Johdanto
Naturalscienceisthescienceofstudyingnaturethematerialform,structure,natureandmovementlawsofnature.Itincludesbasicsciencessuchasphysics,chemistry,biology,astronomy,andearthsciences,andappliedsciencessuchasmedicine,agriculture,meteorology,andmaterialsscience.Itisasummaryofthepracticalexperienceofmankind'stransformationofnature,thatis,theexperienceofproductionstruggle.Itsdevelopmentdependsonthedevelopmentofproduction.
Inprimitivesocieties,humans’strugglesagainstnatureareinfluencedbyprimitivereligionsandotherconsciousnessesduetotheirsimpleandclumsyproductiontools,Thedevelopmentofnaturalscienceisslow.However,everyscientificandtechnologicalprogressmadebymankindhaspromotedthedevelopmentofproductionandatthesametimepromotedthecontinuousaccumulationofnaturalscienceknowledge,heraldingnewbreakthroughsinscienceandtechnology.Therefore,althoughthepeopleatthattimewerestillinastateofignoranceandbarbarism,intheprocessoftheirstrugglewithnature,theyusedhardworkandwisdomtocontinuouslypromotethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.
TheancienthumansiteofMolídelSaltnearTarragona,Spain,UniversitatRoviraiVirgili(UniversitatRoviraiVirgili)andCataloniaAnarchaeologicalstudyjointlyconductedbytheCatalanInstituteofHumanPaleoecologyandSocialEvolution(theCatalanInstituteofHumanPaleoecologyandSocialEvolution)hasshownthathumansinthelatePaleolithicperiodhavebeguntorecyclestonewaredailynecessities.TheresearchconclusionwaspublishedinthelatestissueoftheAmericanJournalofArchaeologicalScience(JournalofArchaeologicalScience).
ResearcherscametotheaboveconclusionafterstudyingburnedstoneartifactsunearthedattheancienthumansiteofMolídelSaltnearTarragona,Spain.Theybelievethattheseburntstonewareproductscanbeusedtojudgethedifferentformsofstonewarebeforeandafterrecycling.TheresearchresultsshowthatthephenomenonofrecyclingofdailynecessitieshasbeenverycommoninthelatePaleolithicperiod.Thiskindofrecyclingbehaviorismainlyforemergency.StudieshaveshownthatinthelatePaleolithicperiod,whenpeopleencounteredemergencysituationsintheirdailylives,inordertoavoidwastingtimebylookingformaterialstomaketools,theybegantochoosetousetoolsabandonedbytribeswhohadlivedtherebefore.Thisalsobecameoneofthefactorsthatpeoplehadtoconsiderwhenchoosingaplacetolive.
Thedeterminationofthepositionisofgreatsignificancetopeople'sproductionandlife.Theancientshavemasteredtheknowledgeofpositionidentificationveryearly.Theyexploredthedifferentdirectionsofthenorth,south,east,andwestfromthelawsoftheappearanceofstarssuchastheBigDipperatsunrise,sunset,andaftersunset.Theypaidattentiontotheorientationwhentheywerebuildinghousesandburyingthedead.Forexample,theorientationofhousingismostlysouth;inthesamecemetery,orevenindifferentcemeteriesofthesamearchaeologicalculture,mostofthedeadhavetheirheadsfacingthesamedirection.Althoughsomeofthemhaveaslightdeviationfromthepositivedirection(truesouth,truenorth,etc.),thebasicdirectionremainsthesame(afewtombsindifferentdirectionsshouldberelatedtothecauseofdeath).Forexample,thearrangementoftombsinBanpoCemeteryinXi'anisveryneat,andtheirdirectionsarebasicallythesame.Ifthereisaslightdeviation,thedifferencebetweenthemandthedirectionofthewestisnomorethan20°.The114tombsclearedintheearlierXinzhengPeiligangCemeterywereallrectangularverticalcavetombs,arrangeddenselyandregularly,withallheadsfacingsouthorslightlywest.Theseexamplesshowthatpeople8000yearsagohavebasicallymasteredthemethodoforientation.
Generallyspeaking,AncientGreecePeopleThylus、Aristotleisthefounderofnaturalsciences,GalileoGalileiistheinitiativetointroduceexperimentsintonaturalsciencespeople.Beforethe18thcentury,Europeannaturalscienceandphilosophywerealmostinseparable.RenéDescartes,GottfriedWilliamLeibniz,JohnLockeandotherfamousphilosopherswerealsonaturalscientists.Intheearlydaysofthedevelopmentofnaturalscience,thesystematicstudyofnaturalobjectsorclassificationswascallednaturalhistory(English:naturalhistory,Latin:historicanaturalis).
Tutkimuskentät
Fysiikka
Fysiikkaisthestudyofthemostgenerallawsofmotion,interaction,andthebasicexistenceandstructureofmatterinnatureHierarchicalscienceisanaturalsciencebasedonexperiments.Itstheoreticalstructuremakesfulluseofmathematicsasitsworkinglanguageandexperimentsasthesolecriterionfortestingthecorrectnessofthetheory.Therefore,itisthemostsophisticatednaturalscience.
Aneternalthemeofphysicsistofindvariousorders,symmetryandsymmetrybreaking,conservationlawsorinvariance.Allnaturalphenomenawillnotviolatethelawsofphysics.Therefore,physicsisthefoundationofothernaturalsciencesandallmoderntechnologies.
Theactualphysicalphenomenaandphysicallawsaregenerallymorecomplicatedandinvolvemanyfactors.Abandonthesecondaryfactors,graspthemainfactors,soastohighlighttheessentialcharacteristicsofobjectivethings,thisiscalledbuildingaphysicalmodel.Theessenceofphysicsistoestablishaphysicalmodelfortheresearchobject,usemathematicaltoolstostudythemodel,andthenexplainandpredicttheresearchobject.
Physicalmodels,physicallaws,physicalformulas/equations,andphysicalimagesconstitutethebasicmanifestationofphysicaltheory,andtheyareallimportantpartsofphysicallanguage.
Thecorecontentofphysicsdeservestobepopularizedbyeveryone.Thecurrenttextbooksshouldstrengthenthepopularizationofmodernphysics,becausethephenomenainvolvedinitaregenerallynotperceptibleintuitively,butactuallyexistobjectively,andtherearesomeweirdonesinmanylegends.Allofthenaturalphenomenacanbeexplainedonebyonewiththehelpofmodernphysics(ierelativity,quantummechanics,nonlinearphysics,etc.).Obviously,howimportantisthepositionofphysicsinmankind's"scientificunderstandingofnatureandtheeliminationofsuperstitions"!
Kemia
Kemiaisthescienceofstudyingthecomposition,structure,properties,andchanginglawsofsubstancesfromtheatomicandmolecularlevels.
Differentfromthestudyofsmallerparticlephysicsandnuclearphysics,thematerialstructurescaleofchemicalresearch-elements,atoms,molecules,ions(clusters)andinteractionscales-chemicalbonds,intermolecularForceisthemicroscopicnaturallawmostcloselyrelatedtomatterandmaterialinthemacroscopicworldofhumanexistence.Theuniverseiscomposedofmatter.Asanimportantbridgebetweenthemicroscopicandmacroscopicmaterialworlds,chemistryisoneofthemainmethodsandmeansusedbyhumanstounderstandandtransformthematerialworld.
Kemiaisasubjectwithalonghistoryandfullofvitality,anditsachievementsareanimportantsymbolofsocialcivilization.Fromtheprimitivesocietythatstartedusingfiretothemodernsocietythatusesallkindsofman-madesubstances,humanbeingsareenjoyingthefruitsofchemistry.Humanlifecanbecontinuouslyimprovedandimproved,andthecontributionofchemistryplaysanimportantroleinit.Kemiaiscloselyrelatedtohumanprogressandsocialdevelopment,anditsachievementsareanimportantsymbolofsocialmaterialcivilization.Therefore,chemistryis"thefoundationofmaterialscience,thecoreofmaterialscience,andthebackingofmaterialindustry".Itisadisciplinewithalonghistoryandfullofvitality.
Biologia
Biologia(biology),alsoknownasbiologicalscience,isthescienceofstudyingthenature,characteristics,occurrenceanddevelopmentoflifephenomenaandlifeactivities.Itcanbeusedtoeffectivelycontrollifeactivities,activelytransformthebiologicalworld,andbenefitmankind.Biologiaiscloselyrelatedtohumansurvival,people'shealth,economicconstruction,andsocialdevelopment.Itisthemostconcernedbasicnaturalscienceintheworldtoday.
Biologiaoriginatedfromnaturalhistory,experiencedexperimentalbiology,molecularbiology,andenteredtheperiodofsystemsbiology.
Fyysinen maantiede
Fyysinen maantiede(EarthScience)istheprocessandchangeoftheearthsystem(includingtheatmosphere,hydrosphere,lithosphere,biosphere,andsolar-terrestrialspace)andThescienceofwhichinteractionistheobjectofresearch.Itmainlyincludesgeography(includingsoilscienceandremotesensing),geology,geophysics,geochemistry,atmosphericscience,oceanscienceandspacephysics,aswellasnewinterdisciplinarysubjects(earthsystemscience,geoinformationscience)andothersub-disciplines.
Tähtitiede
Tähtitiede(Tähtitiede)isthescienceofstudyingthestructureanddevelopmentoftheuniverse,spaceandcelestialbodies.Thecontentincludesthestructure,natureandoperationlawsofcelestialbodies.Mainlybyobservingtheradiationemittedbycelestialbodiestotheearth,discoveringandmeasuringtheirpositions,exploringtheirlawsofmotion,studyingtheirphysicalproperties,chemicalcomposition,internalstructure,energysourcesandtheirevolutionarylaws.
Tutkimusmenetelmä
Tieteellinen kokeilumenetelmä
Scientificexperiment,productionpracticeandsocietyPracticeandcalledthethreemajorpracticalactivitiesofmankind.Practiceisnotonlythesourceofthetheory,butalsotheonlycriterionfortestingthecorrectnessofthetheory.Scientificexperimentisthesourceandteststandardofthetheoryofnaturalscience.Especiallyinmodernnaturalscienceresearch,anynewdiscoveries,newinventions,andnewtheoriesmustbebasedonreproducibleexperimentalresults,otherwisetheywillnotbeacceptedbyothers,evenpublishedacademicpapers.Itmayberetracted.Evenapurelytheoreticalresearchermusthaveafairlyin-depthunderstandingoftheexperimentalresultsandeventheexperimentalprocessheisconcernedabout.Therefore,itcanbesaidthatscientificexperimentsareextremelyimportantactivitiesandresearchmethodsinthedevelopmentofnaturalsciences.
Matemaattinen menetelmä
Matemaattinen menetelmähastwodifferentconcepts.Themathematicalmethodinthebookofmethodologyreferstothemethodofthinkingintheresearchanddevelopmentofmathematics,andthemathematicalmethodtobeexplainedhereisItisamethodofthinkingoftenusedinnaturalscienceresearch.Itsconnotationis:itisascientificabstractthinkingmethod.Itsfundamentalcharacteristicistosetasideallothercharacteristicsoftheresearchobjectandonlyextractvariousquantitiesandchangesinquantities.Andtherelationshipbetweenthevariousquantities,thatis,tomakescientificconceptsorprinciplessymbolizeandformulateonthepremiseofbeingobjective,andusemathematicallanguage(thatis,mathematicaltools)toperformlogicalderivation,calculations,calculations,andquantitativeanalysisofsymbols.Formamathematicalexplanationandpredictionoftheresearchobject,andrevealtheregularityoftheresearchobjectfromthequantitativeaspect.Thisspecialabstractmethodiscalledamathematicalmethod.
SystemScienceMethod
SystemScienceisthescienceaboutsystemsandtheirevolutionarylaws.Althoughthissubjecthasonlybeenproducedsincethefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,ithasdevelopedrapidlyduetoitsextensiveapplicationvalueandhasnowbecomeascientificfieldthatincludesmanybranches.Itincludes:generalsystemtheory,cybernetics,informationtheory,systemsengineering,large-scalesystemtheory,systemdynamics,operationsresearch,gametheory,dissipativestructuretheory,synergy,hypercycletheory,generallifesystemtheory,socialsystemtheory,PansystemsAnalysis,GreySystemTheoryandotherbranches.Thesebrancheseachstudydifferentsystems.Natureitselfisaninfinitelylargeandinfinitelycomplexsystem.Therearemanydifferentsystemsinnature,andsystemsareuniversal.Allthingsandprocessescanberegardedassystemswithdifferentdegreesoforganization,sothattheprinciplesofsystemsciencehavegeneralityandhigheruniversality.Usingtheprinciplesofsystemsciencetostudythestructure,functionandevolutionofvarioussystemsiscalledthesystemsciencemethod.Ithasbeenwidelyusedinvariousresearchfields,especiallyinthefieldsofbiology(ecosystem)andeconomics(economy).Managementsystem)isthemosteye-catchingapplication.Systemscienceresearchhastwobasiccharacteristics:oneisthatitiscloselyrelatedtoengineeringtechnology,economicconstruction,businessmanagement,environmentalscience,etc.,andhasastrongapplication;thesecondisthatitstheoreticalbasisisnotonlysystemtheory,butalsoDependsonvariousrelatedspecializeddisciplines,andiscloselyrelatedtosomemodernbranchesofmathematics.Becauseofthis,peoplethinkthatthesystematicscientificmethodgenerallyreferstothemathematicalmodeloftheresearchsystemandthestructureanddesignmethodofthesystem.
Yhteys yhteiskuntatieteisiin
Erot
Naturalsciencesandsocialsciencesarebothobjectivesciencesthatstudythelawsoftheworld.Differentfromtheuniversalityofnaturalsciences,socialscienceshavedifferencesunderdifferentspecificconditions,whichrequirespecificanalysis.Naturalscienceencompassesresearchinmanyfields.Naturalscienceusuallytriestoexplainthattheworldoperatesaccordingtonaturalprocedures,ratherthanthroughsupernaturalmeans.Infact,itisbasedonaweoftheuniverseitself.Thetermnaturalscienceisalsousedtoposition"science"asadisciplinethatcomplieswiththescientificmethod.Naturalscience(naturalscience)isthegeneraltermforvarioussciencesthatstudyinorganicnatureandorganicnatureincludinghumanbiologicalattributes.Theobjectofhiscognitionistheentirenature,thatis,thevarioustypes,states,attributesandmovementformsofnaturalsubstances.Thetaskofitsunderstandingistorevealtheessenceofthephenomenaandprocessesthatoccurinnature,tograsptheregularityofthesephenomenaandprocesses,andtoforeseenewphenomenaandprocesses,andtoopenupavarietyofwaysfortherationalandpurposefuluseofthelawsofnatureinsocialpractice.Possibleway.
Socialscienceisascienceaboutthenatureandlawsofsocialthings.Socialscienceisthescientificstudyofhumansocialphenomena.Forexample,sociologystudieshumansociety(mainlycontemporary),politicalsciencestudiespolitics,policyandrelatedactivities,andeconomicsstudiesresourceallocation."Socialscience"inabroadsenseisthecollectivetermforthehumanitiesandsocialsciences,includingthehumanities.
Ottaa yhteyttä
Inthedevelopmentprocessofmodernscience,thenewscientificandtechnologicalrevolutionprovidesnewmethodsandmeansfortheresearchofsocialsciences.Socialscienceandnaturalsciencearemutuallyinfiltratedandconnected.Strengtheningdaybyday.
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