Introduction
Themanagementsystemistostipulatethemanagementscope,powers,responsibilities,interestsandmutualrelationsofthecentral,local,department,andenterpriseintheirrespectiveareas.Itscoreistheestablishmentofmanagementagencies,thedistributionofpowersofvariousmanagementagencies,andthemutualcoordinationamongvariousagencies.Itsstrengthdirectlyaffectstheefficiencyandeffectivenessofmanagement,andplaysadecisiveroleintheoverallmanagementofthecentral,local,departmental,andenterprise.
Socialsystem
Managementsystem
Socialmanagementisaveryrichconcept,whichcanbedividedintothefollowingtwocategoriesaccordingtotheemphasisonmanagementsubjects:Firstofall,socialmanagementwiththegovernmentasthemainbodyisalsocalledgovernmentsocialmanagement,thatis,thegovernmentistheleadingoronlyorganizer,participantandactorofsocialmanagement.Secondly,socialmanagementwithsocietyasthemainbodyemphasizessocialautonomy.
Meaning
Itisaseriesofbindingforcesformulatedbythestateonthestatus,role,mutualrelationshipandoperationmodeofvarioussocialmanagementsubjectsinsociallife,socialaffairsandsocialrelationsThepurposeoftherulesandproceduralarrangementsistointegratesocialresourcestosolvesocialproblems,regulatesocialoperationsandmaintainsocialorder.Thesystemelementsofthesocialmanagementsystemincludeeightaspects:communitymanagementsystem,socialsecuritysystem,socialsecuritysystem,socialemergencysystem,socialservicesystem,communitymanagementsystem,socialworksystem,andsocialpolicydecision-makingsystem.
China'scurrentgovernmentsocialmanagementsystemisbasedonthetraditionalhighlyunifiedsocialmanagementmodel,sotherearemanyproblems:(1)Thetransformationofgovernmentfunctionsisnotyetinplace,andthepublicfinancialinvestmentatalllevelsisinsufficient.Theinvestmentinruralareasisless,thesupplyofbasicsocialpublicservicesisseriouslylagginganditisobviouslyunfair;(2)Thedevelopmentofcivilorganizationsisunderdeveloped,andtherearenotmanychannelsforpublicparticipation,whichmakesitdifficulttoplaytheirdueroleinsocialmanagement;(3)Thegovernmentisnotaccustomedtointegratingsocialresourceswiththehelpofmarketmechanismsandsocialmechanismstojointlyorganizesocialwelfareundertakingsandpublicservices;(4)Thedisparitybetweengovernmentdepartmentsandpublicinstitutionsandintermediaryorganizations,governmentagenciesandcommunityautonomousorganizationsleadstopublicinstitutionsandself-governmentorganizations.Organizationaladministrationtendstobeserious,whichaffectsthehealthydevelopmentofsocialundertakingsandsocialautonomy;(5)Thegovernment’ssocialmanagementfunctionsareunbalanced,withasinglemethod,focusingoncontroloverservice,focusingonapprovalsandneglectingsupervision,andhavingmultiplepoliticians,whichdirectlyaffectssocialmanagement.Effect;(6)Thegovernment'ssocialmanagementmethodissimple,anditisaccustomedtoadoptingadministrativemeasuresandcoercivemethodstosolvesocialconflicts.Itisofteneasytointensifyconflictsratherthanresolvethem.(7)Thegovernment'ssocialmanagementlawsandregulationsarenotsound,themanagementcostistoohigh,andtheefficiencyislow.(8)Thereisaseriousshortageofspecializedsocialmanagementtalentsandprofessionalsocialworktalents.
Thereformandimprovementofourcountry’ssocialmanagementsystemisofgreatpracticalsignificance:First,itisconducivetopromotingthecomprehensiveandfreedevelopmentofeveryone.Secondly,itisconducivetotherealizationofsocialfairnessandjustice.Third,itisconducivetopromotingsocialharmony.Fourth,itisconducivetoenhancingpoliticallegitimacy.
Sosiaalihallinnon uudistuksen luokittelu- ja kehitystrendi ja suunta
Thesubjectofsocialmanagementhasshiftedfromthesolesubjectofthestatetothegovernment,socialorganizations,communityorganizations,andthepublicThesocialmanagementmethodhaschangedfromtheone-dimensionalgovernancebehavioroforder-obediencetothegovernanceactivitiesofconsultationanddecision-making,cooperativemanagement,transparentmanagement,andlegalizedmanagementamongthevariousentities;socialmanagementmethodshavechangedfromadministrativemeanstoThemainshiftisthecomprehensiveuseofadministrativemeans,legalmeans,marketmechanisms,andsocialself-helpandmutualassistance;themainbodyofsocialmanagementresourceinputandserviceoutputisfromthegovernmentasasinglemainbodytothemulti-subjectssuchasgovernment,enterprises,non-governmentalorganizations,andcommunities.Commitment;socialmanagementhasshiftedfromadministrativecontroltoprovidingsocialpublicservices;socialorderhasshiftedfromcompulsoryordertocoerciveorderandspontaneousorderformedbyautonomyandself-discipline;thepowerallocationpatterninsocialmanagementFromcentralizedgovernmentmanagementtodelegatingpowertosocietyandempoweringcitizens;thefocusofsocialmanagementisshiftingfromtheunittothecommunity;socialpolicyformulationisshiftingfromaclosedandmysteriousapproachtopublicparticipation,multi-partyconsultationandtransparentdecision-making.
EducationSystem
ManagementSystem
Thereformoftheeducationmanagementsystemhasalwaysbeenaveryimportantandkeycontentinmycountry'seducationreform.Duetothestatusandcharacteristicsofeducationitself,thereformofthemanagementsystemoftendirectlyaffectsanddeterminesthereformanddevelopmentofotherfieldsineducation;andtheachievementsandproblemsineducationreformanddevelopmentaredirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtoThereformoftheeducationmanagementsystemiscloselyrelated.Therefore,itisnecessarytoanalyzethetrendofmycountry'seducationmanagementsystemreforminrecentyears,andtounderstandtheproblemsexistinginthecurrenteducationreformanddevelopmentandthetaskofdeepeningreformfromthisperspective.
Koulutusjohtamisjärjestelmän uudistuskurssi
First,shiftfromahighcenterofgravitytoalowcenterofgravity.Thatis,throughthedecentralizationofpowers,themanagementpoweroftheentirecountry'seducationalactivitiesinthepasthasbeenhighlyconcentratedonthecentralgovernmentandthecentraleducationadministrativedepartment,givinglocalgovernmentsandschoolsthemselvesmoremanagementpowerandautonomy.Oneofitsimportantmeansisthatitreflectsthetop-to-bottomchangeofmanagementauthoritywithintheoriginalsystem,butonlyshiftsthefocusofmanagementfromthecentralgovernmentdowntolocalgovernmentsandschoolsatalllevels,anddoesnotgobeyondthescopeoftheoriginalsystem.Thistrendismainlyreflectedintwoaspects.First,localgovernmentsatalllevelshaveexpandedtheirmanagementauthorityoverlocaleducationalactivities.Inthepast,whetheritwastheconstructionofschools,theestablishmentofmajorsandtheadjustmentofdisciplines,thereviewofcourses,teachingmaterials,syllabusandteachingplans,includingtheallocationanduseofvariouseducationalfunds,etc.,basicallythecentralgovernmentandcentraleducationAdministrativedepartmentsarecentralizedandunifiedmanagement,localgovernmentsandeducationadministrativedepartmentshaveverylimitedmanagementpowers,andtheyplaymoreofanexecutiverole.Thismanagementmodelisconsistentwiththeplannedeconomicsystematthattime.Inaspecifichistoricalperiod,itisalsonecessaryformakingbetteruseofeducationalresourcesandmaintainingtheorderlynatureofeducationalactivities.However,thismodelisnotconducivetogivingplaytotheenthusiasmoflocalschools,anditisdifficulttoadapttothedifferencesbetweendifferentregionsthatappearwithsocialdevelopmentanddifferentiation;duetothedifficultiesininformationcollectionandmastery,itoftenaffectstheefficiencyofmanagement.Forthisreason,inthereformoftheeducationmanagementsystem,thecentralgovernmentclearlystipulatedthatthepowerofbasiceducationmanagementbelongstothelocalgovernment.Inadditiontothecentralgovernment'sdecisiononmajorpoliciesandmacroplanning,theformulationandimplementationofspecificpoliciesandplans,aswellasthepowerandresponsibilityfortheleadership,management,andinspectionofschools,areallentrustedtolocalgovernments.The"OutlineofChina'sEducationalReformandDevelopment"furtherproposedthat"provincial,autonomousregion,andmunicipalitygovernmentsorganicallydeterminetheeducationalsystem,annualenrollmentscale,determinationofteachingplans,selectionoftextbooks,andreviewofprovincial-editedtextbooks",etc.,andalsogivethemTherighttodecideontheeducationalmanagementauthorityofthegovernmentsatalllevels.Thesecondistoexpandschools,mainlytheautonomyofhighereducationinstitutions.Intermsofenrollment,adjustmentofmajorsanddepartments,establishmentofinstitutions,appointmentandremovalofcadres,financinganduse,evaluationofprofessionaltitles,salarydistribution,andinternationalexchanges,collegesanduniversitiesaremovingstepbysteptowardsbeingunderthemacro-managementofthegovernment.,Facingthedevelopmentoflegalentitiesthatareself-sponsoredbythesociety.
Second,thetransferfromtheoriginalsystemtooutsidethesystem.Thatistochangethepatternofgovernment-runschoolsinthepast,andgraduallyestablishasystemwheregovernment-runschoolsarethemainbodyandallsectorsofsocietyjointlyrunschools.Thefirstisthereformofthemainbodyoftheschoolfromtheunityinthepastsystemtothediversifiedreformofthemainbodythatcombinestheinsideandoutsidethesystem.Inthepast,theorganizationofschoolswascompletelyregardedasafunctionandpowerofthegovernment.Education,asaveryimportantsocialactivity,hasalsobeenfullyincorporatedintothecentralplanningandcontrol,thusformingthephenomenonthatthegovernmentisthesolehost.Fortheeffectiveimplementationofthesocialisteducationpolicyandtraininggoals,thereisnodoubtthatadequateinstitutionalguaranteeshavebeengiven.However,inthefaceoftheever-increasingdemandforeducation,thegovernment'sfinancialburdenhasbecomeheavierandheavier,andithasalsorestrictedtheparticipationofvarioussocialforcesinrunningschoolsanddevelopingeducation.Inrecentyears,theriseofvarioussocialforcestorunschools,theemergenceofprivateschools,andthecooperationwithrelevantinternationalorganizationsinrunningschools,etc.,havereflectedthediversifiedtrendofthehostinthereformoftheeducationmanagementsystem,andhaveshownagradualdeepeningandThetrendofexpansion.
Secondly,theidentityofschoolorganizers,administratorsandscholarsisgraduallymovingtowardsseparation.Inthepast,inasystemwherethegovernmenttookchargeofrunningschools,theschoolorganizers,managers,andschoolleadersappointedbythegovernmentwerebasicallythesame.Thegovernmentnotonlyrunsschools,butalsomanagesschools,andatthesametimebecomesaspecificschool.Nowadays,ontheonehand,duetotheemergenceofdifferenthostingentitiesoutsidethesystem,andtheschoolhasalsogainedgreaterautonomy,theseparationanddifferencesbetweenthethreehavebeenbroughtabout.Thisisconducivetobettermobilizingvarioussocialresourcestodevelopeducationandmobilizingtheenthusiasmofrunningscholars,butitalsoposeschallengestoeducationmanagementandincreasesthedifficulty.
Thirdly,thetransitionfrombasicoverlaptorelativeseparationbetweeneducationsupplyandeducationdemand.The"educationsupply"and"educationdemand"mentionedhererefertothedifferentkindsofeducationandthetotalquantityprovidedbythewholesociety,andthedemandforeducationintheabove-mentionedtypesandqualityatalllevelsofthesociety.Thistrendismanifestedinthefactthattheeducationdemandofthesocietyisgraduallyseparatedfromtheconstraintsandcontroloftheeducationsupplyprovidedbythegovernment,andhasgainedrelativeindependence.Atthesametime,theeducationsupplyitselfalsopresentsadiversifiedsituation.Thistrendisrelatedtothere-allocationofresourcesintheentiresocietyduringthereform.Sinceallresourcesintheplannedeconomysystemarebasicallycontrolledbythecentralgovernment,itishardtosaythatlocalitiesandindividualsaresubjectswithindependentinterests,andthecentralgovernmentisalsotheonlysubjectofeducationsupply.Theeducationsupplyanddemandforeducationbasicallycoincide.Throughthereformoftheeconomicsystemandthecontinuousestablishmentofthesocialistmarketeconomicsystem,variouslocalitiesanddepartmentshaveinitiallyformedcertaininterestsubjects,withcorrespondinginterestdrivingandrestraints,andbecomingtheactualsubjectsofeducationalneeds;whilelaborandpersonnelsystems,wagesReformsinthesystem,enrollmentandgraduationdistributionsystemshavealsomadeeducation,especiallyinthenon-compulsorystageofeducation,haveaninherentconnectionwithpeople’sself-interest,andpromptedindividualstohavemorepracticalandactivechoicesineducationneeds..Allofthesehaveformedanextremelycomplex,diversified,andrelativelyindependentstateofeducationsupplyforthecurrenteducationalneedsofthesociety.Inaddition,althoughthecentralgovernmentstillregulatestheoveralleducationalneedsofthesocietyfromamacroperspective,andoccupiesanimportantpositionintheoveralleducationalneeds,theeducationalneedsofvariousregions,departments,andevenindividualshaveincreasinglybecomeanon-negligibleinfluenceonthedevelopmentofeducation.strength.Atthesametime,duetothediversificationofthemainbodyofschoolorganization,thecentralgovernment'ssinglemainbodystatusineducationsupplyhasalsobeenchallenged,formingacertaincompetitivesituation.
Notableachievements
First,duetothereducedmanagementfocus,theeducationactivitiesarecombinedwiththeactualconditionsanddevelopmentofeachregion,whichdirectlybringstwobenefits:Thefirstistomobilizetheenthusiasmoflocalgovernmentsatalllevelsandpeopletodevelopeducationandrunningschools,formanewsupportmechanismforeducationaldevelopment,andexpandandincreasetheinvestmentoftheentiresocietyineducation;second,educationitselfismorecloselyconnectedwithreality.Asaresult,educationhasobtainedgreatersocialbenefits.Ontheonehand,thetimeandspaceintheflowofinformation,feedbackandconversionhavebeenshortened,andthedirectnessofmanagementandthepertinenceofdecision-makinghavebeenincreased,therebyreducingthemanagementcostsandexpensesofeducationtoacertainextent;ontheotherhand,theschoolThelayoutoftheprogram,thesettingofcourses,theselectionofteachingmaterials,andtheformulationofteachingplanscanalsobebetteradaptedtotherequirementsoftheregionthaninthepast.
Secondly,ithasexpandedtheautonomyofhighereducationinstitutions,createdcertainconditionsforthedeepeningreformofhighereducationinstitutions,mobilizedtheenthusiasmofthemajorityoffacultyandstafftoacertainextent,andstrengthenedtheschool’sinitiativetoadapttotheeconomyandTheabilityofsocialdevelopmenthaspromotedtheimprovementofthequality,scientificresearchlevelandefficiencyoftheuniversity.
Thirdly,thedifferentiationofschoolsponsors,aswellastherelativeseparationofmanagers,sponsors,andscholarshavemobilizedmoresocialresourcestoparticipateinandsupportschoolrunningtoacertainextent.Inrecentyears,theemergenceofschoolsrunbyvarioussocialforces,privateschools,andtheriseofnon-formalandinformaleducationhavebecomeagreatsupplementtotheformalschooleducationrunbythegovernmentinmycountry,andtoacertainextentalleviatedthegovernment-runschooleducation.Thepressurehasadaptedtotheever-expandingeducationalneedsinmodernsociety.Atthesametime,duetotherelativeindependenceandautonomyofvarioussocialforcesinrunningschools,theirexperimentsandinnovationsinschool-runningideas,curriculumsettings,andteachinghavealsoprovidedgreatopportunitiesforthereformofeducationandteachinginmycountryandtheoreticalresearch.Valuableexperience.Asaresult,adiversifiedschool-runningpatternisgraduallytakingshape.
Fourth,therelativeseparationofeducationdemandandeducationsupplyhasalsopromotedthereformanddevelopmentofeducationinsomeways.Becausevariousregionsanddepartmentshavetheirownuniqueeducationalneedsasrelativelyindependentstakeholders,aswellasthedifferentchoicesofindividualsdrivenbyinterests,theyhavegreatlyimprovedtheoverallsociety’seducationintermsofquantity,quality,andcategory.Andgraduallybecomeanimportantforceinfluencingthedevelopmentofeducation.Inrecentyears,alargenumberofvarioussocialforceshaveemergedtorunschools,especiallyprivateschoolsandnon-academichighereducationheldinvariousplaces,itispreciselyunderthestimulationofthisexpandingeducationaldemand.Thegovernment'sinvestmentorientationandpolicybehaviorineducationalsohavetoconsidertheconditionsandtendenciesofactualeducationneeds.Atthesametime,thisrelativeseparationcanalsoprovideabetterpossibilityforimprovingtheefficiencyofrunningaschool.Becauseitcanchangetoacertainextenttheschoolthinkingandworkinglogicoftheschoolthatwasaffiliatedtotheadministrationinthepast,andstimulatetheschool'ssenseofcompetition,sothattheschoolcanbeclosertorealityandadapttotheneedsofsocialandeconomicdevelopmentintheregion.
Itisnecessarytopointoutthatthesuccessofthissystemreformcenteredonthechangeofmanagementauthorityisinseparablefromitssocialbackgroundandcharacteristics.Thedifferencein"delegationofpower"thathasexistedinthereformofthemanagementsystem.Since1949,mycountryhasmadeseverallarge-scaleadjustmentsintheeducationmanagementsystem.However,comparedwiththepast,thereformoftheeducationmanagementsystemhasatleastthefollowingpoints.First,theadjustmentinthepastwassimplyachangeinmanagementauthority.Therelationshipbetweenthegovernmentandtheschoolhasnotchanged.Itisstilladirectadministrativemanagement,butamanagementorganizationhasbeenchanged.Thecurrentreformisaimedatestablishingagovernmentmacro-managementsystemwhereschoolsareself-sponsoredbythesociety.Itisnecessarytoexpandschoolautonomyandturntheschoolintoaself-sponsoredlegalentity.Second,asfarasthegovernmentisconcerned,theadjustmentsinthepastwereonlythedecentralizationofmanagementauthorityundertheunifieddecisionofthecentralgovernment.Thelocalgovernmentdidnothaveindependentdecision-makingpower.However,thisreformgavethelocalgovernmentmoredecision-makingpower.,Sothatthelocalareahasmoreautonomyandgreaterenthusiasminrunningschools.Third,andmoreimportantly,theadjustmentofpowersinthepastwascarriedoutonthebasisofahighlyplannedandunifiedeconomicsystembythecentralgovernment.Thelocalgovernmentsdidnothaveanindependentresourcebase,andallresourceswereconcentratedinthehandsofthecentralgovernment.Inthisway,theauthorityoflocalitiesandschoolsisactuallygroundless.Thereformthistimeissynchronizedwiththereformoftheeconomicsystem,sotheacquisitionofpowerhasamorerealisticresourcebase.Itispreciselybecauseoftheabovedifferencesthatthereformoftheeducationmanagementsysteminrecentyearshasmadegreatachievements,andithastrulypromotedthereformanddevelopmentofeducation.
Valtion omistama järjestelmä
Omaisuudenhallintajärjestelmä
Thestate-ownedassetmanagementsystemisbetweenthecentralandlocalgovernmentsandatalllevelsThegovernmentdividesstate-ownedassetsmanagementauthorityandestablishesafundamentalsystemofstate-ownedassetsmanagementinstitutionsandsystems.Itisanimportantpartofmycountry'seconomicmanagementsystem.China'sstate-ownedassetsmanagementsystemwasestablishedwiththeestablishmentofthesocialisteconomicsystem,andcanbetracedbacktothemanagementsystemofpublicenterprisesinrevolutionarybaseareasinvarioushistoricalperiodsundertheleadershipoftheCommunistParty.AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,mycountry’sstate-ownedassetmanagementsystemhasalsocontinuedtoevolve.
The16thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinarequiresthat“thecentralgovernmentandprovincialandmunicipal(prefecture)localgovernmentssetupstate-ownedassetsmanagementinstitutions”tomanagestate-ownedassetsinaunifiedmannerandcentrallyexercisetheresponsibilitiesofstate-ownedassetinvestorsunderitsjurisdiction,Enjoytheowner’srightsandinterests,soastorealizetheunificationofrights,obligationsandresponsibilities,andthecombinationofassetmanagementandmanagementofpersonnelandaffairs.TheresolutionoftheThirdPlenarySessionofthe16thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinamadethismodelofthestate-ownedassetsmanagementsystemmorespecific,andprovidedclearerregulationsforthegovernment,enterprises,andstate-ownedassetsmanagementinstitutions:Separationoffunctions;second,state-ownedassetsmanagementagenciesperformtheirresponsibilitiesasinvestorsforstate-ownedassetsunderauthorizedsupervision,safeguardtherightsofowners,safeguardthevariousrightsenjoyedbyenterprisesasmarketsubjects,andurgeenterprisestomaintainandincreasethevalueofstate-ownedassets,andpreventstate-ownedassetsLoss;thirdistoestablishastate-ownedcapitaloperatingbudgetsystemandbusinessperformanceevaluationsystem;fourthistoactivelyexploreeffectiveformsofstate-ownedassetsupervisionandmanagement,andimprovetheauthorizedoperationsystem;fifthistoestablishandimprovestate-ownedfinancialassets,non-operatingassetsandnaturalresourcesAndotherregulatorysystems.
OnApril6,2003,theState-ownedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommission(SASAC)wasestablished.Itsresponsibilitiesandtasksare:theStateCouncilisauthorizedtoperformtheresponsibilitiesofinvestorsonbehalfofthecountry,supervisestate-ownedassets,andensurethepreservationofstate-ownedassets,Value-added,andfurtherimprovestate-ownedenterprises.TheestablishmentoftheState-ownedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommissionmarksthebasicmaturityofmycountry'sstate-ownedeconomyandstate-ownedassetsmanagementsystem.Throughtheestablishmentofascientificandreasonablestate-ownedassetsmanagementsystem,itisofgreatsignificancetoeffectivelyresolvemajorissuessuchasthewayofrepresentingpropertyrights,operatinginstitutions,businessforms,andthecorrespondingrelationsofresponsibilities,rights,andinterestsinthemanagementofstate-ownedassets.
Vesivarat
Hallintajärjestelmä
Article12ThestateimplementsacombinationofriverbasinmanagementandadministrativeregionmanagementofwaterresourcesManagementsystem.
ThewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilisresponsiblefortheunifiedmanagementandsupervisionofwaterresourcesnationwide.
ThewatershedmanagementagencyestablishedbythewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilinimportantriversandlakesdeterminedbythestate(hereinafterreferredtoasthewatershedmanagementagency)shallexercisethewateradministrationprovidedbylawsandadministrativeregulationsandtheStateCouncil’swateradministrationwithinitsjurisdiction.Waterresourcesmanagementandsupervisionresponsibilitiesgrantedbythecompetentauthority.
Thewateradministrativedepartmentofthelocalpeople'sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelshallberesponsiblefortheunifiedmanagementandsupervisionofwaterresourceswithintheadministrativeareainaccordancewiththeprescribedauthority.
Merkitys
1.Thewaterresourcesmanagementsystemisthebasicsystemofthecountry’sorganizationofwaterresourcesmanagementandthedivisionofpowers.Itistherationaldevelopment,utilization,conservationandprotectionofwaterresourcesandthepreventionandcontrolofwaterdisasters.,Torealizetheorganizationalguaranteeforthesustainableuseofwaterresources.ReformingandimprovingthewaterresourcesmanagementsystemandfurtherstrengtheningtheunifiedmanagementofwaterresourcesareanimportantpartofthisrevisionoftheWaterLaw.
Second,thestateimplementsamanagementsystemthatcombinesriverbasinmanagementandadministrativeregionmanagementonwaterresources.Waterisanirreplaceablebasicresourceforhumansurvivalandeconomicandsocialdevelopment,anditisalsoabasicelementoftheecologicalenvironment.Waterresourcesaredifferentfromresourcessuchasland,forests,andminerals.Itisadynamicandrenewableresource.Awatershedisaspecialregionalconceptbasedonprecipitation,waterflow,riversasthemainline,andwatershedsastheboundary.Waterresourcesformaunityaccordingtothehydrogeologicalunitoftheriverbasin.Surfacewaterandgroundwaterareconvertedintoeachother,andtheupstreamanddownstream,mainandtributary,leftandrightbanks,waterquantityandqualityareinterrelatedandaffecteachother.Thisrequiresthatonlybydeveloping,utilizingandmanagingwaterresourcesinaccordancewiththebasincanthewaterrelationsbetweentheupstreamanddownstream,leftandrightbanks,andotherregionsanddepartmentsbeproperlyhandled.Anotherfeatureoftheresourcesproducedbywaterisitsversatility.Waterresourcescanbeusedforirrigation,shipping,powergeneration,watersupply,aquaculture,etc.,andithasdualadvantagesanddisadvantages.Therefore,thevariousactivitiesofwaterresourcesdevelopment,utilizationandprotectionneedtoimplementunifiedplanning,overallplanning,andcomprehensiveutilizationintheriverbasin,inordertobenefitandeliminateharm,andbringthemaximumeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbenefitsofwaterresourcesintoplay.Atpresent,themanagementofwaterresourcesbybasinasaunithasbecomeaworldtrend.In1992,the"Twenty-OneWorldAgenda"adoptedbytheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentpointedoutthattheintegratedmanagementofwaterresourcesincludessurfacewaterandgroundwater,waterqualityandwatervolume,andshouldbecarriedoutatthebasinlevel,andstrengthenedordevelopedasneeded.Appropriatesystem.Allimportantriversinourcountryareriverbasinsacrossprovinces.Thisnaturalfeaturemakesitevenmoreimportanttocoordinatetherelationshipbetweenriverbasinmanagementandadministrativeregionmanagement.
3.Theoriginal"WaterLaw"enactedandpromulgatedin1988stipulatedthat"thestateshallimplementaunifiedmanagementsystemforwaterresourcescombinedwithhierarchicalandsub-sectoralmanagement",whichisastepforwardfortheunifiedmanagementofwaterresourcesinmycountryAnimportantstep.However,duetotheunclearrelationshipandresponsibilitiesbetweenthewaterresourcesownershipmanagementdepartmentandthedevelopmentandutilizationdepartment,theresponsibilitiesandpowersoftheriverbasinmanagementorganizationarenotclear,resultinginthecoexistenceofoverlappinganddislocationoffunctionsbetweendepartments.Theproblemof"watercontrol"stillexists.Themainperformanceis:First,thewatershedisdividedandmanagedbyadministrativeregions;thesecondisthedividedmanagementofsurfacewaterandgroundwater;thethirdisthedividedmanagementofwaterquantityandwaterquality.Themainproblemsarisingfromthismanagementsysteminpracticeareasfollows:First,itisnotconducivetounifiedplanning,unifieddispatching,andunifiedcommandforriverfloodcontrol.Forexample,insomeplacesduringthefloodseason,theupperandlowerreachesandtheleftandrightbanksareindependent,andonlyself-protectionisignored,whichaffectstheoverallfloodpreventionandfloodfightingwork.Second,itisnotconducivetotheunifieddispatchofwaterresourcesandtheoverallsolutiontotheproblemofwatershortage.Forexample,someareascompeteforwaterduringthedryseason,andsomeupstreamareasdivertalotofwater,causingtheriversinthedownstreamareastodryupandhavenowateravailable,andbringhugedamagetothedownstreameconomicandsocialdevelopmentandtheecologicalenvironment.Third,itisnotconducivetotheunifiedregulationandstorageofsurfacewaterandgroundwater,whichintensifiestheexcessivedevelopmentofgroundwater.Accordingtostatistics,thecountry’saveragegroundwaterover-exploitationhasbeen6.7billioncubicmetersformanyyears,and164groundwaterover-exploitationareashavebeenformed.Fourth,itisnotconducivetotheoverallsolutionofurbanandruralwatershortages.Fifth,itisnotconducivetotheoverallsolutiontotheproblemofwaterpollution.Atpresent,China'scross-regionalwaterpollutionproblemisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.Partialgovernance,especiallydownstreamareagovernance,cannottrulyimprovethewaterqualityandwaterenvironmentofrivers.Onlytheunifiedmanagementofupstreamanddownstreamandunifiedwaterdispatchcanachieveresults.Sixth,itisnotconducivetothecomprehensiveeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbenefitsofwaterresources.Basedonthecharacteristicsofwaterresourcesandtheactualconditionsofourcountry,thenew"WaterLaw"drawsonthecommonpracticesandexperiencesofwaterresourcesmanagementinsomecountries,andfollowstheprincipleofseparationofresourcemanagementfromdevelopmentandutilizationmanagement,andestablishesthatriverbasinmanagementandadministrativeregionmanagementarecompatible.Awaterresourcesmanagementsystemthatcombinesintegrated,unifiedmanagementandhierarchicalmanagement.
Four.ThewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilisresponsiblefortheunifiedmanagementandsupervisionofwaterresourcesacrossthecountry.Thecoreoftheunifiedmanagementofwaterresourcesistheownershipmanagementofwaterresources.Thenew"WaterLaw"clearlystipulatesthatwaterresourcesbelongtothestate,andtheownershipofwaterresourcesisexercisedbytheStateCouncilonbehalfofthestate.Inordertorealizetheunifiedmanagementandsupervisionofwaterresourcesacrossthecountry,thewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilshouldformulateanationalwaterresourcesstrategicplan,implementunifiedplanning,unifiedallocation,unifieddispatch,unifiedimplementationofthewaterextractionpermitsystemandthepaidusesystemofwaterresources,etc..Inordertorealizetheunifiedmanagementandsupervisionofwaterresourcesacrossthecountry,thewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilhasestablishedbasinmanagementagenciesinmajorriversandlakesdeterminedbythestate,andexercisedthelaws,administrativeregulationsandwaterresourcesgrantedbythewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncilwithinitsjurisdiction.Resourcemanagementandsupervisionresponsibilities.Asearlyasthe1930s,Chinasetupriverbasinmanagementinstitutionswithmodernsignificanceinmajorrivers,suchastheYangtzeRiverWaterConservancyCommissionestablishedin1935,theYellowRiverWaterConservancyCommissionestablishedin1933,andtheHuaiheRiverGuidingCommissionestablishedin1929.AfterthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,theCentralPeople’sGovernmentestablishedriverbasinmanagementagenciesintheYangtze,Yellow,andHuaiheriverbasinsinordertostrengthentheplanning,governance,andmanagementoflargerivers,duringwhichtheinstitutionshaveundergoneseveralchanges.Uptonow,mycountryhasestablishedriverbasinmanagementagenciesasagenciesdispatchedbytheMinistryofWaterResourcesinthesixmajorriversoftheYangtzeRiver,YellowRiver,HuaiheRiver,PearlRiver,HaiheRiver,andLiaoheRiverandTaihuLakeBasin.ThewaterresourcesmanagementandsupervisionresponsibilitiesstipulatedbylawsandadministrativeregulationssuchastheLaw,theRiverManagementRegulationsandtheMinistryofWaterResources.Thenew"WaterLaw"furtherclarifiestheresponsibilitiesofriverbasinmanagementagenciesinthesupervisionandmanagementofwaterresources,including:(1)Dynamicmonitoringofwaterresourcesandmonitoringofwaterqualityinwaterfunctionzones.(2)Compilationofcomprehensiveplansandregionalcomprehensiveplansforriversandlakesacrossprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesotherthanimportantriversandlakesdeterminedbythestate.(3)Examinationoftheconstructionofwaterprojectsonimportantrivers,lakes,riversandlakesacrossprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdesignatedbythestate.(4)Waterfunctionzoningofriversandlakesacrossprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesotherthanimportantriversandlakesdeterminedbythestate.(5)Reviewoftheinstallationofsewageoutletswithinthejurisdiction.(6)Waterengineeringprotectionwithinthejurisdiction.(7)Theformulationofwaterallocationplansacrossprovinces,autonomousregions,andmunicipalitiesdirectlyundertheCentralGovernment,theformulationofwaterdispatchplansindroughtandemergencysituations,andtheformulationofannualwaterallocationplansanddispatchplans.(8)Theissuanceofwaterextractionpermitsandthecollectionofwaterresourcesfeeswithinthejurisdiction.(9)Waterdisputehandlingandlawenforcementsupervisionandinspection,etc.
5.Thewateradministrativedepartmentofthelocalpeople'sgovernmentatorabovethecountylevelshallberesponsiblefortheunifiedmanagementofwaterresourcesintheadministrativeareainaccordancewiththelaw.Chinahasavastterritory,andthewaterresourcesconditionsandeconomicandsocialdevelopmentlevelsvarygreatlyinvariousregions.Theimplementationofamanagementsystemthatcombinesriverbasinmanagementandadministrativeregionmanagementmustalsocloselyintegratelocalconditionsandgivefullplaytothelawsandregulationsoflocalpeople’sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevel.Theenthusiasmandinitiativetomanagewaterresourcesintheadministrativearea.Thespecificresponsibilitiesofwaterresourcessupervisionandmanagementofriverbasinmanagementagenciesandwateradministrativedepartmentsoflocalpeople'sgovernmentsatorabovethecountylevelasstipulatedinthenew"WaterLaw"willalsobefurtherdefinedbysupportingadministrativeregulationsorgovernmentregulationsformulatedbytheStateCouncilorthewateradministrativedepartmentoftheStateCouncil..Inaccordancewiththerelevantprovisionsofthe"WaterLaw"anddrawingonthefunctionalexperienceofforeignriverbasinmanagement,ingeneral,riverbasinmanagementagenciesshouldhighlightmacro-comprehensivenessanddemocraticcoordinationintheworkofmanagingwaterresourcesinaccordancewiththelaw,focusingonsomelocaladministrativeregions.Itisdifficultforthewateradministrativedepartmenttodealwithproblemsalone,andtheregularwaterresourcessupervisionandmanagementworkinanadministrativeareashouldbemainlycarriedoutbythewateradministrativedepartmentoftherelevantlocalgovernment.Onthepremiseofmaintainingtheunifiedmanagementofnationalwaterresourcesandthebasicsystemofwaterlaw,localgovernmentscanalsoformulatelocalwaterlawsandrelevantgovernmentregulationsbasedonlocalactualconditions,andformulategovernmentandrelatedplansandplansthatareconducivetothesustainableuseoflocalwaterresources.Strengthentheunifiedmanagementofwaterresourcesintheadministrativeareainaccordancewiththelaw.