Kemiallinen reagenssi

Kemiallisten reagenssien määritelmä

Chemicalreagentshavebeenwidelyusedinindustry,agriculture,medicalandhealth,lifesciences,inspectionandquarantine,environmentalprotection,energydevelopment,nationaldefenseandmilitaryindustry,Scientificresearchandallwalksoflifeinthenationaleconomy,butwhatisa"chemicalreagent",whatcontentitcontains,anditisstillaverydifficultthingtogiveitanaccuratedefinition.Earlychemicalreagentsonlyreferto"purechemicalsusedtodeterminethecompositionorcompositionofsubstancesinchemicalanalysisandchemicaltests."Itwaslaterexpandedto"chemicalsusedtoachievechemicalreactions",andthechemicalsreferredtoby"chemicalreagents"havelonggonebeyondthiscategory.Somepeoplethinkthat"chemicalsusedinscientificexperiments"canbecalled"chemicalreagents."Amorecomprehensivedefinitionofchemicalreagentscanbe:compoundsorelementsofvariouspuritylevelsusedinchemicaltests,chemicalanalysis,chemicalresearchandothertests.

Nykyiset kansalliset standardit

GB/T14305-1993 kemiallinen reagenssi sykloheksaani

GB15346-1994kemiallisten reagenssien pakkaus ja merkintä

GB/T15347-1994kemiallinen reagenssiaskorbiinihappo

GB/T15895-1995kemiallinen reagenssi 1,2-dikloorietaani

GB/T15896-1995kemiallinen reagenssimuurahaishappo

GB/T15897-1995kemiallinen reagenssi kalsiumkarbonaatti

GB/T15898-1995kemiallinen reagenssi kobolttinitraattieksahydraatti (kobolttinitraatti)

GB/T15899-1995Kemiallinen reagenssi mangaanisulfaattimonohydraatti (mangaanisulfaatti)

GB/T15901-1995Kemiallinen reagenssi kupariklorididihydraatti (kuparikloridi)

GB/T629-1997 kemialliset reagenssitnatriumhydroksidi

GB/T1264-1997 kemialliset reagenssitnatriumfluoridi

GB/T640-1997 kemialliset reagenssitnatriumbikarbonaatti

GB/T671-1998kemiallinen reagenssimagnesiumsulfaatti

GB/T689-1998 kemiallinen reagenssipyridiini

GB/T1401-1998kemiallinen reagenssidinatriumedetaatti

GB/T1268-1998 kemialliset reagenssitnatriumtiosyanaatti

GB/T642-1999kemiallinen reagenssikaliumdikromaatti

GB/T649-1999kemiallinen reagenssiKaliumumbromidi

GB/T684-1999 kemiallinen reagenssitolueeni

GB/T1276-1999 kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumfluoridi

GB/T2305-2000Kemiallinen reagenssifosforipentoksidi

GB/T6684-2002kemiallinen reagenssi 30 % vetyperoksidia

GB/T678-2002kemiallinen reagenssietanoli (absoluuttinen etanoli)

GB/T12591-2002kemiallinen reagenssi

GB/T682-2002kemiallinen reagenssikloroformi

GB/T679-2002kemiallinen reagenssietanoli (95 %)

PreparationofGB/T601-2002chemicalreagentstandardtitrationsolution

PreparationofpreparationsandproductsusedinGB/T603-2002chemicalreagenttestmethod

GB/T602-2002PreparationofStandardSolutionforImpurityDeterminationofChemicalReagents

GB/T652-2003ChemicalReagentBariumChloride

GB/T1265-2003kemialliset reagenssitsodiumbromidi

GB/T606-2003chemicalreagentwaterdeterminationgeneralmethodKarlFischermethod

GB/T674-2003kemiallinen reagenssi Jauhemainen kuparioksidi

GB/T656-2003kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumdikromaatti

GB/T16493-1996kemiallinen reagenssitrinatriumsitraattidihydraatti (trinatriumsitraatti)

GB/T16494-1996kemiallinen reagenssiksyleeni

GB/T16496-1996kemiallinen reagenssikaliumsulfaatti

GB/T16983-1997kemiallinen reagenssikahdelle metyylikloridille

GB/T17521-1998Kemiallinen reagenssiN,N-dimetyyliformamidi

GB/T615-2006Generalmethodforthedeterminationofboilingrangeofchemicalreagent

GB/T9721-2006GeneralRulesofChemicalReagentMolecularAbsorptionSpectrophotometry(UVandVisibleLightPart)

GB/T1263-2006ChemicalReagentDisodiumHydrogenPhosphateDodecahydrate(DisodiumHydrogenPhosphate))

GB/T1266-2006kemialliset reagenssitnatriumkloridi

GB/T617-2006generalmethodforthedeterminationofmeltingpointrangeofchemicalreagent

GB/T9722-2006GeneralPrinciplesofKaasukromatografiaforChemicalReagents

GB/T605-2006GeneralMethodforChromaticityDeterminationofChemicalReagents

GB/T614-2006GeneralMethodforDeterminationofRefractiveIndexofChemicalReagents

GB/T622-2006Kemiallinen reagenssi Kloorivetyhappo

GB/T626-2006Kemiallinen reagenssiTyppihappo

GB/T616-2006GeneralMethodforBoilingPointDeterminationofChemicalReagents

GB/T9739-2006Chemicalreagentirondeterminationgeneralmethod

GB/T683-2006Kemiallinen reagenssimetanoli

GB/T611-2006ChemicalreagentdensityGeneralmethodofdetermination

GB/T618-2006Generalmethodfordeterminationofcrystallizationpointofchemicalreagents

GB/T673-2006Farseenitrioksidin kemiallinen reagenssi

GB/T609-2006Generalmethodfordeterminationoftotalnitrogeninchemicalreagents

GB/T637-2006Kemialliset reagenssitnatriumtiosulfaattipentahydraatti (natriumtiosulfaatti)

GB/T672-2006Kemiallinen reagenssimagnesiumkloridiheksahydraatti (magnesiumkloridi)

GB/T658-2006Kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumkloridi

GB/T621-1993ChemicalReagent Bromivetyhappo

GB/T9725-2007GeneralRulesforPotentiometricTitrationofChemicalReagents

GB/T9726-2007GeneralRulesforDeterminationofPotassiumPermanganateSubstancesReducedbyChemicalReagents

GB/T9732-2007Generalmethodforthedeterminationofammoniumwithchemicalreagents

GB/T9730-2007Generalmethodforthedeterminationofoxalatewithchemicalreagents

GB/T9724-2007GeneralrulesforthedeterminationofpHvalueofchemicalreagents

GB/T9729-2007Generalmethodforthedeterminationofchlorideinchemicalreagents

GB/T631-2007Ammoniakkivesi kemiallisille reagensseille

GB/T613-2007Generalmethodfordeterminationofspecificopticalpower(specificopticalrotation)ofchemicalreagents

GB/T638-2007Kemiallinen reagenssi tinakloridihydraatti(Ⅱ)(tinakloridi)

GB/T6685-2007kemiallinen reagenssihydroksyyliamiinikloridi (hydroksyyliamiinihydrokloridi)

GB/T625-2007kemiallinen reagenssi rikkihappo

GB/T676-2007Kemiallinen reagenssietikkahappo (jääetikkahappo)

GB/T9731-2007ChemicalReagentGeneralMethodforDeterminationofSulfurCompounds

GB/T1272-2007Kemiallinen reagenssiKaliumjodidi

GB/T9727-2007Generalmethodforthedeterminationofphosphateinchemicalreagents

GB/T10726-2007Generalmethodforthedeterminationofmetalimpuritiesbychemicalreagentsolventextraction-atomicabsorptionspectrometry

GB/T9723-2007GeneralRulesofFlameAtomicAbsorptionSpectrometryforChemicalReagents

GB/T670-2007ChemicalReagent Hopeanitraatti

GB/T12589-2007Kemiallinen reagenssiEtyyliasetaatti

GB/T665-2007Kemiallinen reagenssi vedetön kuparisulfaatti (Ⅱ) (kuparisulfaatti)

GB/T9728-2007GeneralMethodforDeterminationofSulfateinChemicalReagents

GB/T633-1994 kemiallinen reagenssinatriumnitriitti

GB/T650-1993kemiallinen reagenssikaliumbromaatti

GB/T1279-2008kemiallinen reagenssi rautasulfaattidodekahydraatti(Ⅲ)ammonium

GB/T2304-2008kemialliset reagenssiini-pakastesinkkihiukkaset

GB/T9734-2008chemicalreagentaluminumdeterminationgeneralmethod

GB/T9855-2008kemiallinen reagenssi sitruunahappomonohydraatti (sitruunahappo)

GB/T696-2008kemiallinen reagenssi (urea)

GB/T660-1992 kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumtiosyanaatti

GB/T1291-2008chemicalreagentpotassiumhydrogenphthalate

GB/T10705-2008Kemiallinen reagenssi 5-sulfosalisyylihappodihydraatti (5-sulfosalisyylihappo)

GB/T9854-2008Kemiallinen reagenssi oksaalihappodihydraatti (oksaalihappo)

GB/T610-2008chemicalreagentgeneralmethodfordeterminationofarsenic

GB/T1273-2008kemiallinen reagenssikaliumheksasyanoferraatti(Ⅱ)trihydraatti (kaliumferrosyanidi)

GB/T9742-2008Generalmethodfordeterminationofsilicateinchemicalreagents

GB/T9741-2008Generalmethodfordeterminationofignitionresiduesinchemicalreagents

GB/T9737-2008GeneralRulesfortheDeterminationofEasilyCarbonizedSubstancesinChemicalReagents

GB/T9740-2008GeneralMethodforDeterminationofEvaporationResiduesinChemicalReagents

GB/T632-2008Kemiallinen reagenssiNatriumtetraboraattidekahydraatti (tetraboraattinatrium)

GB/T2306-2008kemiallinen reagenssikaliumhydroksidi

GB/T639-2008chemicalreagentanhydroussodiumcarbonate

GB/T15894-2008Kemiallinen reagenssipetrolieetteri

GB/T1292-2008Kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumasetaatti

GB/T686-2008Kemiallinen reagenssiasetoni

GB/T690-2008kemiallinen reagenssibentseeni

GB/T1294-2008kemiallinen reagenssiL(+)-viinihappo

GB/T9733-2008chemicalreagentcarbonylcompounddeterminationgeneralmethod

GB/T9735-2008Generalmethodforthedeterminationofheavymetalsinchemicalreagents

GB/T9736-2008Generalmethodforthedeterminationofacidityandalkalinityofchemicalreagents

GB/T9738-2008Generalmethodfordeterminationofwater-insolublematterinchemicalreagents

GB/T15355-2008Kemiallinen reagenssi nikkelikloridiheksahydraatti (nikkelikloridi)

GB/T643-2008ChemicalreagenthighmanganesePotassiumacid

GB/T3914-2008Chemicalreagentanodicstrippingvoltammetrygeneralrules

GB/T12590-2008Kemiallinen reagenssi-butanoli

GB/T9853-2008Kemiallinen reagenssi vedetön natriumsulfaatti

GB/T667-1995Kemiallinen reagenssi sinkkinitraattieksahydraatti (sinkkinitraatti)

GB/T669-1994 ChemistryReagenssistrontiumnitraatti

GB/T685-1993kemiallinen reagenssiformaldehydiliuos

GB/T691-1994 kemiallinen reagentaniliini

GB/T693-1996 kemia Reagenssitnatriumasetaattitrihydraatti (natriumasetaatti)

GB/T694-1995 kemiallinen reagenssi vedetöntä natriumasetaattia

GB/T11547-2008plasticliquidchemicalreagentresistancedetermination

GB/T23942-2009ChemicalReagentGeneralPrinciplesofInductivelyCoupledPlasmaAtomicEmissionSpectrometry

GB/T657-2011Kemiallinen reagenssi Ammoniummolybdaattitetrahydraatti (ammoniummolybdaatti)

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GB/T659-2011kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumnitraatti

GB/T1281-2011kemiallinen reagenssibromi

GB/T623-2011kemiallinen reagenssiperkloorihappo

GB/T644-2011kemiallinen reagenssikaliumheksasyanoferraatti(Ⅲ)kaliumferrisyanidi (kaliumferrisyanidi)

GB/T661-2011kemiallinen reagenssitironsulfaattiheksahydraatti (Ⅱ) Ammonium (ammoniumferrosulfaatti)

GB/T646-2011kemiallinen reagenssikaliumkloridi

GB/T664-2011kemiallinen reagenssi rautasulfaattiheptahydraatti (ferrosulfaatti)

GB/T620-2011kemiallinen reagenssi fluorivetyhappo

GB/T688-2011kemiallinen reagenssi hiilitetrakloridi

GB/T647-2011Kemiallinen reagenssikaliumnitraatti

GB/T636-2011Kemialliset reagenssitnatriumnitraatti

GB/T677-2011Kemiallinen reagenssietikkahappohydridi

GB/T666-2011Kemiallinen reagenssi sinkkisulfaattiheptahydraatti (sinkkisulfaatti)

GB/T1271-2011Kemiallinen reagenssikaliumfluoridihydraatti (kaliumfluoridi)

GB/T641-2011Kemiallinen reagenssi kaliumperoksodisulfaatti (kaliumsulfaatti)

GB/T655-2011kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumsulfaatti

GB/T15354-2011kemiallinen reagenssinimike fosfaatti

GB/T645-2011kemiallinen reagenssikaliumkloraatti

GB/T653-2011kemiallinen reagenssibariumnitraatti

GB/T628-2011kemiallinen reagenssi boorihappo

GB/T687-2011 kemiallinen reagenssi glyseroli

GB/T675-2011kemiallinen reagenssiodiini

GB/T651-2011kemiallinen reagenssi kaliumjodaatti

GB/T1274-2011Chemicalreagentpotassiumdihydrogenphosphate

GB/T648-2011Kemiallinen reagenssi kaliumtiosyanaatti

GB/T1288-2011Chemicalreagentpotassiumsodiumtartratetetrahydrate(potassiumsodiumtartrate)

GB/T1267-2011chemicalreagentsodiumdihydrogenphosphatedihydrate(sodiumdihydrogenphosphate)

GB/T654-2011kemiallinen reagenssibariumkarbonaatti

GB/T1270-1996 kemiallinen reagenssi kobolttikloridiheksahydraatti (kobolttikloridi)

GB/T1278-1994 kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumbifluoridi

GB/T1282-1996Kemiallinen reagenssifosforihappo

GB/T1285-1994Kemiallinen reagenssikadmiumkloridi

GB/T1289-1994Kemialliset reagenssitnatriumoksalaatti

GB/T1396-1993 kemiallinen reagenssitammoniumsulfaatti

GB/T1397-1995kemiallinen reagenssikaliumkarbonaatti

GB/T1400-1993 kemiallinen reagenssi heksametyleenitetraamiini

GB/T13353-1992Determinationoftheresistanceofadhesivestochemicalreagents.MetalsandmetalsTitle:

Sisältöpohjainen otsikko

standardiaine,standardiliuos,standardipuhtausliuos,standardivertailuaine,standardinäyte,linjastandardireagenssi,indikaattorireagenssi,vertailuaine,benchmarkReagenssit,kemialliset standardit,kemialliset standardit,instrumenttistandardit,analyyttiset reagenssit,ensimmäisen luokan standardinpuhdistusainereagenssit,toisen luokan reagenssit kromatografinen puhtaus, elektroninen puhtaus, terässtandardit Näyte, hakkustandardinäyte, hiilistandardinäyte, malmistandardinäyte jne...

Nimitys perustuu käyttöön

Kemialliset reagenssit,yleiset reagenssit,analyyttiset reagenssit,diagnostiikkareagenssit,opetusreagenssit,Kokeelliset reagenssit,erotustyökalut,puskuriliuokset,indikaattorireagenssit,biologiset tahrat,valoherkät materiaalit,synteettiset kreagentit,testausainekaksipuoliset aineet,kemiallisetraw-aineanalyysit,...

Lähdepohjaiset otsikot

Tuodut reagenssit, luonnonuutteet, uutteet, kuivajauheet, uutteet...

Mukautetut otsikot

Kemikaalit, hienokemikaalit, lääkkeet, kylmäosareagenssit, erikoisreagenssit, ensimmäisen luokan reagenssit, toisen luokan reagenssit, kolmannen luokan reagenssit, pienimuotoiset reagenssit...

Ominaisuuksiin perustuvat nimitykset

Epäorgaaniset aineet, orgaaniset ainesosat, isotoopit ja leimatut yhdisteet, biokemialliset reagenssit, aminohapot ja niiden johdannaiset, proteiinit ja peptidit, nukleotidit ja niiden johdannaiset, monosakkaridit ja polysakkaridit, entsyymit ja koentsyymit, bifferentit, antibiootit, vitamiinit, väliaineet, tropografiset aineet ja hormonihormonit

Luokitteluperuste

Thecategoriesofchemicalreagentsarebasicallyclassifiedaccordingtotheirpurposeorsubjectmatter.Manynewcategorieshavebeenadded.Germany'sE.Merckcompanyisdividedinto20categoriesand88sub-categories.AmericanBaker(J.T.Baker)companyhas75majorcategoriesand124sub-categories.Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thevarietyofchemicalreagentsisbecomingmoreandmorediverse,andthetrendofcategorydivisionisgettingmoreandmoredetailed,andithasreachedtheserializationandmatchingofvarieties.

Laatuindeksi

Thequalitylevelsofchemicalreagentsarecomplexandtherearemanyvarieties,whichareparticularlyconfusing.Thegeneralconventionalvarieties(class1reagents)areessentialvarieties,andthereare225species,whicharebasicallycomplementaryproducedinmycountry'schemicalreagentbasesinBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Xi'an,Chengdu,Guangzhou,andShenyang.TypeIIreagentsareusedinalmostallfields,andtheyarealsonecessaryvarietiesformanufacturers.Thereareabout1800-2000varieties.Suchreagentsareinlargedemandandwidelyused.Thereareabout3000-6000varietiesofthethreetypesofreagents,andmostoftheirapplicationfieldsarerelatedtothenationaleconomyandpeople'slivelihood,suchaschemical,metallurgy,electricpower,food,medicineandhealthandotherindustriesthatarespecificallyusedinindustryreagents.

Inmycountry,thereare225kindsofchemicalreagentsrepresentedbythreegrades:premiumgrade,analyticalgrade,andchemicalgrade,accordingtothenationalstandardsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandthestandardsissuedbytheformerMinistryofChemicalIndustry.These225kindsofchemicalreagents,intheformofstandards,stipulatethebasisofthecontentofchemicalreagentsinourcountry.Thecontentdeterminationofotherchemicalsisbasedonthis,andthecontentisdeterminedbymeasurement.Therefore,thequalityofthesechemicalreagentsisveryimportant.Atthesametime,these225chemicalreagentshavebecomebasicvarietiesduetotheirextremelywideuse.These225specieshavebeenmarkedinthecatalogofchemicalreagents.Inaddition,therearespecialreagents,theproductionvolumeisverysmall,almoston-demandproduction,thequantityisgenerallydesignatedbytheuser.

Yhteiset laatutasot

Excellentgradepure(GR,greenlabel):highcontentofmaincomponents,highpurity,suitableforpreciseanalysisandresearchwork,andsomecanbeusedasbenchmarkssubstance.

Analyticalpurity(AR,redlabel):highcontentofmaincomponents,highpurity,lowinterferenceimpurities,suitableforindustrialanalysisandchemicalexperiments.EquivalenttoforeignACSlevel(AmericanCemicalSocietystandard)

Chemicalpurity(CP,bluelabel):highcontentofmaincomponents,highpurity,presenceofinterferingimpurities,suitableforchemicalexperimentsandsyntheticpreparation.

Experimentalpure(LR,yellowlabel):highcontentofmaincomponents,poorpurity,nochoiceofimpuritycontent,onlysuitableforgeneralchemicalexperimentsandsyntheticpreparation.

Merkkivalot ja tahrat (ID tai SR, violetti etiketti): vaatii ainutlaatuista herkkyyttä.

Designatedlevel(ZD):Chemicalreagentscustomizedforspecificusersinaccordancewiththequalitycontrolindicatorsrequiredbyusers.

Electronicpure(MOS):suitablefortheproductionofelectronicproducts,withextremelylowelectricalimpuritycontent.

Vastaavat reagenssit (3N,4N,5N):pääkomponentin sisältö vastaavasti99,9%, 99,99%, 99,999% tai enemmän.

Spektripuhtaus: pääkomponenttien puhtaus on 99,99 %

Tason kuvaus:

Superiorgradepure-GR

MicroorganismUse—FMB

AnalysisPuhdas-AR

Teollinen-TECH

ChemicalPuhdas—CP

Työharjoittelu—PRACT

Kokeellinen taso – LR

Forsynteesi—FS

Biokemiallinengrade—eKr

Indikaattori—IND

HighperformanceNestekromatografia—HPLC

Kaasukromatografia—GC

Biologinen tahraing—BS

Nestekromatografia—LC

Perustaso – PT

ChromatographyUse—FCP

AtomicAbsorption—AAS

Ohutkerroskromatografia—TLC

Infraredabsorption—IR

SpectrumPuhdas—SP

NuclearMagneticResonance—NMR

SpectroscopyPuhdas—UV

Fluorescenceanalysis—FIA

Synteesi – SYN

Inorganicanalyticalreagentsarecommonlyusedinorganicchemicalsforchemicalanalysis.Itspurityishigherthanthatofindustrialproducts,withlessimpurities.

Organicreagentsforinorganicanalysisarespecialorganiccompoundssuchasprecipitationagents,extractants,chelatingagentsandindicatorsforthedetermination,separationandenrichmentofelementsintheanalysisofinorganicsubstances,Ratherthangeneralsolvents,organicacidsandorganicbases.Theseorganicreagentsmusthavegoodsensitivityandselectivity.Withthedevelopmentofanalyticalchemistryandchemicalindustry,suchreagentswithbettersensitivityandselectivitywillbedeveloped,suchasthosethathavecomplexingabilityforsomemetals(suchasalkalimetals,alkalineearthmetals)andammoniumionssince1967.ThisisthecasewithCrownethercompounds.

Primarystandardsarecompoundswithhighpurity,lessimpurities,goodstabilityandconstantchemicalcomposition.Inthereferencereagents,thereareclassificationssuchasvolumetricanalysis,pHmeasurement,andcalorificvaluemeasurement.Eachcategoryisdividedintothefirstbenchmarkandtheworkingbenchmark.AllthefirstbenchmarksmustbeverifiedbytheNationalAcademyofMetrology,andtheproductionunitusesthefirstbenchmarkasthemeasurementstandardforworkbenchmarkproducts.Thebenchmarkreagentsforcommercialoperationsmainlyrefertothevolumetricanalysisworkbenchmarksinthevolumetricanalysiscategory[contentrangeis99.95%to100.05%(weighttitration)].Generallyusedtocalibratethetitrant.

Standardsubstanceisachemicalsubstanceusedforcomparisoninchemicalanalysisandinstrumentanalysis,orachemicalusedtocalibrateaninstrument.Itschemicalcomposition,content,physicalandchemicalpropertiesandimpuritiesmustbeknown,andmeettheregulationsorberecognized.

ReagenssiMikroanalyyttinen reagenssi (mikroanalyyttinen reagenssi)soveltuu aineen määrittämiseen, sallittu määrä on vainvakioprosentti (paino noin 1-15 mg, tilavuus noin 0,01-2 ml)Reagenssit mikroanalyysiä varten.

Organicanalyticalstandardsarechemicalreagentsusedforcomparisonwhendeterminingthecompositionandstructureoforganiccompounds.Itscompositionmustbeaccuratelyknown.Itcanalsobeusedformicroanalysis.

Pesticideanalyticalstandards(Pesticideanalyticalstandards)aresuitableforuseingaschromatographytoanalyzepesticidesordeterminepesticideresiduesascomparisonitems.Itscontentisrequiredtobeprecise.Therearesolutionspreparedfromatraceamountofasinglepesticide,andtherearealsomixedsolutionspreparedfrommultiplepesticides.

Refractiveindexliquid(Refractiveindexliquid)isahigh-puritystableliquidwithaknownrefractiveindex,usedtodeterminetherefractiveindexofcrystallinesubstancesandminerals.Therefractiveindexismarkedontheoutsideofeachpackage.

Normalsolutionisanaqueoussolutioncontainingonegramequivalentofsoluteinoneliterofsolution,thatis,asolutionwithaconcentrationof1N.IndikaattoriIndikaattori(Indikaattori)isasubstancethatcanchangeitscolorundertheinfluenceofthepresenceofcertainsubstances.Itismainlyusedtoindicatetheendpointoftitrationinvolumetricanalysis.Generallycanbedividedintoacid-baseindicator,redoxindicator,adsorptionindicatorandsoon.Inadditiontoanalysis,theindicatorcanalsobeusedtotestthepresenceofcertainharmfulandtoxicsubstancesingasesorsolutions.

Testpaperisasmalldrypieceofpapersoakedinanindicatororreagentsolution.Itisusedtotestthepresenceofacertaincompound,elementorioninthesolution.Itisalsousedformedicaldiagnosis.Instrumentalanalyticalreagents

Instrumentalanalyticalreagentsarereagentsusedintheprocessofsampleanalysisusingspecialinstrumentsdesignedaccordingtotheprinciplesofphysics,chemistryorphysicalchemistry.Atomiabsorptiospektroskopiastandards

Atomiabsorptiospektroskopiastandardsareusedasstandardreagentswhenanalyzingsamplesbyatomicabsorptionspectroscopy.

Forchromatographyreagentsforchromatographyrefertoreagentsandmaterialsusedingaschromatography,liquidchromatography,gas-liquidchromatography,thin-layerchromatography,columnchromatographyandotheranalyticalmethods.Therearestationaryliquids,Supports,solvents,etc.

Etuelektronimikroskopia(Etuelektronimikroskopia)reagentsarefixatives,embeddingagents,stainsandotherreagentsusedinthefieldsofbiology,medicine,etc.,whenelectronmicroscopesareusedforresearchwork.

SolventforNMRspectroscopy(SolventforNMRspectroscopy)ismainlyadeuteratedsolvent(alsocalledheavyhydrogenreagentordeuteratedreagent),whichisthehydrogenintheorganicsolventstructureisdeuterated(heavyHydrogen)replacedbythesolvent.Innuclearmagneticresonanceanalysis,thedeuteratedsolventmaynotshowpeaks,anditwillnotinterferewiththehydrogenspectrumanalysisofthesample.

Forpolarography(Forpolarography)reagentsrefertothereagentsneededforquantitativeandqualitativeanalysisbypolarography.

SpectralpuritySpectrographyreagentsusuallyrefertoreagentswithhigherpuritythathavebeenanalyzedbyemissionspectroscopy.

Spectrophotometricpurereagentreferstothesolutionusedwhenspectrophotometricanalysisisused.Ithasacertainwavelengthtransmittanceandisusedforqualitativeandquantitativeanalysis.

Biokemialliset reagenssitBiokemialliset reagenssitrefertobiologicalmaterialsororganiccompoundsrelatedtolifescienceresearch,aswellasreagentsforclinicaldiagnosisandmedicalresearch.Duetothewiderangeandrapiddevelopmentoflifesciences,thiskindofreagentshasawidevarietyandcomplexproperties.

Muut tasot

Inaddition,itisstilldividedintothefollowingmorethan20levels.

AASatomicabsorptionspectroscopy,eKrbiochemicalreagents,BPBritishPharmacopoeia,BRbiologicalreagents,BSbiologicalstains,CRchemicalreagents,EPultra-pure,FCPchromatography,FMPmicroscopy,FSsynthesis,GCgaschromatography,GRsuperiorgradepurereagent,HPLChighpressureliquidchromatography,IDindicator,IRinfraredabsorptionspectrum,MARtraceanalysisreagent,NMRnuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy,OASorganicanalysisstandard,PAanalysis,Harjoittelepractice,PTstandardReagents,Purissspecialpure,Purumpure,SPspectralpure,Techindustrialuse,TLCthinlayerchromatography,YLÖSultra-pure,USPUnitedStatesPharmacopoeia,UVultravioletspectrophotometrypure,JXteachingreagent...MIpharmaceuticalgrade,Iindustrialgrade,FFoodgrade,Mcosmeticgrade,Ssolid,Lliquid,Efineproduct,Ccrudeproduct...

Obviously,thegeneralqualitystandardsofthesechemicalreagentsaredividedintotheabove-mentionedqualitylevels,whichisfarfrombeingsatisfied.Researchandproductionneeds.

Kemiallisten reagenssien voimassaoloaika

Chemicalreagentsareaffectedbyexternalfactorssuchastemperature,lightirradiation,airandwaterduringstorage,transportationandsales,andarepronetodeliquescent,Physicalandchemicalchangessuchasmycin,discoloration,polymerization,oxidation,volatilization,sublimationanddecompositionmakeitinvalidandunusable.Therefore,itisnecessarytoadoptreasonablepackaging,appropriatestorageconditionsandtransportationmethodstoensurethatthechemicalreagentsdonotdeteriorateduringstorage,transportationandsales.Somespecialrequirementsforstorageandtransportationshouldbehandledinaccordancewithspecialrequirements.Somechemicalreagentshaveacertainshelflife,sobecarefulwhenusingthem.

Thevalidityperiodofchemicalreagentsvariesgreatlywiththechemicalpropertiesofchemicals.Undernormalcircumstances,chemicallystablesubstanceshavealongershelflifeandsimplerstorageconditions.

Vakaustuomion periaatteet

Forpreliminaryjudgmentofthestabilityofasubstance,thefollowingprinciplescanbefollowed:

Inorganiccompounds,aslongastheyareproperlystored,thepackagingisintact,Canbeusedforalongtime.However,thosesubstancesthatareeasilyoxidizedanddeliquescentcanonlybestoredforashortperiodoftime(1to5years)underdark,cool,anddryconditions,dependingonwhetherthepackagingandstorageconditionscomplywiththeregulations.

Organiclow-molecular-weightcompoundsaregenerallymorevolatile,andthepackaginghasbetterairtightnessandcanbestoredforalongtime.Butitiseasytobeoxidized,decomposedbyheat,easytopolymerize,photosensitivesubstances,etc.

Orgaaniset polymeerit, erityisesti elävät materiaalit, kuten maaöljyt, polysakkaridit, proteiinit, entsyymit, peptidit jne., ovat erittäin herkkiä mikro-organismien, lämpötilan ja valon vaikutuksille, ja menettävät aktiivisuutensa tai heikkenevät. Siksi ne on jäähdytettävä, jäädytettävä ja pakastettava.

Inprinciple,referencematerials,referencematerialsandhigh-puritymaterialsshouldbestoredinstrictaccordancewiththepreservationregulationstoensurethatthepackagingisintact,avoidbeingaffectedbythechemicalenvironment,andthestoragetimeshouldnotbetoolong.Ingeneral,thereferencesubstancemustbeusedwithinthevalidityperiod.

Thestabilityofmostchemicalsisstillrelativelygood,andthespecificconditionsshouldbedeterminedbyactualuserequirements.Iftheanalysisdataisgenerallyunderstood,ortheanalysisresultsdonothavespecificandaccuraterequirements,suchasgeneralteachingexperiments,generalrequirementscanbemadeforthequalitylevelofchemicalreagents.However,thefactorytestdataisusedtoguideproduction,andthequalityindicatorsofchemicalreagentsmustnotbeambiguous.Asforthechemicalreagentsusedingeneralsyntheticpreparation,inmostcases,theuseofindustrial-gradechemicalreagentsissufficient.However,thesyntheticpreparationofresearch-typeandcertainspecialchemicals,insomecases,hasverystrictrequirementsonthequalityofrawmaterialsandrequiresstrictcontrol.

Inactualuse,peoplearealwaysaccustomedtojudgingtheeffectivenessofchemicalreagentsbythedateofproduction.Infact,itisridiculous.Forexample,inaninstitutionofhigherlearning,wehaveseenwarehousemanagerscleanoutallchemicalreagentsthathavebeenoutofthefactoryformorethan2years,andpreparethemfordestruction.Thereasonisthattheyhaveexpired.Nottomentionthehugewasteoffunds,thedestructionplanofthevariouschemicalhazardousmaterialsaloneisenoughtobeprohibitive.What'smore,commercialcompaniesarenotallowedtobuy,topreventbusinessesfrom"deceivingpeople",thesituationislamentable,andthesituationissad!Later,itissaidthattheselargequantitiesofchemicalreagentswere"deeplydugandburied".

Inshort,theeffectivenessofchemicalreagentsmustfirstbejudgedbasedonthephysicalandchemicalpropertiesofthechemicalreagentsthemselves,andthenthestorageconditionsofthechemicalreagentsshouldbeobservedvisually,andthenwhethertheycanbeusedaccordingtospecificneedsTheconclusion.

Kemiallisten reagenssien luokitus

Nykytilanne maassani

Thereasonableclassificationofchemicalreagentsisfarfrommeetingtheneedsofscientificresearchandproductionduetothedraftingofnationalstandards,anditisseriousIthinderstheproductionofchemicalreagentsinmycountry.Relyingontheexisting227nationalstandardsandindustrystandardsalone,itisdifficulttogivesuchalargenumberofchemicalreagentstoaqualitystandard;itisimpossibleforustogiveallchemicalsanationalqualitystandard,eventomentionWhenitcomestoreagents,thefirstthingpeoplethinkofiswhetheritisanalyticallypureorchemicallypure.Evenwhenpeoplebuy,nomatterwhatthepurposeis,theydon’tbuynon-analyticalreagents.Thisisalsothereasonwhymanyvarietiesthatdonothavenationalstandards,butinexplicablyandbaselesslyendowproductswitharedARlabel.Itisalsobecauseinactualuse,inmanycases,thetrue"analyticalpurity"isnotrequired,andillegalmanufacturersdeliberatelylabeltheindustrialproductswith"analyticalpurity"toconfusethepuritylevel.Althoughqualityaccidentswillnotoccurinmostcases,butHowever,itseriouslyinterfereswiththeproductionanduseofreal"standardmaterialsandanalyticalgrades".

Furthermore,sincethenumberofconventionalchemicalsishuge,butthereareonly225varietiesclassifiedassuperiorgrade,analyticalgradeorchemicalgrade,then,whatelseisnecessary!

maani ja maailman välinen ero

Internationally,thereisanincreasingtrendtolabelthegradeandpurityofchemicalreagentsaccordingtothemaincontentandphysicalconstantsofchemicals.Itisgenerallybelievedthatwhenthemaincontent,boilingpoint,meltingpoint,density,refractiveindex,andevenultraviolet,infrared,andnuclearmagneticspectraareallknown,thepurityandscopeofapplicationofasubstancecanbecompletelydetermined.Thisisthemaindifferencebetweenthelabelcontentofchemicalreagentsinmycountryandthatofforeignchemicalreagentlabels.

Actually,theso-calledchemicalreagentsarethemedicamentsusedinchemicalexperiments;thatis,thechemicalmedicamentsneededinchemicalexperiments.Theclassificationofchemicalpurityandgradecanbedeterminedaccordingtothequalitystandardsandscopeofapplicationofchemicalagents.

Luokittelu

Accordingtothis,thefirstlevelofchemicalreagentsisdividedintofourcategories:standardreagents,biochemicalreagents,electronicreagents,andexperimentalreagents.

Theclassificationprincipleoflevel1standardnotonlyclarifiesthequalitystandard,butalsotakesintoaccountthescopeofapplicationofthechemicalreagent.

Thelevel2standardisafurtherdivisionbasedonthelevel1classification.Itisafurtherclarificationandlimitationofthelevel1standard.

tothreecriteriaarecomparedwiththeoriginaloldstandard,ormoreaccuratedeterminationofthespecifiedpurposes.

intheLevel1or2isdetermined,aqualityindicatorofthechemicalagent,andthepurposeofthisapplicationthequalityindicatorscanbeappliedalsodetermined.

SoIproposewillbepublishedasananalyticalexaminationofthecriteriaandstandards"standardreagent"qualitystandardsgiveclearnationalstandards.Theremaining"biochemicalreagents,electronicreagents,laboratoryreagents"qualityindicatorscanfollowcorporatestandards,orupdatetheincreasinglytechnologicalrequirementsofdiscretionbythemarket,sothatwechemicalsindustrywillbeabletogetoutoftheoriginal"deadset"ofoldtraditions,developmentboomingup!

standardreagentsBZ:inaccordancewithinternationalnormsandtechnicalrequirementsinordertoidentifyasastandardsubstanceanalysisarbitration.

BiokemiallinensSH:preparationbiochemistryandbiochemicalsynthesis.

electrophilesDZ:generallyreferstothechemicalsandmaterialsusedinelectronicinformationindustry,includingintegratedcircuitsanddiscretedeviceschemicals,theprintedcircuitboardsupportingchemicals,chemicalsandsurfacemountdisplaychemicalsandotherdevices.

ReagentsSY:accordingtothe"maincontent"determined"syntheticreagent."Reagentsusedinthesyntheticchemistrylaboratorypreparation,separationandpurification,tomeetthegeneralrequirementsofsynthesisreagents.

tunnistekemikaalit

Laatuindeksichemicalsdeterminestheapplicablerangeofchemicalreagents,soIrecommend,shouldannouncetheapprovalofa"chemicalreagentlabel"nationalstandard,thestandardagivenchemicalreagentsandstandardizedqualityindicatorsdescribethesystemwillregulatetheproductionofchemicalreagents,rationaluseofgreatsignificance.

"Chemicalreagentstag", jossa on tiedot:

registeredtrademark:clearlylabeledregisteredtrademarksofthemanufacturers.

QualityStandard:QualityStandardsimultaneouslydisplaycolorandpinyincodesintwoways.Colordisplayareaasalowerlabelmanufacturerinformationregion;pinyincodes(suchasBZ,SH,DZ,SY)indicatedinaprominentposition.

Kiinalainennameandtype:ProductnameKiinalainenChemicalSocietyin1982published"inorganicchemicalnomenclaturesystems,""organicchemicalsnomenclaturesystem"asthemainbasis,takingintoaccountthelong-termuseofthecommonname,Productname.Andcanbedescribedasaccuratelyaspossiblegivenpatternsordosageofthechemicalagent,forexample:anaqueousalcoholsolution,powder,blocks,sticks,paste,suchasa200meshsizeoreventhelike.

EnglantiName:NametoIYLÖSAC1982Nianpublished"inorganicchemicalnomenclaturesystems,""organicchemicalsnomenclaturesystem"asthemainbasis,takingintoaccountthecommonname,tradename,long-termuse.

CASAccessionNumber: koostuu 9 numerosta hakasulkeissa, tavuviiva jaettuna kolmeen osaan, esim. [58-08-2]CASRegistryNumberkofeiini.

=molecularformula:MolecularSimplecorrectlywritten,i.e.,theamountofmolecularformulashown,inaccordancewiththe1968publicationoftheinternationalatomicaccuratelycalculatethemolecularweight.TheNaOH=40.10.

content:percentagecontentbymassofthechemicalagentinaccordancewiththemethodspecifiedmolecularnationalstandardsorcorporatestandard,determined.The99.9%.

Pakkausmäärä:pakkauksen kiinteän aineen määrä annetaan kemiallisen aineen massana,kuten1g,5g,10g,25g,100g,250g,500g,1000glike.Nestemäiset tai kaasumaiset kemikaalitannetaanpakkauksen määrä,tilavuus,kuten,10ml,0ml,0,5ml,0ml,0,5ml.

Appearance:concise,accuratetermtodescribethephysicalstateofthecolorofthechemicalagent,odor,andotherphysicalstate.

fyysiset vakiot: peräkkäin järjestyksessä fysikaalisten vakioiden mitattu arvo "sulamispiste, kiehumispiste, tiheys, viskositeetti, optinen kierto, taitekerroin, liukoisuus" ja vastaavat.

jossa Spektri: ja "UV, IR, NMR-spektroskopia" muita tunnusomaisia ​​absorptiohuippuja.

interferingimpurities:primarilygivenmasspercentageofimpurities,inparticularthemaininterferenceaccuratemeasuredvalueofthemasspercentageofimpurities.

DGRNo:hazardousgoodsmustbemarkedDGRnumber.Productionbatch:givenproductionlotinordertofacilitatetraceability.

kemiallisten reagenssien ulkomaisesta kehityksestä

tocompletedevelopment,alternatedirectionsreagentandancillaryservices

ancillarybenefits,likeimproveduserservice.Onforeignmarkets,almostindustrial,routineexperimentationandtestingprojectsinagriculture,health,environmentalprotection,scientificresearch,teaching,therearesetsofteststrip,completesolution,pre-filledcolumn,paintedsheets,variousreferencestandardandspecialeasytousetoolsandsmallequipment.Chemicalcompositionforeignmarketshasspecificreagents,suchasbasicmodulepeptide:p-aminoacids,FMOs(fluorenylmethoxycarbonylgroupZhuoyl)-aminoacidsandotheraminoacidsreagents;OrganicSynthesisbasicmodules:chloride,alcohol ,phenols,aldehydes,amines,carboxylicacids,ketones,andthelike;andreagentscustomizedaccordingtouserrequirements.MostReagentCompany,fortheconvenienceofusers,butalsosupportingsalesoflaboratoryinstrumentsoftenusedinsmall-scale,securesupplies,variousmapsdata(chemicalstructure,infrared,ultraviolet,emissionspectroscopy,chromatography,etc.),compoundsafetydata,variousdataanalysisandothertestingmethods,ofwhichaconsiderableportionispublishedonCD-Rom.

Manyagentsnotonlyselltangibleproducts,butalsotechnicalconsultingbusiness,providingawiderangeoftechnicalservices,suchas:analysisandtesting,intermediatescale-up,processdesignproducts,developenvironmentalprotectionprograms.

attachedgreatimportancetoscientificresearchanddevelopment

Thereagentscompanyhasitsownresearchanddevelopmentdepartment,mostcompaniesalsodevelopwithuniversities,researchinstitutes,individualscientistsorotherwell-knowncompanies,andevenmergersthecompanyhassometechnicalexpertise,inordertoenhancethecompany'sdevelopmentandcompetitiveness.Theyhesitatetoinvestheavilyinresearchanddevelopment,scienceandtechnologyinordertosuddenlyflyfierce,intothefiercecompetitioninthemarketdominantposition.ToMerckKGaA,forexample,their1994-Foreachyearbetween1998andfundsscientificresearchanddevelopmentinvestmentaccountedfortheproportionofsaleswere9.56%,9.O%,8.18%,9.76%and10.05%,overthesameperiod, Merck(Darm.)seuraavat: 43,52%, 43,94%, 45,29%, 47,0% ja 46,95%.

tuotanto, hallinta ja teknologian kehitys

Mostofthecompany'sfactory,haveachievedISO9001,ISO9002,GMPorFDAqualitymanagementcertification.On-siteproductionprocess,industrialhygieneandenvironmentalprotectionwidespreadattention.Inrecentyears,withthecategoryofvarietiessupplymarketcontinuestoexpand,manyofthemorecomplextechnologyhasbeenwidelyadopted.Applicationofcomputer-aidedproduction,technology,businessmanagement,hasbeenverycommon.MostReagentCompany,arebuiltonitsownInternetsite,inadditiontoreportedcompanyhistory,institutionalstructure,businessscope,catalogandothervarieties,mainlyonlineshopping,andconstantly(aboutaweek)postedoperatingstatusofthecompany,technicalachievements,internationalcooperation,planningguidelinesandotherinformation.TheirannualfixedassetinvestmentinhugenumbertoMerckKGaA,forexample,from1994-1998theproportionofinvestmentinfixedassetssalesaccountedfor7.2%,8.4%,7.4%,6.7%,7.7%(eg:1998to624millionmarks,equivalenttoRMB2.8billionyuan).

liittoyhteistyö,yhteistoiminta on trendi

varietycategoriesofchemicalagentsisextremelycomplicated,extensiveserviceside,involvingalmostalltheeconomicandtechnologicalfields,anycompany,wantstosweepreagentsallbusinessisimpossible,andreagentsalesischaracterizedbybiggerandmoreandmorevarietiesofbusiness,increasesalesopportunities,thegreaterthelikelihoodofthatisprofit.So,20yearsago,thereisatrendofsmallcompaniesmoveclosertolargecompanies,smallcompaniesorlargecorporatemergersofmutualco-operation.Headabletosupplytheworld'slargestspeciesistheSigma-A1drichcompany,theyadvantageinthevarietyisalmostirreplaceable,thisisindeedtheresultofajointoperation.

Thenewtrendinthecountrythroughtheestablishmentofe-commerceplatformtoachieveintegration,alliances,jointventureseffects,likeAvatar,chemistry,Kiinalainenagentsspecializeine-commercetradingplatformsuchreagentshasoccurred,thiswouldbeagoodintegrationofthedomesticagentresources.Becauseitconformstothedevelopmentofonlinesalesmodel,webelievethiswillbeamajortrendinthefuturereagentsbusiness.

kemiallisten reagenssien turvallinen käyttö

1.Kemikaalit syttyviä

GeneralChemicalsflashpointbelow25℃flammablechemicalagentsincluded,theyaremostlyhighlyvolatileliquids,incaseoffiretoburn.Thelowertheflashpoint,themoreflammable.Commonflashpointpetroleumopened,ethylcondensateethane,diethylether,gasoline,twocarbonizedcarbon,withalkylenepropionate,benzene,ethylacetate,methylacetateinthefollowingyeast-4℃.

mustnotbeusedeasilywhenusingbrightfirealkenylChemicals.Heatcannotbedirectlyheatedbyaheater,generallydonothavewaterbath,suchchemicalagentsshouldbestoredinthecoolair,intherefrigerator,therefrigeratormustbeexplosionproof,therehadbeenstoredinaconventionalrefrigeratoretherandfire,accidentburnedtheentirelaboratory,wheretheuseofsuchalargenumberofchemicalreagents,looktomaintaingoodventilation,theuseofelectricalappliancesmustbeexplosion-proofelectricalequipment,thesitemustnothaveopenflames.

highlyflammablereagentsduringcombustioncanleadtoanexplosion,chemicalreagents,suchassomesolid:nitrocellulose,picricacid,trinitrotoluene,trinitrobenzene,oroverlappingazidecompound,saltHuoandsoon,frieditselfisburning,whenexposedtoheatorflame,whichburnseasilyordecomposition,explosion,itmustnotbeheateddirectlyintheuseofthesechemicals,shouldalsopayattentionsurroundingtheuseofthesechemicalsdonothaveanopenflame.

Anothertypeofsolidchemicalreagents,waterviolentreactioncanoccur,andemitalotofheat,cancauseanexplosion.Suchchemicalagentsaremetalpotassium,sodium,lithium,calcium,aluminumhydride,calciumcarbideandthelike,intheuseofthesechemicalagentsmustavoidtheirdirectcontactwithwater.

andsomesolidoncontactwithachemicalagentastrongoxidationcanoccur.Thephosphorus;somecontactwithanoxidizingagentorheatintheair,bytheimpactorfrictioncancauseabruptcombustionorexplosion.Thephosphorussulfide,redphosphorusmagnesium,zinc,aluminum,Rong,brainandthelikefall,whenusingthesechemicalagents,wemustpayattentionnottoohighambienttemperature(typicallynotmorethan30℃,preferably20℃orless)Avoidcontactwithstrongoxidizingagents.

Inthelaboratorypersonnelusingflammablechemicals,oughttowearthenecessaryprotectiveequipment,itisbesttowearprotectiveglasses.

2. Myrkylliset kemikaalit

Generalchemicalsaretoxictohumans,mustbeavoidedwhenusingthelargenumberofinhalation,theagentperformancesAfteruse,towashtheirhands,wash,bath,replacingclothesforinhalationoringestionofsomesmallamountofdeaththatcanpoisonthechemicalagent,theamountofbiologicaltestdeath(LD50)isreferredtoastoxicchemicalagentsat50mg/kgorless,suchas:potassiumcyanide,sodiumcyanideandothercyanide,arsenictrioxideandcertainarsenide,mercurydichloride,mercuryandcertainsalts,sulfate,dimethylandthelike.Whenusingclearperformancechemicals,wemustunderstanditsLD50.Firstaidtreatmentatsomeofthecommonlyusedtoxicchemicalsmustunderstandthesetoxicchemicals,toxicchemicalsmusthaveaspecialpersontokeepstrictcontrolusage.

3.Syövyttävät kemialliset aineet

anychemicalagentacrosstheskin,mucousmembranes,eyes,respiratoryorgansmustbecleaned,inparticular,haveastrongcorrosivetotheskin,mucousmembranes,eyes,respiratorychemicalagents(whetherliquidorsolid),suchas:avarietyofacidsandbases,phosphorustrichloride,phosphorusoxychloride,bromine,phenol,Tianshuihydrazineandthelike.Butalsotoavoidhittingtheskin,mucousmembranes,eyes,respiratory,usebeforeusemustunderstandaidaccesstothesetreatmentmethodscorrosivechemicalagents.Usedilutealkalisuchasacidwashing,etc.spilledontheskin .

4.StrongoxidizingChemicals

strongoxidizingchemicalagentsareperoxidecontainingoxyacidorstrongoxidizingpoweranditssalts.Suchas:acidperoxide,Annnitrate,potassiumnitrate,perchloricacidandsaltsthereof,acidandsaltsthereofcomplexweight,permanganicacidanditssalts,peroxyacid,peraceticacid,sweetwine,phosphoruspentoxideandthelike.Strongoxidizingchemicalagentsunderappropriateconditionscanemitoxygenexplosion,andformexplosivemixtureswithorganicmagnesium,aluminum,zinc,sulfurandothercombustibles,somewatermayexplode,theuseofsuchastrongoxidizingchemicalinreagent,ambienttemperatureisnothigherthan30℃,goodventilationshouldnotbeorganicorreducingsubstanceswiththeuseofcommon(heating).

5.KunRadiokemiallinen

Theuseofsuchchemicalagents,theuseofradioactivematerialsaccordingtoacertainmethod,totakeprotectivemeasures.

tislaus ja oikaiseminenchemicals

inthechemicalanalysis,instrumentalanalysis,thepreparationofinorganic,organicsynthesisandotherscientificexperimentareoftenencounteredwithinsufficientpuritychemicalsorbuytherequiredpuritychemicals,whichrequirespurificationofourownexistingchemicalsinthelaboratoryinordertoobtaintherequiredpuritychemicals.Apolloagentwillbesmallseriesfollowingbrieftislaus ja oikaiseminenmethods.

tislaus ja oikaiseminen

tislaus ja oikaiseminenisawidelyusedmethodofpurification,mixingthecomponentsinaccordancewiththeliquidmixturebetweenliquidandvaportheinequalityofpurified,purificationisthefirstchoiceofvolatileandsemi-volatilechemicals.

tislausperiaate

isseparatedbydistillationfromtheimpuritiescontainedinthechemicalagentvolatileandsemi-volatileimpuritiesandvolatileorsemi-volatileevaporatingbodyTheywillnotbevolatileandlessvolatileimpuritiesleftbehind.Changethesaturationvaporpressureofasubstanceatdifferenttemperaturesisthebasisoftheseparationbydistillation.Generallyspeaking,ifthevaporpressureoftheliquidmixtureoftwocomponentshavingalargedifferenceinthevaporphasecanbemorevolatileandsemi-volatilecomponentsenrichment.Twophases-liquidandvaporphases-canberecoveredseparately,volatileandsemi-volatilecomponentsintheenrichedvaporwithoutvolatilecomponentsareenrichedintheliquidphase.

Inadditiontothehydrocarbonmixtureandafewotherexamples,Raoult'slawandDalton'slawcanbeusedinsystemsoverthemixture,andthemixturesolutionisoftennotdesirabletofollowthevaporphase-phasebehavior.Applicationofthesetwolawscanbeavolatilethanthetwocomponentsofthebinarysystem(aAB):aAB=(YA/YB)/(XA/XB)=P0A/P0Bwherein,YAandYBaretheequilibriumcomponentsaandBinthegasphasemolefraction,XAandXBarethecomponentsaandBintheliquidphaseatequilibriummolefraction,andP0BareP0AvaporpressureofcomponentsaandBatequilibrium,obeysthelawsofRaouilt.WiththeincreaseaAB,alsoincreasesthedegreeofenrichment.

Toiseksi yksinkertainen tislaus

simpledistillationapparatus,showninFigure-1.Whenaliquidsampleisheatedandconvertedintosteam,whichiscondensedpartbacktotheoriginaldistillationflask,whiletherestiscondensedandtransferredtoacollectionvessel,theformeriscalledrefluxliquid,whichiscalledeffluent.Sincethedistillationiscarriedoutcontinuously,escapeandstoredintheliquidcompositionisgraduallychanging.Asamethodofpurifyinganimpuritychemicalagents,separationonlysimpledistillationboilingpointhasalargedifference,suchastheboilingpointofthemainbodyofthedifferenceisgreaterthan50℃impurities.Toremoveimpuritieshavingaboilingpointoflessthan50deg.]Cwiththemaindifferenceis,willhavetouserectificationmethoddescribedbelow.

simpleatmosphericdistillationunitmainlyconsistsdistillationflask,thermometer,condenser,atrapandaheatingdevicewithasidetubeandothercomponents.Wheninstalled,themercurythermometershouldbeinsertedintotheballpositionlowerthanthesidetube,thesidetubeandacondenserconnectedtothedistillationflaskhorizontal,themouthandthecollectorconnectedtoacondenser(FIG.1).Whenusingadistillationapparatus,distilledaccordingtoboilingpointsoftheselectedtestchemicalheatingmeans:Thedistillationoftheliquidataboilingpointofless80℃,heatedwithhotwaterbath;liquidataboilingpointofabove100deg.]C,asbestosfireorbystraight-lineoilbath;liquidatatemperatureofabove200℃,heatingmetalbath.

distillationataboilingpointofabove150℃liquid,aircondensermaybeused.Inordertosmoothlycarryoutdistillation,andbeforeheating,thezeolitemustbeaddedaftertheliquidintheflaskchargedtotheflask.Becauseoftheverysmoothinnersurfaceoftheflask,andthebumpingpronetooverheating,sothatthedistillationcannotbecarriedoutsmoothly.Whenaddinganewzeolite,etc.mustAftercooledtoroomtemperaturebeforetheliquidwasaddedtotheflasktoavoidtheriskofboilingoccursabruptly.Zeoliteusedonlyonce,whentheliquidiscooled,addedtotheoriginalzeoliteloseseffect,sowhenthedistillationwascontinuedtobeaddedtothenewzeolite.Inatmosphericdistillation,havingaporous,easilycrushed,andthematerialwasdistilleddoesnotcausechemicalreactions,canbeusedasthezeolite.Zeolitesarecommonlycutinto1-2mmpiecesorunglazedclaytiles.

distillationapparatusisinstalled,theheatingcanbegin.Whenthesubstancebeginstoboilthedistillationflask,thetemperaturerisingsharply.Whenthetemperaturerisestotheboilingpointsubstanceweredistilleddown1℃,theintensityofheatingoftheheaterisadjustedtoalevelofadroppersecondeffluent.Inthiscase,theheatingtemperatureofthebathshouldbemaintainedathigherthantheboilingpointofthematerialinthedistillationflask20℃.Higherboilingmaterialdistillation,steamBeforei.e.lessthantheoutersidetubeandrefluxcoolingair,itcannotbedistilledoff.Atthistime,theflamecanbeuniformlyheatedusingamicrotubeofthelowersurfaceside,buttoavoidexcessiveheating,sothatthethermometerdoesnotindicatethecorrectboilingpoint,butalsoontheheatingportionoftheretortwithoutproperinsulation.Inthedistillationoperation,itshouldbenotedthefollowing:

(1)controltheheatingtemperature.Ifaheatingbath,thetemperatureoftheheatingbathshouldbeseveraldegreeshigherthantheboilingpointofthedistillationoftheliquid,otherwiseitisdifficulttobedistilledoutofthedistillate.Themoretheheatingbathtemperaturehigherthantheboilingpointoftheliquidofthedistillation,thedistillationfaster.However,thetemperatureoftheheatingbathcannotbetoohigh,otherwiseitwillleadtoanupperportionoftheretortandacondenservaporpressureaboveatmosphericpressure,anaccidentmayoccur,inparticular,moreparticularattentionduringdistillationlowboilers.Acamel,heatingbathtemperaturenothigherthantheboilingpointof30deg.]Cdistilledmaterial.

(2)distillingthehigh-boilingsubstances,condenseeasilybecause,oftendoesnotreachthevaporsideofthetube,i.e.thedistillationflaskhasbeencondenseddropsbackintothedistillationflask.Therefore,weshoulduseshort-neckedretortortakeinsulationmeasurestoensurethesmoothprogressofdistillation.

(3)priortothedistillation,thedistillationmustunderstandthechemicalagentandtheboilingpointandsaturatedvaporpressureimpurities,todeterminewhen(i.e.,atwhattemperature)tocollectpurechemicalagent.

(4)on tislauspullonpyöreäpohjapullossa.

aboilingpointof40-150deg.]CmaybeemployedChemicalssimpledistillationundernormalpressure.Chemicalsforboilingatabove150℃oraboilingpointbelow150deg.]C,although,butthermallylabile,thermallydecomposingthechemicalagent,maybeemployedsteamdistillationandvacuumdistillation,simplybeintroducedseparately.

1.Simplevacuumdistillationapparatus,theentiresystemconsistsofKirschnerportion(aClaisen)distillationflask,condenser,accumulator,suction(vacuum)system,interfacesandothercomponents.Wheninstallingavacuumdistillationunit,itshouldbenotedthatthedeviceissealed,goodqualitycorkmustbeselectedslightlylargerthanthediameterofthestopperflask.Corkmaterialshouldbeselecteddependingonthenatureoftheliquidsamplevapor.Ifthesteamdoesnotcauseerosionoftherubberstopper,rubberstopperusingeasilyremainsealed.Whenyouuseagoodqualitymatteappliances,butalsoeasytoremainsealed.Afterthedeviceisinstalled,beforestartingthedistillation,thesealmustbecheckedtoreducedpressuredistillationapparatus.Sealingdeviceinspectionmethodisconfirmedbymeasurementofchangeinpressureofthesystem,andifthepressurevaluedoesnotchange,indicatingthedevicedoesnotleakbeforedistillationunderreducedpressure.Whendistillationunderreducedpressure,thecapillarytubemaybeinsertedinthedistillationflasktopreventbumpingphenomenon.Theupperendofthecapillarytubeissealed,thelowerendisopen.Checkthatthesealedairtightafterdistillation,thepurifiedchemicalreagenttobeaddedtotheflask,theflaskwasaddedinanamounthalfthevolume,andthesystemevacuatedtoareducedpressurestate,andheatingisstarted.Theflaskwasimmersedinaheatingbathdepth,tobesurethatthebottleisbelowtheliquidsurfacelevelofsubstancedistilledheatingbath.Especiallyinahigh-boilingmaterialdistillation,theflaskwasimmerseddeepershouldtry.Whendistillationunderreducedpressure,oftenduetothepresenceoflowboilingsolventtoproduceafoam,requirealowdegreeofvacuumintheselow-boilingsolventwasdistilledoffbydistillationatthebeginning,andthengraduallyincreasethedegreeofvacuum.Lowvaporpressuredependsonthedegreeofvacuumoftheapparatusoftheliquidsample.Beforecoolingeffectmustbewelldistillates,otherwiseitisdifficulttoincreasethevacuumsystem.

Paineen ja kiehumispisteen välinen suhde voidaan arvioida seuraavalla kaavallajohdettu:logP=A+(B/T)

whereinPisthevaporpressure,Tistheabsolutetemperature,A,Bisaconstant.Inpractice,theboilingpointcanbefoundinrelatedstressFIG.Whenthedistillationiscompletedistillationboilingpointcomponentsdesired,orwhenthedistillationprocessneedstobeinterrupted,heatingshouldbestopped,theheatingbathwasremoved,andaftercooling,slowlyreleasingthevacuumsystem,theapparatustoallowairtoenterthenormalpressureoffthevacuumpump.

steamdistillationistheseparationandpurificationmethodscommonlyusedinorganicmattersample,especiallyinthepresenceofalargenumberofresinousimpuritiesinthesampleupon.Thesamplewastreatedcompositionshouldmeetthefollowingconditions:thatisinsolubleoralmostinsolubleinwater,withboilingwaterduringprolongedcoexistencenochemicalchange,musthaveavaporpressureunderconditionsofgreaterthanabout100℃of10mmHg.

steamdistillation,isanothertechniqueforproducingheat-sensitivesamplesandforpurification.Itcanalsobeusedforgoodheattransferliquidsample,willdirectlycauselocaloverheatingheating.Steamdistillationmaybecompletedbycontinuouslysteamflowsthroughthevesselinthesamplemixture.Sometimestheuserdirectlyintotheflaskwithwaterforthesamepurpose.Steamcarryinggasphasevolatilecomponentandsuchalargeconcentratedvolatilematerialrelatedtotheirvaporpressureinthevapormixtureinthevapormixture.

Thistechniqueisverymild,duringthedistillationwillnotbedistilledmaterialisheatedtohigherthanthetemperatureofthesteam.Attheendoftheprocess,thesteamiscondensedandseparatedmaterial.Typically,theyareimmiscibleandmayformtwophasesareseparated.Sometimesanalyticalchemistmusthaveanadditionalsamplepreparationtechnique,suchasfluid-tocompletelyseparateaqueousandorganiclayersmultipleliquidextraction.

2.Simplemeansofsteamdistillation,Asteamgeneratoris,asthelevelgaugeglassBcanbeseenthattheheightofthewatersurfaceoccurs.Shengwaterisgenerallyappropriatecontainervolumeof75%,iftoofull,boilingwaterrushedtotheflask.SafetyglasstubeCisalmostinsertedinthebottomofthegeneratorA.Whenthepressureinsidethecontaineristoolarge,thewatercanrisealongtheglasstube,inordertoadjusttheinnerpressure.Ifthesystemisclogged,thewaterwillbeejectedfromtheupperopeningofthetube,itshouldbecheckedatthistimethesteamconduitundertheroundbottomflaskwhethertheportisblocked.Usingtheaboverectifyingpartgenerallynecked500mlroundbottomflask.Inordertopreventtheliquidinthebottleduetosplashjumpintothecondensertubes,sothatthepositionoftheflaskwastiltedby45degreesinthedirectionofthegenerator.Bottleofliquidsampleshouldnotexceed1/3ofitsvolume.EndofthesteamintroducingpipetobebentE,itisontheverticallyoutintothebottomofthebottleandclosethecentralbottom.SteamoutletpipeF(approximately30°angled)innerdiameterEispreferablylargerthanthenumberoftubes,insertoneendofthecorkwithtwoholes,exposingapproximately5mm,andtheotherendconnectedtothecondenser.DistillateliquidpipeintothereceptaclethroughtheaccessH.Availablewaterbathcoolingtheperipheralreceptacle.

inthesteamgeneratorandtheneckedroundbottomflaskshouldbeinstalledbetweenaT-shapedpipe,connectedatthelowerendofaT-piecespringclipG,inordertotimelyremovecondensedwaterdropletsclogging.When

steamdistillation,firstthesamplesolutionwasplacedinD.HeatingthesteamgeneratortonearboilinguntilaftertheGintensifythesteamevenlyintotheroundbottomflask.InordernottocondensethesteamandexcessiveaccumulationofD,itcanbesetatanetasbestosD,ifnecessary,tomakesmallflame.Heatingratemustbecontrolledsothatallthesteamcanbecondensedinthecondenser.Ifthevolatilesubstancewithwaterhavingahighermeltingpointvaporcondensedinthesolidwaseasilyprecipitated,itshouldadjusttheflowrateofthesmallcondensateaftercondensingitremainsliquid.Ifthesolidhasprecipitated,andthenearclogging,temporarilystopstheflowofcoolingwater,coolingwaterisevennecessarytotemporarilyletgo,sothatthemeltedmaterialflowsintothereceptaclewiththewater.Itmustbenoted,whenthecondensertobere-introducedintothejacketcoolingwater,needtobecarefullyandslowlyflowsinto,topreventquenchingduetorupturecondenser.Casehasbeenblockedcondenser,distillationwasstoppedimmediately,andtrytoclear.Suchasusingaglassrodtopokeoutorcloggingofmaterialtothehotwaterinacondensersoastomeltthetankjacket.

duringdistillationifitbreaksordistillationwascomplete,thespringclipmustfirstopenthethroughGatmosphere,thenheatingwasstopped,ortheliquidsuckedD,A,willbeinverted.Duringthedistillation,thewaterlevelrisesrapidlyiffoundsafeintubeC,thencloggingoccursinthesystem,thenitshouldimmediatelyopenthespringclipG,andthentheheatwasremoved.Beexcludedbeforecontinuingpluggingsteamdistillation.

III.Oikaisu

fractionaldistillationiscarriedoutbyfractionaldistillationcolumninthedistillationprocess,thechemicalagentisrectifiedinthedistillationflaskafterboiling,thesteamfromthegardenbottomflaskevaporatesintoafractionatingcolumn,condensedinthefractionatingcolumnintoaliquidportion.Theliquidduetohighcontentoflow-boilingcomponents,andthereforealsolowerthantheboilingpointoftheliquidtemperatureinthedistillationflask.Whenthedistillationflasktoanotherportionofthevaporrisesinthefractionationcolumn,andthentheliquidhascondensedbyheatexchange,re-boilingit,whiletheascendingvaporispartiallycondensedinitself,andtherefore,ithasproducedanewtheliquid-vaporequilibrium,theresultsofthelow-boilingcomponentinthevaporhaveincreased.Whenthenewvaporriseswithinthedistillationcolumn,andiscondensedintoaliquid,andthenbyheatexchangewithanotherportionoftheascendingvaporboils.Duetoconstantlyascendingvaporcondensationandevaporationfractionatingthecolumn,andeachtimebothevaporationandcondensationofthesteaminthelow-boilingcomponentcontinuestoincrease.Accordingly,duringascentofsteaminthefractionatingcolumn,similarlyrepeatedaftersimpledistillationofthelowboilingcomponentthevaporgraduallyincrease.Thus,inthefractionationprocessiscriticaldephlegmatorapparatus,ifappropriateselectedfractionatingcolumncancomeoutatthetopofthefractionatingcolumnvaporcondensedandtheresultingliquidmaybeapurecomponentoralow-boilinglow-boilingaccountedeffluentmaincomponent.

fractionationcapacityandefficiencyofthefractionationcolumn,respectively,as"theoreticalplatesvalue"and"heightequivalenttheoreticalplate(theHETP)"represented.Avalueequivalenttoatheoreticalplatesimpledistillation.Thedistillationcolumnhavingafractionatingcapabilityofthesame,whichisnotnecessarilyequallength.Forexample:A,Btwodephlegmator,theirvalues​​are20theoreticalplates,Aistheheightof60cmandaheightof20cmacetate.Obviously,boththeoreticalplateheightequivalentisdifferent.Becausetheheightequivalentoftheoreticalplate:

HETP=heightofthedistillationcolumn/theoreticalplatenumber

Therefore,theoreticalplatesAfractionatingcolumnheightequivalentof3cm,andacetatetheoreticalplatesfractionatingcolumnheightequivalentof1cm.Itcanbeseenthroughthisexample,theequivalentoftheoreticalplatesofthedistillationcolumnheightislower,thehigheritsefficiencyinfractionationunitlength.

Duringdistillationoperation,themainfractionatingcolumnselectedaccordingtotheleveldifferencebetweentheboilingpointandtheboilingpointofthechemicalagentintherectificationbodywithimpurities.Ifthedifferenceinboilingpointinthetwocomponentsabove100℃,afractionatingcolumnmaynotbeused;iftheboilingpointdifferenceisabout25℃,optionallyconventionalfractionatingcolumn;iftheboilingpointdifferenceisabout10℃,requireselaboratefractionatingcolumn,suchasmicro-Grofractionatingcolumnandthelike.Distillationprocessusingtheheatsourcemustbestabletoensureaheatingtemperaturestable.Onlystrictcontrolandconstantheatinginordertomaintainthedesiredrefluxratio.Ifheatedtooquickly,willproducefloodingphenomenon,thefractionationefficiencyispoor.Iftheheatingistooslow,youcanonlyplaytheroleofafractionatingcolumnrefluxcondenser,simplydistilledoutanything.Further,atthetimeofdistillation,refluxanddistillaterequiresanappropriateratio,i.e.refluxratioshouldbeappropriate,itsvalueisequaltothevalueoftheoreticalplatesfractionatingcolumnsubstantiallyso,tomakethenormaldistillationprocess.

IV.Thepracticalapplicationoftislaus ja oikaiseminen

tislaus ja oikaiseminenmainlyusedforliquidorheatingliquidcanbeachemicalagent,inparticularfororganicchemicalspurification.Priortodistillationorrectification,sometimestheadditionofcertainchemicalreagents,chemicalreactionwithachemicalreagenttobepurifiedofimpuritiesoccurs,generatingahigherboilingpoint(orless)substance,ismoreeasilyremovedinadistillationorrectification.

duringdistillationorrectification,isoftenthefirstdistillatefractionisremovedandthefinalremainingfraction,twoofthemoreremoved,thehigherthepurityofthechemicalagent,buttheloweryields.