Kehitys
Yhdistetty atlas (3 kuvaa)
Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,foreigncountriesbegantoexploretrialproductionofdiesellocomotives.In1924,theSovietUnionmadeanelectricdrivediesellocomotiveanddeliveredittorailroads.Inthesameyear,Germanyuseddieselenginesandaircompressorstoconnect,usingdieselexhaustwasteheattoheatcompressedairinsteadofsteam,andconvertedthesteamlocomotiveintoanair-drivendiesellocomotive.In1925,theUnitedStatesputa220-kilowattelectricdrivediesellocomotiveintooperationforshuntingoperations.Inthe1930s,diesellocomotivesenteredthetrialphase.Inthelate1930s,sometrunk-linepassengerdiesellocomotiveswithapowerof900to1,000kilowattsconnectedinmultiplesectionsappeared.AftertheSecondWorldWar,duetotherapidimprovementofdieselengineperformanceandmanufacturingtechnology,mostdiesellocomotiveswereequippedwithexhaustgasturbochargingsystems,whosepowerwasincreasedbyabout50%comparedwithbeforethewar,andequippedwithinternalcombustionwithDCelectrictransmissionandhydraulictransmission.Thedevelopmentoflocomotivesaccelerated,andbythe1950s,thenumberofdiesellocomotivesincreasedrapidly.Inthe1960s,high-powersiliconrectifiersweresuccessfullydevelopedandappliedtothemanufactureoflocomotives.A2940-kilowattdiesellocomotivewithAC-DCpowertransmissionappeared.Inthe1970s,thepowerofasinglediesellocomotivehadreached4,410kilowatts.Withthedevelopmentofelectronictechnology,theFederalRepublicofGermanytrial-produceda1840kilowattDC-DCelectric-drivediesellocomotivein1971,thusprovidinganewwayforthetechnicaldevelopmentofdiesellocomotivesandelectriclocomotives.Thesubsequentdevelopmentofdiesellocomotivesismanifestedincontinuousnewprogressinimprovingthereliability,durabilityandeconomyoflocomotives,aswellaspreventingpollutionandreducingnoise.Chinabeganmanufacturingdiesellocomotivesin1958,andthreetypesoflocomotivesincludingtheDongfenglocomotivewereputintomassproductionattheearliest.After1969,15newmodelsincludingtheDongfeng4weremass-produced.Comparedwiththefirst-generationdiesellocomotive,thepower,structure,dieselenginethermalefficiencyandtransmissionefficiencyhavebeensignificantlyimproved;andtheresistancesystemhasbeenaddedseparately.Dynamicorhydraulicbrakingandhydraulicreversing,locomotivesystemprotectionandfaultdiagnosisdisplay,microcomputercontrolfunction;adoptsaseriesofnewtechnologiessuchasload-bearingcarbody,hydrostaticdrive,etc.;locomotivereliabilityandservicelife,Theperformancehasbeengreatlyimproved.ThespeedoftheDongfeng11passengerlocomotivehasreached160km/h.Whileproducingdiesellocomotives,ChinahasalsosuccessivelyimporteddifferentquantitiesofdiesellocomotivesfromRomania,France,theUnitedStates,Germanyandothercountries.Withtheaccelerationoftherailway'shigh-speedandheavy-loadingprocess,itisfurtherresearching,designing,anddevelopingcorrespondingones.Adapteddiesellocomotive.
Luokittelu ja rakenne
Erityyppisiä dieselkomotiivityyppejä (19 kuvaa)
(1)Accordingtodifferentperformances,theycanbedividedinto:1.Pääveturit
Mainlinelocomotivesaremainlyusedfortractionofpassengerandfreighttrainsonmainrailwaylines.Forexample,ND5,Dongfeng4B,Dongfeng4D,Dongfeng11andsoon.
2. Vaihtoveturi
Itismainlyusedformarshallingyardfortrainmarshalling,dismantlingandshuntinginstationsorforshort-distanceandsmall-runtractionoperations.Inaddition,itcanalsobeusedforindustrialandminingenterprises.Internally,itisresponsibleforon-sitetransportationtasks.ShuntinglocomotivesincludeDongfeng2,Dongfeng7,andDongfanghong1.
3.SisäpolttoEMU
TheinternalcombustionEMUreferstotheEMUwiththeinternalcombustionenginepowerunit(therearetwoEMUs,whicharedistributedatbothendsofthetrain,andthefrontshapeandcarriagearematcheddesign)Andpassengercarsaregenerallysuitableforshort-distancepassengertransportationbetweensuburbsorneighboringcities,suchastheHarmonyGreatWallEMU.
(2)Eri lähetystilojen mukaan se voidaan jakaa:
Mechanicaltransmissiondiesellocomotivesareonlysuitableforlow-powerdiesellocomotivesforindustrialandminingpurposes.
Sähkökäyttöinen moottoriajoneuvo.
Hydrauliset moottorit
Thediesellocomotivesusedinmycountry'srailwaysareelectricdriveandhydraulicdrive.
Perusrakenne
Dieselmoottorimoottori koostuu dieselmoottorista, voimansiirrosta, apuvarusteista, korin ajoosista (mukaan lukien runko, kori, teli jne.), jarrulaitteesta ja ohjauslaitteistaJa muusta koostumuksesta.
Diesel moottori
Thepowerunitofadiesellocomotive,alsoknownasacompressionignitioninternalcombustionengine.Themainstructuralfeaturesincludethenumberofcylinders,thearrangementofthecylinders,thediameterofthecylinders,thestrokeofthepistons,whetherornotitispressurized,etc.Thedieselenginesusedinmodernlocomotivesareequippedwithexhaustgasturbochargerstousetheexhaustgasofthedieselenginestodrivetheturbocompressor,andtheairwithincreasedpressureiscooledbytheintercoolerandsenttotheintakepipeofthedieselengine,therebygreatlyimprovingthepowerandthermalefficiencyofthedieselengine..Diesel moottorisworkinfour-strokeandtwo-strokemodes.Thethermalefficiencyofafour-strokeenginewiththesamespeedisgenerallyhigherthanthatofatwo-strokeengine,somostofthemusefour-stroke.Fromtheperspectiveofrotationspeed,itisdividedintohigh-speed,medium-speedandlow-speedmachines.Inordertomeettheneedsofvariouspowers,productswiththesamecylinderdiameterandvariousnumbersofpistonsareproduced.Use6-cylinder,8-cylinderin-lineor8-cylinderV-typeforlowerpower,anduse12,16,18and20-cylinderV-typeforhigherpower.Amongthem,12and16cylindersarethemostcommonlyused.
Lähetyslaite
Inordertotransmitthepowerofthedieselenginetothemovingshaft,itcanmeettherequirementsoflocomotivetraction.Diesel moottoritorque-speedcharacteristicsarecompletelydifferentfromlocomotivetraction-speedcharacteristics.Diesel moottoriscannotbeusedtodirectlydrivelocomotivewheels:dieselengineshaveaminimumspeed,belowwhichtheycannotwork,anddieselenginescannotstartlocomotives.Diesel moottoripowerisbasicallyproportionaltothespeed.Proportionally,themaximumpowervaluecanonlybereachedatthemaximumspeed,andtherunningspeedofthelocomotiveoftenchanges,sothatthepowerofthedieselengineisnotfullyutilized;thedieselenginecannotbereversed,andthelocomotivecannotbereversed.Therefore,diesellocomotivesmustbeequippedwithtransmissiondevicestomeetlocomotivetractionrequirements.
Thecommonlyusedtransmissionmethodsincludemechanicaltransmission,hydraulictransmissionandelectrictransmission.
Composedofhydraulictransmissionbox,axlegearbox,cardanshaft,etc.Thehydraulictorqueconverter(alsoknownasthetorqueconverter)isthemostimportanttransmissionelementofahydraulictransmissionlocomotive,whichiscomposedofapumpwheel,aturbine,andaguidewheel.Thepumpwheelisconnectedtothecrankshaftofthedieselengine.Thepumpwheelbladesdrivetheworkingfluidtoobtainenergyandtransfertheenergytotheturbinebladesintheflowchanneloftheturbineblades.Theturbineshaftoutputsmechanicalenergytoperformwork.Thepoweristransmittedtothedrivingwheelofthelocomotive;aftertheworkingfluidflowsoutfromtheturbineblades,itisguidedbytheguidewheelbladesandthenreturnstothepumpwheel.Thehydraulictransmissionlocomotive(Figure2)issimpleandreliabletooperate,andisespeciallysuitableforwindy,sandyandrainyareas.
Therearethreetypesofelectricdrives:(a)DCelectricdrives.BoththetractiongeneratorandtheelectricmotorareDCmotors,andtheenginedrivestheDCtractiongenerators,andtheDCpowerisdirectlysuppliedtothetractionDCmotorstodrivethelocomotivewheels.(B)AC-DCpowertransmissiondevice.Theenginedrivesathree-phaseACsynchronousgenerator,andthethree-phaseACpowerisconvertedintoDCpowerthroughahigh-powersemiconductorrectifierdevice,whichissuppliedtotheDCtractionmotortodrivethelocomotivewheels.(C)Variable-direct-ACpowertransmissiondevice.Theenginedrivesathree-phasesynchronousACtractiongenerator,andthegeneratedACpowerpassesthroughtherectifiertotheDCintermediatecircuit.TheconstantDCvoltageintheintermediatecircuitisadjustedbytheinvertertoadjustitsamplitudeandfrequency,andthentheDCpowerisinvertedintoathree-phasevariablefrequencyACvoltage.,Andsupplythree-phaseasynchronoustractionmotorstodrivethelocomotivewheels.Electricdrivelocomotivesarethemostwidelyused.
Auton juoksuosa
Sisältää perusosat kuten runko, kori, teli ja pian.
①Theframeisthebackboneofthelocomotive,andisthebasisforinstallingthepowermachine,thecarbody,andthespringdevice.Theframeisarectangularsteelstructurecomposedofmainpartssuchascenterbeam,sidebeams,bolsterbeams,andcrossbeams.Diesel moottori,transmissiondevice,auxiliarydeviceandvehiclebody(includingdriver'scab)areinstalledonit,andthebottomissupportedbytwobogies.Itisconnectedwiththeframe,andthemiddleandlowerpartsofthefrontandrearendsoftheframeoftheframeareequippedwithcouplersandbufferdevices.Theframebearsthegreatestloadandtransmitstractiontomakethetrainrun.Therefore,theframemusthavesufficientstrengthandrigidity.
②Thecarbodyistheoutershelloftheupperpartoftheframe,whichprotectsthepersonnelandmachineryonthelocomotivefromwind,sand,rainandsnow,andcoldresistance.Accordingtoitsload-bearingconditions,itisdividedintointegralload-bearingandnon-integralcarbodies;accordingtoitsshape,itisdividedintocover-typeandbox-typecarbodies.
③Thebogieistherunningdeviceofthelocomotive,alsoknownasthetrolley.Itiscomposedofmaincomponentssuchasframe,sidebearing,axlebox,wheelset,axlegearbox(includingtractionmotorinelectricdrive),spring,shockabsorber,balancebeam,andtheconnectiondevicewiththeframeandthebasicbrakingdevice.Itsfunctionistocarrytheweightoftheframeandthedevicesonit,transmittraction,andhelpthelocomotivetoruninabalancedmannerandsmoothlypassthroughthecurve.Diesellocomotivesgenerallyhavetwo2-axleor3-axlebogies.
Apulaite
Thedeviceusedtoensurethenormaloperationofthedieselengine,transmissiondevice,runninggear,brakingdeviceandcontrolandregulationequipment.Themainequipmentincludes:fuelsystem-equipmentandpipingsystemtoensurethesupplyoffueltothedieselengine;coolingsystem-coolingequipmentandpipingsystemtoensurethenormaloperationofthedieselengineandhydraulictransmissiondevice;oilpipingsystem-tothedieselengineNormallylubricatedequipmentandpipingsystem;airfilter-adevicethatfiltersdustandotherstolengoodsintheair;compressedairsystem-asystemthatsuppliescompressedairtotheairbrakedevice,sandbox,airwhistleandotherequipmentofthetrain;Auxiliaryelectricalequipment-batterypack,DCauxiliarygenerator,dieselenginestartermotor,etc.
Jarrulaitteet
Diesellocomotivesareequippedwithasetofairbrakesandhandbrakes.Inaddition,mostelectricdrivelocomotivesareequippedwithresistancebrakingdevices,andhydraulicdrivelocomotivesareequippedwithhydraulicbrakingdevices.
Ohjauslaitteet
Dieselkomotive (20 kuvaa)
Theequipmentthatcontrolsthespeed,directionoftravelandparkingofthelocomotive.Themainmotorvehiclespeedcontroller,reversingcontroller,automaticcontrolvalveandauxiliarybrakevalve.Themonitoringtableandwarningsignaldevicesontheconsoleinclude:air,water,oilpressuregauges,mainpartstemperaturegauges,ammeters,voltmeters,mainpartsover-temperature,over-pressureorunder-pressureandotheraudioanddisplaywarningsignals.Inordertoensuresafetyandeasyoperation,diesellocomotivesarealsoequippedwithlocomotivesignalsandautomaticparkingdevices.Tractionbuffer-laite
Thetractionbufferdeviceisanimportantpartofthelocomotive.Itsfunctionistoconnectthelocomotiveandthevehicleorseparatethetrain.Transmittractionorimpactforceduringoperation,alleviateandattenuatetheimpactandvibrationcausedbytrainoperationduetochangesintractionforceandinconsistentbrakingforce.Therefore,ithastheroleofconnection,tractionandcushioning.
Toimintaperiaate
Thefuelisburnedinthecylinder,andtheproducedhightemperatureandhighpressuregasexpandsinthecylinder,pushingthepistontoreciprocate,andtheconnectingroddrivesthecrankshafttorotatetoperformexternalwork,andtheheatenergyofthefuelisconvertedFormechanicalwork.Thepowergeneratedbythedieselengineistransmittedtothetransmissiondevice.Throughthecontrolandadjustmentofthedieselengineandthetransmissiondevice,theoutputspeedandtorquesuitablefortheoperatingconditionsofthelocomotivearesenttoeachaxlegearboxtodrivethedrivingwheels,andthetractionforcegeneratedbythedrivingwheelsistransmittedtoTheframeischangedfromthecouplerattheendoftheframetothehooktractiontodragorpushthevehicle.
>The firstdiesellocomotive in the United States
Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,theappearanceoftheinternalcombustionengineprovidedpeoplewithanewlocomotive.force.In1925,thefirstdiesellocomotiveinthehistoryofAmericanrailroadswasputintooperation.Theefficiencyandcleanlinessofdiesellocomotivesgreatlyexceedsthatofbulkysteamlocomotives,andtheyarenotasrestrictedaselectriclocomotives.TheUnitedStates,Britain,Canadaandothercountrieshaveallachieveddiesellocomotiveswithin10years.Thediesellocomotivebecamethemasteroftherailway.