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Accordingtoarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofpotterypotswereunearthedinBanpoasburialsitesinthelateNeolithicperiod.AlargenumberofpigheadsandmandiblesweresacrificedinDawenkouculture,indicatingthatpigsandpotteryhadplayedtheroleofcurrencywealthinthelaterperiodofprimitivesociety.Butasweallknow,theancientphysicalcurrencywithawidercirculationis"shell".Becauseasphysicalcurrency,cattle,sheep,pigsandotherlivestockcannotbedivided,grainsareperishable,therearetoofewpearlsandjade,andthebladeisheavy,sopeoplefinallychosethephysicalcurrencyofseashellsinpractice.Seashellscanbeusedasneckornaments,haveusevalue,areeasytocarryandcount,sotheyareselectedasthemaincurrencyinlong-termcommodityexchanges.Inarchaeologicalexcavations,alargenumberofnaturalshellfishhavebeenunearthedattheXiaDynastyandShangDynastysites,andshellfishhavebeenusedasphysicalcurrencyuntiltheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Therefore,mostoftheChinesecharactersrelatedtowealthandvaluearerelatedtothecharacter"贝".Suchas:expensive,capital,greedy,poor,wealth,purchase,etc.

Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousecoinage.Many"inscriptionsoncoppershells"wereunearthedfromthetombsofthelateYinandShangdynastiesthreethousandyearsago,whicharethemostprimitivemetalcurrency.InthelateWesternZhouDynasty,inadditiontoshellcoins,somemetalweighingcurrenciessuchascopperingotsandcopperingotsofnocertainshapewerealsocirculated,whichwerealsounearthedinarchaeologicalexcavations.

Tosumup,themainformofcurrencyinthelateprimitivesocietytotheXia,Shang,andZhouepochswasphysicalcurrency,andnaturalshellfishwaswidelycirculated.Inthelaterperiod,asmallamountofmetalweighingcurrencyandcoinageappeared,whichisthebudofcurrency.Andtheformationperiod.

APreliminaryStudyofPre-Qin Currency

DuringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod,withthedevelopmentofthecommodityeconomy,themetalweighingcurrencythatneededtobedividedandidentifiedincirculationgraduallybecameunavailable.Adaptation,andwasreplacedbymetalcoinage.

FromtheSpringandAutumnPeriodintothemetalcoinagestagetotheWarringStatesperiod,fourmajorcurrencysystemshavebeenestablished:clothcoins,knifegoods,ringmoney,andantnosemoney:

1.TheCentralPlainsisZhao,ClothcoinsaremainlypopularinplacessuchasHan,WeiSanGuoandZhouroyalfamily.Clothcoinwasbornoutofthephonyloanofthebronzeshovel-shapedfarmtool"镈"and"cloth".TheclothcoinsoftheSpringandAutumnPeriodweremainlyempty-headcloths,thatis,hollowlumpswithhandles.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theclothcoinsweremainlyflat-headedcloth,thatis,comparedwiththe"empty-headedcloth",thereisnolongerahollowliquwithahandle,andtheshapeislikeashovel-shapedcoppersheet.Theclothcoin-shapedsystemisroughlydividedintoflatshoulders,shrugs,roundshouldersandsquarefeet,pointedfeet,roundfeetandothercategories.Generally,ithasevolvedfromflatshouldersandsquarefeettoshruggedpointedfeetandroundshouldersandroundfeet.ExpandedtoplacessuchasChuandYan.

2.QiintheeastandYaninthenorthmainlyuseswordcoins.Knifecoinsaredividedintotwotypes:"YanmingKnife"and"QiKnife".TheshapeoftheknifecoinissimilartotheknivesusedforfishingandhuntingbythenorthernnomadssuchasShanRongandBeiDi.BecauseQiDaoNianhastheword"Hua",itiscalled"KnifeHua".Thebackoftheknifeisdividedintocurvedback,foldedback,andstraightback.Theheadoftheknifecanbedividedintoflatheadandpointedhead.Itisalsoakindofbronzecoininmycountry'searlydays.

3.TheuniqueringcoinusedbytheQinStateinthenorthwest,whoseshapeisderivedfromspinningwheelsorjadewalls.Ringcoinsaredividedintotwotypes:roundholesandsquareholes.IntheWarringStatesperiod,theroundholeswerecastearlier.LaterQinHuiwenandQinShihuangcastround"halftwo"coinswithsquareholes,androundringcoinsweresquare.TheoriginalstateofKongQian.

4.ThesouthernChucountrycoinedcoppershellscalledantnosecoins,whichevolvedfromshellcoins.The"qianwen"onthecoppershelllookslikeagrimace,whichisacombinationofthetwocharacters"beihua".Antnoseissmall,meaningsmallmoney.ChuState'sliterarycoppershellcoiniscommonlyknownas"ghostmoney"and"antnosemoney".Inadditiontoantnosemoney,ChuStatealsohadgoldweighingcurrency.ItwastheonlycountrythatusedgoldasacurrencyintheWarringStatesPeriod.

Inshort,thefourmajorcurrencysystemsthatemergedduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodevolvedfromthetoolsoflabor,suchasknives,shovel,andspinningwheels.Itcanbeseenthatatthattime,therewerewars,fishingandhunting,pottery,textilesandtrade.Thecharacteristicsandsocialfeaturesoftheeconomiclifearea.Atthesametime,theformationoffourmajorcurrencyareasisalsoaproductoftheseparatistruleoftheprinces.Withthedevelopmentofeconomyandcommoditytransactions,currenciesofvariouscountriescirculateeachother,requiringandcorrespondinglypromotingthetrendofuniformityandstandardizationofcurrencysystems.

GangMoneyn historia menneisyydessä

Gangmoneyreferstoatypeofmoneyissuedbythestateorlocalgovernmentstatutory.The“memoney”isderivedfromdifferentversionsofakindofmoney.Gangjumezhang,constitutethesystemofcoins.TakeGangqianasacluetounderstandthehistoryofcurrency;useMuqianasacluetogetinvolvedinancientcoinappreciationandarchaeology.Thefollowingmainlyexplainsthepolitical,economicandhistoricalchangesrelatedtoancienttimesfromthehistoricalevolutionofthemoney.

TheGangqiansystemcanbedividedintotwomajorstagesfromtheQinandHanDynastiestotheMingandQingDynasties.Thefirststage:QinandHan,SuiandTangdynastiesaredominatedbycoppercoinage,andthetwosystemsarethetwomainsystemsofQin"halftwocoins"andHan"fivebahtcoins".Inthesecondstage,fromtheTang,SongandMingDynasties,thecoinagewaseliminated.TheBaowensystemwasdifferentfromtheformertwosystems,andthepapercurrencyandsilverstandardsystemalsoappeared,whichwasdividedintotwocategories.

(1)"HalfandTwoMoney"QinandHanDynastiesissa

AfterQinunifiedthesixcountries,politicalunificationrequiredeconomicunificationasthebasis,andQinShihuangconformedtothetrendofhistoricaldevelopment,Whileunifyingwordsandweightsandmeasures,italsounifiescurrency.Itisstipulatedthat"gold"isusedasthecurrencyforlisting,ytte(20taels)isusedastheunit,roundsquareholecoppercoinsareusedforthecurrency,andtheunitishalftaels.The"halftwo"ofthemoneyisconsistentwiththeactualweight.ThissquareholeroundmoneyhassincebecomethemainformofChinesecurrencyandhasbeenusedformorethantwothousandyears.Whytakethisshape?Itismainlyring-shapedandeasytocarry,whilethecoppercoinwithasquareholethroughtheropeisnoteasytorotate,whichcanpreventabrasion.Somepeoplethinkthatthisformexpressestheancientviewoftheuniverse.TheQinDynastyFangkongYuanMoneyistheworld'searliestgovernment-statutorycurrency.

The"halfandtwocoins"todistinguishtheWarringStatesandtheQinDynastycanstartwithcalligraphy.TheWarringStatescointext"HalfLiang"isthebigseal:whiletheQinDynastycointext"HalfLiang"isthesmallseal.Accordingtolegend,QincoinswerewrittenbyPrimeMinisterLiSi.Probablyaffectedbythis,mostofthemoneyandliteratureaftertheQinDynastycamefromthehandsofdignitariesorcalligraphers.TheSongDynastyalsoappearedtheEmperor'sRoyalBookMoney.OneofthedifferencesbetweenancientChinesecoinsandWesterncurrenciesisthatthepagesofancientChinesecoinsaredominatedbymoneyandwritings,andcoinsincirculationrarelyhavepatterns,whileWesterncurrenciesaredominatedbypatternssuchasanimals,plants,andhumanfigures.Theartofcalligraphyonancientcoinsisanothertopic.

ItissaidthatEmperorQinShihuangcasttwelvegoldmeninordertopreventthepeoplefromrebellingandreapingtheweaponsoftheworld.Thisisboundtoaffectthecastingvolumeofcoppercoins.Duetotheextremelyhighcopperpriceandinsufficientcurrencycirculation,theQinandBantwocoinsareofhighvalue.IntheearlyHanDynasty,theproblemof"Qinmoneyisheavy(highprice)anddifficulttouse"occurred.TheHanDynastyinheritedtheQinsystemandusedhalfandtwocoins,butwhenLiuBangwastheemperor,thecountrywasverypoor,andherecastmanysmallcoins.Thereweresuccessiveoccurrencesof"elmpodhalf28bahtandhalftwo,fourbahtandhalftwo.Oneortwowas24baht,"DuetothesubstantialweightreductionofQinBanliang,thename"HalfLiang"isnottrue.Especiallyasmallhalftwo,whichresemblesthefruitofanelmtree,iscalled"ElmPodHalfTwo"whichweighslessthan1gramandhasadiameteroflessthan1cm.TheHanalsoallowedprivateprivates.Thecoiningofthecountyandthecountrycausedthedisorderandinflationofthecurrencysystem,untiltheEmperorWuoftheHanDynastychangedthecurrencysystem.

(2)Han "FiveBahtMoney"ja itse evoluutio

1.EmperorWuoftheHanpioneer"viisi bahtia rahaa".

AfterEmperorWuoftheHancametothethrone,"foreignaffairsforthefourbarbarians,internalrejuvenationandutilitarianism"urgentlyneededtoopenupfinancialresources.Atthesametime,thecountyandthecountrywerefreetocastmoney,causingconfusioninthecurrencysystemandprices.Therisethreatenedthecentralgovernment’sfinances.SoEmperorWuoftheHanDynastyorderedtheabolitionofthestate-ownedcurrencyrightsintheearlyHanDynastyin118BCandthecentralgovernment’sunifiedcoinage.),bothlose(controlthesystem),andformacentralmintingagencyresponsibleformintingfivebahtcoins,alsoknownasShanglinmoneyandthreeofficialcoins.Thehighqualityofthefivebahtcoinshaschangedthephenomenonofcurrencychaosandisconducivetocentralizationandeconomicdevelopment.FromEmperorWuoftheHanDynastytotheWesternHan,Xinmang,EasternHan,Wei,Jin,SouthernandNorthernDynastiestotheSuiandTangDynasties,atotalofmorethan700years.Fivebahthaslongbeenthelegaltenderofthedynasties.Becausetheweightofthefiveironcoinsissuitable,Chinausesthe"fivebaht"asthemainform.SquareholeroundmoneyalsoaffectsJapan,Annan,NorthKoreaandothercountries.ThecurrencyunitinThailandisstillcalledthe"baht",whichhasnothingtodowiththis.

2.Thenewcurrencysystemischaoticandthefinemoney-makingproductscomeout.

InthelateWesternHanDynasty,WangMangestablishedanewdynasty,reorganizedtheancients,andissuedmoneyindiscriminately.Forexample,"DaquanFifty"wasabigmoneymadebyWangMangtosolvetheeconomiccrisisafterhecametopower."Spring"is"money."Borrowingofcharacters.WangMangbelievesinWeidoctrine.AfterhecapturedtheworldofLiu'ssurname,heavoidedtheword"Liu".Theword"Liu"iscomposedofthreecharacters:Mao,JinandDao.Therefore,theword"jin"isnotusedinthetextofmoneybut"quan"..A"DaquanFifty"weighsonlytwoandahalfoftheweightoffivebahtcoinsintheWesternHanDynasty,butithastobeusedasfiftyfivebahtcoins.Thismeansthatforty-sevencoinsaretakenfromthehandsofthepeopleeverytimeabigcoinisissued.Thehalf-five-bahtwealthisboundtoarousedissatisfactionamongthepeople,sothepeoplestillusethefive-bahtmoneytotrade.Forthisreason,WangMangimposedheavytortureandtorturelaw:anyonewhodaredtohidefive-bahtmoneyprivatelywillbeusedasaprisonertodefendtheside.WangMang’scurrencychaosshowsWangMang.Rulingisunpopularandwillundoubtedlycollapse.Inaddition,thereisabigmoneycalled"DaopingFiveThousand",thatis,abigcoinbecomesfivethousandfivebaht.Suchalargecoinmustbefakedattheriskofdeath.Topreventtheftfrommakingprivatemoney,unlessissuedInadditiontotheenforcementofthecriminallaw,anewcoinshapewascreated,thatis,theancientknifecoinandtheroundcoinwerecombinedtocreatetheworld'sfirsttwo-colormetalcoin.Officialcoinssuchas"PingFiveThousand"are"exquisiteworkmanship".Thistwistedstylehasalsosighedforthousandsofyears.

TheEasternHanDynastyrestoredthefive-bahtmoneysystemsincetheWesternHanDynasty.BytheendoftheEasternHanDynasty,DongZhuowenttoBeijingtodestroyit.Fivebahtmoney,evensmallermoney,causedinflation,andthecurrencysystemfellintochaos.

3."FivebahtintheSixDynasties"badmoney

WeiJinnanTheNorthernDynastieswasaperiodofChina'sdivision,withfrequentwars,politicalturbulence,andsocialandeconomicdestruction.Historysaidthatatthistime"thelawofmoneywasbad."Inordertosavecopper,thefivebahtmoneyisgettingsmallerandsmaller.Itiscalled"gooseeye"and"chickeneye".Whenathousanduse.Numismaticcirclescollectivelyrefertothefivebahtmoneyofthisperiodasthe"sixdynastiesfivebaht".TheSixDynastieswerethesixdynastiesofWu,EasternJin,SouthernSong,Qi,Liang,andChenoftheThreeKingdoms,whichwerethecapitalofNanjing.Duringthisperiod,thefivebahtmoneywaspoorlycastandthemoneywasincompleteduringtheCulturalRevolutionandthestrokeswereincomplete.Somepeoplewrote"fivebaht"as"hardware",andsomewrotetheanti-text"bahtfive".However,thereweresomeexceptionstothefivebahtmoneyduringtheperiod,suchastheNorthernWeiDynasty"TaiheFiveBaht"and"Yong'anFiveBaht",historicallyknownas"heavyasitswriting",anditshighqualitynotonlyremindspeopleofaseriesofsuccessfulreformsbyEmperorXiaowenoftheNorthernWeiDynasty.

4. SuiDynasty "FiveBahtMoney"-huhut.

The"KaihuangFiveBaht"castbyEmperorWenoftheSuiDynastyendedthecomplicatedsituationofthemoneysystemformorethan300yearssincetheendoftheHanDynasty.Thiswasalsothelastdynastytousefivebahtmoney.Somepeoplehaverecognizedthatthe"Five"ofthe"FiveBahtMoney"intheSuiDynastyisthe"X"withavertical|ontheleftside,whichis"|X",whichseemstobetheword"fierce"whenitislaiddown.SosomepeoplesaiditwasabadomenfromSui,indicatingthatitsdemisewouldnotbefaraway.Therefore,the"fivebahtmoney"intheSuiDynastyisbettertoidentify.Infact,thiswayofwritingwasalsousedintheNorthernWeiDynasty.ThisisjustacursebythecommonpeopleforthechaosoftheendoftheSuiDynasty.

FangKon-maarahat TangDynastialta

1. TangGaozu luotiin ensin "Baowen" ja "ReignMoney"

Astrongandprosperousdynastywithdevelopedeconomyandculture.Accordingtotheinvestigationofthe"KaiyuanTongbao"coinin621intheWudereignofEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynasty,itendedthecoinsystemnamedaftertheQinandHandynastieswiththeweightoftwobaht.coin."Kaiyuan"hasthemeaningoffoundingandpioneering,and"Tongbao"meanstreasureincirculation.Ithasmadeabigbreakthroughintheunitofweight.Theancientweighingmethodof24bahtisoneortwo."KaiyuanTongbao"createdadecimalsystem.Eachcoinweighstwobahtandfourisonepenny,andtheaccumulatedtenpennyweighsoneortwo.KaiyuanTongbaowasintheTangDynastyformorethantwohundredyears,whichmadethecurrencysystemstableforalongtime.TheTangDynastycountedby"wen"andtheBaowenmoneysystem,whichtooktwoyuanastheunitofweight,wasinheritedtotheQingDynastyandlastedforthousandsofyears.Accordingtolegend,the"KaiyuanTongbao"createdbyEmperorGaozuoftheTangDynastywaswrittenbyOuyangXun,amasterofcalligraphyintheearlyTangDynasty,andwaspraisedasacalligraphycoin.

AftertheAnshiRebellion,TangSuzongcalled"thegreattreasureofQianyuan"inordertodealwithfinancialdifficultiesandcastbigmoney.Thisisthefirstmoneytobecalled"Chongbao".Apennyofapennyisusedasanewcurrency,causingdevaluationofthecurrency,soaringprices,serioustheft,anduneasypeople.InthelateTangDynasty,WuzongabolishedtheBuddhaandtookalargeamountofbronzefromtheBuddhatocast"HuichangKaiyuan"money,whicheasedthedeflationthathadlastedforhalfacentury."Qianyuan"and"Huichang"areallyearbooks.

TheFiveDynastiesandTenKingdomswasaperiodofwarlords'meleeanddivision.Duetotheplethoraofpoliticalpowersandvariouscurrencies,itwasaperiodofcurrencychaos.Inadditiontocopper,therearetin,ironandsoon.Alargeamountofmoneyisworthtenandahundred,andevenathousandandamillionarepopular.Thechaosandcomplexityofthemoneysystemreflectstheeconomicdeteriorationbroughtaboutbythewarandchaosoftheseparatistregime.

Tosumup,thecoppercoinwithsquareholeroundmoneychangedfromthebahtsystemtotheyearnumber,andtheBaowensystemwasamajorturningpointforthedevelopmentofcurrency.

SongDynastysta Ming- ja Qing-dynastioihin

1.ThetwoSongDynasty"yearmoney","yushucurrency"and"papercurrency"b>

BronzecoinsoftheSongDynastyaredistinguishedbytheuseofreigns.Accordingtotextualresearch,theyearnamewasfirstcreatedbyEmperorWuoftheHanDynasty,andthe“yearnamemoney”beganwiththe“Hanxingmoney”ofLishou,Chengdu,SichuanduringtheSixteenKingdomsperiod.Thelastcoinwasthe"firstyearofHongxianwhenYuanShikairestoredtheimperialfoundry."ThiscoincollapsedwithYuanShikaiandexistedforlessthanfourmonths.The"yearcoin"iscastwiththeyearnumber,indicatingthetimeofcasting,sothatpeoplecanseetheageoftheancientcoinataglance.Thisisanimprovementinthedevelopmentofcoinform.ThecoinsofSong,Ming,andQingDynastyaretheeasiesttocollect.

Inaddition,inthecalligraphyofthepastdynasties,itisnecessarytoseetheSongDynasty.LegendhasitthattheYuanfengcoinscastduringtheYuanfengreignofEmperorShenzongoftheSongDynastyhadfourscripts:seal,officialscript,regularscriptandcursivescript.Amongthem,theofficialscriptbySuDongpowascalmandheroic,andwascalled"DongpoYuanfeng".DuringSongZhezong'sreign,SimaGuangandSuDongpousedsealandlinecalligraphytowrite"YuanyuTongbao"onthemoney.MaketheSongDynastypopularbookcurrencycointoWenQian.Theemperorwhowasgoodatcalligraphycouldn'tbearloneliness,andoftenshowedhisskillsinmoneywriting.Accordingtothetextualresearch,thefirstpersontowritethe"RoyalBookMoney"writtenbytheemperorwasEmperorTaizongZhaoJiong,andthehighestcalligraphyachievementamongtheemperorsinthepastwasEmperorHuizongZhaoJioftheSongDynasty.Hewasincompetentingoverningthecountry,andthe"ShameofJingkang"wastakencaptivetogetherwithhissonQinzongasaprisoneroftheJinbing.Buthehasaspeciallikingforpiano,chess,calligraphyandpainting,especiallythecalligraphy"thingoldbody"ironpaintingandsilverhook,whichisunique.Songdynastycalligraphycoinsarenotunrelatedtotheemperor’spersonaladmiration,especiallythereign-nameyushucoinsarepopular.ThestyleofthismoneychangedintheMingDynasty.SincethemiddleoftheMingDynasty,themoneyandwritingswereallmadebycraftsmen,thefontsweredull,andthelayoutandstructurewerenotmentioned,andtheartofcalligraphycouldnotbetalkedabout.

DuringtheSongDynasty,copperandironcoinswerecoinedinparallel.Becausecopperwarewasmorevaluablethancoppercoins,therewasaphenomenonofdestroyingmoneycastings.Coppercoinswererareandironcoinsappeared.Inaddition,astheeconomiccenterofgravityshiftedsouthwardandcurrencycirculationexpanded,thebanknotesproducedinthetwoSongdynastiesweretheearliestbanknotesintheworld.Thispapercurrencyisasymboliccurrency.Itistheproductofthedevelopmentofsocialcommodityeconomytoacertainstage.Atthesametime,itisalsorelatedtotheprogressofpapermakingandprintingtechnology.ThepapermoneyoftheNorthernSongDynastymainlyhadJiaozi,andtheSouthernSongDynastyhadHuiziandGuanzi.JiaoziandHuiziwerethecommonnamesforbills,securities,andexchangeofsecuritiesatthattime.Thestabilityofthecurrencyhasbecomeabarometeroftheeconomicandfinancialsituation.

NorthernminorityregimessuchastheLiao,Song,Xixia,etc.wereinfluencedbytheeconomicandculturalinfluenceoftheCentralPlainsintheirinteractionswiththeHan.InadditiontousingcoppercoinsmintedintheTangandSongdynasties,theyalsoissuedethniccharactersandChinesecoppercoins.

2.Yuantoken-järjestelmä on pääasiassa paperirahaa

IntheYuanDynasty,asmallamountofcoppermoneywasminted,butthecurrencymainlycirculatedpapermoney.ThisismoreprominentinancientChina.PapermoneyintheYuanDynastyiscalledabanknote.Theoriginalbanknotesarenotallowedtobemisappropriated,andthecirculationofbanknotesisstrictlylimited.However,attheendoftheYuanDynasty,politicalcorruption,theroyalfamily'sextravagance,thehugemilitaryexpenditures,andthefinancialdeficit,thegovernmenthadtorelyontheissuanceofbanknotestomakeupforit,causingpricestoskyrocket.InadditiontothefloodingoftheYellowRiver,naturaldisastersandman-madedisasters,itiscalled"openingtherivertochangetherootcauseofbanknotes".ItcanbeseenthattheexcessiveissuanceofbanknotesiscloselyrelatedtothedemiseoftheYuanDynasty.

3.TheMingDynastyshiftedfromapapercurrencypolicytoasystemthatreliedmainlyonsilverandsupplementedbymoney.

Althoughtheissuanceofbanknotesisaprogressinthehistoryofcurrency,therulersofthepastdynastieshaveusedittoexploitandplunderthepeopleandcollapsethebanknotesandpaperpolicies.Forexample,atthebeginningoftheMingDynasty,ZhuYuanzhangimplementedapapercurrencypolicy,issuing"DamingTreasureBanknotes"forusewithcoppercoins.However,theissuelimitofDamingTreasureBanknoteswasnotfixedandtherewasnoreserve,whichsoonledtoinflation.Therefore,aftertheJiajingreigninthemid-MingDynasty,TreasureBanknoteswerenolongerpassable,andthefolksmainlyusedsilverandcoppercoins.Forexample,intheMingdynasty,"bansmiths"usedsilverforlaborandwages,andthewealthofJaeger-LeCoultremainlyusedsilver.Theamountofsilverwascastintosilveringotsofacertainstandard.FromtheYuanDynastytotheYuanDynasty,silveringotsnamedthemselves"Yuanbao",whichisthebeginningofChina'scallofsilveringotsas"Yuanbao".Atthesametime,coppercoinswerepopularamongthefolks,andthequalitymaterialwaschangedfrombronzetobrass,andTongbaocoinswiththenameoftheyearwerecast.

4. Qing-dynastian kuparikolikot, setelit ja koneella tehdyt kolikot

ThecoppercoinsoftheQingDynastyfollowedtheMingDynastysystem,mainlymintingXiaopingcoins.AmongthecoppercoinsoftheQingDynasty,Xianfengcoinswerethemostcomplicated.ThecoinsweredividedintoTongbao,ZhongbaoandYuanbao.Thefacevaluewasdifferentandthemoneybureauwasdifferent.IntheQingdynasty,non-governmentalcommerceusedsilverformostofthemoney,andmoneyforsmallmoney,andmoneyandsilverwereinparallel.

InthefirsthundredyearsoftheQingDynasty,silveringotswereusedasthemaincurrency.Fortaxationofoneortwoormore,thecashwasrequired.ThestatesandcountiesoftheQingDynastyleviedlandtaxeseverysummerandautumn,andthefinishedgrainmustbefullsilver.Becausethecentralgovernmentdoesnotcastaunifiedcirculationofsilver,thesilverusedbythepeoplemaynotbepuresilver.Thesilveringotsaredifferentinform,fineness,andflatsize.Therefore,silversmithsandsilvershopswillbefooledbymeltingfolkloosesilverintopuresilverbeforepayingtaxes.Somesilversmithscolludedwithofficialsandtookadvantageoftheopportunitytotakeadvantageofthefinenessofthesilver,squeezingthecommonpeopleintermsofweight,andcausingmanycomplicatedsocialproblems.

InthelateQingDynasty,silveringotsbegantotransformintosilverdollars.FromthemiddleoftheMingDynasty,foreignmerchantsusedtheirsilverdollarstobuyChinesesilk,tea,porcelain,etc.inforeigntrade,makingvariousforeignsilverdollarspopularinChina.IntheDaoguangperiodoftheQingDynasty,sincethesigningoftheunequal"NanjingTreaty",thesilverdollarsusedforcompensationwere"foreignmoney".Atthattime,Chinahadnosilverdollarsinitsowncountry.Insufficientforeignmoneyinstockstooffsetthedramaticincreaseinexternalindemnities,forcedthegovernmentinthelateQingDynastytostartcoiningsilverdollarsonitsown.Theearliestmachine-madewesternsilverdollarinChinawasthe"GuangxuYuanbao"duringtheGuangxuperiod,commonlyknownas"Longyang",namedafterthesilverdollargenerallywithadragonpatternontheback.Atthesametime,mechanismcopperyuan,alsoknownas"copperplate",appeared.Theappearanceofmachine-madesilvercoinsandcopperyuanhasahugeimpactonChina'straditionalsilvertwocurrenciesandthecoppercoinsystemdominatedbysquareholes.

ThetypesofbanknotesissuedintheQingDynastyarecomplex.Theyaredividedintoofficialbanknotesandprivatebanknotes.Therearefourtypesofexchangeforsquareholecoppercoins),copperyuantickets(canbeexchangedforcopperdollars),silvertwotickets(canbeexchangedforsilver),andsilverdollarstickets(canbeexchangedforsilverdollars).Sincetheissuanceofbanknotes,therewereoriginalvouchersfortreasuryandsilverreservesandbanknotes.

Tosumup,fromtheSongDynastytotheMingandQingDynasties,banknoteswereproducedandcirculated,thestatusofsilvercurrencyincreaseddaybyday,andtheMingandQingDynastiesbegantoestablishasilver-basedbanknotesystem.Thelatterpartofthesecondstageofthedevelopmentofcurrencyhistory.

Kiinan valuutan kehityksen historia

Chinaisoneofthefirstcountriesintheworldtousecurrency,andthehistoryofusingcurrencyisaslongas5,000years.IntheprocessofformationanddevelopmentofancientChinesecurrency,ithasexperiencedsixmajorevolutions:

1.Kehitysluonnollisesta valuutasta keinovaluuttaan

Realcurrencyshots (12 kuvaa)

Withtherapiddevelopmentofcommodityexchangeandtheincreasingdemandformoney,seashellshavebeenunabletomeetpeople'sneeds,andpeoplehavebeguntoimitateseashellswithcopper.TheappearanceofcoppershellsisamajorevolutionfromnaturalcurrencytoartificialcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Haibein,luonnollisen valuutan massiivisella käytöllä poistettiin hitaasti Kiinan valuuttaareenalta.

Second,theevolutionfromchaoticshapestostandardizedshapes

FromtheappearanceofcoppershellsintheShangDynastytotheWarringStatesperiod,mycountry’scurrencygraduallyformedThefourmajorsystemscharacterizedbytheruleoftheroostare:shovelcoin,knifecoin,ringcoin,andChucoin(Yuanjin,AntNoseCoin).

AfterQinunifiedChina,EmperorQinShihuangpromulgatedChina'searliestcurrencylaw"ThecurrencyofQincurrencyisthesameasthecurrencyoftheworld"in210BC.

ThecirculationofQinandahalfcoinswitharoundsquareholeinthewholecountryendedthemessystateofancientChinesecurrencywithdifferentshapesandgreatweightdisparity.Evolution.TheroundsquareholeshapedeterminedbyQinBanliangmoneycontinueduntilthebeginningoftheRepublicofChina.

3.Kehitys paikallisista kolikoista keskusrahaan

Accordingtothe"Hanshu·Shihuozhi"record,afterLiuBangestablishedtheHanDynasty,heallowedthepeopletoprivatelyTomakecoins,gentry,wealthybusinessmenandlocalforcestakeadvantageoftheopportunitytomakebadmoneyforprofit.InEmperorWen'stime,"Dr.DengTongalsomademoneytopasstheking."

InthefourthyearofYuanding(115yearsago),EmperorWuoftheHanDynastytookbacktherighttomintcoinsinthecounty,andthecentralgovernmentmadefivebahtcoinsinaunifiedmanner.Sincethen,theunifiedmanagementofcoinmintingandissuancebythecentralgovernmenthasbeenestablished.ThisisamajorevolutionfromlocalcoinagetocentralcoinageinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,themintingofthepastdynastieshasbeendirectlymanagedbythecentralgovernment.Thetransferofcoinagerightstothecentralgovernmentplayedanimportantroleinstabilizingthepoliticalsituationandeconomicdevelopmentofalldynasties.

Four.TheevolutionfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao

Qinin ja Handynastien jälkeen lyödyt kolikot osoittavat yleensä selvästi rahan painon tekstissä. Kuten "puoli kaksi", "viisi bahtia", "fourbahtia" ja pian (kaksikymmentäneljä bahtia).

InthefourthyearofWudeofTangGaozu(621),LiYuanwasdeterminedtoreformthecurrencysystem,abolishingtheancientcoinsofdifferentimportanceandimportance,takingthemeaningof"openingupanewera",andcasting"kaiyuantongbao"moneyinaunifiedway.KaiyuanTongbaoiscontrarytotheoldsystemofQinandHanDynasties,andtheweightofmoneyandtextisnotwritten.ItistheevolutionofancientChinesecurrencyfromtheweightofdocumentstoTongbaoandYuanbao.

KaiyuanTongbaoMoneyistheearliestTongbaoMoneyinmycountry.Sincethen,mycountry'scoppercoinsnolongerusetheweightofmoneyandtext,butarecommensuratewithTongbaoandYuanbao.Ithasbeenuseduntilthe"RepublicofChinaTongbao"aftertheRevolutionof1911.

Fifth,frommetalcurrencyTheevolutiontopapermoney.

DuringtheNorthernSongDynasty,duetoInordertomakeupfortheshortageofcoppercoins,thegovernmenthascastironcoinsinlargequantitiesinsomeareas.Accordingto"SongHistory"records,theironcoinscastinSichuanatthattimeconsistentlyweighed25kilogramsandeighttaels.Tobuyapilos(silk)inSichuan,youhavetopayonehundredandthirtycattiesofiron.IronmoneyissocumbersomeandinconvenientthatpapermoneyJiaozicameintobeinginSichuan.TheappearanceofJiaoziisanimportantevolutionfrommetalcurrencytopapercurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Jiaoziisnotonlytheearliestpapercurrencyinmycountry,butalsotheearliestpapercurrencyintheworld.

6.Theevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomachine-madebanknotes

InthelateQingDynasty,withthegradualintroductionofforeignadvancedscienceandtechnology,theGuangxuperiodCoinagemachinespurchasedabroadareusedtomakesilverandcopperdollars.Later,Guangdongbegantousemachinestomakenon-holesfortencopperdollars.Becausethemanufacturershavemadehugeprofits,allprovinceshavefollowedsuit.

TheemergenceofmechanicalcurrencyinthelateQingDynastywasasignificantevolutionfrommanualcoinagetomechanicalcurrencyinthehistoryofancientChinesecurrency.

Sincethen,notonlyhastheprocessofcoiningmoneychangedsignificantly,butalsotheroundsquareholemoneythathasbeenincirculationformorethantwothousandyearshascometoanend.

Seteleiden lajittelu, korjaus ja luokittelu

Preliminaryprocessingofbanknotesistheprimarytaskofcurrencycollection,becauseoncebanknotesenterthemarket,theywillbemoreorlesscirculated.Ifitiscontaminated,thesurfacewillbeverydirtyandtherewillbemanybacteriaattachedtoit.Ifitisnotprocessedinitially,thebacteriawillmoldandproducemildewspotsindampareas,whichwillcontaminatethebanknotecollection,affectthecollectioneffect,andreducethecollectionofitems.Phaseandvalue,reducingitsshelflife.Itcanbeseenthatasetofeffectivesortingandsortingmethodsisveryimportantforpapermoneycollectors.Generally,therearethefollowingbasicsortingmethodsforbanknotesofvariousappearances:

(1)Forall-phasebanknotesthathavenotpassedthrough,youcandirectlyenterthebanknotecollection.Somemediumandhigh-endproductsshouldalsobepackagedinplasticbagstoavoidsweatandoilstainswhentouchedbyhands.Ifnecessary,plasticvacuumpackagingcanevenbeusedtoisolatetheair.

(2)Thesoiledbanknotesshouldberepairedthroughcleaningprocessessuchassoaking,absorbingwater,anddrying.Thesoakingtimeshouldbedeterminedbythequalityofthebanknotes.Rememberthatyoucanonlysoakincleanwater.Anydetergentisnotallowedtosoakthebanknotesinwater,otherwiseitwilldiscolororchangethecolorofthebanknotes,andtheconsequenceswillbedisastrous.Aftersoakingincleanwater,youshouldreplacetheyellowedwateratanytime,andthenuseabsorbentpapertopadunderthecleanedbanknotes,andevenlylightlypresstheabsorbentpapertoabsorbtheexcesswaterattached,andthenletitdrynaturallyandcutDonotuseironsorotherheatingmachinesforheatinganddrying.Itisimportanttonotethatforbanknotesprintedonoldcottonpaperlikeoldprivatestickers,theycannotbeimmersedinwatertopreventthepaperfromcrackingandbreaking.Youcanonlywetthefoursidesandsidesofthebanknotewithwetcotton.Angle,flattenthecurledpartandcleanit.

(3)Howtodealwithbanknotespastedwithtransparenttape?Thecellophanetapeusedforpastingbanknotesturnsyellow,hardenedandcurledafteralongperiodoftime,soitisnecessarytotreatthemandremovethem.Atthistime,thebestwaytodealwithitistowetthetapewiththepaintthinnerusedintheconstructionindustry,andslowlytearofftheadhesivestripwithpliers.Fortheresidualglueonthebanknote,usethethinnertogentlywipeoff.

(4)Forbanknotesthathavebeendamagedorbroken,oldtissuepaperofthesamecolor(suchastheoldone,etc.)canbeusedtorepairthebrokenpartsanddisconnections.Forsomedeficientbanknotes,oldbanknoteswithsimilarpatternsandthesamecolorshouldbeselectedandpatchedonthefront.Forhigh-endbanknotes,itisrecommendedtoaskatechnicianwhospecializesinbanknoterepairindustrytoprocessandrepairthem.

CoinCollection

RMBCollection

EachversionofRMBhasacertaincollectionvalue.Ifwetalkaboutthespecifichigh-valuevarietiesineachsetofRMB,theyshouldbelongtothefollowingspecies:

RMB:n ensimmäinen sarja:

Vuoden 1951 versio 10 000 yuanin "hevosenkasvatus" -kupongista (6010 000 yuania), 500 yuania "ZandeCity" -kupongista (300 000 yuania), 5 000 yuania "jurtista" (200 000 yuania);

Nämä RMB:n asetukset:

Vuoden 1953 versio kolmesta juankuponista (7 000 yuania), viidestä juankuponista (6 000 yuania), tenyuanista (65 000 yuania);

RMB:n kolmas sarja:

1960-versio puhelinkulmakupongista (1100 yuania), vuoden 1962 versio "vihreästä vesileimasta" yksi mekkokupongi (9 000 yuania), vuoden 1962 versio "vihreästä" yhden ammekuponista (600 yuania);

RMB:n neljäs sarja:

Vuoden 1980 painos 50 yuania (125 yuania), 100 yuania (120 yuania);

RMB:n viides joukko:

on liikkeessä, ja siellä on useita lajikkeita.

Puna-armeijan seteleiden kokoelma

The12characters"NationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublic"areprintedontheuppersideofthefront.Fivestarsareprintedontheleftandrightsides,andthemiddleandfourcornersarecomposedofsymmetricalfloralornaments,andhaveaperiodvalue.Theword"WuJiao"ismarkedwith"twoticketstoexchangeforonesilverdollar"atthebottom.Thebackisdominatedbyfloralornaments.Thesizeoftheticketis67mm×103mm,thefrontislightpurple,andthebackislightred.Chronology:1933.Fromtheanalysisoftheconnotationofthefacedesign,especiallythemapsoftheeasternhemisphereandthewesternhemisphereareembeddedinthecirclesofthewords"wu"and"corner"respectively,toshowthattheproletarianrevolutionwillbecarriedthroughtotheend.Accordingtotheauthor'sverification,theNationalBankoftheChineseSovietRepublicwasestablishedinYeping,Ruijin,JiangxiinMarch1932,withMaoZeminasitspresident.Atthattime,itwasplannedtoissuesevendenominationsof1jiao,2jiao,5jiao,1yuan,5yuan,and10yuan.However,duetothewar,the5yuanand10yuanbillswerenotissued.InOctober1934,theCentralRedArmywasforcedtocarryoutastrategicshift,andtheNationalBankfollowedthearmy'sLongMarchandoncestoppedissuingcurrency.WhentheRedArmyarrivedinZunyi,inordertoraisesupplies,theyissuedbanknotesasmilitarysalariestothesoldiers.WhentheyleftZunyi,theyusedsilverdollarsandinkindtorecoverthem.AftertheRedArmyarrivedinnorthernShaanxi,thecentralgovernmentestablishedtheNorthwestOfficeandtheNationalBankalsoestablishedtheNorthwestBranch.InJanuary1937,aftertheNorthwestBranchmovedtoYan'anwiththecentralgovernmentagencies,inordertofurtheradapttotheneedsoftheunitedfront,theunifieduseoflegalcurrency,thussuspendingthecurrencyissuanceworkoftheNationalBank,andfullyrecyclingtheSovietareabanknotes,duetothethoroughrecovery,ithasbeenpasseddowntothisdayThegenusisrare,anditisextremelydifficulttocollectacompleteset.

QingDynastyn seteleiden kokoelma

The"Hubuofficialnotes"and"Daqingtreasurenotes"printedintheQingDynastyweremostlyprintedonwoodblockorcopperplate.similar.Thefaceoftheticketisaverticalsquarewithalargesize.Althoughitistwo-colororthree-coloroverprint,thecolorismonotonousandtheprintingtechnologyisnotcomplicated.Folkscanimitate.Atthattime,thegovernmenthadtopreventprivateforgeryandhadnotechnicalmeasures,soithadtostamptheofficialsealonthetickettoensurecredibilityandenhancereliability.ThisisanearlyandsimplecounterfeitmeasureinthehistoryofChina'smoneyprinting.Atthesametime,thegovernmenthasalsoenactedalawtomaintainthecredibilityofbanknotes,throughlegalprovisionsthatpunishandrewardcounterfeitersandwhistleblowers,topreventandsanctioncounterfeiterstoensurethecirculationandcredibilityofbanknotes.

Ei-käteiskäyttöiset setelit

Ei-käteiskäyttöiset setelitarebanknotesissuedbythegovernmentthatcannotbeexchangedforgoldorsilver.Itspurchasingpowerstemsfromthegovernment’sauthorityandcredibility.

Setelien väärentäminen

1.ThecounterfeiterusedtheprincipleofelectroniccolorseparationtoimitateandprinttheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofRMB.MostofthefirstsetofRMBusesoffsetprinting,whichhaspooranti-counterfeitingeffect.Therefore,thedegreeofspuriousnessofcounterfeitcurrencyisquitehigh.Ifthecounterfeitcurrencyisputtogetherwiththegenuineproduct,itisalmostdifficulttodistinguish.Coincollectorsshouldunderstandthereleasebackgroundoftheliberatedareabanknotesandthefirstsetofrenminbibeforecollectingsuchbanknotes.Theoriginalproductswereprintedscatteredalloverthecountry,andthepaperqualityandspecificationsusedwereinconsistent,andtheArabicnumeralsontheoriginalcurrencywereprinted.Therearemultiplespecificationsforthenumber,andnooneisrepeated;thepaperusedforthecounterfeitcurrencyisbasicallyselectedfromthesameplaceoforigin,thepaperqualityissimilar,andthenumberofArabicnumeralsonthecounterfeitcurrencyisonlyoneortwospecifications.

2.ThesecondsetofRMBonecent,twocentsandfivecentscoinshastwoversions.Thefirstversionistheoriginal1953banknotes.ThereisarowofArabicnumeralsbehindtheRomanalphabet,commonlyknownas""Withnumbers",thesecondversionisintheearly1980s.Inordertoeasethedifficultyoffindingchangeinthecirculationmarket,thecountryusedthesteelmoldoftheoriginal1953versionofthepapercurrencytoconcealtheArabicnumeralsandreprintedonecent,twocents,Fivecents,commonlyknownas"nonumber".Thecounterfeiterspottedthedifferencebetweenthepriceoftheoriginal"numbered"banknotesinthecoinmarketatnearly100yuanpersetandthepriceofthereprinted"unnumbered"banknotesatonly1yuanperset,sotheyaddedtothereprintedbanknotesPrintarowofArabicnumeralsandpretendtobetheoriginal"withnumbers"todeceivesomecoincollectorswhodon'tknowthecoinswell.Therefore,whenbuying"numbered"banknotes,peopleshouldcarefullyobservewhethertheArabicnumeralsandthecharacters,patternsandcolorsonthebanknotesarenaturallyconsistent.

3.ThethirdsetofRMBhasanoveldesignandexquisiteproduction.Ithasalwaysbeenaforbiddenareaforfraud.Nocounterfeithasbeenfoundinthepast.Thecounterfeitersusedhigh-techtechniquestotransformtheordinaryfive-pointedstarwatermarkwithamarketpriceof4yuan,twoyuanandamarketpriceof45yuaninthethirdsetofrenminbiintoafive-pointedstarandancientcoinwatermark,withamarketpriceof50yuanforoneyuan.Thesecondyuanis140yuan.

Itisageneralequivalent.InEnglish,Moneyisanymarketablegoodortokenusedbyasocietyasastoreofvalue,amediumofexchange,oraunitofaccount.Moneyobjectscanmeetsomeoralloftheseneeds.Sincetheneedsarisenaturally,societiesorganicallycreateamoneyobjectwhennoneexists.Inothercases,acentralauthoritycreatesamoneyobject;thisismorefrequentlythecaseinmodernsocietieswithpapermoney

Tietoja kulttuurista

Liittyvät sanonnat

Moneycanmakeyoufeelbetter,andmoneycanmakeghostsgoahead!

Ihmiset kuolevat rahasta ja linnut kuolevat ruoaksi.

Moneyisnoteverything,nomoneyisabsolutelyimpossible!

Rahaa!Käytä sitä oikein ajaaksesi pois aaveita;rahaa!Jos et käytä sitä oikein, tulet kummittelemaan haamuja!

Kun sinulla on rahaa, et halua olla enemmän rahaa.

Wealthcanbeanenemycountry,butyoucannotplayintheworld.

Cai ei paljastunut.

Ystävät ovat todellista rikkautta elämässä.

Seeingmoneyasdung,youwilllosethemotivationtogetmoney.

Thegreedandselfishnessofmoneyisbecauseweoverestimateourneedformoneyandthevalueandimportanceofmoneytoourselves.——Relentlesslovelogic

Etsi rahaa ja tee voittoa.

Idioomit

Ahne, ahne, laiha, ei ahne, hyväviini, ahne kuppi, ahne, huijaus, ahne, mautonta, ahne, ahne, kuten viini, ahne kukka

SusiAhneet sudet, ahneet, varastajat, elämänahneet, kuolemanpelko, ahne syntymä, varhainen, ahne, tumma, ahne, tyhmä, ahne ja himokas

Täynnä varallisuutta

Odota rikkautta ja rikkautta, TaoZhuzhi, rikas ja rikas, hyvää rahaa, onnea, raha voi olla voimakas, miljonäärejä, kultamiljonäärejä, kaksi varakasta, rikasta ja voimakasta

Useita muita nimiä rahasta

1.Greenworms.Thelegendarynameoftheinsect."TaiPingYuLan"Volume9-50citedHanLiuAn's"HuainanWanBiShu":"Thegreenclamrepaysthemoney:thegreenclamisafisherman,orapu,withhissonandmothereachetc.,placedintheurnandburiedintheeastIfyougoundertheshadowsandopenthreedayslater,youwillbeobedient.Eighty-onecoinsareappliedwithmother'sblood,andeighty-onecoinswithbloodofchildren.Withtheirmoney,theyaremoremutuallymarketable.Self-return."Laterbecauseitisusedtorefertomoney .

2,Buquan."ZhouLi·TianGuan·ForeignHouse""HanZhengxuanin huomautus:"kangas,kevät(raha)myös.Se on peitetty ja nimeltään kevät,jakävelyä kutsutaan kankaaksi."Siksi "buquaningoener"viittaus.

3,KongFang.Thatis,BrotherKongFang,alsoknownasBrotherJia,anicknameformoney.Theoldcoppercoinhadanoutercirclewithasquareholeinit,hencethename.Moreover,thewordmoneyiscomposedof"golden,ge,ge",and"ge"and"ge"havethesamepronunciation,sotheyarecalled"brothers".ThewordscomeoutofJinLuBao's"QianShenLun""Moneyisthebody,thereistheimageoftheuniverse ,theinsideisthesquare,andtheoutsideisthecircle.Itsaccumulationislikeamountain,anditsflowislikeariver.Sometimestherearedynamicsandstatics.,Donotsufferfromloss.Itisdifficulttobreakthelongevityoftheelephant,anditisnotlackingintheelephantroad,soitcanlastforalongtime,anditistheworld'sgod.Walkwithyourfeet,relieveYanYi'sface,openthemouththatisdifficulttoexpress."

4.Huoquan.Kun WangMang tuli keisariksi HanDynastyssa,hän oli Liulle erittäin kaunollinen.Koskasanarahassa"jin,veitsi"jasana"liu"muodostuu"卯,kulta,veitsi"(kaikki viittaavatperinteisiin merkkeihin",Zaion"kutsutaan"sanaan"jahansa"henkisormus".

5.Ablockage.ThebookiswrittenbyLiuYiqing,thekingofLinchuanintheSouthernDynasties,"Shishuoxinyu·GuzhenTenth":"WangYifuiselegantandprosperous,oftenjealousofhiswifeandgreedy,andneversaidtheword'money'.Ifthewomanwantstotryit,sheaskshermaidtousemoney.Thebedisnotallowed.YiFugotupinthemorningandsawQianHeng(obstructed),callingthemaidservantandsaying:'JujuAduwu.'""Adu"means"this"inthedialectofthetime "JucheaDuwu" tarkoittaa "poista tämä".

6,avuton.Vanha viittaa erittäin suuriin hopeaharkoihin,joita oli vaikea käyttää.The SongDynastyHongMain"YiJianZhiZhi"tallennusti, että ZhangXun,Songman,oli rikas perheessään,ettäkään.kutenkaan

7.Shangqingboy.Anothernameforancientmoney.Accordingtolegend,duringtheZhenguanperiodoftheTangDynasty,therewasa"ShangqingBoyYuanbao"inCenwen'sBishuMountainPavilion.Afterhefinishedspeaking,hesentitoutofthepavilion,butsuddenlydisappearedunderthewall.Digthegroundtogetanancientcoin,andrealizethat"ShangqingBoy"isthebronzename,and"Yuanbao"isthemoneytext.See"BoYizhi·CenText"byGuShenziofTangDynasty.Later,henamed" ShangqingBoy"yksi Qianin salanimestä.

8,DengTong.IntheWesternHanDynasty,somepeoplereferredtoDengtongasanothernameformoney.Inthethirtychaptersof"JinPingMei",thereisaversethat"Itisthewealththatmustbeobtainedbytrickery,andthefamedependsonDengTongcheng".DengTongisanothernameformoney.DengTongwasafavoriteofficialoftheWesternHanDynastyEmperorLiuHeng.EmperorWenoncegaveDengtongacoppermineandmadeanexceptiontoallowDengtongtoopenminesandmakemoney,soDengtongmoneyspreadallovertheworld.Therefore,latergenerations"DengTong"becameanothernameformoney.

9,theking.AlsoknownasLaoWang,WangLao,anothernameformoney.Inthevolumeof"DuYiZhi"byLiRongoftheTangDynasty:"TherichmanoftheTangDynasty,WangYuanbao,Xuanzongaskedhowmuchhisfamilywealth?"Hesaid:"YourmajestyNanshanhasatree,Nanshantreeisexhausted,andtheministerisnotpoor."Moneyisthe'king',soithastheword'Yuanbao'."

10,gooseeye,or"chickeneyemoney".SimaGuangoftheNorthernSongDynasty,Volume168oftheZizhiTongjian:"AttheendoftheLiangDynasty,ironmoneyisnotenough,andthefolksusegooseeyemoneyforprivateuse.Jiazi,recastfivebahtmoney,andbecometenofthegooseeye."SouthernDynastyThemoneymadebyShenQingtong'sfurnitureintheSongDynastyislessthanthreeincheslongandiscalledgooseeyemoney.Moneythatisworsethangooseeyemoneyiscalled綖(音延yán)ringmoney.

11.Waistband.Theancientsseldomputthecoinsdirectlyinthepockets.Thegold,silverandcoppercoinscarriedwhentheygooutareusuallyputinthewaistbelt,andthenthebeltiswrappedaroundthewaist,soitiscalled"wrapped"(sameastoday’s"waistbag").Inthisway,itwillneitherlosenorrevealwealth.Inancienttimes,therewasastoryof"wrappedaroundonehundredthousandbucksandrodeacranedowntoYangzhou"inancienttimes.

12.Coppersmell.Theoriginalmeaningisthesmellofcoppercoins,andlateroftenusedtoridiculepeoplewhoareonlyinterestedinprofit,andalsospecificallyreferstomoney.TheWesternJinDynastyDivisionMaBiao"JiuzhouSpringandAutumn":"CuiLie,TingWeiqing.WhentheLingEmperoropenedtheHongdumenlisttosellofficials,whenLie,hemadefivemilliondollars,andhewasSitu.Andthesun,theemperorLinxuan,thehundredofficialsYes.EmperorGusaidthattheluckyonessaid:"IhateJinforalot,butitcanreachtensofmillions."Ms.ChengYuBangyingsaid:"CuiGong,Jizhoucelebrity ,wouldhebewillingtobuyanofficial?LieaskedhissonJunandsaid:"IliveinSanGong,sowhatisitliketodiscuss?""Junsaid:"Adultsrarelyhaveaname,andthepastisaprestige,andthecriticsarenotconsideredtobeSanGong."Nowthathehastakenhisplace,theworldisdisappointed.Liesaid:"Whyisthatso?""JunZhe:"Thecriticsthinkit'scoppersmellyears."

13.FudoZun.Se tarkoittaa,että rahojen piilottamista ei tarvita, aivan kutenBuddhan rauhaa ja elämää,jarahoja kutsutaan nimellä "FudoZun".SongDynastyTaoYu"QingYiLu":"LangJunJiakuTherearealotofbronzesinit,andit'smoney"on"andit'modeo."

14.Banknotes.OriginatedintheJinDynasty.Chinaisthefirstcountryintheworldtousepapermoney.SongTaizongIntheearlyyears,withtheprosperityofcommerceandtheexpansionoftransactions,theironmoneyusedatthattimecouldnolongermeettheneedsoftransactions,sosixteenwealthybusinessmenjointlyissuedapapercurrencyinChengdu,Sichuan,whichwascalled"Jiaozi"atthattime.TheJinDynasty,whichwasroughlythesameperiodastheSongDynasty,alsoissuedbanknotesforbanknotesin1154.BanknotesweretheprevailingbanknotesintheJinDynasty.Theywereissuedforabout80years.TheyusedtocirculateinthecountryofgoldandwereamongthecurrenciesoftheJinDynasty.Ithasalwaysbeeninthedominantposition.ItisalsocalledChaoyin,whichisdividedintobigandsmallnotes.Wecallpapermoneyasbanknotesorabbreviatedasbanknotes,whichhasbeenhandeddownsincethen.

15.YuanDatou:Kiinan tasavallan alkuvuosi,Koska annetulla hopeakolikkolla on YuanShikai-patsas, rahaa kutsutaan "YuanDatouksi".

16.GreatUnity:UudenKiinan perustamisen jälkeen enyuan-tunnustukselle RMB painettiin "National People'sUnity" kasvoille. Rahaa kutsutaan nimellä "GreatUnity".

17. Headcoin:gamecoin

Muinainen kolikko

Mintingcoin:referstoacertainsizeShape,withacertainweightanddenominationvalue,usedasalegalmeansofcirculationofmetalcurrency.Theancientcoinagematerialwasmainlycopper,andgoldandsilvercoinsappearedoneafteranother.InChina,althoughtheappearanceofgoldandsilvercoinswasrelativelyearly,theyweremainlyaddedtothefieldofcommoditycirculation.Itisstillinmoderntimes.

Clothcoins:thegeneraltermfortheshovel-shapedcurrenciessuchastheemptyheadclothandtheflatheadclothduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesPeriod.

Yleistermi useille veitsen muotoisille valuutoille, kuten neulapääveitset, teräväkärkiset veitset, kirkasveitset, veitset ja pyöreät veitset.

Yuanqian:Thegeneraltermforroundcurrencies,includingroundholesandroundmoney.Therearetwotypesofsquareholesandroundcoins,generallyreferringtothelatter.

Emptyheadcloth:CoinsmintedduringtheSpringandAutumnandWarringStatesperiod,includingflat-shoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,obliqueshoulderarc-footemptyheadcloth,andshruggedpointedfootemptyFirstcloth.

Pingshoucloth:Kolikot sotavaltioiden aikana, mukaan lukien kangas, erikoismuotoiltu kangas, pääliina, teräväjalkakangas, pyöreäjalkakangas jne., pääasiassa Sanjinissa ja Yanstatesissa.

Twocurrenciesofbaht:referstothecurrencythatusedthebahtastheunitofweight,andtheweightisthenameofthecurrency,suchashalftwo,fivebaht,etc.,whichwerecastinChinabeforetheSuiDynasty.

Fivecents:WesternHanDynastyItisakindofhalf-and-twocoinsinthelastsixyearsofhighschool.

Threecents:ThecurrencyissuedbyEmperorWuoftheWesternHanDynastyinthefifthyearofthefoundingoftheYuanDynastyisakindofhalf-and-twocoins.

Bilun:Itä-JinDynastiassa Sun ja Wu:n myytyjä kolikoita käytettiin, ja ne olivat sekä suuria että pieniä. Bigmoney kutsuttiin "biluniksi", mikä kuvailee sitä isoa pyörää.

Fourarticles:Onecoinwasusedasfoursmallcoins,generallyreferringtotheEasternJinDynastySunWu’soldmoneywasusedatthetime.

Xiaopingmoney: pieni rahanarvoinen penni, jota kutsutaan myös tasaiseksi rahaksi, pieneksi rahaksi, yleensä noin 2,4 cm:n halkaisija ja 3,5 grammaa.

Foldedmoney:Themoneyusedasasecondarticleisgenerallyabout2.8cmindiameterandweighsabout7grams.

Halkaisija on noin 3,1 cm. Se painaa noin 10 grammaa." Ja pian"

BigMoney:Thegeneraltermforbigmoneyandbigmoney.IntheSixDynasties,thestandardsizeoffivebahtmoneywascalledbigmoney.

Teksti:Perusrahan yksikön nimi,Pieni kolikonkutsua.

Guan:athousandthoriumiscalledaguan,andthesquarewoodenstripsworninthemoneyholeattheplacewherethemoneyiscastisalsocalledaguan

Sample:referstothosewhosemoneydiameterissmallerthanthesametypeofmoney.

Bigsample:Referstothosewhosemoneypathislargerthanthatofthesametypeofmoney.

Kasvot: Viittaa kolikon etupuolelle.

Kasvot:Kolikon etupuolella oleva teksti.

Takaosa:Kolikon takaosa, joka tunnetaan myös verhona.

Recitetext: Moneybacktext, tunnetaan myös hyvänä, neliö kutsutaan FangChuan, neliöaukko, kierrosta kutsutaan YuanChuaniksi, pyöreäksi.

Laaja käyttö: viittaa isompiin reikiin.

Kapeapass: viittaa niihin, joilla on pienemmät rahanreiät.

Neiguo:ReferstotheprotrudingpartaroundQianKong,alsoknownasHaoGuo.

Guangguo: viittaa niihin, joilla on leveä sisätila

Xiaguo: viittaa niihin, joilla on nuolempisisustus.

Zhongguo:ReferstothetwoinnerGuos.

Juwen:Referstothepointofoneorseveralcornersofthesquareholeofthemoneybody.

FourJueWen:Referstothosewhohavethefourcornersofthesquareholeinthebodyofthemoney,alsoknownastheFourJue.

SuJiao: Se on neljän jueessay-erikoistyyppi, jossa on pieniä pisteitä neliönreiässä.

Fouressays:referstothefourcornersofQianshensquareholewithprotrudingwordsextendingtotheoutsideofGuo.

OuterGuo: Viittaa Qianin rungon ulkoreunan ulkonevaan osaan, joka tunnetaan myös ulkoreunana, ulkopyöränä, mehevänä Guona ja BianGuona.

Leveä:ulkokulma on leveämpi, kutsutaan myös leveäksi, leveäksi,

Kapea: ulkopuoli on kapeampi, kutsutaan myös kapeaksi pyöräksi, kapeaksi.

Zhonglun:ReferstoErdeWaiguo.

Theamountofwheel:referstotheouterhighandlowinside,morecommoninWangMangqian.

Cuttingedge:referstotheoutwardbevelingoftheoutercorner,whichistheoppositeofthefrontalwheel.

Edgedmoney:referstothemoneythatiswornawayfromtheouteredges.

Meat:referstothepartofthecoinwithnocharactersorpatternsbetweentheinnerandouterborders.Thethickoneiscalledthickflesh,andthethinoneiscalledthinflesh.

Day:referstotheraisedcircleonthebackofthemoney,alsoknownasJapanese

Kuukausi:viittaa rahan kasvoon,kuperatakana,tunnetaan myöskuukautena,kirjain,kuukausiMarks,kuppia ylöspäin kutsutaan Yangyue,alaspäin onYanyue

Star:referstothemoneyfaceandtheraiseddotontheback,alsoknownasstartext.

Circlestar:referstotheconcavecircleonthebackofmoney.

Raskaanatähti: viittaa kuuhun tähden takana.

Vaalea tausta: viittaa QianWuweniin, joka tunnetaan myös pelkkänä taustana, vaalea tausta, tavallinen näyttö.

Closetheback:Referstothemisusedtwopiecesofmoneyforged.Moneyisavailableonbothsides.

Couple:Referstothemisuseoftwopiecesofmoneymadefromthebackfan,bothsidesaremoneyback.

Ohjaus: Rahatekstit järjestetään ylös-, alas-, vasemmalle ja oikealle järjestykseen, kutsutaan myös peräkkäiseksi lukemiseksi, paritukseksi.

Pyörivä luku: QianWenisjärjestetään ylös, alas, vasemmalle ja oikealle, kutsutaan myös rengaslukemiseksi.

LeftReading: ViittaaQianWenin lukemaan vasemmalta oikealle.

Biography:Referstocoinsmadeofinscribedcharactersengravedinorthographiccharacters,andtheinscriptionsonthecoinsarereversedcharacters,seenfromthepre-QintotheSixDynastiesperiod.

LiGuo: Tarkoittaa, että QianWenis kaukana NeiGuosta

JieGuo:MeansthatQianWenisconnectedtoNeiGuo.

Secondwheel:referstoQianWenstayingawayfromtheoutsideworldandnotconnected.

Lianlun:referstotheconnectionbetweenQianwenandWaiguo.

DeepWords:ReferstoQianwen on erityisen syvällinen.

PiilotettuQiwen: Viittaa eripaksuisiin rahoihin.

JuTou:ReferstoQianWenzhi'sheadtoNeiGuo,alsoknownasJuShou.

Täysin:ReferstoQianWenzhin ensimmäinen ulkoministeri.

Toistuva teksti: Viittaa toistuvaan tekstiinQianin kehossa, joka tunnetaan myös pudistavana päätään, koska fanin kehossa on toistuvia jälkiä.

Shengpit:referstothenewlyunearthedmoney,thesurfaceisseriouslyoxidized.

Laoshengkeng:Pointoutthatthelong-establishedcoppercoinandcopperrustisconcealedbythehandeddowncolor.

ShuKeng:Referstoancientcoinsthathavenotbeenputintotheearth.

Handeddown:referstothecoloronthesurfaceofmoneythathasnotbeenputintotheearthintheworld.Itisgenerallybrownandshiny,alsoknownasblackpaint.

Painted:referstothecolorofcoppercoinshandeddownfromgenerationtogeneration,inadditiontoblack,therearealsobrown,darkred,orangeandyellow.

Mercuryancient:asilver-whiteoxidelayeronthesurfaceofunearthedancientcoins,alsoknownasmercuryrust,mercuryqin.

Veistetty äiti: kuparista, tinasta, lyijystä, hampaista, luusta, puusta ja muista materiaaleista veistetty kolikon malli, joka tunnetaan myös muinaisena rahana.

Mothermoney:Themoneyusedasamoldduringrecastingisusuallydirectlyrecastfromtheengravingmother.

Ironmother:referstothemothercoinofcastingironcoins,whichismadeofcopper.

TieFanCopper:Coppercoinsrecastintheshapeofironcoins.

Samplemoney:samplemoneyfortrialcastingandpreliminarycasting.

Samplemoneyissuedbytheministry:thecentralgovernmentandthetwoministriesofindustrywillsuperviseandissueeachprovinceasthestandardsamplemoney.Itiscalledmothermoney.

Samplemoneyforsubmission:Thelocalgovernmentsubmitsthesamplemoneyforreviewbytherelevantauthorities.

Cuttingmoney:Thegeneraltermofcutedgemoneyandextendedringmoney,whichistocutaroundcoinintotwopiecesinsideandoutside.

Cuttingmoney:Moneythathasbeencutoutoftheouterring.Alsoknownasthetextofthepair

Bingqian:thecommonnameofWangMangshi'sthick-shapedgoodsspring.LaterintheNorthernSongDynasty,theXianpingwithawidemarginandthickshape,Xiangfumoneywasalsocalledpiemoney.

Formoney:referstomoneywithsymmetricaltexts.Thetexts,rounds,size,thickness,andcopperarethesame,butdifferentscriptsareused,buttheglyphsandgesturesarestillconsistentwitheachother,alsoknownasHehemoney.ItbeganintheSouthernTangDynastyandflourishedintheSongDynasty.

Formulawomen'smoney:ThefivebahtmoneycoinedbyEmperorLiangWuintheSouthernDynasties,alsoknownaswomen'smoney.

Miesten raha: WangMangin yleinen nimi Buquanille.

Redmoney:ThecoppercoinsofXinjiangfoundryintheQingDynastywerenamedaftertheHongtongMountain.

Rahanteko:alkuperäisen dynastian kolikot feudaleran aikana.

Rahaa käytetään: kolikot käytetään virallisena valuuttana.

Disgustingmoney:Itisnon-usemoneyofthenatureofsuppressingevilandtakingauspiciousness.Itismostlyusedforauspiciouscelebration,beaming,worship,hanging,andwearing.Itisalsocalledwinningmoneyandbettingmoney.

Palacemoney:specialmoneyforthefestivalcelebrationsintheimperialpalaceinthefeudaleraasareward.

Maksettu raha: muinaistenkoristeiden vannoi kolikot.

Survivalmoney:ThecoinsusedasofferingsintemplesandtemplesaregenerallyhiddeninthebellyoftheBuddhastatueorhungbesidetheBuddha'sniche,alsoknownasthedirtymoneyoftheBuddha.

Springmoney:asmallgoldandsilvercoinintheYuanDynasty,usedbywomenasjewelry.

Secretplaymoney:coinswithsimplepatternsofsexualintercoursebetweenmenandwomen.

Makingmoney:Thepawninthegameofplayinghorse,alsoknownashorsemoney.

Kultainen: Kuparikolikot, jotka on valmistettu neljästä tulikuparista (kuparisulatettu neljä kertaa) Ming-dynastiassa.

Firelacquer:CoppercoinsmadeofsecondfirecopperintheMingDynasty.

Pyöriminen: Käytä pyörivää pyörää jauhamalla kolikon.

Evilmoney:ThenameofinferiorprivatemoneyintheTangDynasty.Therearenamessuchasirontin,coppersand,copperdang,andpiercingholes.

Fixedtinmoney:AkindoftinnedironmoneythatCaiJingheldduringtheWeiZongperiodoftheNorthernSongDynasty.

QianFan:Thecoinmodel,thefrontsideofthecoinisprintedonthefrontside,andthebacksideoftheprintedcoiniscalledthebackside.