Geologinen rakenne
Ylemmän kerroksen kemiallinen koostumus on pääasiassa happea, piitä ja alumiinia.Keskimääräinen kemiallinen koostumus on samanlainen kuin graniitti. Sitä kutsutaan graniittikerrokseksi, jota kutsutaan "piidioksidi-alumiinikerrokseksi". kerros.
Thelowerlayerisrichinsiliconandmagnesium,anditsaveragechemicalcompositionissimilartothatofbasalt.Itiscalledabasaltlayer,sosomepeoplecallita"silicon-magnesiumlayer"(inotherwords,theentirecrustisasilicon-aluminumlayer.Becausethealuminumcontentinthelowercruststillexceedsmagnesium;andtherockpartoftheuppermantlecontainsextremelyhighmagnesium,itiscalledthesilicon-magnesiumlayer);itisdistributedinthecontinentsandoceansandisacontinuouslayer.ThetwofloorsareseparatedbyaConraddiscontinuity.
Crustthickness
Thecrustistheoutermostlayeroftheearth'ssolidsurfacestructure.Theaveragethicknessoftheentirecrustisabout17kilometers,ofwhichthecontinentalcrustisthicker,about39-41onaverage.km.Thecrustinhighmountainsandplateauareasisthicker,upto70kilometers;thecrustinplainsandbasinsisrelativelythin.Oceaniccrustismuchthinnerthancontinentalcrust,onlyafewkilometersthick.
TheQinghai-TibetPlateauisthethickestplaceontheearth,withathicknessofmorethan70kilometers;thecrustinthesubmarinevalleyneartheequatorisonly1.6kilometersthick;thedeeptrenchintheeasternMarianaIslandsinthePacificOceanThethinnestcrustisthethinnestplaceontheearth.
Sisäelementit
Kemiallisten alkuaineiden jaksotaulukossa on 112 elementtiä, joista kuoressa on 92 elementtiä ja yli 300 isotooppia.
Maankuoren hapen kemiallisin alkuaine,joka muodostaa 48,6% kokonaispainosta;seuraava pii,joka on 26,3%;seuraavat ovat alumiinia, rautaa, kalsiumia, natriumia, kaliumia, ja magnesiumia. maankuoren ja loput 80 erilaista elementtiä, joka on noin 1,96 %.
Theatomicpercentageoftheaveragecontentofvariouschemicalelementsintheearth'scrustiscalledtheatomicClarkevalue.Thechemicalelementwiththelargestnumberofatomsintheearth'scrustisstilloxygen,followedbysilicon,andhydrogenisthethird.
Noin 99 % organismeista koostuu 10 kemiallisesta alkuaineesta, joissa on paljon pitoisuutta, nimittäin happea, hiiltä, vetyä, typpeä, kalsiumia, fosforia, klooria, rikkiä, kaliumia, natriumia, magnesiumia, pitoisuutta raudassa, mangaanissa, kuparissa, sinkissä, boorissa, valkuamon-, bensiini-, ts. ,tantaali,strontium ja seleeni ovat hyvin pieniä,joita kutsutaan hivenaineiksi.Se osoittaa varman korrelaation ihmisen ja maan kuoren välillä kemiallisten alkuaineiden koostumuksessa.
Themostabundantelementintheearth'scrustisoxygen,butthemostabundantmetalelementisaluminum.
Alumiini muodostaa 8,3 % maankuoren sisällöstä,joka on kaksi kertaa sisällöstä ja muodostaa noin kolmanneksen maankuoren kokonaismetallielementeistä.
Aluminumisofgreatsignificancetohumanproductionandlife.Ithaslowdensity,goodelectricalandthermalconductivity,goodductility,andisnotpronetooxidation.Itsmaindisadvantageisthatitistoosoft.Inordertotakeadvantageofaluminumandmakeupforitsshortcomings,itisoftenmadeintoalloyswhenused.Aluminumalloyhashighstrength,butitsweightismuchlighterthanordinarysteel.Itiswidelyusedtomakeairplanes,traincars,ships,dailynecessities,etc.Becauseofitsgoodelectricalconductivity,itisusedtotransmitelectricity.Becauseithasgoodcorrosionresistanceandreflectivitytolight.Soalsoshowtheirskillsintheuseofsolarenergy.
EvolutionHistory
Arkealainen
(noin 2,5 miljardia vuotta sitten)
ArchaeanItistheoldestandlongestgenerationinthegeologicalage,thatis,theoriginalcrustandtheinitialstageoftheoccurrenceanddevelopmentoftheoriginalatmosphere,hydrosphere,sedimentarycircle,andorganisms.
TheArcheanstratumiscomposedofdeepmetamorphicgneissandparagneiss.Theoldestknownageismorethan4billionyears.Basedonthis,itisbelievedthatasmallgranitecrustappearedontheearthbeforethis.Theappearanceofparagneissesmetamorphosedfromsedimentaryrocksindicatesthattherewasaprimitiveatmosphereandhydrosphereatthattime,aswellaspurephysicalandchemicalweathering.Thebaseofthesecrystallinemetamorphicrocksiscoveredwithalightlymetamorphicgreenstonebelt,includingvolcanicrocksandsedimentaryrocks,whichwereformedinthedepressionzoneonthegroundatthattimeandonlylaterundergonemetamorphism.Itsageisbetween3.4billionand2.3billionyears.ItisspeculatedthatthereweremanysmallgraniticlandmassesonthesurfaceoftheEarthintheearlyArchean,andtherewerepaleo-oceanswithvaryingdepthsbetweenthem.Later,thesmalllandmasseswerecombinedintolargercontinentalplatesduringmigration.Theseoldestlandmasseshavebeenscatteredinvariouscontinents,whichisthecoreoftheso-calledstablelandmasses-thecratonorancientshieldarea.
Thearchaeancrustalmovementandmagmaticactivityarebothextensiveandintense;volcaniceruptionsarefrequent,sotheatmosphereandhydrospherecanbeformed.Theareaofthepristineoceanmaybelargerthanweknow,buttheaveragewaterdepthismuchshallower.Themetamorphiciron-manganesedepositsrichinmarinestratifiedsedimentsandgolddepositsformedbymagmaticactivitiesallovertheworldwereformedduringthisperiod.Theatmosphereatthattimemayberichincarbondioxide,watervapor,andvolcanicdust,withonlyasmallamountofnitrogenandabioticoxygen.Theseawaterisalsoacidicmineralizedwater(onlygraduallyneutralizedlater),andthelandishotandbarren.Insomesuitableshallowseaenvironments,someinorganicsubstanceshaveundergonechemicalevolutiontobecomeorganicsubstances(proteinsandnucleicacids),andthendevelopintolivingprokaryoticcells,constitutingsomesimpleformsofbacteriaandcyanobacteriawithoutrealnuclei.ThisonlyappearedinthelateArchaeanperiod.
Ingeneral,Archaeanistheformationstageoftheprimitivegeographiccircle.Thelandistheprimitivedesertlandscape,andthewateristheplacewherelifebredandoriginated.Atthattime,theexchangeofmaterialandenergybetweentheearth'scrustandtheuniverseandbetweenthemantleandtheearthwasmuchstrongerthaneversince.
Proterotsoic
(2,5–600 miljoonaa vuotta sitten)
IntheProterozoic,thecontinentalcrustgraduallychangedfromFromsmalltolarge,fromthintothick,volcanicactivityisrelativelyreduced,andthelithologyalsochangesfrombasictoacidic.TheLowerProterozoichasahugeaccumulationofclastics,whichgreatlyfacilitatesthestronggranitizationactivityandtheformationoflargeintrusions.DuetothedecreaseofCO2concentrationintheatmosphereandtheincreaseofCaandMgionsinthewater,carbonaterockswithchemicaldepositsbegantoappear.Itwilldirectlyaffecttheevolutionofthemagmaticprocess,leadingtotheappearanceofalkalinederivativerocks.Asthefreeoxygenintheatmosphereincreases,anoxidizingenvironmentalsobeginstoappear.Asaresult,mineralssuchasoolitichematiteandsulfateandthefirstbatchofredbedswereproducedinthelaterperiod.Theappearanceoforganismshaslittleimpactontheenvironment,sothereisnolargeamountofbiochemicaldepositsintheProterozoic.MorainerockswerealsodiscoveredattheendoftheProterozoic,whichwastheproductofthefirstglobaliceage.
Atthistime,prokaryoteshaveevolvedintoeukaryotes,andanaerobicorganismshavetransformedintoaerobicorganisms(thisturningpointiscalledtheYuripoint,whichoccurswhentheoxygencontentintheatmosphereincreasestoathousandthofthecurrentatmosphericoxygenconcentrationOneofthetime),thenumberofspecieshasalsoincreasedfromsmall.Atthistime,theplantkingdomontheearthgotgreatdevelopmentforthefirsttime,andthereappearedalargenumberofrelativelyprimitivelowerplantscapableofphotosynthesisandrespiration,suchasgreenalgae,chara,brownalgae,redalgaeandsoon.Thesemicropaleontscanbeusedforstratigraphicdivisionandcomparison.InthelateProterozoic,primitiveanimalsalsoappeared.Forexample,theEdiacaranfaunainAustraliaincludesfossilsofaquaticinvertebratessuchassponges,jellyfish,arthropods,flatwormsandmolluskcorals.FossilsofspongespiculeshavealsobeenfoundinNorthAmerica.
ThereweremanycrustalmovementsintheProterozoic,includingtheWutaiMovementinmycountry,theLuliangMovement,theChengjiangMovement,andtheJixianMovement.InNorthAmerica,thereweretheKnorrMovement,theHudsonMovement,andtheGlenvilleMovement.Sports,beltsports,etc.Thefoldbeltsformedbythepreviousorogenicmovementsgraduallycombinedtheoriginalsmalllandblocksintoancientland,andlaterbecametheancientfoldbaseandcoreofeachcontinent.Theprecambrianlandplatform(orplatform),onlyexposedItaccountsfor1/5ofthelandarea.Accordingtopaleomagneticresearch,boththeNorthAmericanLorraineandtheAfricanancientlandexperiencedmultiplepoleshiftsintheProterozoic(E.lrvingetal.,1975;J.D.E.Piper,1976).
Paleozoic
(600–230 miljoonaa vuotta sitten)
ThePaleozoicincludestheCambrian,Ordovician,Silurian,Devonian,CarboniferousandPermian.Accordingtoresearch,between600millionand700millionyearsago,thecontinentexperiencedmanydivisionsandunions.AttheendoftheProterozoic(LatePrecambrian),thescatteredcontinentsonceunitedtoformapancontinent.DuringtheCambrian,thepancontinentsplitandbecameGondwanainthesouth.Thenorthwasdividedintothreecontinents:NorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Mediterranean).TheCaledonianorogenicmovementbeganattheendoftheOrdovician.BytheDevonian,thepre-Caledoniantroughhadfoldedintomountains,andancientEuropeandNorthAmericacombinedintoacontinent.AftertheHercynianmovementintheLateCarboniferous,theQianhaixitroughdisappearedandtheEuropeanandAmericancontinentsmergedwiththeGondwanacontinent.InthelatePermian,theformerUralSeaalsodisappeared,theEurasiancontinentwasformed,andtheworldbecameanewpan-continent.
AccordingtothestudybyWangQuanetal.(1979),thenatureoftheancientlandoftheMiddleDynastyinthenorthofChinaandtheancientlandoftheYangtzeinthesouthareverydifferent.ThelatterisverydifferentfromtheGondwanaancientlandinthesouthernhemisphereresemblance.TheybelievethattheYangtzeancientlandwaspartoftheGondwanaancientlandintheEarlyPaleozoic,andlatersplitanddriftednorthward.ItwasonlyinthelatePaleozoicthatitcollidedandmergedwiththeChineseancientland.TheQinling-HuaiyangMountainsbetweenthetwoIt'sagroundstitch.Theophiolitesetofrocks(comprisedofserpentinite,peridotite,gabbroandpillow-shapedbasicvolcanicrocks,etc.)belongingtotheeruptionoftheoceaniccrustandmantlewasalsofoundhere.Itisanindicatorofcontinentalsutures.Rockformations).ThestudyofancientgeomagnetisminmycountryalsobelievesthatinthelateProterozoic,theYangtzeancientlandwasroughlylocatedinthenorthernIndianOcean,separatedfromtheChineseancientlandinthenorthbytheocean.
Thecrustalmovementandtheseparationandintegrationoflandandseainthegeomorphicerahavebroughtgreatchangestothegeographicalenvironment:thedivisionofcontinentscausestransgression,andthemergerofcontinentscausesregression;italsohasasignificantimpactonbiologicalevolution.SincetheCambrian,thedivisionandunionofthemainlandandthenumberofmarineinvertebrateshavechangedsignificantly.
IntheCambrian,thepan-continentsplitandcausedatransgression,thecontinentalshelfwaswidespread,andmarineinvertebratesprosperedunprecedentedly.Amongthem,arthropodtrilobitesaccountedfor60%ofthetotalfossils,brachiopodsItaccountsforabout30%,andtheothersonlyaccountfor10%.Atthistime,marineplantsalsoshowedsignsoftransitiontoterrestrialplants.Forexample,thealgalcoalfoundintheCambrianstratainmycountryisanexample.TheOrdovicianseabedexpandedextensively,andbrachiopods,hornstones,graptolites,nautilus,andcoralsbecamecosmopolitanspecies.Theprimitivefish-jawlessfish(jawfish)alsoappeared.InadditiontothecontinueddevelopmentofmarineanimalsintheSilurianperiod,duetoseverecrustalmovementandenvironmentalchanges,marineanimalsenteredthecontinentalfreshwaterarea.Therealfish-jawedfishandwater-transportingfishsuitableforshoregrowthOrganizedvascularplantswerealsoborn.SincetheLatePaleozoicEraaftertheDevonian,continentstendedtomergeandregresscontinuedtooccur.Manymarineinvertebrates'settlementsdisappeared,andtheirtypesandnumbersweregreatlyreduced.Onthecontrary,fishflourishes,andterrestrialplantsflourish.Thesurfaceoftheearthhassinceendedaneraofdesertandozone-free.WhentheCarboniferousandPermianbecametheheydayofamphibians,theplantkingdomalsodevelopedfromsporeplantstogymnosperms.IntheCarboniferousandPermiancontinents,largeforestsdominatedbyfernsweredistributed,whichbecameanimportantcoal-makingperiodingeologicalhistory.
Mesozoic
(230-70 miljoonaa vuotta sitten)
TheMesozoicincludesTriassicandJurassicAndtheCretaceousperiod.Therearealotofdatathatprovethatthere-splitofthepan-continentoccurredintheMesozoic,thatis,itbeganintheLateTriassic,mainlysplitintheJurassicandCretaceous,andcontinuedtotheCenozoic.Thispan-continentoriginallyextendedtothenorthandsouthpoles,theequatorialpartwasnarrow,andtherewastheTethysSea(theancientMediterraneanSea).DuringtheTriassic-Jurassicperiod,NorthAmericaandAfricasplit,theNorthAtlanticbegantoexpand,andthepan-continentwasdividedintoLaurasia(LawrenceandAsia)inthenorthandGondwanainthesouth.DuringtheJurassic-Cretaceousperiod,SouthAmericaandAfricasplit,andtheSouthAtlanticbegantoexpand.AfricaandIndiaalsoseparatedfromAntarcticaandAustralia(thetwowerestilltogether)duringtheJurassic,andbegantoformtheIndianOcean.DuringtheCretaceous,theNorthAtlanticwidenednorthward,theSouthAtlanticalreadyhadacertainscale,Indiadriftednortheast,theIndianOceanalsoexpanded,whiletheancientMediterraneantendedtoshrink.
IntheMesozoic,therewerestrongorogenyinvariouspartsoftheMesozoic.EuropehadtheOldAlps,theAmericasweretheNevadaandLaramymovements,andChinawastheIndosinianandYanshanmovements.Atthistime,folds,fracturesandmagmaticactivitiesareextremelyactive.AseriesofCathaysia-styleupliftsanddepressionswereformedineasternmycountry.Theformationofmanynon-ferrousandraremetaldepositswasrelatedtothemagmaticactivityatthistime.Mineralssuchascoal,petroleumandoilshalewerealsoformedinfaultedbasins.Thebasicoutlineofmycountry'smainlandwasalsoestablishedatthistime.
ThebiologicalworldhasagreatdevelopmentcomparedwiththePaleozoic.GymnospermsthatappearedattheendofthePaleozoicerahavebecomethemostprosperouscategoryintheMesozoicera.Theyreproducedbyseeds,andthefertilizationprocesscompletelygotridofthedependenceonwater,makingthemmoresuitableforterrestrialhabitats.Thisisanotherleapinplantevolution.Themassivedevelopmentofterrestrialplantssuchascycads,ginkgo,conifers,etc.,notonlycreatedfavorableconditionsforcoalformation(suchastheJurassiccoalseamswidelydistributedintheworld),butalsoprovidedabundantresourcesforthedevelopmentofreptiles.Foodbasis.
IntheMesozoicera,reptilesbecamethemostprosperouschordatesatthattime.Thereareherbivorousandmeat-eatingdinosaursonland,ichthyosaursandplesiosaursinthesea,andpterosaursintheair.Atthesametime,therewerealsolizards,turtles,turtles,crocodiles,frogsandinsects.Ammonitesamongmarineinchondratesarealsoextremelyprosperous.Therefore,somepeoplerefertotheMesozoicastheageofdinosaurs,theageofammonites,ortheageofcycads.However,bytheendoftheCretaceous,mostofthesespeciesoflifethatflourishedwereextinct,andonlyapartofthemsurvived.Atthattime,theprimitivebirdsandmammalsthathadappearedbutwereatadisadvantageenteredthespectacularnewgeneration;angiospermshavealsoflourishedsincethen.
Uusi sukupolvi
(70 miljoonaa vuotta sitten-2000-luku)
ThenewgenerationincludestheoldtertiaryandthenewTheThirdEpochandtheQuaternaryEpocharethemostrecentgenerations.FollowingtheMesozoicEra,theseafloorcontinuedtoexpand,AustraliaandAntarcticaseparatedEastAfrica,andIndiacollidedwithEurasia.StrongcrustalmovementoccurredintheTertiaryPeriod,calledtheNeo-AlpineMovementinEurope,andHimalayanMovementinAsia.AseriesofhugefoldsformedintheancientMediterraneanbelt(Alps-Himalayanbelt)andthecircum-Pacificbelt.Differentialascendinganddescendingmovementssuchasarchesandfaultsalsooccurredintheancientplatformareas,andredbedswerewidelydevelopedinthefaultedbasins.ThisorogenicmovementandtheaccompanyingretreatcausedsignificantchangesinthenaturalgeographicalenvironmentinheritedfromtheMesozoic.
Fromaglobalperspective,thesurfaceoftheOldTertiaryismainlyawarmandhumidclimate.Aftertheintenseorogenicmovement,theatmosphericcirculationsystem,especiallytheregionalcirculationsystem,hasalsochanged,andmanyplacestendtobedryandcold.TheupliftoftheQinghai-TibetPlateauinwesternmycountryhasagreatimpactontheeasternmonsooncirculationsystem,especiallyinsouthernChina,whichhasbecomeawarmandhumidforestlandscapedifferentfromthatofthesamelatitude.IntheQuaternary,duetothefurthercoolingofthetemperateandpolarclimates,large-scaleglaciationstookplaceontheearthandexperiencedmanychangesinglacialandinterglacialperiods.Biologyalsochangesduetochangesinhabitat.
Intheplantkingdom,theOldTertiarywascharacterizedbythegreatdevelopmentofangiosperms.Theplantcommunitychangedfrommonotonousconiferousforeststoevergreenbroad-leavedforestswithabundantflowersandfruits.Whentheclimatebecamedryandcold,thevegetationinmanyplacesexperienceddroughtandbiochemicalphenomena.AgrasslanddominatedbymonocotyledonousplantsappearedatthebeginningoftheNeo-Tertiary,andatundraappearedintheQuaternary.Theanimalkingdomischaracterizedbytheunprecedentedprosperityofmammals,sothenewgenerationisalsocalledtheeraofmammals.Theluxuriantangiospermsinthehotandhumidforestareagreatlypromotethedevelopmentofmammals.Theprosperityofinsectsisalsorelatedtothedevelopmentofangiosperms.Thewidespreaddistributionofangiospermsandinsectshaspromotedtheprosperityofbirds.Whenthegrasslandareaexpanded,manyherbivorousgrasslandfaunaappearedintheungulatesandrodents,andthecarnivoresthatfollowedincreased.
ItisparticularlyimportantthathumansappearedintheQuaternaryPeriod.Thisisaneventofgreatsignificanceinthehistoryoftheearth.Afterthecomplicateddevelopmentprocessofhumanbeings,ithasgraduallybecomeanimportantfactorindisturbing,controllingandtransformingthenaturalenvironment.Therefore,theQuaternaryEraisalsocalledthe"spiritualgeneration".
Liike
Todisteet
Sincetheformationoftheearth'scrust,ithasbeenmovingallthetime,andthismovementhascausedcontinuouschangesinthestructureoftheearth'scrust.Anearthquakeisareflectionofthecrustalmovementthatpeoplefeeldirectly.Themorecommoncrustalmovementisgoingonforalongtimeandslowly,anditisalsodifficulttodetect.Itcanonlybedetectedwiththehelpoflong-termobservationswithinstruments.Forexample,geodeticsurveydataprovesthattheHimalayasarestillrisingatarateof0.33to1.27cmperyear.
Thecrustalmovementoftheearthduringthegeologicalperiodcannotbeknownbydirectmeasurement,butithaslefttracesinthecrust.Wheretherocksareexposedinmountainousareas,thesedimentaryrocklayersareofteninclined,bent,orevenfracturedstaggered,allofwhicharetheresultofdeformationoftherocklayerunderforce.InthecoastalareaofRongcheng,Shandong,theformerbeachisnow20-40metersabovethesea.IntheareasofZhangzhouandXiameninFujian,theoldbeacheshavealsobeenabout20metersabovethesea,indicatingthatthecrustisrisingintheseplaces.AnancientHaiherivercourseofapproximately7kilometershasbeendiscoveredontheseabedoftheBohaiSeainmycountry,whichindicatesthattheBohaiSeaanditscoastalareasareareaswitharelativelyhighrateofdeclineinmoderntimes.Foranotherexample,thebeautifulYuhuaStoneswereproducedinYuhuatai,Nanjing.Thesesmoothpebbleswithbeautifulpatternsarenaturalrelicsoftheancientriverbed.AlargenumberofpebblesarepiledupinYuhuatai,whichshowsthatthereusedtobeariverinthepast.Later,thecrustroseandtheriverwasabandoned,anditbecamethegravelofYuhuataithatismuchhigherthanthewatersurfaceoftheYangtzeRiver.
Crustalmovement-luokitus
Crustalmovementclassificationtable
Sarjanumero | Luokitteluperuste | Kuoren liikkeet |
| > 1 | > Viiteobjekti | 1.Kuoren liike ekliptiikkatason kanssavertailuobjektina;2,Maan akselivertailuobjektinaThecrrustalmovement;3.Maankuoren liike maantieteellisten koordinaattien kanssa vertailukohteena; 4.Maankuoren liike. |
| > 2 | > Liikesuunta p> | 1.Pituusaste(etelä-pohjoinen)kuoren liike;2.Leveysaste(itä-länsi)kuoren liike;3.Koillis-lounas-kuoren liike;4. Luoteis-etelä-itäinen kuoriliike . |
| > 3 | > Urheilutapa | p>1.Vaakakuoren liike;2.Pystykuoren liike; |
| > 4 | harjoitustulokset | 1,bendingCrustalmovement;2.fractured crustalmovement. |
| > 5 | > GeologicalTimes | p>1.Prekambriankuoren liike;2.Paleotsoikuoren liike;3.Mesotsoikuoren liike;4.Nykyaikainen kuoren liike;5.Nykyaikainen kuoren liike. |
| > 6 | Paikkanimi + aikakausi (Kiinan sisällä) | 1.Fupingcrustal-liike;2.Luliangcrustal-liike;3.Jinning crustal-liike;4.Caledoniacrustal-liike;5,Hualixiccrrustal-liike;6.Indokiinan-kruunun liike;6.Indokiinan-kruunun liike; |
| > 7 | > Lähdevoima | 1.Sisäinen kuoren liike;2.Ulkoinen kuoren liike. |
| > 8 | > Urheiluvaaka | p>1.Maailmanlaajuinen crustal-liike;2.Regionalcrustal-liike;3.Paikallinen kuorenliike. |
| > 9 | > Syyt | 1.Seisminen maaperän liike;2.tulivuorenkuoren liike;3.kuoren liikkeen säänmuutos ja denudoituminen;4.kuoren liikkeet |
| > 10 | > Syvyys | 1.Pintakuoren liike;2.Matala kuoren liike;3.Syväkuoren liike. |
| > 11 | > Mekaaniset ominaisuudet | 1.Kohteenpuristuva kuoren liike;2.Kuoren kiristysliike;3.Vääntökuoren liike;4.Kuoren liike, jossa on erilaisia mekaanisia ominaisuuksia. |
Kuoren liikkeen syyt
Differenttypesofcrustalmovementhavedifferentcauses.
Kuoren liike ja sen alkuperä ekliptiikkatasosta vertailukohteena
Theorbitalplaneoftheearthorbitingthesuniscalledtheeclipticplane.Thepositionchangeofthecrustanditsconstituentrockswiththeeclipticplaneasthereferenceobjectisthelargestcrustalmovement.
Crustalmovement
Thistypeofcrustalmovementisdividedintothreesub-categories:oneisthepositionchangeofthecrustrelativetotheeclipticplanecausedbytherotationoftheearth;Thepositionoftheeclipticplanechanges;thethirdisthechangeintheinclinationoftheearth'saxis,andthepositionofthecrustrelativetotheeclipticplanechanges.
Thistypeofcrustalmovementcauseschangesindayandnight,seasons,andclimate,andcauseschangesinthesunandmoon'sgravitationalpullontheearth,whichinturntriggersothertypesofcrustalmovement.
Thecauseofthiskindofcrustalmovement:causedbytheoriginandevolutionofthesolarsystem.
Maankuoren liike ja synty perustuu maan akseliin
Thepositionalchangesofthecrustanditsconstituentrockswiththeaxisoftheearthasthereference,followedbythescaleInthefirsttypeofcrustalmovement,theearthandmagneticpolesaredisplaced.Thechangerelativetotheearth'saxis,thatis,theearth'spolehasmoved.Thistypeofcrustalmovementcauseschangesintheearth'scrustandgroundgeographiccoordinates,aswellaschangesinseasonsandclimate,andchangesinthegravitationalbalancebetweentheearth,thesunandthemoon.
Causesofthistypeofcrustalmovement:Thelayeredearthisformedbytherotationoftheoutersphereoftheearthunderthegravitationalforceofthesunandthemoon;othercausesmayalsoexist.
Kuoren liike ja sen synty perustuu maantieteellisiin koordinaatteihin
Thepositionalchangesofthecrustalanditsconstituentrocksbasedongeographiccoordinates,Thistypeofcrustalmovementformedlarge-scalecrustalupliftsanddepressions,formingmountainsandplateaus,formingplainsandbasins,andformingmountainsandvalleys.
Themainsourcesofpowerforthistypeofcrustalmovementareasfollows:
1.Veden ja tuulen denudaatio, kuljetus ja sedimentaatio
ThistypeofgeologicalprocessnotonlyformsThecrustalmovementofvaryingscales,andtheformedsedimentsandsedimentaryrocksarethematerialbasisfortheformationofmountainsandplateaus.
Thecrustalmovementformedbytheerosion,transportationanddepositionofwaterreducestherelativeheightofthecrust,stripshighandfillsdepressions,andbalancesthecrust.
Tuulen eroosio, kulkeutuminen ja laskeuma, ferosion, kuljetuksen ja tuulikivien laskeuman ominaisuudet:
Winderosionoccursinlow-rainandaridareas,notonlydenudinghighmountainsandplateaus,butalsoThevalleysanddepressionsarealsodenuded.
Thetransportingeffectofwindvariesfromneartofar.Thenearerjustleavesthedenudedplace,andthefarawaycanreachtensofthousandsofkilometers.Itsdepositionareavariesinsize,uptoseveralmillionsquarekilometers.
Winddepositioncanbeonlandorwater;itcanbeindepressionsandplains,anditcanbeinmountainsandplateaus;itcanformquasi-plaindepositsormountaindeposits.
Aeolianterrainiseasytochangeandmigrate.Aeoliandepositioncanformclasticrockswithhighdipangles,andcanformsedimentaryfoldstructures.
Thedepositionofwindandwatercanoccursimultaneouslyoralternately.
2.CentrifugalforcefromthepolestotheequatorwhentheearthrotatesThesimulationtestprovesit.
3.Underthegravitationalforceofthesunandthemoon,whentheearthrotatesfromwesttoeast,blocksofdifferentmassesinthecrustwillmovefromeasttowest.Withoutthegravitationalforceofotherplanets,allpartsoftheearth'scrustmoveinauniformcircularmotionwiththerotationoftheearth.Underthegravitationalforceofthesunandthemoon,duetotheunevennessoftheconstituentmaterialsofeachpartoftheearth'scrust,differentialmotionalongthelatitudeoccurs,resultinginsqueezingandseparation.
Maankuoren koostumus on tasainen suurella alueellataimaanmallaalueella.
Inalargearea,therearelargeblocksinEuropeandAsia,Africa,NorthandSouthAmerica,andAntarcticaontheland,andseveralblocksinthePacificOcean,IndianOcean,AtlanticOcean,andArcticOceanintheocean.Theselargeblocksaredifferentintopography,materialcomposition,areasize,geometry,geographiclocation,quality,structure,etc.Therearemanysmallblocksinthebigblock.Theselargeandsmallblocksontheearth'scrustareaffectedbythegravitationalpullofthesunandthemoon.Whentheearthrotates,theymoveatdifferentspeeds.Astheearthrotatesfromwesttoeast,theselargeandsmallblocksonthecrustformarelativemovementfromeasttowest.
Kuoren liike ja sen synty maaobjektien kanssa vertailuobjekteina
Crustalmotionwithgroundobjectsasreferenceobjects,therelativemovementofrockscomposedofcrustalmaterialsThedistanceissmallandbelongstoasmallrangeofcrustalmovement.Inadditiontolarge-scalecrustalmovementthatcancausethiskindofcrustalmovement,earthquakes,volcanoes,collapses,meteoriteimpacts,andsomebiologicalactivitiescanallcausethiskindofcrustalmovement.
Yhden syyn ja usean syyn crustal-liikkeen teoria
Accordingtothenumberoffactorsthatcausecrustalmovement,thetheoryofcrustalmovementcanbedividedintotwoschools:oneistheschoolofsingle-causecrustalmovement,andtheotheristhetheoryofcrustalmovement.Itisaschoolofmulti-causecrustalmovement.
Single-causedcrustalmovementschoolbelievesthatthereismainlyonekindoffactorthatcausescrustalmovement.Thetraditionalcrustalmovementtheorybelongstothisschool,suchascontinentaldrifttheory,seabedexpansiontheory,platetheory,geomechanics,mosaictheory,Diwatheory,faultblocktheory,polycyclictheory,etc.
Themulti-causedcrustalmovementschoolbelievesthattherearemanyfactorsthatcausecrustalmovement,whichbelongtothemoderntheoryofcrustalmovement.ThistheorywasputforwardbyJiangFashiofourcountry.Accordingtothecrustalmovementreference,thecrustalmovementisdividedinto:1.crustalmovementwiththegalacticplaneasthereference;2.crustalmovementwiththeeclipticplaneasthereference;3.crustalmovementwiththeearthaxisasthereference;4.Thecrustalmovementwithgeographiccoordinatesasthereference;5.Thecrustalmovementwiththesurfaceobjectasthereference;6.Thecrustalmovementwiththesphericalsurfaceasthereference.Differenttypesofcrustalmovementsarecausedbydifferentfactors,differenttypesofcrustalmovementshavedifferentmodesandresults,andvarioustypesofcrustalmovementsaresuperimposedoneachother.
Continental drift teoria
AgeotectonichypothesisproposedbyGermanmeteorologistWegener(1880～1930)in1912.HebelievesthatinthelatePaleozoic,therewasonlyonehugejointancientlandintheworld,calledthe"Pancontinent".IntheMesozoic,duetotidalfrictionandthesqueezingforcefromthepolestotheequator,pan-continentsbegantosplit,andlightergranitecontinentsdriftedontheheavierbasaltmantle,graduallyformingtoday'ssea-landpattern.Hebelievesthatthemountainsontheeartharealsotheproductsofcontinentaldrift.TheCordilleraandtheAndesarefoldmountainsformedbythebasalticbasementofthePacificwhentheAmericancontinentdriftsandslideswestward;Theislandarcgroupisthedebrisleftbythecontinentdriftingwestward;thesoutherntipofGreenland,Florida,TierradelFuego,andotherarcsaretheresultofslidingfrictionandsheddingwestward;theeast-westAlpsandtheHimalayasThelargemountainsaretheresultofthecontinent'ssqueezingfromthepolestotheequator.Basedontheinformationavailableatthattime,Wegenerdemonstratedindetailthetheoryofcontinentaldriftintermsofgeology,topography,paleontology,paleoclimate,andgeodesy.Thishypothesisattractedtheattentionofthegeologyandgeophysicscirclesatthattime.However,manyscholarshaveexpresseddoubtsaboutthemechanismandlawsofcontinentaldrift.Sincethe1950s,paleomagneticstudieshaveshownthatthemovementofmagneticpolesingeologicalhistorycanonlybereasonablyexplainedbythetheoryofcontinentaldrift.Therefore,thetheoryofcontinentaldrifthasgainedanewlife.
Levytektoniikan teoria
In1961and1962,DietzandHertzoftheUnitedStatesputforwardthe"submarineexpansiontheory".Onthisbasis,in1968,FrenchgeologistLePishonandotherspioneeredthe"platetectonicstheory",whichhasnowbecomethemostpopularnewtheoryofearthscience.
Thetheoryofplatetectonicsdividesthegloballithosphereintosixmajorplates:Asia-Europeplate,Africanplate,Americanplate,Pacificplate,IndianOceanplateandAntarcticaplate.Inadditiontothesixmajorplates,therearealsosomesmallplates.Somesub-levelplatescanalsobedelineatedwithinthemainland.Theplatesareboundedbystraitsortrenchesandorogenicbelts.Generallyspeaking,thecrustinsidetheplateisrelativelystable;thejunctionoftheplateandtheplateisarelativelyactivezoneofthecrust,anditsactivitiesaremainlymanifestedbyearthquakes,volcanoes,tensioncracks,dislocation,magmarise,andcrustalsubduction.Almostallvolcanoesandseismicactivitiesintheworldarelocatedneartheboundaryoftheplates.
Thetheoryofplatesbelievesthattheearth'scrustisbornanddied.Duetotheexpansionoftheoceanfloor,thebottomoftheoceanisconstantlyupdated,andthecontinentsonlymovewiththeexpansionoftheoceanfloor.Intheprocessofrelativemovement,theplateseithersplittothetwosidesorcollidedwitheachother,thusformingthebasicappearanceoftheearth'ssurface.Forexample,300millionyearsago,EuropeandAfricawereconnectedwithSouthandNorthAmerica.Later,theAtlanticridgeappeared.Newoceaniccrustcontinuedtoformandexpandedonbothsideswithitasthecentralaxis,whichseparatedtheabove-mentionedcontinents.Inthepast70millionyears,theIndianplatehascontinuouslymovednorthwardandcollidedwiththeAsia-Europeplate,creatingtheHimalayas.TheGreatRiftValleyofEastAfricaisatthebeginningoftheopeningoftheAfricancontinentandisintheembryonicstageofproducingnewoceaniccrust.TheGulfofAdenintheRedSeaistheresultoftheexpansionandcrackingofthecrustonbothsides,anditisinthejuvenilestageoftheoceaniccrust.TheMediterraneanasweknowitrepresentstheendofthedevelopmentoftheoceans.ItistheoceanthatremainsafteralongperiodofevolutioninthevastancientMediterranean.
Asforthedrivingforceofplates,somepeoplethinkthatitismantleconvection,andsomepeoplethinkthat“hotspots”and“hotplumes”inthemantlearchthelithosphereandmakeitdownwardundertheactionofgravity.Thereareotherpropositionsaboutslidingandpushingplates,andthereisnounifiedunderstanding.
Continentaldrift-submarineexpansion-platetectonics,thisisatrilogyofthedeepeninganddevelopmentofhumanunderstandingofcrustalmovement.
Maan ulkopuolisen kiertoliikkeen teoria
ThetheoryofextraterrestrialrotationwasproposedbyZhangWeizhiin2012andhassincebeenrevised.TheJiangfamily(JiangFashi)dividedthecrustalmovementinto:1.crustalmovementwiththegalacticplaneasthereference;2.crustalmovementwiththeeclipticplaneasthereference;3.crustwiththeearthaxisasthereference.Movement,4.crustalmovementwithgeographiccoordinatesasareference,5.crustalmovementwithasurfaceobjectasareference,6.crustalmovementwithasphericalsurfaceasareference.JiangShifaisarepresentativeofmanycausesofcrustalmovement.Thecauseofcrustalmovementwiththeaxisoftheearthasareference,JiangShifaexplainedthatitwasformedbytherotationoftheoutersphereoftheearth.Jiangreclassifiedthestructureofthesolidearth,asshowninthefollowingtable:
Maapinnan rakennetaulukko
EarthcircleLayername | Syvyys (km) | Maanjäristys Pitkäsuuntainen aaltonopeus (km/s) | Maanjäristys leikkausaallonnopeus (km/s) | Tiheys (g/cm3) | Aine Tila | ||
Ensimmäinen taso Kerroksista | Toinen taso Kerroksista | Perinteinen Kerroksista | |||||
Ulkona Pallo | Kuori | Kuori | 0–33 | 5,6–7,0 | 3.4–4.2 | 2,6–2,9 | Kiinteä aine |
Ulkona Loppu p>risti taso | ulompi siirtymäkerros (ylhäällä) | Ylävaippa | 33-980 | 8.1–10.1 | 4.4–5.4 | 3.2–3.6 | Osa Sula aine |
Ulkoinen siirtymäkerros (alempi) | Alempi vaippa | 980–2900 | 12.8–13.5 | 6,9–7,2 | 5.1–5.6 | Neste-kiinteä aine | |
Nestemäinen Osavaltio Taso | Nestekerros | Ulkomainen ydinvoima | 2900–4700 | 8.0–8.2 | Pääsy epäonnistui | 10.0–11.4 | nestemäinen aine |
sisällä p>Pallo | InsideOver Taso | OverLevel | 4700–5100 | 9.5–10.3 | 12.3 | Neste-kiinteä aine | |
Earthcore | EarthCore | 5100-6371 | 10.9–11.2 | 12.5 | Kiinteä aine |
Maan ulkopallon liike
Theearthrotatesandrevolvesinanorbit.Atthesummersolstice,thenorthernhemisphereoftheearthisclosertothesun,andthesolargravitationalforcereceivedisgreaterthanthatofthesouthernhemisphere.Atthewintersolstice,thesolargravityonthenorthernandsouthernhemispheresoftheearthisoppositetothatatthesummersolstice.Astheearthrevolvesaroundthemasspointoftheearthandthemoon,thenutationoftheearth,andtheprecessionoftheearth'saxisproducetheshakingactionoftheearth.Theshakingactionoftheearthcausestheoutersphereoftheearthtorotateinthedirectionofthesun'sgravitationalforce,justlikethebeansinthedustpan.Whenthedustpanisshaken,thebeanswillrotateinthetiltdirectionofthedustpan.ThemovementoftheinnerballoftheearthPutastoneinabottlefilledwithwater,tiearope,holdoneendoftheropetomakethebottlerotate,theresultis:thestoneinthebottleisalwaysbiasedtotheothersideofgravity.Inthesameway,theinnersphereoftheearthalwaysleanstotheothersideofthesun'sgravity.Therotationoftheearth'soutersphereformsthemovementoftheearth'sandmagneticpoles,andformsthemovementoftheearth'scrustrelativetotheearth'saxis.TherotationofAntarcticafromlowlatitudestotheSouthPoleisformedbytherotationoftheoutersphereoftheearth.