tietoa

Konsepti

Knowledgeisalsotheresultofhumanbeings’understandingoftheobjectiveworld(includinghumanbeings)inpractice.Itincludesdescriptionsoffacts,information,orskillsacquiredineducationandpractice.Knowledgeisthesystematicunderstandingthatmankindobtainsfromvariousways,whichissummarizedandcondensed.Inphilosophy,thestudyofknowledgeiscalledepistemology,andtheacquisitionofknowledgeinvolvesmanycomplexprocesses:perception,communication,andreasoning.Knowledgecanalsoberegardedasthemostfundamentalfactorthatconstituteshumanwisdom.Knowledgeisconsistentandfair.Thetruthfulnessofknowledgeshouldbejudgedbylogic,notbystandpoint.Thedefinitionofknowledgeisstillacontroversialissueinepistemology.RobertGrantpointedoutthatalthoughthequestionof"whatisknowledge"hasarousedtheinterestofmanygreatthinkersintheworld,thereisstillnounifiedandcleardefinition.

Fromtheperspectiveoftypology,knowledgecanbedividedintosimpleknowledgeandcomplexknowledge,uniqueknowledgeandcommonknowledge,concreteknowledgeandabstractknowledge,explicitknowledgeandtacitknowledge,etc.Inthe1950s,theworld-famoussciencemasterMichaelPolanyi(CarlPolanyi'syoungerbrother)discoveredthehiddendimensionofknowledgeandregardeditasthemostimportantdiscoveryinhislife.

Theconceptofknowledgeisthemostimportantconceptinthefieldofphilosophicalepistemology.

Knowledgeisuselessifitcannotchangebehavior;butonceknowledgechangesbehavior,knowledgeitselflosesmeaningimmediately.——"ABriefHistoryoftheFuture"

ThefamousBritishhistorianPeterBurkeputforwardhalf-jokinglyinhisexpositionthatknowledgeis:"Theso-calledknowledgerevolutioninearlymodernEurope-theRenaissance,thescientificrevolution,andtheEnlightenment-itisonlythesuperficializationofcertainpopularorpracticalknowledge,anditslegitimacyasknowledgeisestablishedbytheacademicstructure".

Tai historiallisten tietojen mukavuuden vuoksi Burke käytti "tiedon" suhteellisen laajaa ja pinnallista määritelmää: "Mukavan vuoksi tämä kirja käyttää sanaa "tieto"tarkoittaa suhteellisen "primitiivistä", erityistä ja käytännöllistä, "tietämys" tarkoittaa "ajattelua tai tulkintaa" (käsiteltyä tai tulkintaa).

kiinalaiset sanat

Kiinanetymologia

Sana "tiedon" on nuolen suusta ja nuolen äänestä." Nuoli" tarkoittaa "jousiammuntaa" ja "suu" tarkoittaa "puhumista". "Nuoli" ja "suu" yhdistelmä tarkoittaa "puhuminen on kuin nuolen ammunta, ja puhuminen on kuin härän silmät. "Idon'tknow"or"unknown"meansthatthewordsarenotaccurate,asifthearcherydidnothitthebullseye.Whetherthearrowisshotcorrectlycanbeconfirmedbythetargetreporter;whetherthewordsareaccuratecanbecheckedbythepublic.Example:Inthe18thcentury,BritishastronomerHalleyclaimedthatheknewthebehaviorofHalley'scometandpredictedthatthiscometwouldreappearin1759.Later,onJanuary21,1759,peoplereallysawthecometagain.Halleyisveryaccurate,andthisis"knowing."

The"knowledge"of"knowledge"iswrittenintraditionalChinesefromtheword"knowledge"andtheword"knowledge".Theword"戠"startsfromthesoundandfromtheGe."Shuowen"saysthatthemeaningofthiswordhasbeenlostduetotheinterruptionoftheinheritance.Infact,wecanstillunderstanditsoriginalmeaningtoday.Theword"戠"ispronouncedfromGe,originallyreferringtothephalanxdrilloftheancientarmy."Yin"referstothesoundoftheinstructor'scommands(includingthesoundofdrumsorderingthearmytoadvanceandretreat,andthesoundofsoldiersshoutingtokill),and"Ge"referstotheweaponsofsoldiersparticipatingintheexercise.Followingtheinstructionoftheinstructor,thearmywillmoveforwardorbackward,moveleftorright,moveforwardinahorizontalline,swipelefttogether,swiperighttogether,andotheruniformgroupactions.Lookdownonthereviewingplatform.Arraydrillsarelikewatchingagroupgymnasticsperformanceinthestandsofastadium,andwewillseevariouspatternsformedbytheuniformmovementsoftheparticipants.Therefore,theoriginalmeaningoftheword"戠"is"regulargraphicsanditstransformation".Everywordfrom"戠"hasthismeaning.Example:"Weaving"meansaddingpatternsinthefabricmanufacturingprocesstomakeitintoapatternedfabric.Inanotherexample,the"flag"istoaddthenationalpatterninthemanufacturingprocessoftheflagclothasanationalsymbol.Forexample,theChineseflaghasafive-starpattern,theAmericanflaghasastarandstripespattern,andtheBritishflaghasarice-shapedpattern.Foranotherexample,the"job"istheteamgymnasticsparticipants,thetaskistoacceptinstructions,andthenmaketherequiredmovements.Theresultofalltheparticipantsdoingthisisthattheteamgymnasticstransformsvariousgraphics.Insummary,herewegivetheoriginalmeaningandextendedmeaningof"knowledge(knowledge)".Originalmeaning:Uselanguagetodescribetheshapeanddetailsofthepattern.Extendedmeaning:difference,distinguish.Forexample:"literacy"means"recognizingcharactersbasedontheshape,structure,andstrokesofacharacter."Atthesametime,thereisaspeedandamethodtolearnknowledge.Itrequiresmethodsandmethodstolearnknowledgequicklyorknowknowledgequickly,forexample:learningthroughonlinechannels,learningthroughbooks,etc.

Lainauksen selitys

1. Peopleyouknow;friends."Mozi·Order":"Brotherswhohaveknowledgewanttoseeit,forcalling,don'tletthementerthelane."CenZhongmian'snote:"Knowledge,friends."Thosewhohaveabadsmell,theirrelatives,brothers,wivesandconcubinesareknowledgeableandincompetent."HanKongrong"OnShengXiaozhangBook":"Theknowledgeathomeisscattered,butonlytheKuaijiShengXiaozhangsurvives."TangBaiJuyi"Poem:"YesterdayIheardthedeathofJia,butnowIhearofthedeathofYi.Inthreepointsofknowledge,thetwoaredividedintoghosts."MingLuoGuanzhong's"Fengyunhui"wedge:"Followtheimperialedict,recruitwiseandbravemen...Brothers,butwithknowledge,beBringusinforthecountry."

2. Gettoknow;makefriends."SouthernHistory·YuciBiography":"Beinghonest,knowledgeablewithothers,wemuststayandvisiteachother,andthereisanendtoeachother,andtheworldcallsitthis.""WaterMargin"Chapter79:"ItturnsoutthatWenHuanzhangisafamousscribe,andthecourtministersaremoreknowledgeableandreadytogreethim."

3. Understand;identify.HanLiuxiang"BiographyofWomenintheQiguanConcubineJing":"Peoplehavetalkedaboutthemonarch,butdon'tyouknowevil?",Mustserveasaservant."TangXueYongqiu"JiyiJi·WangFeng":"EachsidehassevenZhuJi,thewritingisabsurd,butitiscurvedandlinked,anditisnotknowledgeable."VolumeTwenty-seven:"Themasteroftheacademyrespectshimgreatly,andhealsoseeshisknowledgeandmatters,andallmattersoftheacademy,largeandsmall,arebasedonhisopinions."LuXun's"ThreeFreeCollections·OverviewofToday'sNewLiterature":"Thesameistrueintheliteraryworld.Weknowtoolittle,andtherearetoofewmaterialstohelpusknow."

4. Theabilitytorecognizethings.MingJiaoHong's"Jiao'sBicheng:ReadingMencius":"Achildwhoisachildwillbebornwithknowledge,andchaoswillgoaway."

5. HumancognitionThefruitorcrystallizationofnatureandsociety.Includingempiricalknowledgeandtheoreticalknowledge.MaoZedong's"RectificationoftheParty'sStyle":"Sincetheexistenceofclasssociety,thereareonlytwoknowledgeintheworld,oneiscalledproductionstruggleknowledge,theotheriscalledclassstruggleknowledge.NaturalsciencesandsocialsciencesareThecrystallizationofthesetwokindsofknowledge,philosophyisaboutthegeneralizationandsummaryofnaturalknowledgeandsocialknowledge."ZhuZiqing"OntheTruth":"Everyonewantstruthinknowledge,theyneedtoknowthefactsandseektruth."BaJin"Postscript":"Igotalotoflifeknowledgefromthem."

Syvällinen tutkimus

Kasvatuspsykologia

TheindividualpassedTheinformationobtainedafterinteractingwiththeenvironmentiscalledknowledgeinpsychology.

KnowledgeclassificationAccordingtotheunderstandingofmoderncognitivepsychology,knowledgecanbedividedintobroadsenseandnarrowsense.Broadknowledgecanbedividedintotwocategories,namelydeclarativeknowledgeandproceduralknowledge.

1.Declarativeknowledge:Declarativeknowledgeisknowledgethatdescribesthecharacteristicsandrelationshipsofobjectivethings,alsoknownasdescriptiveknowledge.Declarativeknowledgemainlyincludesthreedifferentlevels:symbolicrepresentation,concept,andproposition.

Symbolrepresentationisthesimplestformofdeclarativeknowledge.Theso-calledsymbolicrepresentationreferstothesymbolthatrepresentsacertainthing.Forexample,thewordformsofEnglishwordslearnedbystudents,numbersinmathematics,symbolsinphysicalformulas,andsymbolsofchemicalelementsareallsymbolicrepresentations.

Konseptisreflecttheessentialcharacteristicsofaclassofthings,andaremorecomplexdeclarativeknowledge.

Thepropositionisthestatementoftherelationshipbetweenthings,whichisacomplexdeclarativeknowledge.Propositionscanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisanon-generalizedproposition,whichonlyexpressestherelationshipbetweentwoormorespecialthings.Anothertypeofpropositionexpressestherelationshipbetweenseveralthings.Thistypeofpropositioniscalledgeneralization,suchas"thediameterofacircleistwiceitsradius".Themultiplerelationshiphereisauniversalrelationship.

2.Proceduralknowledge:Proceduralknowledgeisasetofknowledgeabouttheoperatingstepsofdoingthings,alsoknownasoperationalknowledge.Thiskindofknowledgeismainlyusedtosolvetheproblemsof"whattodo"and"howtodo"foroperationandpractice.

Strategicknowledgeisarelativelyspecialkindofproceduralknowledge.Itisknowledgeaboutthemethodsandtechniquesofawarenessactivities.Suchas:howtoremembereffectively,howtoclarifythethinkingdirectionofsolvingproblems,etc.

Differentfromphilosophy,cognitivepsychologystudiesknowledgefromtheperspectivesofthesourceofknowledge,theproductionprocessofindividualknowledge,andtheformofrepresentation.Forexample,Piagetbelievesthatexperiencecomesfromtheinteractionbetweentheindividualandtheenvironment.Thistypeofexperiencecanbedividedintotwocategories:oneisphysicalexperience,whichcomesfromtheexternalworld,andistheinformationaboutobjectivethingsandtheirCognition;theotherislogic—mathematicalexperience,whichcomesfromtheactionsofthesubjectandistheresultoftheindividual’sunderstandingoftheinteractionbetweenactionsandactions.Forexample,childrengainexperienceaboutconservationofquantitybymanipulatingobjects,andstudentsgainknowledgeaboutmathematicalprinciplesthroughmathematicalreasoning.Piaget'sdefinitionofknowledgeisexpressedfromtheproductionprocessofindividualknowledge.Bloombelievesin"TheTaxonomyofEducationalObjectives"thatknowledgeis"thememoryofspecificthingsandgeneralprinciples,thememoryofmethodsandprocesses,orthememoryofapattern,structureorframework",whichisfromtheknowledgecontainedFromtheperspectiveofthecontent,itbelongstoadescriptionofthephenomenon.

Webelievethatinunderstandingthemeaningofknowledge,itisnecessarytodistinguishtheknowledgeasthecommonwealthofhumansocietyfromtheknowledgeintheindividual'smind.Theknowledgeofhumansocietyexistsobjectively,buttheknowledgeintheindividual’smindisnottheobjectiverealityitself,butasubjectiverepresentationoftheindividual,thatis,theknowledgestructureinthehumanbrain,whichincludesfeelings,perceptions,representations,etc.,aswellasconcepts,Propositions,andschemas,whichrespectivelysignifythedifferentbreadthanddepthofindividualresponsestoobjectivethings,whichareformedthroughindividualcognitiveactivities.Generallyspeaking,individualknowledgeisstoredinthebrainintheformofahierarchicalnetworkstructurerangingfromconcretetoabstract.Philosophymainlystudiesthenatureofcommonknowledgeinhumansociety,whilepsychologymainlystudiesthenatureofindividualknowledge.

Tietämyksen hallinta

Katsotaanpa ensin hierarkiakaavio:

Herewecanseethatthefiveevolutionlevelsofknowledgecanevolveinbothdirections..Dataissortedoutfromnoise,transformedintoinformation,upgradedintoknowledge,andupgradedintowisdom.Suchaprocessisaprocessofinformationmanagementandclassification,sothattheinformationgoesfromlargeanddisorderlytosortedorderly,andeachtakeswhatitneeds.Thisisaprocessofknowledgemanagementandaprocessofsublimatingthevalueofinformation.

Conversely,withthetremendousenrichmentofinformationproductionmethods,whentheinformationreachesacertainamount,wefindthatnoisehasappeared.Theprocessofinformationproductionisactuallyaprocessofdeclining,fromwisdomtodisseminationForknowledge,fromthepopularizationofknowledgetoinformation,frominformationtorecordeddata,thedatahaslostitsapplicationvalue,onlythevalueofrecording,fromthedeclineofdatatonoise,itispurelyineffective.

Tästä voimme saada seuraavan yksityiskohtaisen prosessin:

Afteranalyzingtheevolutionprocessofthisknowledge,wecanalreadyseethatthedefinitionofknowledgerequiresseveralkeypoints:

Justuseit,anditneedstohavetheroleofguidingpracticeandactionimmediately.Whetheritisusedsmartlyandcorrectlydependstoacertainextentonthepersonwhousesit.

Expressionmustbeexpressible,expressive,andinheritable.Theformofexpressioncanbevaried,butitmustbeabletobeunderstoodbythereceiver,andtheprocessofexpressionwillalsoproduceacertainamountofinformationloss.

Therefore,wecanmakethefollowingconclusions,knowledgeisallhumanbeingssummarizedandconcluded,andbelievedthatitiscorrectandtrue,andcanguidethesolutionofpracticalproblems,suchasviewpoints,experiences,proceduresandotherinformation.

Knowledge,asaspecialkindofinformation,hasmoreadditionalfeatures,thatistosay,ifacertainkindofinformationincreasestheimprintofthisfeature,thecloseritistoknowledge.

Resessiiviset ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgehasstrongconcealmentandneedstobesummarized,summarized,andrefined.

Toimintasuuntautuneita ominaisuuksia

Knowledgetree (2 kuvaa)

Dynaamiset ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgeisconstantlyupdatedandrevised.

Subjektiiviset ominaisuudet

Explanation:Everyone’sunderstandingofknowledgewilladdtheirownsubjectivewishes.

Voidaan kopioida/siirtää

Explanation:Knowledgecanbecopiedandtransferred,andcanbereused.

Laajennetut kasvuominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgeiscontinuouslyenrichedandexpandedintheprocessofapplicationandcommunication.

Pääoman ominaisuudet

Selitys: Tieto on rahaa.

Kertomisen ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgewillnotbereducedafterspreading,butwillhaveamultipliereffect.Iftwopeoplesharethesameknowledge,thereareatleasttwo.

Pätevyysominaisuudet

Explanation:Themoreproficienttheuseofknowledge,thehighertheeffectiveness.

Tilanneominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgemustfunctioninaprescribedsituation.Humanschooseknowledgegenerallytocomparesituations.

Mielenhyväksynnän ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgemustbeinternalizedbythehumanmindandtrulyunderstoodbeforeitcanbeusedaccurately.

Tuloshakuiset ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgenotonlyspeedsuptheprocess,butalsoleadstoapredictableresult.

Voiman ominaisuudet

Explanation:Apersonwhohasknowledge,evenifheisnotinahighposition,stillhascertainimplicitpower.

Elämän ominaisuudet

Explanation:Knowledgeisaprocessofgenerationandeffectiveness.Ithaslengthoflifeandisnotpermanent.

Tietotalous

Thesignificanceoftheerawhenmankindenterstheknowledgeeconomy:Theknowledgeeconomyisthateconomicgrowthdirectlydependsontheproduction,disseminationanduseofknowledgeandinformation,withhigh-techindustriesastheprimaryindustryPillar,withintellectualresourcesastheprimarysupport,itisasustainableeconomy.AccordingtotheWorldOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment,theknowledgeeconomyisaneconomybasedontheproduction,storage,use,andconsumptionofknowledgeandinformationwithmodernscienceandtechnologyasitscore.

Nonakabelievesthatknowledgeisaconfirmedbelief,whichiscreated,organized,andtransmittedthroughthebeliefpatternsandconstraintsoftheknowledgeholderandreceiver,andatthesametimeitistransmitted.Aculturalsystem.Knowledgeisobtainedfromthechange,reconstruction,andcreationofirrelevantorrelatedinformation,anditsconnotationisbroader,deeper,andricherthandataandinformation.Thisviewemphasizestherelationshipbetweenknowledgeandbackground,aswellasknowledgeandinformation.Hedistinguishestwoformsofknowledgein"EnterprisesthatCreateKnowledge":TacitKnowledgeandExplicitKnowledge.Accordingtothisdivision,thefirsttwotypesofknowledgeareexplicitknowledge,whichcanbeobtainedbyenterprisesthroughreadingmaterialsortextbooks,participatinginconferencesandqueryingdatabases.Thistypeofknowledgecanbeinformatized;whilethelattertwotypesofknowledgebelongtotacitknowledge,whichisMoreimplicitknowledgeisdifficulttoquantifyandinformationize,anditisdifficulttotransferthroughformalinformationchannels.Itscharacteristicsare:

a)Se on eräänlaista menettelyä koskevaa tietämystä, joka liittyy läheisesti toimintaan;

(b)Indailylife,tacitknowledgeisuseful,Itisatoolforpeopletoachievevaluegoals.Thehigherthevalueofthegoal,themoredirectthisknowledgesupportsthegoal,themoreusefulthisknowledgeis;

(c)Theacquisitionoftacitknowledgecannotgetdirecthelpfromothers,itusuallydependsonitselfAcquiredisknowledgethatcannotbeexplainedinwords.Theexplicitnessoftacitknowledgeistheprocessofknowledgesharing.

SECI-malli

IkujiroNoakaandHirotakaTakeuchi(1991) ehdotti myös täydellistä mallia "tiedonluonnista" - SECI-malli

data,Thedifferenceandconnectionbetweeninformationandknowledge(MichaelEarl)

Tietojen tieto

ContentEventtrendexpertise

FormCommunicationmodelearning

InformationTaskdescriptionoperationcode

HowtogetObservationandjudgmentexperience

OrganizationalintentionsAutomateddecision-makingactions

OECD:n luokitus

Maailmantalouden yhteistyöjärjestö (OECD)

(a)Know-what-knowledge (Tiedä-mitä),lähinnä kertovat tiedoista;

(b)Know-whyknowledge (Tiedä-miksi),pääasiassa luonnonperiaatteiden ja lakien tuntemus;

(c)Osaamisosaaminen (Know-how), viittaa pääasiassa taitoihin ja tiettyjen asioiden kykyihin;

(d)Tiedä kenen tietämys(Tiedä-kuka) sisältää ketkätietävätjajotkatietävätTiedot siitä, kuinka tehdä tiettyjä asioita.

Davenport&Prusakintegratestheform,constituentelements,mainfunctionsandstoragesubjectsofknowledge,anddescribesthedefinitionofknowledgefromthefollowingaspects:

(1)Theformofknowledge:knowledgeisafluidanddynamicmixture,whichcanbechangedandupdatedatanytimewithstimulationandlearning;

(2)Osat:mukaan lukien kokemus, arvot, tilannetiedot ja ammatillinen näkemys;

(3)Mainfunction:Itprovidesareferencestructuretoevaluateandintegratetheinformationandexperiencegeneratedbythenewstimulus,formanewstructureandguidedecision-makingandbehavior;

(4)Tallennusaihe:tietäjämielen tuottama ja käyttämä.Organisaatiossa tieto on olemassa vain tiedostoissa ja tietokannoissa, mutta myös rutiinityössä, prosessissa, käytännössä ja kulttuurissa.keskellä.

Luokittelu

Pimeä tieto

Pimeä tietoreferstosomeknowledgethathasbeenmasteredbythelearningmachinebuthumansdonotyetunderstand.Thiskindofknowledgeisneitherexpressiblenorperceptible,butmachinescanunderstand.

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