Termien määritelmä
Nanoscienceandtechnologyisanappliedsciencethatstudiesthedesignmethods,composition,characteristics,andapplicationsofmaterialsandequipmentatthenanometersize(1~100nm).Theoriginalideaof"nanoscience"camefromalecturegivenbythefamousphysicistFeynmanatCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyin1959.Aftermorethanhalfacenturyofdevelopment,especiallyattheendofthelastcentury,withthesignificantimprovementofmeasurementandcharacterizationtechnology,nanoscienceandtechnologyhavedevelopedrapidly,andithasbecomeanemergingresearchthatintegratescutting-edge,intersectingandmultidisciplinarycharacteristics.Thefield,itstheoreticalbasisandresearchobjectsinvolvemanydifferentdisciplinessuchasphysics,chemistry,materialsscience,mechanics,microelectronics,biologyandmedicine.
Inthe21stcentury,countriesaroundtheworldhaverealizedthatnanotechnologyhashadahugeimpactonsocialeconomicdevelopment,scientificandtechnologicalprogress,andhumanlife.Theyhaveincreasedtheirresearcheffortsonnanotechnologyandlistedthem.Itisthemostimportantscienceandtechnologyofthe21stcentury.TheUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnion,andJapanhavelistedtheresearchanddevelopmentofnanoscienceandtechnologyasanimportantpartofthedevelopmentofnationalscienceandtechnology.mycountryalsoestablishedtheNationalNanoscienceResearchCenterin2003andlistednanoscienceandtechnologyresearchasa"OneofthefourkeydisciplinesintheOutlineoftheNationalMediumandLong-termScienceandTechnologyDevelopmentPlan.
Anewlydevelopedhightechnologycapableofoperatingobjectsassmallas0.1-100nm.Biochipsandbiosensorscanallbeattributedtothecategoryofnanotechnology.
Sovellus
Currentresearchandapplicationofnanotechnologyaremainlyinmaterialsandpreparation,microelectronicsandcomputertechnology,medicineandhealth,aerospaceandaviation,environmentandenergy,biotechnologyandagriculturalproductsetc.Theequipmentmadeofnanomaterialsislighterinweight,strongerinhardness,longerinlife,lowerinmaintenancecosts,andmoreconvenientindesign.Theuseofnanomaterialscanalsoproducematerialswithspecificpropertiesormaterialsthatdonotexistinnature,andproducebiologicalmaterialsandbionicmaterials.
1.Nanoisaunitofmeasurementofgeometricdimensions,1nanometer=onemillionthofamillimeter.
2.Nanotechnologyhasdriventhetechnologicalrevolution.
3.Nanoteknologialla valmistetut lääkkeet voivat tukkia kapillaareja ja "nälkäänä" syöpäsoluja.
4.Ifnano-integrateddevicesareusedonthesatellite,thesatellitewillbesmallerandeasiertolaunch.
5.Nanotechnologyisamulti-scientificsynthesis,andsomegoalswilltakealongtimetoachieve.
6.Nanotechnology,informationscienceandtechnology,andlifescienceandtechnologyarethecurrentmainstreamofscientificdevelopment.Theirdevelopmentwillmakehumansociety,livingenvironmentandscienceandtechnologythemselvesbetter.
7.Nanotechnologycanobservethepathologicalchangesandconditionsofcancercellsinthepatient'sbody,allowingdoctorstoprescribetherightmedicine.
Nanohiukkaset
Nanohiukkasetaretheprimitivesofnanomaterials.Usephysical,chemicalandbiologicalmethodstoprepare"particles"containingonlyafewhundredorafewthousandatomsandmolecules.These"particles"areonlyafewnanometersinsize.
★Nano-metalparticleswithirritabletemper,flammableandexplosiveTheatomsonthesurfaceofmetalnano-particlesareverylively.Experimentshavefoundthatifmetalliccopperoraluminumismadeintonanoparticles,itwillburnviolentlyandexplodewhenexposedtoair.Nano-particlepowdercanbeusedasfuelandcatalystforsuccessfulsolidrockets
★Herculesinthematerialworld-nano-metalblockMetalnano-particlepowderismadeintoblockMetalmaterials,itwillbecomeverystrong,thestrengthistentimeshigherthanthatofordinarymetals,andatthesametimeitcanbeasflexibleasrubber.
★WonderfulcarbonnanotubesCarbonnanotubesarecage-like"fibers"curledfromoneormorelayersofcarbonatomsingraphite.Theinsideisempty.Theouterdiameterisonlyafewtotensofnanometers.Thespecificgravityisonlyone-sixthofsteel,butthestrengthis100timesthatofsteel.Light,softandverystrongmaterialsarebestusedasbulletproofvests.Ifaropeismadeofcarbonnanotubes,itistheonlyropethatishungfromthemoontothesurfaceoftheearth,andisnotbrokenbyitsownweight.Ifyouuseitasanelevatorfortheearth-themoontotakepeople.
★ChangeablecolorNano-oxideMaterialsThegreatestabilityofoxidenanoparticlesisundertheactionofelectricfieldorThecolorchangesquicklyunderthelight.Theglassesandadvertisingboardsmadeintothesoldier'sprotectivelasergunwillbecomemorecolorfulundertheactionofelectricityandlight.
★Rigidandflexiblenano-ceramicTheceramicmadeofnano-ceramicpowderhasacertaindegreeofplasticity,highhardnessandhightemperatureresistance,sothattheenginecanworkatahighertemperature.Thecarwillrunfasterandtheplanewillflyhigher.
★CleanNanomaterialsThetransparentoleophobicandhydrophobicnanomaterialparticlesarecombinedonthebuildingsurfaceorwindowglass,andthebuildingwillnotbesoiledbyoilintheair.Theglasswillnotbestainedwithwatervaporandwillalwaysbetransparent.Puttingthiskindofnano-particlesintothefabricfiberswillmaketheclothesnotstainedwithdustandsavealotoftroubleofwashing.
★SemiconductornanomaterialswithboundlesspowerThebiggestuseofsemiconductornanomaterialsisthattheycanemitlightofvariouscolorsandcanbemadeintoultra-smalllaserlightsources.Itcanalsoabsorbthelightenergyinsunlight;turnthemdirectlyintoelectricalenergy.
★The"missile"thattransportsdrugsmakesdrugsintonanoparticlesorputsdrugsintomagneticnanoparticles.Theseparticlescanmovefreelyinbloodvesselsandhumantissues.Iftheyareguidedoutsidethehumanbodysothatthedrugsareconcentratedinthediseasedtissues,theeffectofdrugtreatmentwillbegreatlyimproved.
★Newnanomaterials--carbonnanotubesRecently,scientistsareworkingonanewtypeofnanomaterial--carbonnanotubes,whichisaverypeculiarmaterial,Itisacage-like"fiber"formedbycurlingoneorseverallayersofcarbonatomsingraphite.Theinsideishollow,andtheoutsidediameterisonlyafewtotensofnanometers.Thismaterialisverylightbutverystrong.Itsdensityis1/6thatofsteel,anditsstrengthis100timesthatofsteel.Itisbesttousesuchalight,soft,andverystrongmaterialtomakeabulletproofvest.Ifcarbonnanotubesareusedasarope,itistheonlyropethatcanbehungfromthemoontothesurfaceoftheearthwithoutbeingpulledbyitsownweight.Ifitisusedasanearth-moonelevatorforpeople,itwillbeeasyforpeopletosettleonthemoon.Thefinetipsofcarbonnanotubesareveryeasytoemitelectrons.Usedasanelectrongun,itcanbemadeintoawall-mountedTVscreenwithathicknessofseveralcentimeters.ThisisthedevelopmentdirectionoftheTVmanufacturingindustry.
Kehityshistoria
Nanotechnologyisascienceandtechnologythatusessingleatomsandmoleculestomakematter.Nanoscienceandtechnologyisascienceandtechnologybasedonmanymodernadvancedscienceandtechnology,itismodernscience(chaoticphysics,quantummechanics,mesoscopicphysics,molecularbiology)andmoderntechnology(computertechnology,microelectronicsandscanningtunnelingmicroscopetechnology,Asaresultofthecombinationofnuclearanalysistechnology,nanoscienceandtechnologywillleadtoaseriesofnewscienceandtechnology,suchasnanoelectronics,nanomaterialscience,andnanomechanics.①
Today,thelargestscaleofthematerialworldthathumanscanstudyisabout1billionlight-years,whichistheapproximaterangeoftheuniversewehaveobserved.Thesmallestscaleofthematerialworldstudiedbyhumansisabout0.1Ami.
Niin sanottu "nano"innanoteknologia ilmaistaankansainvälisissä yksiköissä ja symboleina nm.Fysiikan atomien suhteen anatomian halkaisija 0,1-0,3 nm.
Nanotechnologyreferstothestudyofthepropertiesandinteractionsofsubstances,suchasatomsandmolecules,onthenanometerscale(between1nmand100nm),aswellasmultidisciplinaryscienceandtechnologythatutilizetheseproperties.Whenthesubstanceisassmallas1-100nm,itsquantumeffect,thelocalityofthesubstance,andthehugesurfaceandinterfaceeffectscausequalitativechangesinmanypropertiesofthesubstance,presentingmanysingularitiesthatarenotonlydifferentfrommacroscopicobjects,butalsodifferentfromsingleisolatedatoms.Phenomenon.Theultimategoalofnanotechnologyistodirectlyproduceproductswithspecificfunctionsbasedonthenovelphysical,chemicalandbiologicalpropertiesofatoms,moleculesandsubstancesonthenanoscale.
Asfortheoriginofnanotechnology,thefamousphysicistandNobellaureateRichardFeynmanwasthefirsttoputforwardscientificandtechnologicalissuesonthenanoscale.In1959,heproposedinafamouslecture:Ifhumanscanprocessmaterialsandpreparedevicesonthescaleofatomsandmolecules,wewillhavemanyexcitingnewdiscoveries.Hepointedoutthatweneednewminiaturizedinstrumentstomanipulatenanostructuresanddeterminetheirproperties.Atthattime,chemistrywillbecomeamatterofaccuratelyplacingatomsonebyoneaccordingtopeople'swishes.In1974,Taniguchiwasthefirsttousethetermnanotechnologytodescribefinemachining.Inthelate1970s,ProfessorDrexleroftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyadvocatedtheresearchofnanotechnology,butmostmainstreamscientistsatthattimewereskeptical.②
Althoughthemainstreamscientistsatthetimewerenotveryoptimisticaboutnanotechnologyandwerealwaysskeptical,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,nanotechnologywasgraduallyrevealedtoscientistslikealotusflower.
Inthe1970s,scientistsbegantoputforwardideasaboutnanotechnologyfromdifferentangles.Scientistswantedtousenanotechnologytorealizethatchemicalmaterialsandbiologicalmaterialscouldnotbecompletedatthattime,buttherearestillmanyscientistswhoholdnegativeopinions.Theybelievethatnanotechnologyisjustatechnologythatcanonlybeimaginedbutnotcompleted.Until1974,scientistDonnyGucciwasthefirsttousethetermnanotechnologytodescribeprecisionmachining.Sincethen,nanotechnologyhasbeenslowlyrecognizedbypeople
In1982,scientistsinventedanimportanttoolforresearchingnanometers—scanningtunnelingmicroscope.Thisimportanttoolgavebirthtoafieldof0.1to100nanometersinthehumanworld.Thelengthisthemolecularworldofresearch,anditsultimategoalistodirectlyuseatomsormoleculestoconstructproductswithspecificfunctions.Thisimportanttoolhasplayedapositiveroleinpromotingthedevelopmentofnanotechnology.
InJuly1990,thefirstInternationalNanoscienceandTechnologyConferencewasheldinBaltimore,USA,markingtheofficialbirthofnanoscienceandtechnology.
In1991,carbonnanotubeswerediscoveredbyhumans.Itsmassisone-sixthofthesamevolumeofsteel,butitsstrengthis10timesthatofsteel.Thediscoveryofthistechnologyhasmadenanotechnologyaresearchbyscientists.Hotspot.ProfessorSmalley,winneroftheNobelPrizeinChemistry,believesthatcarbonnanotubeswillbethematerialofchoiceforthebestfibersinthefuture,andwillalsobewidelyusedinultra-microwires,ultra-microswitches,andnano-levelelectroniccircuits.
In1997,Americanscientistssuccessfullyusedasingleelectrontomoveasingleelectronforthefirsttime.Usingthistechnology,itisexpectedthataquantumcomputerwithaspeedandstoragecapacitythousandsoftimeshigherthanthecurrentonecanbedevelopedin20years..
In1999,scientistsfromBrazilandtheUnitedStatesinventedtheworld’ssmallest“scale”whenconductingcarbonnanotubeexperiments.Weight;soonafterthat,Germanscientistsdevelopedascalethatcouldweightheweightofasingleatom,breakingtherecordjointlycreatedbyAmericanandBrazilianscientists.③
By1999,nanotechnologygraduallyenteredthemarket,andtheannualturnoverofnanoproductsreachedUS$50billion.
Inrecentyears,somecountrieshaveformulatedrelevantstrategiesorplansandinvestedheavilytoseizethestrategicheightsofnanotechnology.Japansetupananomaterialsresearchcenter,andincludednanotechnologyastheR&Dfocusofthenew5-yearscienceandtechnologybasicplan;Germanyestablishedananotechnologyresearchnetwork;theUnitedStatesregardsthenanotechnologyprojectasthecoreofthenextindustrialrevolution,andtheUnitedStatesgovernmentdepartmentsregardnanotechnologyasthefoundationInvestmentinresearchhasincreasedfromUS$116millionin1997toUS$497millionin2001,andinvestmentinrecentyearshascontinuedtoincreasesubstantially.
Inshort,therapiddevelopmentofnanotechnologywasinthelate1980sandearly1990s.Intheearly1980s,Feynmaninventedtheimportantinstrumentsfornanotechnologyresearch-scanningtunnelingmicroscope(STM),atomicforcemicroscope(AFM)andothermicroscopiccharacterizationandmanipulationtechniques,whichplayedaconsiderableroleinthedevelopmentofnanotechnology.enhancement.
Atpresent,nanotechnologyhasbecomearelativelycommonscienceinhumanscience,butthedevelopmentofnanotechnologyhasjustbegun.Nanotechnologywillbringmanyunexpectedbenefitstomankindinthefuture.
AccordingtotheintroductionofmaterialsprovidedbyJapan’sAppleResearchInstitute,apredictionmadebytheAmericanventurecompanyZebex,knownforitsresearchonmolecularmachinery,believesthatthedevelopmentofnanotechnologymayexperiencethefollowingfiveStage:
Thedevelopmentfocusofthefirststageistoaccuratelycontrolnanostructuredsubstanceswithlessthan100atoms.Thisrequirestheuseofcomputerdesign/manufacturingtechnologyandexistingfactoryequipmentandultra-precisionelectronicdevices.ThemarketsizeatthisstageisapproximatelyUS$500million.
Thesecondstageistheproductionofnanostructuredmaterials.Atthisstage,themanufactureofnanostructuredmaterialsandnanocompositematerialswillreachthelevelofpracticality.Includingorganicnanomaterialsmadefromorganiccalciumcarbonate,itsstrengthwillreach3000timesthatofinorganicsinglecrystalmaterials.Themarketsizeatthisstageisbetween5billionand20billionU.S.dollars.
Inthethirdstage,massproductionofcomplexnanostructuredsubstanceswillbecomepossible.Thisrequiresadvancedcomputerdesign/manufacturingsystems,targetdesigntechnology,computersimulationtechnologyandassemblytechnology.ThemarketsizeatthisstagecanreachUS$10billiontoUS$100billion.
Nanocomputerswillberealizedinthefourthstage.ThemarketsizeatthisstagewillreachUS$200billiontoUS$1trillion.
Inthefifthstage,scientistswilldevelopcomponentsanddevicesthatcanmanufacturepowersourcesandprogramself-discipline,andthemarketsizewillreach6trillionUSdollars.
Zibexbelievesthatalthoughthetimingofeachstageofnanotechnologyisveryuncertainanddifficulttoaccuratelypredict,itispossiblethatnanotechnologywilldeveloptothethirdstagebefore2010.,Thetechnologybeyondthe"quantumeffectbarrier"willreachthelevelofpracticality.④
Ibelievethatnanotechnologywillbringhugebenefitstomankindinthenearfuture,anditwillbeanothermajortechnologicalhotspotpursuedbyworldpowersaftercomputerandgenetictechnology.Becausethecharmofnanotechnologyismainlythatitcanredefinealmostallthecurrenthightechnologyofmankind.Withthegradualstartofnanotechnology,manyalienhigh-techdescribedinsciencefictionhavealsobecomeextremelypossibleforpeopleonearth.
①Excerptfrom:NanomaterialsPhysicsFoundationZhangBangweiChemicalIndustryPress
②Excerptfrom:NanomaterialsElectrochemistryG.HoltzSciencePress
③Ote lähteestä:Nanobioteknologia:Concepts'SovellussandProspectsCMNiemeyer(ChristofM.Niemeyer),CAMoerkin(ChadA.Mirkin),MaGuanghui,SuZhiguoChemicalIndustryPress
④Excerptfrom:ChinaScienceAssociationInformationCenter