Nykyaika ja antiikin aika
Modernbiotechnologyandancientbrewingtechnologyusingmicroorganismsarerelatedtothedevelopmentofmodernfermentationtechnology,buttherearequalitativedifferences.Theancientbrewingtechnologyandthemodernfermentationtechnologyonlyuseexistingorganismsorbiologicalfunctionstoservehumans,whilemodernbiotechnologyistocreatenewbiologicaltypesandbiologicalfunctionsaccordingtopeople’swishesandneeds,ortotransformexistingorganisms.Typesandbiologicalfunctions,includingthemodificationofhumanbeings,soastobenefitmankind.Modernbiotechnologybioengineeringisaqualitativeleapinwhichhumanbeingsmovefromthekingdomofnecessitytothekingdomoffreedom,fromwaitingforthegiftofnaturetoactivelydemandingfromnatureintheestablishmentofpracticalbiotechnology.
Tieteen alkuperä
Modernbiotechnologyhasgrownuponthebasisofthedevelopmentofmolecularbiology.In1953,AmericanscientistWatsonandBritishscientistCrickusedtheX-raydiffractionmethodtoclarifythestructureofthegeneticmaterialbasicnucleicacid,thusmakingtheexplorationofuncoveringthesecretsoflifefromthecellularleveltothemolecularlevel,andthestudyofbiologicallawsIthasalsomovedfromqualitativetoquantitative.Undertheinfluenceandpenetrationofmodernphysicsandchemistry,anewscience,molecularbiology,wasborn.Inthefollowingtenyears,molecularbiologydevelopedrapidlyandachievedmanyimportantresults.Inparticular,scientistsdecipheredthegeneticcodeoflife,andin1966compileda"dictionary"ofgeneticcodesuniversallyusedbyearthorganisms.Thegeneticcodedictionaryquicklyadvancestheresearchofmolecularbiologytothepracticalstage.In1970,KoranaandotherscientistscompletedtheartificialtotalsynthesisoftheyeastalaninetransferRNAgene.In1971,AmericanPaulBergusedarestrictionenzymetoopenacircularDNAmolecule,connectingtwodifferentDNAstogetherforthefirsttime.In1973,aresearchteamheadedbyAmericanscientistCohenappliedalargenumberofpredecessors'researchresultstouseEscherichiacoliatStanfordUniversitytocarryoutthefirstsuccessfulexperimentingeneticengineering,themostrepresentativetechnologyinmodernbiotechnology.Theyrecombinedtwodifferentplasmids(anti-tetracyclineandanti-streptomycin)inEscherichiacoliinatesttube,thenintroducedthisplasmidintoEscherichiacoli,andfoundthatitreplicatedthereandshowedtheinheritanceoftheparentalplasmid.information.In1974,theycombinedagenefromanAfricanclawedfrogwithaplasmidfromanEscherichiacoliandintroduceditintoanotherEscherichiacoli.Asaresult,theAfricanclawedfroggenewasactuallyexpressedinE.coli("expression"meansthatthegenecansynthesizegrowthhormoneinhibitorsinE.coli),anditcanbepassedonfromgenerationtogenerationasE.colimultiplies.
Geenitekniikka
ScientistshaveseentheoutstandingfeaturesofgeneticengineeringfromCohen’sexperiments:(1)Itcanbreaktheboundariesbetweenspecies.Intheconceptoftraditionalgeneticbreeding,itisalmostimpossibleforspecieswithdistantlyrelatedspeciestosuccessfullyhybridize,letalonethehybridizationbetweenanimalsandplants,betweenbacteriaandanimals,andbetweenbacteriaandplants.Butgeneticengineeringtechnologycancrossthematingbarrier,makingallofthispossible.(2)Accordingtopeople'swishesandpurposes,thegeneticcharacteristicsoforganismscanbemodifieddirectionally,andevennewlifespeciesthatdonotexistontheearthcanbecreated.Atthesametime,thistechnologymayalsohaveanimpactontheevolutionaryprocessofhumanbeings.(3)Sincethistechniquedirectlyoperatesonthegeneticmaterialnucleicacid,thespeedofcreatingnewbiologicaltypescanbegreatlyaccelerated.Thesecharacteristicshaveattractedgreatattentionfromscientistsaroundtheworld.Injustafewyears,geneticengineeringresearchhasbeendevelopedinmanycountries,andanumberofresultshavebeenachieved.Geenitekniikkahasbecomeoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalachievementsinthe20thcentury.
SubjectExtension
Modernbiotechnologyisacomplextechnologygroup.Geenitekniikkaisonlyarepresentativetypeofmodernbiotechnology,anditscharacteristicistocreateormodifybiologicaltypesandbiologicalfunctionsatthemolecularlevel.Inaddition,atthelevelofchromosomes,cells,tissues,organs,andevenindividualorganisms,projectsthatcreateormodifybiologicaltypesandbiologicalfunctions,suchaschromosomeengineering,cellengineering,tissuecultureandorganculture,quantitativegeneticengineering,etc.,canalsobecarriedout.Itbelongstothecategoryofmodernbiotechnology.Andsomenewprocesssystemsthatservetheseprojects,suchasmodernfermentationengineering,enzymeengineering,bioreactorengineering,etc.,havealsobeenincorporatedintothemodernbiotechnologysystem.
Akateeminen määritelmä
Modernbiotechnologyissupportedbymolecularbiology,cellbiology,microbiology,immunology,genetics,physiology,systemsbiologyandotherdisciplines,combinedwithchemistry,Chemicalengineering,computer,microelectronicsandotherdisciplines,thusformingacomprehensivedisciplinewithmulti-disciplinaryinterpenetration.Intermsofitsapplicationfields,itcanbedividedintoagriculturalbiotechnology,medicalbiotechnology,plantbiotechnology,animalbiotechnology,foodbiotechnology,environmentalbiotechnology,etc.