecturesweresetupasgovernors,andtheprefecturesweresetupasprefects.OnlyDanyangCountywassetupwithYinbecauseitwastheseatofthecapital.Thecountymagistratesandchiefs.SincetheSongDynasty,ordershavebeenmorethanlong.Atthesamelevelasthecounty,therearekingdomsandprincipalities,withinternalhistoryandphases.TherearealsoZuojun,ZuoCounty,Laojun,andLijunspeciallysetupforXisaidthebarbarians,theLaonationality,theLinationalityandotherethnicminorities.Forexample,thereareNanchenzuoCountyandDongdangqulioCounty.Atthattime,theprefectures,counties,andcountiesweredividedintoranks,roughlybasedonthedistancefromthecapital.ThetwostatesofYangandJingarealsocalled"TwoShaan".
IntheNorthernWeiDynasty,afterEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,theofficialsystemimitatedtheSouthernDynastyandwasstillusedintheTangDynasty.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,sixofficialsweresetupaccordingtotheritualsoftheweek,namelyTianguan,Diguan,Chunguan,Xiaguan,Qiuguan,andDongguan,whichwerethesourceofthesixsystemsaftertheSuiandTangDynasties.Thenortherndynasty'sadministrativedistrictinheritedthesixteencountries,andlikethesoutherndynasty,itwasathree-levelsystemofprefectures,countiesandcounties.However,thejurisdictionofthestateisnotlarge,andthegovernorofthestatecandirectlymanagethecountyatthecountylevel,makingthecountylevelgraduallyvirtual.By583,theSuiDynastyofficiallyestablishedatwo-levelsystemofstateandcounty.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsohadQiaozhouprefecturesandcountiesandShuangtouprefectures(suchasNanyongprefecture),andtheprefecturesandcountiesweredividedintoranksbypopulation.Inordertopreventtherebellionofnewattachmentsordifferentsurnames,threechiefexecutivesatalllevelswereseparatedin406,andoneofthegovernorsofthestatemustbetheclan.TheNorthernWeiDynastyoriginallyhadaplatforminchargeoflocalmilitaryaffairsandagovernorinchargeofthemilitaryofseveralstates.IntheNorthernQiDynasty,itwassetastheTaiwanesesystem,andtheNorthernZhouDynastywasthegeneralcontrol.Theywereallpoliticalunitsinchargeofthemilitaryandadministrationofseveralstatesandcounties.BecausetheprefecturesaredividedintomoreandmoresubdivisionsintheNorthernQiDynasty,theysetupaplatformtomanagethecivilaffairsandmilitaryaffairsofseveralprefectures.IntheWesternWeiDynasty,thegovernorwasrenamedthegovernor,thenatureofwhichwasthesameasthatoftheNorthernQixingtai.DuringtheNorthernZhouDynasty,thegeneralmanagergenerallyconcurrentlyservedasthegovernorintheprefecture,andwasnamedaftertheprefecturewherehewasstationed.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsospeciallysetupchiefsfortheXianbeitribeorotherethnicgroups(excepttheHan)tomanagethetribe,thestatusissecondonlytothestategovernor.Italsocontinuedthesixteenstates,withguardsforotherethnicgroupsintheprefecture,anditsstatuswasequivalenttothatofthecountyguard.Itwasabolishedin457.Thereisalsoatowndefensesystem,whichsetsuptownsinimportantmilitarylocations.Thetownismanagedbythetowngeneral,placedunderthedefense,andmanagedbytheowner.Amongthem,thesixtownsthatconsolidatethecapital,Pingcheng,werethemostimportant,andthesituationwasweakafterEmperorXiaowenmovedthecapital.AftertheSixTownsPeople'sRebellion,thenortherndynasty'stownguardswereexclusivelyinchargeofthemilitaryandnolongerhadthenatureofapoliticaldistrict.
Talous
Maapolitiikka
Koska Keskitasangon väestö menee etelään,Etelädynastia ei vain lisää työvoimaansa, mutta myös edistynyt tuotantoteknologia etelään.Muutkehitysehdot.
Inthebeginning,theSouthernDynastygovernmentadoptedthepolicyofestablishingaprefecturebyoverseasChinesefortherefugeesfromthenorth.Later,inordertoexpandthetargetsofexploitation,thegovernmentsoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesadoptedaland-breakingpolicy.
Theso-calledterritorialseveranceistorevoketheQiaozhouprefecturesandoverseasChinesestatus,allowingtheoverseasChineseandtheindigenouspeopletoregistertogetherlocally,andalsobearthestate'staxesandservices.FromtheEasternJinDynastytotheChenDynasty,atotalofnineterritorialsectswerecarriedout.Amongthem,the"GengxuTuju"conductedbyHuanwenin364andthe"YixiTuju"conductedbyLiuYuin413haveachievedthemostremarkableresults.
Afterthelandbreak,theoverseasChineseresidencegovernmentintheSouthernDynastygraduallydisappeared.
AgriculturalDevelopment
DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,agricultureinthesouthgenerallydeveloped.ThemoreprominentareasareJingandYanginthemiddleandlowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.YangzhouisthemosteconomicallydevelopedareaintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Amongthem,thecapitalJiankanganditssurroundingareasaredevelopingrapidly.IntheEasternJinDynasty,anewFengtangwasestablishedinQu'a(Danyang,Jiangsu),withmorethan800hectaresofirrigatedfields.Songleftmorethan4,000hectaresofabandonedfieldsinHushuandimmigratedtoJingkouandGushu.QishanPondrepairedinJurongtogether.Yangzhou"thelandiswideandwild,andthepeoplearehard-working.Ifyouareoneyearoldornim,youwillforgetyourhungerincounties."Sanwu(Wujun,Wuxing,andKuaiji)isthemostimportantbaseoftheEasternJingovernment,anditseconomicdevelopmentisparticularlyprominent.
IntheEasternJinDynasty,WuxingWucheng(Huzhou,Zhejiang)builtDitangandirrigatedthousandsofhectaresoffields.SongrepairedWuxingtanginWucheng,irrigatingmorethan2,000hectaresofland;andreclaiminglakesandfieldsinKuaiji,"allbecameagoodindustry."ThevariousexpendituresoftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesgovernmentmainlydependedonSanwu.TheJingandXiangareasaroundDongtingLakehavealsodevelopedrapidly.AfterLiangBaYiyang(Xinyang,Henan)becameasoldier,"allstatesoftheriversandlakeshadtorestandopenup6,000hectaresoffields.Twoyearslater,thewarehouseswereenriched."
TheareasaroundMinzhongandPoyangLakeadjacenttoZhejianghavealsodevelopedrapidly.Inaddition,intheHuainanarea,thelandisfertileandtherefugeesareconcentrated.ThereareirrigatedfarmlandinShaobeinearShouchun.Theareaisthousandsofmilesaway,anditisanimportantgrainproducingarea.WheatandricearecommonlypracticedinJiangnanarea,whileLingnangrowsdouble-croppingrice.
BeforeYuanjia,Huainanwasaneconomicallydevelopedarea.AttheendofYuanjiaDynasty,HuainanwasdestroyedduetothewarbetweenSongandWei.AftertheoperationsofthesecondgenerationofQiandLiang,theproductioninsomeareasbetweenJianghuaiandHuaialsoquicklyrecoveredanddeveloped.Yizhouisknownas"WoyeTianfu"andhasabundantproducts.Guangzhouisalsoaprosperouseconomicregion.
GentlemanFarms
IntheeconomicdevelopmentoftheSouth,thelandlordsoftheSouthernandNorthernGentlemenusedfarmsforproduction.Whenthenortherngentrymovedsouthward,theybroughtalargenumberoftribesandtenants,butwhattheylackedwastheland.Therefore,they"seekingforlandandhousing"everywhere,seekinglandbyunscrupulousmeans.Forexample,DiaoKuiplundered10,000hectaresoflandintheJingkouarea.Atthesametime,thesoutherngentrylandlordsalsofurtherexpandedtheireconomicpower.
Thegentrylandlordsbuiltfarmsontheplainsandmountainstheyoccupied,whichwerecalled"Villas"or"Gardens"atthattime.Forexample,theKuaijigentryKongLingfubuiltavillainYongxing,"thesurroundingareaisthirty-threemiles,thewaterandlandare265hectares,includingtwomountains,andtherearenineorchards."XieLingyun'sShuinShininghastwomountainsinthenorthandsouth,fiveorchardsonthemountains,andalargenumberoffertilefieldsalongbothsidesofthecanal.
Agricultureoccupiesadominantpositioninthegentryfarmeconomy.Thereisalargeamountofarablelandinthefarm,andtherearealsowaterconservancyirrigationsystemssuchasrivers,lakesandcanals.Rice,wheat,millet,mulberry,hemp,vegetablesandothercropsareplantedonthearableland.Secondonlytoagricultureisthegardeningindustry,whichmanagesbamboo,wood,andfruittrees.
Inaddition,therearefishfarmingandanimalhusbandry,aswellasvarioushandicraftproductionssuchastextiles,brewing,andmanufacturingproductiontools.Duetodiversifiedoperations,thegentrylandlordfarmswereself-sufficientinnature.
Theproducersinthefarmaremainlytenants,tribesandslaves.Theexploitationandoppressionofthenoblelandlordsiscruel.However,itorganizedalargenumberoflaborersandcultivatedwaterfrontsinmountainousareas.EspeciallyintheearlyEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,whenthegentrylandlordswerestillconcernedaboutproduction,thelandlordfarmsplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentoftheJiangnanarea.Inthefuture,duetotheincreasinglydecayofthefamilyTupeople,thefarmsbecameanobstacletothedevelopmentofproductiveforces.
Handicraftindustry
DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,thetextileindustrywasrelativelydeveloped,andthetechnologyofsericulturehasbeenquiteimpressive.InYuzhangandotherplaces,silkwormsarefourorfivetimesayear,andYongjiaandotherplacesareeightinayear.Cooked.Silk,cotton,spunsilk,cloth,etc.werethemainitemsoftheSouthernDynasty'staxadjustment,sotextileswereacommonsidelinebusinessamongthepeople.Amongthem,thetextileindustriesinJingandYangareparticularlydeveloped.
Jinyeisalsowell-knowninYizhou.AfterLiuYudied,QinmovedthebrocadehouseholdsinGuanzhongtoJiangnan.InthelateSouthernDynasty,thebrocadeindustryalsodeveloped.Regalpeoplewearembroideredskirtsandbrocadeshoes,andusecolorsilkasmiscellaneousflowers,silkforclothing,brocadeasabarrier.
DuringtheSouthernDynasties,thegovernmentsetupspecialofficialstomanageminingandmetallurgy.JiankangShangfanghadEastandWestSecondMetallurgy(NanyeinSongandQi,andlaterabolished),andstateandcountyhaveminingandmetallurgicalregulations.Therearealsomanyprivatesmeltingworkshops.Intermsofsmeltingandcastingtechnology,blastsmeltingwithwaterexhausthasbeenappliedintheSouthernDynasties.Steelmakingtechnologyhasalsomadegreatprogress.Atthattime,amethodofsmeltingpigironandwroughtironwasinvented.Thatis,therawwroughtironwasmixedandsmelted.Whenthefirewasreached,thepigironwasfirstmelted,soakedintothewroughtiron,andthentakenoutandrepeatedlytemperedtobecomehigh-qualitysteel.,Usedtomakeswords,knivesandsickles.
BythetimeoftheThreeKingdomsandtheWesternJinDynasty,thefiringofporcelainhadreachedamaturestage,andtherewerenewdevelopmentsintheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties.Atthattime,therepresentativeproductofporcelainwasaceladon-glazedceladon,whichwasproducedinKuaijiCounty(Shaoxing,Zhejiang).Theceladonbodyispureinquality,highinhardness,uniforminglaze,andthewholebodyisgreenandshiny,andtheshapesarediverseandbeautiful.Througharchaeologicalexcavations,theporcelain-makingtechnologyinmanyareasinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiverhasgraduallybecomefamous,andeachhasitsowncharacteristics.
TheshipbuildingindustryhasmadegreatprogressonthebasisofSoochow.Therearemanyshipsandshipsusedfortransportationandwarfare.TherearefrequentshipsgoingtoandfromtheEastChinaSea,theSouthChinaSeaandtheinlandrivers.Thelargeronescancarry20,000Hu.
Thepaperindustryhasmadenewdevelopments.Calenderinganddyeingarethenewachievementsofpapermakingtechnologyinthisperiod.Thereweremanynamesofpaperatthattime,amongwhichrattancornerpapermadeofrattanbarkwasakindofpaperwithexcellenttexture.Thedevelopmentofthepaperindustryplayedapositiveroleinthedevelopmentofcultureatthattime.
Commercialdevelopment
Thedevelopmentofagricultureandhandicraftindustry,coupledwiththeverticalandhorizontalriversinthesouthoftheYangtzeRiver,andtheconvenientwatertransportationprovidethefoundationandfavorableconditionsforthedevelopmentofcommerce.
Thepowerfulandpowerfulgentrymergedtheland,thegovernmenttaxationandlaborwereheavy,andmanysmallandmediumlandlordsandfarmerswereforcedtoengageinmerchantactivities.Aristocraticbureaucratshavetheprivilegeofexemptionfromcustoms,subsidiesandtaxes.Whentheirtermofofficeexpires,theybringalargeamountofgoodsas"repayment",andthensellthemtovariousplaces.Thegovernmentleviedrentandaskedfarmerstopayforit.Farmerswereforcedtoselltheironlyagriculturalandsidelineproducts.Therefore,thephenomenonofabnormalcommercialdevelopmentappearedintheSouthernDynasties.
Atthattime,theimportantcitiesinthesouthwereJiankang,Jiangling,Chengdu,Panyu(Guangzhou)andotherplaces.JiankangwasthepoliticalcenteroftheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesandtheeconomiccenterofthelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiver.Here"thetributetobusinesstravel,thearkisforever".DuringtheXiaoLiangperiod,therewere280,000residentsinJiankangCity.Therearefourcitiesinthecity,andtherearemorethantenlargeandsmallcitiesinthenorthofQinhuaiRiver.Kuaiji,Wujun,Yuhangandotherplacesarealso"merchantstogether."
Panyuisanoverseastradingcenter,andmerchantshipsfromSoutheastAsiancountries,aswellasTianzhu,LionKingdom(SriLanka),Persia(Iran)andothercountries,"everyyearold",or"year-oldmorethantenyears."Jiangling"DangYong,Min,Jiao,LiangZhihui",commerceisalsorelativelydeveloped.Chengduisnotonlyprosperousincommerce,butalsoanimportantproducerofhigh-endsilkfabrics.Therearenotonlyluxurygoods,butalsoordinaryproductionanddailynecessitiesonthemarket.Thesmallmerchantssitintheshops,andthebigonesaretransportedtotheQuartet.CommercialtaxisthebulkoftheincomeoftheSouthernDynasty.BoththeEasternJinandSouthernDynastiespaidattentiontocurrencyminting,butthecurrencysystemwaschaoticandthenumberwasinsufficient.
Itseviljellyt viljelijät
Nämä itse viljelevät viljelijät olivat tuolloin tärkeitä maataloustuotannon kannalta, ja he olivat pääasiallinen liittohallituksen puristama kohde.
ThelandrentintheSongandQidynastiesprobablyfollowedthesystemofthelateEasternJinDynasty,thatis,thefive-stoneexporttax.AccordingtoEmperorXiaowuofSongDynasty,EmperorXiaowustipulatedthat“theworld’scivilianhouseholdswilllosefourpiecesofclotheveryyear”,andthelossoffourpiecesofclotheveryyearisjusttheaveragenumberofhouseholdadjustmentsperhousehold.Themethodistoappraisethehouseholdpropertyinadvance,setoutthehouseholds,etc.,andthenassignthemaccordingtothelevelofhouseholds.
Duringthewar,ordinarypeasantsalsohadtheburdenofmilitaryservice,andvariouskindsofmilitaryservicewereleviedatwill.Asaresult,manyself-employedfarmerswentbankruptandwentintoexile,becomingmoreandmoretribesandtenantsinthegentryfarms.
Culture
AfterthedominanceofConfucianismintheWeiandJinDynastieswasdestroyed,thethoughtsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynastieshadformedadiversifiedthought.Amongmanyschoolsofthought,therehaveappearedvaluableviewpointssuchastheruleoflaw,pragmaticruleofthecountry,andthe"nomonarchtheory",aswellasnegativeanddecadentthoughtsofescapefromtheworld,andthemostinfluentialismetaphysicalthought.
IntheSouthernandNorthernDynasties,anewsituationintheideologicalandculturalfieldwasdifferentfromthatoftheJinandJinDynasties.Metaphysicalthoughtsfellintosilence,andBuddhismandTaoismcontinuedtodevelop.Buddhismhastranslatedalargenumberofscripturesandiswidelypopular,permeatingalllevelsofpolitics,economy,society,folkloreandculture.Confucianismfacesseverechallenges.DuetotherapidexpansionofBuddhism,theoriginalrelationshipbetweenConfucianism,Xuan,Buddhism,andTaoismanditshistoricalstructurehaveundergonenewchanges.Atthattime,theBuddhistandTaoistdisputeswereveryfierce.InthedisputebetweenBuddhismandTaoism,Taoismisrelativelypassive.ItnotonlycreatesalegendthatemphasizesthattheBuddhawaschangedbyLaoTzu,butalso"plagiarizes"thecontentofBuddhistscriptures.ForTaoism,itwantstotransformBuddhismintoapartofitself;Buddhismneedstofaceculturaltensionswhilemaintainingindependence.
Literature
TheliteratureintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesdevelopedrapidly.TheSouthernDynastiesstyletendedtobegorgeousanddelicate,whiletheNorthernDynastiesstyletendedtobeboldandrough.TherepresentativeoftheSouthernDynastiesliteratureistheparallelessay,whichemphasizesthemetric,therhetoric,andtheallusion,andthecontentismostlyoutofthereallife,expressingsomewealthandleisure,representedbyYuXinandYingYang'sarticles.TherepresentativesoftheNorthernDynastiesarethethreetalentsoftheNorth,namelyXingShao,WeiShou,andWenZisheng.ThelongnarrativepoemsarerepresentedbytheSouthernDynasty's"XizhouQu"andtheNorthernDynasty's"MulanPoem".Intermsoffolksongs,duetothedifferentculturesofNorthandSouth,differentcolorsandsentimentsarepresented."YuefuPoetryCollection"hasthesayingthat"YanquwasbornintheSouthernDynasties,andHuYinwasbornintheNorthernCustoms".
Intermsofliteraryresearch,LiuXie's"WenXinDiaoLong"becameChina'sfirstsystematicliterarytheorymasterpiece.The"SelectedWorksofZhaoming"compiledbyliteratiorganizedbyXiaoTong,theeldestsonofEmperorLiangWuoftheSouthernDynasty,istheearliestsurvivingcollectionofpoemsandessaysinChina.BothofthesetwomasterpieceshadaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofChineseliterature.Atthesametime,TaoisminfluencedChineseartandscience.Forexample,literaturesuchas"PoemsoftheImmortals"describesthegracefulnessofthegodsorexpressesfeelingsthroughthewordsofthegods.TaoistcelebritiesTaoHongjingandLuXiujingarebothgoodatfairyliterature.
History
TheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesinheritedthesystemofsettingupofficialstocompilehistorysincetheHanDynasty.Songsetupawriter(theofficialnameanddivisionofpositionsofSongQiliangandChenwerechangedfrequently),responsibleforcomposingthehistoryofthecountry(historyofthisdynasty)andtheemperor'spersonalnotes.QiShihasthedistinctionofnationalhistoryandpreviousdynastyhistory.TheNorthernWeiDynastyalsosetuptheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylife,sothattheofficialofthehistorianandtheofficialofdailylifeweregraduallyseparated.TheHistoryMuseum(orShige)wasfirstestablishedintheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasaspecialhistory-editinginstitution,whichinfluencedChina'sofficialhistory-editingsysteminthefuture.TheWesternWeiDynastyandtheNorthernZhouDynastyalsosetupasystemofwriters.TheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesalsohaveministerssupervisinghistorybooks.Inaddition,theSouthernDynastiesLiangShishicompiledXiuwuEmperorandLiangYuanEmperor's"factualrecords",whichisthebeginningofthedynastyaftertheTangDynasty.
ThechronologicalhistorybooksofJiChuanTistilloccupyaplaceinthehistoriographyoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.OfficialrevisionsarelikeShenYue's"SongShu",XiaoZixian's"QiShu",andWeiShou's"WeiShu",whileprivaterevisionsarelikeFanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan".
HistoricalbooksreflectingvarioussocialconditionswerealsopopularintheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Forexample,FanYe's"BookoftheLaterHan"andShenYue's"BookofSongs"added"LoneTravel","Yimin"(or"Hidden"),"LieNv"andotherbiographies;"LuoyangJialanJi"byYangXuanzhidescribesthearchitectureofthetemple;intermsofgeographicalworks,LiDaoyuan's"ShuiJingZhu"isthemasterpieceoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.ThehistoryofethnicminoritiesisalsohighlyvaluedbecauseoftheestablishmentofseparateregimesamongtheWuhuethnicgroups.CuiHong's"SixteenKingdomsSpringandAutumn"hasachievedhigherachievements.
Genealogy(orgenealogy,genealogy)flourishedforawhileundertheinfluenceoftheclanpoliticsoftheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.Inordertoconsolidatetheirsocialstatusandpoliticalrights,therichandpowerfulcountieswroteandrevisedtheirfamilyrecordstoshowtheirancestry,familystatus,andmarriageeunuchs.Followingtheemergenceofgenealogy,therewasresearchongenealogy,andbookssuchas"GeneralGenealogy"and"HundredGenealogy"appearedatthattime.
ThestudyoftheAnnotationofHistoryintheSouthernandNorthernDynastiesisasrepresentativeasPeiSongzhi's"AnnotationtotheThreeKingdoms".PeiZhufocusedoncollectingdataandsupplementinghistoricalfacts,andwasnolongerlimitedtointerpretingandinterpretinghistoricaltexts,buthadaconsiderableinfluenceonChina'shistoricalannotationmethods.PeiSongzhi'sexaminationofhistoricalmaterialsdifferedfromeachother,andhistorianswouldinherittheminthefuture,suchas"ZiZhiTongJianKaoYi"writtenbySimaGuang.PeiZhulialsocommentedonprevioushistorians,whichpromotedthedevelopmentofChinesehistoricalcriticism.
Religion
BuddhismwaspopularduringtheSouthernandNorthernDynasties.WiththespreadofBuddhism,thedevelopmentofBuddhastatues,murals,andcavetempleshasalsoachievedunprecedenteddevelopment.Amongthem,theDunhuangThousandBuddhaCaves,YungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,andMaijishanGrottoeshavebecometreasuresinthetreasurehouseofChinesesculptureart.Atthistime,Buddhism'sprevailingthoughtsincludedPrajna,Nirvana,EarthTheory,RealityTheory,andResumeTheory.ZhuDaoshengemphasizedthatthenatureofBuddhismliesineachsentientbeing,andthekeyliesinwhetheritcan"seeitself",whichopenedaprecedentforZen'senlightenmentintheworld.Histhoughtthat"everyonehasthenatureofBuddha"reflectstheequalityofBuddhism.View.TheTaoistLingbaoSutrawasfollowedbytheteachingsoftheQingScriptures,borrowedandintegratedBuddhistconceptsandterminology,andoccupiedthemainstreampositioninthefieldsofMedievalTaoistdoctrines,thoughts,andrituals.InthelateSixteenKingdomsperiod,KouQianzhi,whoreformedTaoism,appeared.UndertheinfluenceoftheEasternJinLingbaoSchool,heproducedmorethan80volumesof"TheCommandmentsoftheNewSection"andothersutras.Thereisnothinginnovativeintheessenceofthemanager,butheclearlyclaimstocleanupTaoism,removethethreefalselaws(ZhangLing,ZhangHeng,andZhangLu)ofthefivebucketsofriceroads,thetaxforrentingrice,andtheartofmenandwomen.Theorganizationismorerigorous,andtheTaoistordinancesaremorecomplete.
ThecontroversyofthethreereligionsinthisperiodwasmainlymanifestedinthecontroversybetweenBuddhism,Taoism,andTaoismwithtwodifferentideologicalsystems.Througharguing,TaoismandBuddhismabsorbeachotherandpresentasceneoffusionandinteraction.BuddhismhasademonstrativeeffectonTaoism,nomatterfromthecanon,ordinance,orfromtheteachings,religiousgroups,etc.,itisofgreatbenefitforTaoismtograduallymature.TaoismalsohelpedBuddhismbesuccessfullytransplantedfromIndiatoChina,andgraduallyadaptedtothesoilofChinesesocietytoformasinicizedBuddhism,whichprovidedavarietyoffate.HelpingBuddhismintoTaoismisanimportantmeansforTaoismtocontinuouslyenrichandimproveoneself.BuddhismcameintobeingmuchearlierthanTaoism.BuddhismwasalreadyquitecompletewhenitwasintroducedintoChina.Therefore,TaoismhasborrowedfromBuddhisminmanyaspects.Forexample,intheearlycreationofTaoism,thereweremanyimitatingandevenfollowingBuddhistscriptures.Taoistpalacesandtemples,organizationalforms,andreligiousritualsalsohavemanyreferencestoBuddhism.Anotherexampleistheinfluenceoftheideaof"thegreatinvisible".EarlyTaoismopposedidolatry,butthelatergenerationsofTaoismhadthesameformof"establishingimagesandestablishingreligion"andBuddhism,whichwasduetotheinfluenceofBuddhism.Intermsofreligiousphilosophy,thelevelofthinkingofTaoism'sdoctrineisslightlyinferiortothatofBuddhism,soTaoismalsoactivelyinvokesBuddhistphilosophytoimproveitstheoreticallevel.
Taide
Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastioilla taide kukoisti.Etelässä hallitsi maalaus ja sitten pohjoista veistokset.
Paintingtheoryandpaintinghistoryhavebeenestablishedduringthisperiod,suchasXieHe’s"Paintings",whichproposedsixmethodsofpaintingappreciation,andthe"vitalandvivid"theoryhasbeenregardedbythecriticsofthepastdynasties.Thehighestlevel.
OntheBuddhastatuesinthegrottoes,therearestatuesintheNorthernDynastiesgrottoes,suchasYungangGrottoes,LongmenGrottoes,DunhuangMogaoGrottoes,MaijishanGrottoes,TianlongshanGrottoes,etc.Themostmajesticcaveartisthestatueof20GuinYungang.TheBuddhastatueisfull-featured,withbroadshoulders,andthepleatedlinesarecarvedclosetothebody.Thereiskindnessinthesolemnity,showingthebosomoftheBuddha.ThebestcoloredsculptureisthestatueinDunhuangMogaoGrottoesCave259,withasubtlesmile,givingpeopleatranquilbeauty.TheremnantsoftheNorthernWeiDynastyclaysculptureunearthedatthebaseoftheYongningTempleinLuoyangarethemostexquisiteandvivid.Withtheemergenceoflandscapepoems,thelong-standingtraditionofpaintingbasedoncharactershasbeguntochange,andlandscapesceneryhasalsobecomethecontentofpainting.IntheSouthernDynasties,therewerealsomanypainterswhowerefamousfortheirfigurepaintings,andsomepeoplepaintedlandscapes"withinafewminutesandthousandsofmilesaway"onthetuanfan.NanqiXiehewrotethe"RecordsofAncientPaintings"whichstudiespaintingtheory,andthe"sixmethods"hesummarizedarenotlimitedtofigurepaintings,andhaveagreatinfluenceonlatergenerations.
ForthesculpturesofthetombsoftheSouthernDynasties,thereareShintopillars,steles,andbeastsinfrontofthetombsoftheemperorsandnoblesofthepastdynasties.Stonebeasts,alsoknownaswardingoffevil,evolvedfromtheshapeofalion.Amongthem,Tianlu(double-hornedstonebeast)infrontofEmperorQiWu'smausoleumandQilininfrontofEmperorQijing'smausoleumarethemostrepresentative.ThestyleinheritsthestonebeastcarvingsoftheHanDynasty,andisgoodatusingawholepieceofstonetoexpressitsmajesticmomentumwithrefinedtechniques.
Wei,Jin,Southernand NorthernDynasties olitheyouthperiodofthevelopmentofregularscript,andtheinscriptionsinthesouthernand NorthernDynasties olivat aarretalo ofregularscript.The BeiDynastystele on ns. engongStele","ShimenInscription", jne., samoin kuin lukuisia epitafia. Inscription.Etelädynastioiden kuuluisia monumentteja, kuten "CuanlongyanStele" ja "CraneCraneInscription" ",jne.
Military
DuringtheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,dynastieswereoftenreplacedbymilitarypowerflowingintothehandsofpowerfulofficials.ThemilitarysystemoftheSouthernDynastyextendedtotherecruitmentsystemoftheEasternJinDynasty.WithregardtothemilitarysystemoftheNorthernDynasties,intheearlyNorthernWeiDynasty,itadoptedatribalmilitarysystemcombiningsoldiersandcivilians.AftertheunificationofNorthChina,itgraduallybecameaworldmilitarysystem.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernDynasties,themilitarysystemappeared,whichbecamethebasisofthemilitarysystemintheSuiandTangDynasties.
Thesoutherndynastyarmiesaredominatedbyinfantryandnavalforces,withfewercavalry.Thesourceoftroopsoriginallycamefromtheworldmilitarysystem.However,duetotheconsumptionofwar,theescapeofsoldiers,andthedivisionofprivatehouseholds,somemilitaryhouseholdsbecamecivilianhouseholds,andthesourceoftroopstendedtobeexhausted,sotherecruitmentsystemwasadoptedasthemainforce.ThesouthernarmyisdividedintotheChinesearmy(alsoknownastheTaiwanarmy)andtheforeignarmy.TheChineseArmyisdirectlyundertheCentralCommitteeandisstationedinthecapitalatordinarytimes.IntheSouthernSongDynasty,EmperorWuoftheSongDynasty,LiuYu,strengthenedhisimperialforceinanattempttoreversethesituationofstrengthoutsideandinsideweaknesssincetheEasternJinDynasty.However,duetothefailureoftheclantokilleachother,therehavebeenrepeatedusurpationsofthethroneinthepast.Foreigntroopsareunderthesupervisionoflocalgovernors.Mostgovernorsarealsoprovincialgovernors,andtheyoftencompetewiththecentralgovernment.
IntheNorthernDynasties,theNorthernWeiarmywasdominatedbyXianbeicavalryintheearlystage,andtheirsupplieswereplunderedbythevariousministries.IntheprocessofunifyingNorthChina,theHanpeoplegraduallyjoinedthearmy.Whenthesiegebattleincreases,itbecomesamixtureofinfantryandcavalry.Afterthat,theinfantrybecamethemainforce.AftertheNorthernWeiDynastyunifiedthenorth,thearmywasdividedintotheChinesearmy,thetownsoldiers,andthestateandcountysoldiers.TheChinesearmyguardsthecapitalinpeacetime,andbecomesthemainforceinforeignwarfarewhensomethinghappens.Thegarrisonsoldiersweresetuptodefendtheborderdefenses.Thetownisequivalenttothestate,andtheguardisequivalenttothecounty.Atfirstitwasonlylocatedonthenorthernborder,andlaterexpandedtothesouthernborder.Stateandcountysoldiersarethearmythatmaintainspublicorderinthestates,andsometimestheyserveasguardsorgooutwiththearmy.InthelaterperiodoftheNorthernWeiDynasty,fixedsoldiersgraduallyformed.
Yhteiskunta
Herrat ja kenraalit
Itä-Jin-dynastian aikana klaanit ja klaanit saavuttivat huippunsa.Etelädynastioiden jälkeen, vaikka köyhän perheen isäntä olikin tullut keisarin etuoikeudeksi.
TheSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthatthechildrenoftheGaomenclansenteredthecourtasofficialsattheageof20,andthechildrenofthelandlordsofthecommontribecouldonlytrytobecomeofficialsattheageof30.Thehigh-rankingclansmovedquickly,andwithinashortperiodoftimetheycould"sitdowntothepublic."Almostalltheofficialpostsof"TsinghuaValuable"intheSouthernDynastyweremonopolizedbyGaomen.Theytriedtheirbesttomaintaintheirspecialsocialstatus,preached"thescholarsareseparatedfromtheheavens",andkeptstrictboundarieswiththepoorfamiliesofthecommonpeople.
Inordertostrictlydistinguishbetweenscholarsandconcubines,genealogyprevailed.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,threegenerationsofJiaBi'sancestorsandgrandsonsspecializedingenealogyandwrote"GenealogyoftheEighteenStateScholars"withmorethan700volumes.SongLiuZhan,QiWangjian,LiangWangSengrualsohavemonographsongenealogy.Genealogyisanimportantbasisfortheselectionofofficialsintheofficialdepartmentandatooltomaintainthepoliticalprivilegesofthegentry.However,mostgentrylandlordsneitherleadsoldierstofightnormanagepoliticalaffairs.Theyarecompletelyparasitictothesociety.Therearealsoasmallnumberofgentrywhoarecalledtheemerginggentryclass.Theytookadvantageofthesituationduringtheturmoilandmadegreatachievements.Post-payingattentiontoculturaleducationofoneselfordescendantsisthepillarofsociety.
Thegeneralsmainlyrefertolandlordsandmerchantswithoutprivileges.Theyarenotreconciledtobeingsqueezedoutandareonthepoliticalstagethroughvariouschannels.ThefoundingemperorsoftheSouthernDynastieswerealltribelandsraisedbyleadingsoldierstofightandcontrollingmilitarypower.
HanrenDianqian
Becausetheclanslackedtheabilitytodothings,theemperorwasafraidthattheywouldbedifficulttocontrol,soduringtheSouthernDynasties,theHanrenDianqianwasusedtohandlegovernmentaffairs.
IntheEasternHanDynasty,politicalaffairsreturnedtoTaige,andthepowerofCaoWeishiwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuSupervisorandZhongshuling.IntheSouthernDynasty,thepowerwasconcentratedinthehandsofZhongshuTongshisheren.Tongshisherennotonlydraftededictsfortheemperor,butalsotookchargeoftheedictsandbecamearealpowerpositionaroundtheemperor.Thetransferofpowertoneighborsreflectsthestrengtheningofimperialpower,andalsoreflectsthatthegentryhasbeeninapositionofpowerbutnopower.
DuringtheSouthernDynasties,anotherimportantpositionheldbytheHanpeoplewasthelotterylottery.InviewofthestrongpoweroftheEasternJinDynasty,themonarchsoftheSouthernDynastythreatenedthecentralgovernment,somostofthemusedthechildrenoftheclanasthechiefsofthemilitaryandpoliticalaffairsoftheprefecturesandtowns,andcontrolledthemwiththecoldpeopleastheplenarylottery.Codesigninghasamicro-weight,andimportantmattersinthestateandtownshipsmustbesignedbeforeitcanbeimplemented.DianqianreturnedtoBeijingseveraltimesayeartoreporttotheemperorthattheso-called"thebeautyandevilofthegovernor'sactionsaretiedtothemouthoftheDianqian."Therefore,thegovernorsofallkingswereveryafraidofsigning,sotherewasasayingthat"thegovernorscanonlyhearofthesigning,butnotofthegovernors".
Trilogytenants
Trilogyandtenantsarethemainpartofthedependentpopulationcontrolledbythefamilyandwealthyfamilies,andtheslavesaretheirprivateproperty.
Themainmissionofthepartwascombat,butasthefightinginthesouthdecreased,moreandmorepartswereusedinproduction.LiangZhangXiaoxiu's"dozensofhectaresoffields,hundredsofpeopleinthetrilogy,andthestrengthofthefields"isatypicalexample.
Tenantsaredividedintotwoparts,oneisbestowedbythegovernmentaccordingtoofficialquality,andtheotherisprivatelysolicited.TheEasternJinandSouthernDynastiesstipulatedthattherewerenomorethan40householdsofofficialtenantsofthefirstandsecondgrades,andthenumberofhouseholdsbeloweachgradedecreasedbyfivetotheninthgrade.Inaddition,therearecodeplans,clothing,dinersandsoon.Thispartofthetenantsdoesnothaveanindependenthouseholdregister,butisregisteredonthehouseholdregisterofthebureaucraticlandlord.Theydonotpayrenttothestateandperformhardlabor;instead,theypay50%ofthelandrenttobureaucraticlandlords.Atthattime,therewerealotoftenantswhoprivatelyrecruited"themagnatesoftheNorthandtheSouth,biddingfortravelandfood."
Thetrilogyandtenantshavebeenownedbythefamilyforgenerations.Without"self-redemption"or"dismissal",theycannotbefree.Theywereactuallyhereditaryserfswhowereboundtotheland.DuringtheEasternJinandSouthernDynasties,aristocraticfamilieshadalargenumberofslaves,andthegovernmentdidnotrestrictthem.Peasantswentbankruptandsoldthemselvesorwerelootedinexile,andtheywerethemainsourceofslaves.Theyaretheprivatepropertyofthelandlord,sotheycanbemortgagedorboughtandsold.Inordertopreventfleeing,theslaveswere"tatted".
IntheSouthernDynasties,therearemanyrecordsofslavesandmasters,escapesandriots.Undertheresistanceandstruggleoftheslaves,theruler,accordingtohisownneeds,transformedalargenumberofslavesintothetenantsofthelandlordandthesoldiersofthecountrybymeansof"mumblingasguests"and"servingslavesassoldiers".
Clothingfeatures
TheNorthernandSouthernDynastieswereaperiodofgreatchangesinthehistoryofancientChineseclothing.Atthistime,becausealargenumberofHupeoplemovedtoZhongyuan,Hufubecamefashionableclothingatthattime.Tightfit,roundneck,splitendsarethecharacteristicsofHuclothing.
Miesten vaatteet
Dress:ExceptfortheNorthernZhouDynasty,thereisstillonlyonetypeofthelargestceremonialdress,whichisroughlythesameastheHanDynasty,butthemaincoloroftheclothesisslightlydifferent.difference.
PingMianfu:Theformsandcolorsofalllevelsareroughlythesame,exceptfortheemblemsontheclothes.Theemperorusestwelvechapters,thethreemaleprincesusemountaindragonsandotherninechapters,andthenineprincesbelowuseChineseinsects,etc.Inchapterseven,theemperorusesembroiderytowritetexts,andGongqingusesweavingtowritetexts.
NorthernZhouDynastyMianfu:TheNorthernZhouDynastyEmperorWu'ssinicizationpolicywassuccessfulandvigorouslypromotedtheancientChineseZhouritualsystem.Therefore,theNorthernZhouDynasty'sclothingcolorsystemwasmostlydeterminedbytheZhouritual.
Delegationoftheappearanceofthecrowndress:adressforthepublictogiveacourteousceremony.Theclothesaredarkandtheclothesareplain,andthemiddleclothesareledbyZaoyuan.
IntheHanDynasty,thecourtclothesoftheemperorandthehundredofficialsweredistinguishedbythecrowntheywore.Theyalsohadfive-colorcourtclothes.IntheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,Crimsoncourtclotheswerethemainones.
Tongtiankruunumekko:Wei,Jin,Southern and NorthernDynasties,kaikki dynastiat käyttivät tätä mekkoa keisarin hovimekkona ja myös toisen luokan mekkona.Pukee crepepown, asashbordershirt ja mustat kengät.
FlyingTourCrown Dress:Se on kruununprinssin ja kuninkaiden kantama, yllään ylimiljoona kaapu, purppurainen pussipusero, saippuamarginaalivalkoinen unzepusero ja valkoinenkiharakaulus.
Hundredofficialcrownclothes:mainlysilkyarn.However,thesystemismorecomplicated.ThosewithhighranksuseZhuYiasthecourtdress,whilethosewithlowrankusesoapdressasthecourtdress.
Fancycolorclothes:Theofficialsoftherooftopattendantsandtheguardsareallwearingfive-colorclothes,whichareembroideredwithbrocades,andarecalledfancycolorclothes.
Changyi:Se on pääasiassa laskoshousuja, jotka ovat hyvin monipuolisia. Sitä voidaan käyttää oikeusvaatteina, sotilasasuina, arkivaatteina, jaloilta tavallisilta ihmisiltä.
Naisten vaatteet
Kuningattaren mekko temppeliin:Se onjulkaisinmekkonaisten virallisten mekkojen joukossa,jaonmyöskuningattaren hääpuku.
Uhrivaatteet temppeliin pääsyä varten: jalkavaimoille, jalkavaimoille ja jalkavaimoille.Jinin ja Etelä-Dynastioissa Song ja Chen olivat todella huipulla.
Ammattitalousmekot:Kuningattaren ammatinharjoittelurituaalien mekot ovat täysin vihreitä.
Helpingsilkwormdresses:Thedressesforconcubines,concubines,concubines,andqueenstoassistthequeensinsilkwormrituals,whichwasunderminedbyChenWeiyingintheJinandSouthernDynasties.IntheSouthernDynasty,theSongDynastywasgreenupanddown.
Thecourtdress:Thethreedynastiesmentionedaboveareregardedasthecourtdressforwomen.
Bizhoudress:Thefemaleofficialdressisthesameasthemaleofficialdress.Itisverycomplicatedandusesmanycolors,whichisquitedifferentfromthepreviousdynasty.
Binghuhuhuhu
Itä-Jinin ja Etelä-Dynastioiden aikana kansanenemmistön asema heikkeni. Monet ihmiset tulivat valtuutetuiksi palvelijoiksi.Heimojen ja vuokralaisten lisäksi jotkut kuuluivat hallitukseen.
TheJinandSouthernDynastiesinheritedthemilitarysystemsincetheThreeKingdoms.Soldiershaveservedassoldiersforgenerationsandwereextremelyoppressed.Inadditiontoperformingmilitaryservice,militaryhouseholdsalsoneedtoplowandweave,andpayrenttothestate.Thestatusofsoldiersislowerthanthatofself-employedfarmers,andevenlowerthanthatoftenants.
ThelocalinstitutionsandcentralgovernmentoftheEasternJinDynastyandSouthernDynastiesallhadacertainnumberofofficials,tensofthemasfewastensofthousandsofthem.Thelow-rankingcivilandmilitaryofficialswereforcedtoperformvariouskindsoflaborforthegovernment,cultivatetheofficialfields,andproduceinthegovernment'shandicraftworkshops.Theexploitationandoppressiontheysufferedwasparticularlyheavy.Mostofthesourcesofofficialscomefrom"officials."Suchofficialsarehereditaryandcannotbeexemptedfromserviceunlesstheyareexemptedbythegovernment.
DuringtheSouthernDynasties,therewasashortageofBaigong,thatis,allkindsofhandicraftsmen,sothegovernmentcontrolledthemextremelystrictly.Aristocratsandbureaucratswhooccupyhundredsofworkersprivatelyareoftenpunished.Afterthehundredsofworkerswererecruitedfromtheprivatesectortotheofficialworkshops,theyworkedwiththecriminalswhowereassignedtotheworkshopsalltheyearround,strugglingfromgenerationtogeneration,andtheirsocialstatuswaslow,andthesituationwasequallymiserable.
Nimi
Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastiat on jaettu dynastiaan Kiinassa, jaettu Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastiaan. Etelä-Dynastiat olivat LiuSong, XiaoQi, XiaoLiang,Liuas,Liian,Zonon,How,NorthernWNorni;theNorthernesterasZthernniasWe yhdessä Pohjois-Zhou-dynastian kahdeksan pilarin valtakunnasta, muokkasi"Jinin kirjaa"ja piti Etelä- ja Pohjois-Dynastioita.SimaGuangin"TongJianofZiZhiTongJian"koski Etelä-Dynastyasortodoksia.
AsthecontinuationoftheHannationalityregimeandtheEasternJinDynastyintheSouthernDynasty,theimperialclansofthedynastiesweremainlygentryorsub-gentry.Etc.Duetotheeffortsofthoseinpower,theruleofYuanjiaandtheruleofYongmingemerged,whichmadethecountryprosperous.Theemperorwassupportedbythemainstreamgentrywithahighreputation.However,thegentryonlywantedtomaintaintheirpoliticalstatusanddidnotfullysupporttheroyalfamily.Theemperoralsosupportedthepoortoholdmilitaryorsecondaryofficialpositionstobalancepoliticalpower.Becauseofthestruggleforthethroneintheroyalfamily,bloodyclanincidentsoftenoccurred.
DuetotheincorrectuseofstrategyandtheriseofNorthernDynasties,thesouthwasweakandthenorthwasstrong,andtheterritorygraduallymovedsouth.IntheSouthernDynasties,theLiangDynastyimprovedforEmperorWuofLiang,andthechaosofthesixtownsintheNorthernWeiDynastymadetheSouthernDynastygraduallycatchupwiththeNorthernDynasty'snationalpower.However,inhislateryears,hebelievedinBuddhism,thecountryhadbeeninpeaceforalongtime,andthepeoplewerenotaccustomedtowar.AfterHouJinginitiatedtheHouJingRebellion,EmperorLiangWudiedinTaicheng,andsomeoftheXiaoimperialfamiliesfoughtforthethrone.Diminishedandtornapart,EmperorChenWen,whofinallyarrivedintheSouthernDynastyChen,completelyunifiedtheSouthernDynasty.However,thenationalpoweroftheSouthernDynastyhasdeclined,andhecanonlyrelyontheYangtzeRivertoresisttheNorthernDynasty.
TheNorthernDynastiesinheritedtheFiveHusandSixteenKingdoms.TheroyalfamiliesoftheNorthernWeiDynastyweremostlyXianbei.TheXianbeiimperialfamilywasgraduallyinfluencedbytheHanculture,amongwhichtheSinicizationmovementofEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynastywasthemostprosperous.BecauseRouraninthenorthcontainedtheNorthernWeiDynasty,itwasdifficultfortheNorthernWeiDynastytoattacktheSouthernDynastywithallitsstrength.Itwasnotuntilthemorepro-NorthernWeiTurksreplacedRouandthenitwasmorestable.InthelateNorthernWeiDynasty,politicsgraduallydeteriorated,andthenationalpowerdeclinedgreatlyaftertheSixTowns'CivilRevolution.
TheNorthernDynastiessplitintoEasternWeiandWesternWei,whichwerereplacedbyNorthernQiandNorthernZhourespectively.ThecoreoftheNorthernQiDynastyismainlytherefugeesinthesixtownsandtheKwantungclan,anditsmilitarystrengthisrelativelystrong.DuetothefactthattherefugeesinthesixtownsatitssourcearebiasedtowardsXianbeiandtheruleristheXianbeiHanpeople,theNorthernQiDynastymainlyadvocatestheXianbeiculture.IntheNorthernZhouDynasty,whenthecountrywasfounded,theXianbeiarmywasnotasmanyastheNorthernQi,andthepoliticalstatuswasnotasgoodasthatoftheNorthernQiandtheSouthernLiang.Therefore,theGuanzhong-basedpolicywasestablishedtointegratetheXianbeiandtheHantoeliminatetheHu-Hangapasmuchaspossible.
Finally,aunitedaristocraticGuanlongGroupwasformedintheNorthernZhouDynasty,whichwasabletodefeattheNorthernQiDynasty,whichwasdecliningduetopoliticalchaos.TheHannationalitygraduallybecamethemainforceoftheNorthernZhouarmy,graduallyoccupyingthedominantpositionandthemainbody,replacingtheXianbeiaristocracy.LaidthefoundationforYangJianjianSui.AfterthedeathofEmperorWuoftheNorthernZhouDynasty,LiuFangandZhengtranslatedtheimperialorderbasedonYangJian'sgeneralknowledgeofChineseandforeignsoldiersandhorses,andenteredthedynastytoassistthegovernment.
InFebruaryofthefirstyearofDading(581),EmperorJingoftheNorthernZhouDynastyreliedonYangJian,namelyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynasty,andestablishedtheSuiDynasty.EmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyissuedanedicttoannihilateChenintheninthyearofEmperorKaihuang.China,whichhadbeensplitbetweentheNorthandtheSouthformorethan300yearsattheendoftheWesternJinDynasty,wasreunifiedagain,andtheNorthernandSouthernDynastiesformallywithdrewfromthestageofhistory.
Väestö
Taikangin ensimmäinen vuosiWesternJinDynastia (280 vuotta) | > 2 459 840 | > 16 163 863 | Data julkaisusta "BookofJin·VolumeFourteen" Currentscholarsestimatethattheactualpopulationismorethan3,000Wan |
WestJinTaikangkolme vuotta (282 vuotta) | > 3 770 000 | > 24 768 900 | ThreeKingdoms·Volume22-tiedot |
YanJianxin yhdestoista vuosi (370 vuotta) | > 2 458 969 | > 9 987 935 | Tiedot julkaisusta "Sixteen Kingdoms Spring and Autumn·Pre-Qin Records" Huomaa: Vain entinenYkainen alue sisältyy |
QinJianyuanin yhdeksästoista vuosi (383 vuotta) | > 4 000 000 | > 20 000 000 | Tiedot WangYuminin "Kiinan väestöhistoriasta" |
Kaksikymmentäyksi vuottaEasternJinDynastista (396 vuotta) | > 3 350 000 | > 17 000 000 | Tiedot WangYuminin "Kiinan väestöhistoriasta" |
LiuSongDmingeightyears(464) | > 906 870 | > 4 685 501 | Data lähteestä "Tongdian·ShihuoVII" Nykyisten tutkijoiden tutkimusten mukaan todellinen väestömäärä on yli 20 miljoonaa. |
NorthernWeiDynastyZhengguangin ensimmäinen vuosi (520 vuotta) | ①5 000 000 ②6 000 000 | ①30 000 000 ②35 000 000 | Numero①tiedot tulevat julkaisusta "DocumentationGeneralTest·Volume10" ②Kotitalouksien määrä tulee WangYuminin versiosta "Kiinan väestöhistoriasta" p>②ThenumberofmouthpiecesisfromGeJianxiong's"TheHistoryofChinesePopulationDevelopment" Inthe1920s,thepopulationoftheNorthernWeiDynastyreached6millionhouseholdsand35million,plusthe20millioninNanliang.Thetotalpopulationofthenorthandsouthexceeds50million. |
Yongxin kolmas vuosi Pohjois-Wei-dynastiassa (534 vuotta) | > 3 375 368 | > 20 252 208 | Tiedot tulevat "CentralExamPaperista"十》 |
LonghuainNorthernQin toinen vuosi (577) | ①3 302 528 ②3 032 528 | ①20 006 886 ②20 006 880 | Nro ①tiedot tulevat osoitteesta"ZhouShu·Juan6" No.②datacomesfrom"TongDian·ShihuoVII" 因学者考虑逃避沉重赋役而避于寺庙的僧尼人口而认为北齐河清三年（564年）人口峰值达2200多万，后因北齐后主的残暴统治及齐末战乱，齐亡时人口锐减回两千万。 |
南陈太建九年（577年） | ①500 000 ②600 000 | ①2 000 000 ②2 400 000 | ①号数据出自《北史·卷十一》 ②号数据出自《隋书·卷二十九》 据学者考证南陈实际人口达1500万 |
北周大象二年（580年） | ①3 599 604 ②1 599 604 | > 9 009 604 | 数据出自《通典·食货七》 注：仅含北周旧地，因学者考虑未纳入统计的军户、隐户、少数民族等人群而认为北周至少有1250万人。 |
北周大定元年（581年） | > 4 622 528 | > 29 016 484 | 数据出自《十六国北朝人口考察》 因考虑到隐匿户口，学者路遇、腾泽之认为北周灭齐后有3250万人。 |
隋朝大业五年（609年） | > 8 907 536 | > 46 019 956 | 数据出自《通典·食货七》 因学者考虑到依附于世家门阀的浮客、部曲、奴婢、客女以及官户、匠户、乐户、佃农等大量未纳入户口统计的人群，因此学者认为隋朝人口峰值约达5032万。 |
科学
在整个魏晋南北朝期间，由于边疆民族内迁、北方人群的南下，造成文化大交流及混成。由于儒学一统的局面打破以及玄道佛的兴起，使得学术研究朝向多元化。各国为了生存或战争，多少推行一些改革措施以确保某些地区农业与手工业的发展。这些都使得科学技术大幅提升。
地理
郦道元从小志于地理学研究。由于当时地理著作不够完备，所以他在各地做官之际进行实地考察。然后他以《水经》为蓝本，完成《水经注》。《水经注》为陆地水文地理，他以水道为纲，详细描绘其本身性质与周边环境，为中国古代地理学做出杰出贡献。
农学
贾思勰为北魏农学家，家境较为富裕，他面对当时的天灾人祸及连年饥荒，主张重视农业，并以齐民谋生为己任，所以决定写出一本农书。他所写的《齐民要术》在中国或世界的农学史上均占有重要地位。《齐民要术》以当时黄河中下游地区，特别是山东地区为重点。描述当时农业生产概貌，并介绍中国传统农业细耕和多种经营方法和包括食品加工技术在内的农业科技的高超水准。
数学
祖冲之为南朝宋人，家族历代成员大多熟悉天文历算，所以祖冲之从小对天算有兴趣。他平生著作丰富，天文方面有《上“大明历”表》、《驳议》；数学方面有《缀术》、《九章术义注》、《重差术》。他在科学有三大成就，一，在张衡、刘徽的基础上，将圆周率数值精准到小数点后七位数字。二，他是世界上第一个将“岁差”数值记入历法运算中，他还将闰月规则修整，这是唐代之前最好的方法。三，在机械方面，他还制作出指南车、千里船（即脚踏轮船）、水力运转的水碓模，以同一原动轮带动碓和磨作功。