Tietojenkäsittelyteoria

Esittely

CognitiveInformationProcessingTheorybelievesthatcareerdevelopmentistoseehowapersonmakescareerdecisionsandhowtousethemintheprocessofcareerproblemsolvingandcareerdecision-makinginformational.

Vuonna 1991, Garypeterson, Jamessampson, RoberTreardonco-luki "urakehitys ja palvelu: AkandtheBook" ura-kehitys ja palvelut: acognitiveapproach "kuvaa).

Hypoteesofinformationmentti

MelkeinAllInformationProcessing TheteoristitBelieVethatLearningisessessentiallyConstitutedByTheAcquisionAnduseOfInformations.Yksi.SincetiskindofinformationFlowisjustaconjecture, itCanneverbebeDirectlyobserved.Siksi psykologien shakeconstructed differentModelStoDerivetisInformationFlow.Ehkä monet tietojenformaatiovirtadiagramstochoosefromaretEable.Butingeneral, tietojenkäsittelyteoriatReMainlyConcernedwithtwoissues: (1) nuhumanmemorysysteem.

ClassificationFinformationProcessingTheory

ResearchAndStudyfromThePerspektiveFinformationProcessing, StartfromDifferentsources.JokinPeoplethink (Ellis, 1978), itisinfluencyByThegestaltmemoryTheory, WhatEfaphasizesthathoworganismSorganizethecontentHammorsemoresReflectShowTheyActiveToRganizePerceptions.Jotkut ihmiset (Norman, 1970) erottuvaksiThreeteoresthathaveanImpactonODAY'SInformationProcessingTheory: (1) MatematicallearningTheoriatFirstProPotedByESTESESSPENCE; (2) (3) korostettujensignaldeTectionTheSashed;.

Tontti.E.Snelbecker'spointOfView, tällä hetkellä WhatConsideredTobewithinthescopefinformationProcessingTheoryCanberoughlyDivideToThEfollowingThReECategories:

1.FocusOnInformationTheoryinmathematicalStaticalanalyysi

Theamericanscholarc.ShannonisRecognizedasthefatherofinformationTheory.Asatechnicianfbelltelephonecompance, shannonhasprocessedInformationMatematicalIntheresearchprocessinorderToSolVetheProblemofinformationCodingAndimProaTheEfeTiNatedReliableftHtheCommunicationSystem.HedisiscardsthespesificcontentofTheMessageInTheCommunicationsysteem ja käsittelyInformaatio-.Kasvikommunikaatio, putforwardThematematicalFormulaOfinformationRentropy, kuvattu, kuvattu theeproblemofinformationTransmissionAndExtraktionInterms of QuantHeproblemofinformationSMissionsmorationstraktionInterms of AndputforwardTheConceptOfinformationquantity.HedesignedaseTOfMethodstoMurreInformationDerVariousConditions.

Toputtsimellä, Shannon'sMeasurementFocusonthesimilartyBetWeTentRansMedDandRecEivedMessageSInorderTocalculateHowMuchinformationTheSenderandReceiverCanget.ShannonregardsTheExchangeOfMessageSasAcharacteristicOf -Communication.Siksi informaatiotHeoryConcerneredTheimpacfMessagesthatMayHaveBeEnLivered, Aswellasthesignals.

PsykologistienAdaptedShannonin tieto.ThestimulipresentedTothesubjectScorRespesedTothesourCeandTransmitterOfTheInformationInTheCommunicationsystem.ThechannelisregardedasthecharacteristicfheHumansubject; thesubject'maximimaccuracyinenCodingtHesignalandmakingTheCorrectSeScAledHischannelCapecity.

InformationAnalysisfocusonTheconsislencyftHePartHICTICTIONS '.Forexample, WecanpresentFourtonesWithDifferenttimbresButthesameOtheraspects (sellainen.WecandeTerMineWithoutDetailedCalculations.DidThePartICTIONTPROCESSALLTEICHONTORMATIONAVABLEINTHISTIONITUURITUURIT?

WanadultsubjectSarepresterdwithasingle-ulottuvuusstimulaatio (se, paitsi FORONESTIMULUSWITHADIFERENTDIMENTE, AllotheraspecSareexActlythesame).OncethesubjectShadenoughpracticeClealLearlyknowhowToresteachstimulus, heheccurAcreachedtenasymptoticLines ja theyMainedAccuracydurplations.Lisäksi tasaisesti,.Vuonna 1956, G.MillerpublisedAnarticleTiTled: "TememagicalNumberseven, PlusorMinustwo: SomelimitsonourInformationProcessingenergy" (TemagicalNumberseven, Plusorminustwo: SomelimitsonourCaPancyForprocessinginformation) ", Hereviewednearly20StudiesandfoundthattheenergyofHumanstoprocessinmformatedInformatedInformatedInformatenmortivedHumansionincessine.MillerPropotedThatweshouldUsegoldInSteadOfwastefillthesesevenorSomoryHoles.Aftermiller'sarticlewasched, psykologit.VaikkakinSomepepleHavequestionsboutThecalculationProcEdureofHumanchannelenergy.ThereAlSopeopleWhothinkfromanotherPerspektivethatwecanorganizeInformationin "Chunks", joka kanansiirreashumaninformationProcessingCaPabilitys.Siksi WeshouldfocusonthewaypeopleSorganInformation.

Yleisesti ottaminen, psykologitBelievethatinformationTheoryHelpsusformamodelofHumansasInformationProcessors.TämäModelemphasizestheroleofActiveChoiceswenpeopleresponseStimuli, pikintHanthePassiveroleOfPeopleasseEninthestStimulus-reaktiohjelma.ATTHESAMETIME, SOMEPEOPLETINK (SIMON, 1979), että FocusingResearchonnarrowlAboratoryanalysisisNoTVeryHelpfulToundStandingTheprocessOfHumanProblemsoling.

2.Information -KäsittelyTheoryFocusingonComputersimulation

KäsittelyPeopleasinformationProcessorsSisLinkedTotedeDevelmentOfcutTertechnologySLinkedTotedeDevelment.Computertechnology on kehitetty.PsykologiShaveDediscoundThatComputerProgramscanalsObeusedToDescripthewayHumansthinklearn.SomeresearcesSUSECOMPUTSIMATEHUMONPROBLESOLINGADLEWLEWNORPRESSES.IntShisway, psykologitNolongerjustSpeculateaboutwhatishishinginsidethe "Blackbox."

ThereareTWomainDevelopments RECORTINGCONPUTERS JAHUNINIHINTORMATIONPROCESSING: ONEONHAND,.Siksi he ovat CanusethehumantHoughtProcessasaguideToimProVetheComputer'sDataprocessingProgram.Therefore,thetermartificialintelligence(artificialintelligence)isoftenonlyusedtorefertotheinformationprocessingstepsfollowedbythecomputer,regardlessofwhetherthesestepssimulatetheactualwayhumansprocessinformation,whichisnotthesameasthetermitself.The ThemeaningOfisconTradictory (Simon, 1969).Yksi OFTHEMOSTPRACTICALLAALIINARTIFIFICIALINTILIGENCEISTOFINDTEBESTOREFORCOMPUTSTOSTORE, UURTUS, Suorita, AnduseInformation.AsforHumansfollowthesestSwhensolingProblems.

Butotherscholars’InterestincomputerProcessingfocusonsonsimulingTheprocessofHumanProblemsoling.Computersimulation(computersimulation)usuallyreferstothemethodusedwhenusingcomputersandcomputerlanguages​​todescribetheprocessofhumaninformationprocessing.ThemosttypicalcharacterinthisregardisSimon.HebelievestthatTheSaone-to-etuosan vastaavuus.

FirstSuccessfulcomputersimulationFhumanthinkingWasDesgedByNewellandsimon.Tämä ohjelmoi "logiikkakappale" -ohjelma jaCanbeUnedToProveVarioustheoremsInformaLogic."Logicatheoristit" haveadoptedsomeOftheprocessingMethodsusedByHumansInProblem-Solvingaktivitaatio, ButtheyCanonlysolvecvartypesOfproblems.NewellandSimondesignedamoreSophisticationproblem-SolvingSystemin1972, nimeltään "GeneralProblemsolver".Tämä ProgramcombinesalarGenumberofStrategiestHatarebelievedTobethebasisofHumanPrblem-SolvingActivities.Tämä ohjelma -ohjelma,.Asaresult, he kirjoittivat.TEHOTTEETTIIMET (ORRESPOR, THINEN, JOTKA VALMISTUS JA THETHECHANNELSTHATTRANSMITSENCESSSTOTHEBRIN) OFTHEPROBLESLONVERCONTECTIONEDTOTEINFORMATIONPROCESTORI ja.MuistitOprovidesInformationForminformationProsessors, AndInformationProcessorsProvideInformationForeffectors.EffectReferstotheactionProcessOfPlementtHEDECisionInTheProcessOfproblemsoling.

3.Kognitiiviset tietot

ProblemofresearchMethodShasalwaysBeenaveryDifficultProbleminPsychologyResearch.InformationProcessingCognitivePsychologyInheritsTheRaditionFexpertencyPsychology, absorboijaSearchResultsFuterscience- ja formSarelatiivisesti kompleteresearchMethod - aloittaminen.Tämä.ITISTheBreakthroughInResearchMethodsThatPromotestTheDevelopmentFinformationProcessingCognitivePsychology.TheseresearchMethodsclude:

(1) kokeellinen menetelmä

Siitä lähtien.Hyväksytty psykologit.TämäisbecausetheexperimentalMethodenablesResearSysysysemaattisestiManipulatedIndentVariables, ObservaceChangeSilmitionVariables, and -ExploreelationshiplbetBetVariablesInAcontrolledSITUURE.KokeilutHelpresearSerstoCollectData, VerifyHyPoteses, AndimproVealeLiabilityDvalidididesOfPricestudies.KokeellinenMethodisthemainMethodusedByInformationPuskugnitiivinenPsychology.

The ExperimentsOfinformationProcessingCognitivePsychologyMainLyReactionTimeExperimentsAnyEMoVementExperiments.

(2) OralReportmethod

OraalReportmethod, alamuotoinenThinkingAloud, isamethodwhere OtricatansReportoLoudTheirthughtswHenerforminganoperation ExploremethodSofinternalcognitiivisetProcesses.Oraalreportsaremostly -kariedu.InaSense, teemotodooralreportingissomewhtsimilartothetraditionalIntrosptionmethod, anditcanalsoberegardedasacritiqueandInheritanceftheintrosptionmethod.Kun konduncinganoralreporttexperiment, The ExexaminermustaskTheSubjectoreportTheDetaledContentofofofingtheOpperationoudandtruThtherm, sothattheinternaltHinkingProcessiseNernverbal, buttheyarenotrequiredTexplainthesitOrtortHinkingProcess.WatthesubjectsReportedshouldMainlybetheinformationpratenineinshort-termemoryThatwilloSoondisAppear.KäyttämälläThismethod, Naxen, SimonandothersHavemaDefertySaavutussIncogniveresearchesearch.TeorialreportmethodhasbeenaccepetedbymanyinformationprocessingCognitiiviset psykologit.

(3) ComputerSimulationMethod

ComputerSimulationisthemostrepresentativeanduniqueresearchMethodOfinformationProcessingCognitivePsychology.Tietokoneiden imulaatioSTEINTERSECTEFPSYPYCOLOGYILLACCONPUTERSSCIENCE.TämäMethodistOundStanthePerson'spsykologinenProcessItSelfroughComConsimulationspsychologicalProcess, thatis, toconductalogicalanalysisoftHerson'sinternalinformationProcessingProcess.

TietokonelulaatioSoftenCombinedwithteoreettanalyysi, aloittaminen edistyksistä: ohjelmanmuodostus, prosessanalyysi ja ohjelmoivat simulointi.OhjelmaReductionisamethodThatusSespotentialFactorsasasourceOfDatadSeparatescognitiveFactorStoExploreCognitiveProcesses.TheTetyypillinen designistoAllowsubjectStoPerformTWoTasksWithDifferentlevelsOfComplexity.ProsessanalysisistofurtherexplorethesequenceandirectionOfmentalRepresenationsduringoperationhruurtHecomparisonOfcomputerFlowCharts.Programsimulationistocompilethehumancognitiveprocessintovariouscomputerlanguages​​andinputitintothecomputer.Jos.vahvistaa.Ennakkoluulo, Clarketal.käytetty CCOMPutersimulationMethodStoExploreTheprocessOfHumansentenEntenceComprenaatio, jadakoetal.tutkittu HowPeopleusetheirlimitedshort-termemorytoprocessandanalyzethecontext-overncences.ThesestudieshaveachievedcureResults.Saavutus.