Sisältö
The21stCenturyEducationPromotion ActionPlan
(Opetusministeriö 24. joulukuuta 1998 Japani)
TheFifteenthNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaputforwardthegrandgoalsandtasksofcross-centurysocialmodernization,andmadeacomprehensivedeploymentfortheimplementationofthestrategyofrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation.Inordertoachievethegoalsandtaskssetbythe15thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina,implementthestrategyofrejuvenatingthecountrythroughscienceandeducation,comprehensivelypromotethereformanddevelopmentofeducation,andimprovethequalityandinnovationcapabilitiesoftheentirenation,thisactionplanisformulated.
Intheneweraofreform,openingupandmodernization,ComradeDengXiaopingrepeatedlyemphasizedthattorealizesocialistmodernization,scienceandtechnologyarethekey,andeducationisthefoundation.Atanimportantmomentattheturnofthecentury,ComradeJiangZeminprofoundlypointedout,“Intoday’sworld,technologicalprogressmarkedbyinformationtechnologyischangingrapidly.Thetransformationofhigh-techachievementsintoactualproductivityisfasterandfaster.Newandgreatchangeswilltakeplaceintheeconomicandsociallifeofthecountry."Inthecoming21stcentury,theknowledgeeconomywithhightechnologyatitscorewilldominate.Thecountry’scomprehensivenationalstrengthandinternationalcompetitivenesswillincreasinglydependonthedevelopmentofeducationandscience.Attheleveloftechnologyandknowledgeinnovation,educationwillalwaysbeastrategicpriorityfordevelopment.Moderninformationtechnologyiswidelyusedineducationandhasledtoprofoundchangesintheeducationsystem.Lifelongeducationwillbethecommonrequirementofeducationaldevelopmentandsocialprogress.Atpresent,manygovernmentsregardtherevitalizationofeducationasabasicnationalpolicyfacingthenewcentury.Thesetrendsindicatethateducationwillundergoprofoundchangesinthefuture.Weshouldprepareassoonaspossibletomeetnewchallenges.
SincetheThirdPlenarySessionoftheEleventhCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,mycountry’seducationhasmaderemarkableachievements.Thepopularizationofnine-yearcompulsoryeducationandtheeradicationofilliteracyamongyoungandmiddle-agedpeoplehavemadehistoricprogress;vocationaleducationandadulteducationhavedevelopedrapidlyThescaleofhighereducationhassteadilyexpanded;theeducationsystemandteachingreformshavegraduallydeepened,andtheconditionsforrunningschoolsandthequalityofeducationhavebeenimproved;thebasicframeworkoftheeducationlegalsystemhasbeeninitiallyformed,allofwhichhavelaidasolidfoundationfortherevitalizationofeducationinthe21stcentury.However,thelevelofeducationdevelopmentinourcountryisstilllow,andtheeducationalstructureandsystem,educationalconceptsandmethods,andtalenttrainingmodelsarestillunabletomeettheneedsofmodernization.Atpresentandforaperiodoftimeinthefuture,thelackofcreativetalentswithinternationalleadinglevelhasbecomeoneofthemainfactorsrestrictingmycountry'sinnovationabilityandcompetitiveness.Therefore,conformingtotherequirementsofthetimesandrejuvenatingmycountry'seducationisanobjectiveneedtoachievethegoalofsocialistmodernizationandthegreatrejuvenationoftheChinesenation.WemustholdhighthegreatbannerofDengXiaopingTheory,earnestlyfollowComradeDengXiaoping’sstrategicguidelineson"educationmustbemodernized,facetheworld,andfacethefuture",seizeopportunities,deepenreforms,forgeahead,andpushChina'seducationfullofvitalityto21century.
The"ActionPlanforthePromotionofEducationinthe21stCentury"isablueprintforcross-centuryeducationreformanddevelopmentproposedonthebasisoftheimplementationofthe"EducationLaw"andthe"OutlineofChina'sEducationReformandDevelopment."Wemustcomprehensivelyplan,highlightkeypoints,graspthekey,andfocusonimplementation.Themaingoalsoftheactionplanare:by2000,basicallyuniversalizenine-yearcompulsoryeducationacrossthecountry,basicallyeradicateilliteracyamongyoungandmiddle-agedadults,andvigorouslypromotequalityeducation;improvevocationaleducationandtrainingandcontinuingeducationsystems,sothatthenewlaborforceandin-servicepersonnelinurbanandruralareascangenerallyacceptVariouslevelsandformsofeducationandtraining;activelyandsteadilydevelophighereducation,withahighereducationenrollmentrateofabout11%;aimingatthegoalofthenationalinnovationsystem,cultivatingagroupofhigh-levelinnovativetalents;strengtheningscientificresearchandenablinghighereducationHigh-techindustriescontributetocultivatingnewgrowthpointsforeconomicdevelopment;deepenreforms,establishabasicframeworkforaneweducationsystem,andactivelyadapttoeconomicandsocialdevelopment.By2010,onthebasisoffullyrealizingthe"twobasics"goals,citiesandeconomicallydevelopedregionswillgraduallypopularizehighschooleducation,andthenumberofyearsofeducationofthenationalpopulationwillreachtheadvancedlevelofdevelopingcountries;thescaleofhighereducationwillbegreatlyexpanded.Theenrollmentrateiscloseto15%,andseveraluniversitiesandanumberofkeydisciplineshaveenteredorapproachedtheworld-classlevel;alifelonglearningsystemhasbeenbasicallyestablishedtoprovidesufficienttalentsupportandknowledgecontributionsforthenationalknowledgeinnovationsystemandmodernization.
I.Toteuta"Cross CenturyQualityEducation Project"parantaaksemme ihmisten laatua
1.In2000,thenine-yearcompulsoryeducationwillbebasicallyuniversalizedandeliminated.Thegoalofilliteracyamongyoungandmiddle-agedpeopleisthe"toppriority"ofthenationaleducationwork.The"twobases"haveenteredthestageoftacklingtoughproblems,anditisnecessarytoensuretherealizationofthenationalgoals.Thefocusanddifficultyofuniversalcompulsoryeducationareinthecentralandwesternregions.Duringthe"TenthFive-YearPlan"period,wewillcontinuetoimplementthe"NationalCompulsoryEducationProjectinPoverty-strickenAreas",focusingonmountainous,pastoralandborderareas.
Furtherstrengthentheeducationsupervisionwork,improvethesupervisionorganization,perfectthesupervisionsystem,andensurethequalityofthe"twobasics"andthesmoothimplementationofqualityeducation.
2.Implementthe"Cross-centuryQualityEducationProject",promotequalityeducationasawhole,andcomprehensivelyimprovenationalqualityandnationalinnovationcapabilities.Reformthecurriculumsystemandevaluationsystem.In2000,amodernbasiceducationcurriculumframeworkandcurriculumstandardswereinitiallyformed,educationcontentandteachingmethodswerereformed,anewevaluationsystemwasimplemented,teachertrainingwascarriedout,andnewcurriculumexperimentswereinitiated.Strivetoimplementthe21stcenturybasiceducationcurriculumandtextbooksystemacrossthecountryafterabout10yearsofexperimentation.
3.Strengthenandimprovemoraleducationinschools.Continuetostrengtheneducationinpatriotism,collectivism,andsocialistideals,educationincompliancewithlawsandsocialethics,educationintheChinesenation’sfinetraditionsandrevolutionarytraditions,implementationoflaborskillseducationandmentalhealtheducation,andcultivatestudentswithgoodmoralsandhealthypsychologyAndnoblesentiment.
4.Physicaleducationandaestheticeducationareanimportantpartofqualityeducation,andphysicaleducationandaestheticeducationmustbestrengthened.Makestudentshaveastrongphysique.Aestheticeducationcannotonlycultivatestudents'noblesentiments,butalsostimulatestudents'learningvitality,promoteintellectualdevelopment,andcultivatestudents'innovativeability.By2001,throughthepromulgationofthe"RegulationsonSchoolArtEducationWork",deepeningeducationreformsandequipmentallocation,initiallyestablishingamorescientificandreasonablephysicaleducationandarteducationsystemthatconnectsuniversities,middleschoolsandprimaryschoolstoensuretheavailabilityofschoolphysicaleducationandarteducationteachers.Quantityandquality,improveteachinglevel.
5.Toimplementqualityeducation,wemuststartfromtheearlychildhoodstage,usescientificmethodstoenlightenanddevelopchildren'sintelligence,andcultivatechildren'shealthyphysique,goodlivinghabits,livelyandcheerfulpersonalityanddesireforknowledge.
Attachimportancetospecialeducation,andstrivetoprovideeducationopportunitiesforthemajorityofdisabledchildrenandchildren,andcultivatetheirself-improvementspiritandtheabilitytosurviveanddevelop.
6.Continuetoexpandthescaleoftrainingminoritystudentsininlandschoolsandpromotethecommonimprovementofthequalityofallethnicgroups.Atthestageofbasiceducation,itisnecessarytocontinuetoruntheteachingclasses(schools)organizedbytheinlandforthefrontierethnicminorities,andappropriatelyexpandthescaleoftraining.Inlandinstitutionsofhigherlearningshouldmakemorecontributionstocultivatingoutstandingprofessionalsfromethnicminorities.Attentionshouldbepaidtostrengthening"bilingual"educationandteachingandteachertraininginethnicareas.
7.Establishandimprovethelegalsystemrelatedtolanguageworkandcomprehensivelypromoteschoollanguagework.Schoolsatalllevels,especiallyprimaryandsecondaryschools,andnormalcollegesshouldcontinuetospeakMandarin,writewell-standardizedcharacters,andimprovelanguageskillsasqualityeducation.Importantcontent.Strengthenthemacro-managementoftheinformationprocessingofChineseandethnicminoritylanguages,andstrivetoraisetheawarenessofthestandardizationofthelanguageandcharactersofthewholesocietyinaccordancewiththelaw,andrealizethebasicstandardizationoftheapplicationofcharactersinthecountryby2010,sothattheapplicationofmycountry’slanguageandcharacterswillbemoresuitableforthesocialisteconomyandpoliticsAndtheneedforculturalconstruction.
2.Implementthe"Cross-centuryGardenerProject"tovigorouslyimprovethequalityoftheteachingstaff
8.Vigorouslyimprovetheoverallqualityoftheteachingstaff,especiallystrengtheningtheconstructionofteacherethics.Within3years,conductfull-stafftrainingandcontinuingeducationforcurrentprimaryandsecondaryschoolprincipalsandfull-timeteachersindifferentways,andconsolidateandimprovetheon-the-jobtrainingandcertificationsystemforprimaryandsecondaryschoolprincipals.Strengthentheconstructionofteachingmaterialsforcontinuingeducationofprimaryandmiddleschoolteachers.Full-timeteachersinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsandstudentsinnormalschoolsmustreceivebasiccomputerknowledgetraining.Around2010,qualifiedregionsstrivetoupgradetheacademicqualificationsoffull-timeprimaryandjuniorhighschoolteacherstojuniorandundergraduatelevels,respectively,andacertainpercentageoffull-timeteachersandprincipalsofhighschoolineconomicallydevelopedareasshouldhaveamaster'sdegree.Itisnecessarytostrengthenandreformteachereducationandimprovethequalityoftrainingnewteachers.Strongerinstitutionsofhigherlearningshouldcontributetothetrainingofnewteachersandteachertraining.
9.Focusonstrengtheningtheconstructionofthebackboneofprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachers.In1999and2000,100,000keyteachersinprimaryandsecondaryschoolsandvocationalschoolswereselectedandtrainedacrossthecountry(10,000ofthemweretrainedbytheMinistryofEducation).Throughtheimplementationoftheschool'steachingreformexperiments,rovinglectures,seminarsandtraining,andacceptingteachersfromotherschoolstoobserveandstudyandotheractivities,thekeyteacherswillplayaleadingandradiatingroleinthelocalteachingreform.
10.Implementateacherappointmentsystemandafull-staffappointmentsystem,strengthenassessment,competeforposts,andoptimizetheteachingteam.Around2000,itisnecessarytooptimizethefacultyofprimaryandsecondaryschoolsandimprovetheefficiencyofrunningschoolsbyincreasingtheratioofstudentstoteachers(includingemployees),layingoffjobs,anddivertingsurpluspersonnel.Atthesametime,itisnecessarytobroadenthesourcesofteachers,recruitoutstandinggraduatesfromnon-teachingcollegesanduniversitieswithteacherqualificationstoteachinprimaryandsecondaryschools,andimprovethestructureoftheteachingteam.Seriouslysolvetheproblemoftheshortageofprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachersinremotemountainousareasandpoverty-strickenareas.Itisnecessarytofurtherimprovetheregularservicesystemfornormalgraduates,adoptaregularrotationsystemforcollegegraduates(includingnon-teachers)toteachinremoteandimpoverishedruralareas,andenjoythepreferentialwagepolicyprescribedbythestate.Encouragecivilservantsfromgovernmentagenciesatalllevelstoteachinprimaryandsecondaryschools.
3.Implementthe"High-levelCreativeTalentProject",strengthenthescientificresearchworkofcollegesanduniversities,andactivelyparticipateintheconstructionofthenationalinnovationsystem
11.Institutionsofhigherlearningshouldtracktheforefrontofinternationalacademicdevelopmentandbecomeabaseforknowledgeinnovationandthetrainingofhigh-levelcreativetalents.Wemustattachimportancetocultivatingthespiritofunity,cooperation,anddedicationofhigh-levelcreativetalents.Itisnecessarytoattractagroupofoutstandingacademicleaderswhocanleadthedisciplinetotheinternationaladvancedlevelfromhomeandabroad.Inaccordancewiththeprincipleof"selectone,hireone",thestateprovideskeyfunding,andacademicleadershavetheautonomytohirepersonnelandusefundswithinthescopepermittedbynationalpolicies.
12.Cultivateagroupofyoungandmiddle-agedacademictalentswiththeworld'sadvancedlevel,sothattheknowledgeandtechnologicalinnovationbaseofcollegesanduniversitiescanachieveinnovativeresultsassoonaspossible.Since1998,anumberofspecially-appointedprofessorshavebeenestablishedinthekeydisciplinesofcollegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountrytoopenlyrecruitoutstandingyoungandmiddle-agedscholarsathomeandabroadtoenterpositions,setupspecialbonuses,andencouragelocalgovernmentsandschoolstosetuprewardsaccordingly.
13.Collegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountryselect10,000keyteachersinbatchesbymeansofcompetitiveselection,andadoptacombinationofstateappropriationandself-financingtoincreasescientificresearchfundingsupport,andimprovethequalityofscientificresearch,teaching,andequipment.
Establisharesearchandteachingawardfundforoutstandingyoungteachersincollegesanduniversities.Since1999,100youngteachersundertheageof35whohaveachievedmajorscientificresearchandteachingachievementshavebeenselectedeveryyear,andtheeffortstosupporttheirscientificresearchandteachingworkhavebeenincreasedfor5consecutiveyears.
14.Institutionsofhigherlearningimplementthestatekeylaboratoryandopenlaboratoryvisitingscholarsystemtorealizetheopenbenefitsofkeydisciplinesandimprovetheoverallleveloftheteachingstaff.Thestatesetsupaspecialfundforlaboratorybusinessexpenses.
15.Furtherimprovethequalityofdoctoralstudentsinhighereducationinstitutions,andaddspecialscholarshipsfordoctoralstudents.Since1999,hundredsofexcellentdoctoraltheseswithinnovativelevelshavebeenselectedeveryyear.ForPh.Dswhostayedincollegesanduniversitiesafterwinning,supporttheirscientificresearchandteachingworkfor5consecutiveyears.Itisnecessarytosteadilyexpandthenumberandscaleofpostdoctoralmobilestationsincollegesanduniversities.
16.Strengtheninternationalacademicexchanges.Inadditiontocontinuingtosendshort-termvisitingscholarsinaccordancewiththecurrentstudyabroadfundsystem,thestatewillalsoselectuniversitydeans,researchinstitutes,andlaboratorybackbonesasseniorvisitingscholarstoconducttargetedresearchandexchangesinforeignfirst-classuniversities.Invitewell-knownoverseasscholars,especiallyprofessorsfromworld-classuniversities,tobevisitingprofessorsofdomesticuniversitiestocometoChinaforshort-termlecturesandresearch.Variousmeasuresmustbetakentoencourageoverseasstudentstoreturntothecountrytoserve,ortocontributeinotherwaystoimprovetheteachingqualityandscientificlevelofourcountry’sinstitutionsofhigherlearning.
Four.Continueandacceleratetheconstructionofthe"211Project",andvigorouslyimprovetheknowledgeinnovationcapabilitiesofcollegesanduniversities
17.The"211Project"launchedin1995"Thefocusontheconstructionofabatchofcollegesanduniversitiesandabatchofdisciplineshaslaidanimportantfoundationforthecultivationofinnovativetalentsinourcountryandtheconstructionofthenationalinnovationsystem.Duringthe"NinthFive-YearPlan"period,ithasenteredthesubstantiveconstructionstage.Itisnecessarytoensurethatthefirstphaseofthe"211Project"willbecompletedin2000andthesecondphaseoftheplanwillbelaunchedonthisbasis,soastofurtherimprovetheknowledgeinnovationabilityandscientificresearchlevelofcollegesanduniversities.
Theconstructionfundsforthesecondphaseofthe"211Project"arestilljointlyraisedbythestate,departments,localitiesanduniversities.Amongthem,theintensityofthecentralspecialinvestmentpartisatleastthesameasthefirstphaseoftheplan,andismainlyusedtoincreasetheintensityofthekeydisciplinesthathavebeenapproved.Atthesametime,wewillstrengthenprojectmanagementandimprovetheefficiencyoffunduse.
Viisi.Luo joukko maailman johtavia ensimmäisen luokan yliopistoja ja useita ensimmäisen luokan tieteenaloja
18.Buildingaworld-classuniversityisofgreatstrategicsignificance.AccordingtothespiritofComradeJiangZemin’sspeechatPekingUniversity’sCentennialAnniversary,“Inordertoachievemodernization,mycountrymusthaveanumberofworld-classfirst-classuniversities.”Afterlong-termconstructionandaccumulation,asmallnumberofuniversitiesinmycountryareengagedinafewdisciplinesandhigh-techfields.Ithasreachedandisclosetotheinternationaladvancedlevel,andhasagroupofhigh-levelprofessors,especiallythehighqualityofundergraduates,whichhascreatedconditionsforthecreationofaworld-classuniversity.
19.Thefirst-classuniversitiesintheworldhavebeenformedafterlong-termconstruction.Theconstructionofafirst-classuniversityrequiresgovernmentsupportandcapitalinvestment,butmoreimportantly,itistheresultofyearsofhardworkbyschoolleaders,teachers,andstudents.Inparticular,thestudentshavedemonstratedtheirrecognizedreputationinvariousconstructionpostsinthecountryandevenintheinternationalcommunityaftergraduation.Atthesametime,thiskindofschoolhasalargenumberofwell-knownscholarsandprofessors.Therefore,buildingafirst-classuniversityrequiresacertainhistoricalprocessandmustpassthetestofsocialpractice.Inthisregard,bothmustbeambitiousanddown-to-earth.Itisnecessarytorelativelyconcentratethelimitedfinancialresourcesofthecountry,mobilizetheenthusiasmofmanyaspects,startwiththeconstructionofkeydisciplines,increaseinvestment,andfocusontheconstructionofanumberofcollegesanduniversitiesanddisciplinesthatareclosetoandcapableofreachingtheinternationaladvancedlevel.Inthenext10to20years,wewillstriveforanumberofuniversitiesandanumberofkeydisciplinestoentertheworld-classlevel.
Six.Implementthe"ModernDistanceEducationProject",formanopeneducationnetwork,andbuildalifelonglearningsystem
20.Modernlong-distanceeducationisanewtypeofeducationthatisproducedwiththedevelopmentofmoderninformationtechnology.Itisthemainmeanstobuildalifelonglearningsystemforpeopleintheeraofknowledgeeconomy.Makingfulluseofmoderninformationtechnologyandimplementingthe"ModernDistanceEducationProject"onthebasisoftheoriginaldistanceeducationcaneffectivelygiveplaytotheadvantagesofvariousexistingeducationalresources,inlinewiththetrendofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnologyeducationintheworld,andthereisashortageofeducationalresourcesinourcountry.Thestrategicmeasuresforrunningalargeeducationundertheconditionsmustbestrengthenedasanimportantinfrastructure.
21.BasedontheexistingChinaEducationandResearchNetwork(CERNET)demonstrationnetworkandsatellitevideotransmissionsystem,increasethetransmissionrateofthebackbonenetwork,makefulluseofthecountry'sexistingcommunicationresources,andfurtherexpandthetransmissioncapacityandnetworkingscaleoftheChinaEducationandResearchNetwork.In2000,allundergraduatecollegesanduniversitiesacrossthecountryandthousandsofhighschoolmiddleschoolswereconnectedtotheInternet,andthecomputernetworkwasstrivedtoenterthehomesof50,000collegeprofessors.UsetheChinaEducationResearchNetworktoestablishanintegratedinformationsystemfornationalcollegestudentenrollmentremoteadmissions,computerstudentstatusmanagement,andgraduateremoteemploymentservices.
22.ContinuetoplaytheroleofsatelliteTVeducationinmoderndistanceeducation,transformtheexistingbroadcastandTVeducationtransmissionnetwork,buildacentralstation,andestablishahigh-speedconnectionwiththeChinaEducationandResearchNetwork,andcarryoutthenetworktransformationofsomeremoteschools.In2000,strivingtomakeeducationalTVprogramsavailabletothevastmajorityofprimaryandmiddleschoolsinruralareasacrossthecountry.Itisnecessarytouseexcellentteachersandmoderneducationalmethodstoruneducationaltelevisionprograms,focusingonmeetingtheeducationalneedsofremoteareas,islands,deepmountains,forestryandanimalhusbandry.
23.Changethebackward,low-levelandrepetitivedistanceeducationsoftwaredevelopmentandproductionmodel,givefullplaytothegovernment'smacro-controlrole,usetheadvantagesofeducationalresourcesatalllevelsandtypesofschools,anddevelophigh-qualityeducationalsoftwarethroughcompetitionandmarketoperationmechanisms.Itisnecessarytofocusontheconstructionofanationaldistanceeducationresourcedatabaseandanumberofeducationalsoftwaredevelopmentandproductionbases.Atthesametime,payattentiontotheintroductionofexcellentmoderndistanceeducationsoftwarefromabroad.
24.TheMinistryofEducationimplementscentralizedmanagementofmoderndistanceeducationacrossthecountry,andisresponsiblefororganizingtheformulationandimplementationofthenational"ModernDistanceEducationDevelopmentPlan".The"ModernDistanceEducationProject"willimplementthedevelopmentstrategyofshort-termstatesupportandlong-termindependentoperation.AdoptadvancedinformationtechnologyandcombinewithChina'sactualsituationtocontinuouslyimprovethelevelofmoderndistanceeducation.
Inordertopromotethedevelopmentofmoderndistanceeducation,inaccordancewithinternationalpractices,preferentialtreatmentofmoderndistanceeducationnetworkoperatingcosts,andreductionorexemptionoftariffsonoverseasdonatedequipmentandimportedequipmentaccordingtolaw.
25.Establishandimprovethecontinuingeducationsystemtomeettheneedsoflifelonglearningandknowledgerenewal.Qualifiedcollegesanduniversitiesshouldoffercontinuingeducationcoursesandbuildcontinuingeducationbases.Relyingonthemoderndistanceeducationnetworktoopenhigh-qualityonlinecourses,organizefirst-classteachersacrossthecountrytoteach,realizethesharingofeducationalresourcesacrosstimeandspace,andprovideavarietyofcontinuingeducationcoursesformanagersandprofessionalsinvariousindustries.Itisnecessarytogivefullplaytotheadvantagesoftheself-studyexaminationsystemforhighereducationandsecondaryprofessionaleducation,andcontinuouslyexpandtheeducationalopportunitiesformembersofsociety.
7.Implementthe"High-techIndustrializationProjectinHigherEducationInstitutions"topromotethedevelopmentofnationalhigh-techindustriesandcontributetothecultivationofneweconomicgrowthpoints
26.Institutionsofhigherlearningshouldgivefullplaytotheiradvantagesinnationalinnovationprojects,strivetopromoteknowledgeandtechnologicalinnovation,acceleratetechnologicaldevelopment,andcarryoutscientificandtechnologicalresearcharoundcommonkeytechnologiesineconomicconstruction,inordertotransformtraditionalindustries,adjustindustrialstructure,andstrengthenagricultureandruralareas.Workandcultivatenewgrowthpointservicesfornationaleconomicdevelopment.
Strengthenindustry-university-researchcooperation,encouragecollegesanduniversitiesandscientificresearchinstitutestocarryoutvariousformsofcooperationandcooperation,complementeachother'sadvantages,andemphasizepracticalresults.Promotetheintegrationofuniversities,researchinstitutesandenterprisesintechnologicalinnovationandthedevelopmentofhigh-techindustries.Encourageenterprisestoestablishdemonstrationcentersfortechnologyintegrationanddiffusionsuchasengineeringresearchcentersandproductivitypromotioncentersincollegesanduniversitiestodevelophigh-techproducts.Encourageinstitutionsofhigherlearningtotransfertechnologytoenterprises,oruseexistingsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestoestablishhigh-techenterprises,andexplorethe“one-stop”comprehensivecooperationbetweenenterprisesanduniversitiesfromprojectestablishmenttocommissioning.
27.Theformationofhigh-techenterpriseclustersarounduniversitieshasbecomeasuccessfulexperienceinthedevelopmentofknowledgeeconomy.Itisnecessarytocreateconditionstoestablishhigh-techindustrializationbasesanddevelopscienceandtechnologyparksaroundcollegesanduniversities,especiallyinareaswherecollegesanduniversitiesareconcentrated,tobecomeawindowforpurposefullyattractingforeignhigh-techenterprisesandthelatestachievementsofforeignhigh-tech,andtogivefullplaytothedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theroleofincubators.Strengthenentrepreneurshipeducationforteachersandstudents,andtakemeasurestoencouragethemtostarthigh-techenterprisesontheirown.
28.Theestablishmentofhigh-techenterprisesbycollegesanduniversitieshasplayedanimportantroleindrivingthedevelopmentofhigh-techindustriesandformingneweconomicgrowthpoints.Ithasplayedanimportantroleasadrivingforceandradiationsource,andhasbecomeapracticalbaseforcultivatinginnovativetalentsandalsoprovidesnewemploymentopportunitiesforthesociety..Inthefuture,inaccordancewiththemoderncorporatesystem,agroupofhigh-techindustrygroupsbasedonuniversitieswillbeestablished.
29.Establishandimprovetheguaranteemechanismforthehigh-techindustrializationofcollegesanduniversities.TheMinistryofEducationhasestablishedafundingagencyforthedevelopmentofthescienceandtechnologyindustryofuniversitiestofundmajorscienceandtechnologyprojectswithdevelopmentprospectsinuniversities.Throughholding,shareholdingandcredit,wewillfocusonsupportingthetechnologyindustryandtechnologydevelopmentactivitiesincludinguniversities.Atthesametime,agroupofintermediaryagenciesdedicatedtothetransformationofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsofuniversitiesshouldbeestablishedassoonaspossible.Technologicalproductionfactorsareallowedtoparticipateintheincomedistribution,andacertainpartoftheincomefromthetransferofscientificandtechnologicalachievementsshallbedrawninaccordancewithrelevantnationalregulationsanddistributedtorelevantresearchanddevelopmentpersonnelaccordingtothesizeofthecontribution.Itisnecessarytostudytheestablishmentofventurecapitalfunds,encouragequalifiedhigh-techcompaniestogopublic,andpromotethedevelopmentofhigh-techindustries.
8.Implementthe"HigherEducationLaw",activelyandsteadilydevelophighereducation,acceleratethepaceofhighereducationreform,andimprovethequalityofeducationandtheefficiencyofrunningschools
30.Effectivelyimplementtheprovisionsofthe"HigherEducationLaw"that"highereducationinstitutionsshouldfacethesociety,runtheirownschoolsinaccordancewiththelaw,andimplementdemocraticmanagement."andexpandtheautonomyofcollegesanduniversities.Inordertoenablemorehighschoolgraduatestohavetheopportunitytoreceivehighereducation,accordingtotheneedsofvariousregionsandthepossibilityoffundingandteacherqualifications,underthepremiseofadoptingnewmechanismsandmodels,thetotalnumberofundergraduateandjuniorcollegestudentsinhighereducationin2000willreach6.6millionpeople.Theincreaseintheenrollmentplanwillbemainlyusedforlocaldevelopmentofhighervocationaleducation,andthescaleofpostgraduatestudentsshouldincreasesignificantly.Theenrollmentrateofhighereducationincreasedfrom9.1%in1997(newcaliber)toaround11%in2000.Thestudent-teacherratioinordinarycollegesanduniversitieshasincreasedfrom10:1in1997to12:1in2000,andtheaverageenrollmentofindependentordinarycollegesanduniversitieshasreachedabout4,000.
31.Speedupthereformofthehighereducationsystemanddeepenthereformofhighereducation.Continuetoimplementthepolicyof"co-construction,adjustment,cooperation,andmerger".Inthenext3to5years,twolevelsofmanagementanddivisionoflaborandresponsibilitywillbebasicallyformedbythecentralandprovincialgovernments.Anewsystemoforganicintegration.Exceptforafewcollegesanduniversitiesthatarerelatedtotheoveralldevelopmentofthecountryandarehighlyindustry-orientedandneedtobedirectlymanagedbytherelevantstatedepartments,thevastmajorityofothercollegesanduniversitiesaremanagedbytheprovincialgovernmentorjointlybuiltbythelocalgovernmentandthestate.Thecentralgovernmentcontinuestoallocatefundstoencourageandpromotethereformofthemanagementsystem,adjustandoptimizethelayoutofhighereducationinstitutions.Encourageandsupportsocialforcestorunschools.
32.Activelydevelopinghighervocationaleducationisanurgentrequirementtoimprovethenationalscientificandculturalquality,postponeemployment,anddevelopthenationaleconomy.Forhighervocationaleducationwithacademicqualifications,inadditiontoreforming,reorganizingandrestructuringexistingcolleges,vocationalcollegesandindependentlyestablishedadultcolleges,andselectingsomequalifiedsecondaryschools(referredtoas"threereformsandonesupplement")todevelophighereducationInadditiontovocationaleducation,someundergraduatecollegesanduniversitiescansetuphighervocationalandtechnicalcolleges,andbasicallydonotbuildnewones.Select30existingschoolstobuildexemplaryvocationalandtechnicalcolleges.Developnon-academichighervocationaleducation,mainlyforvocationalqualificationcertificateeducation.Itisnecessarytograduallystudytheestablishmentofanoverpassbetweengeneralhighereducationandvocationalandtechnicaleducation,andallowgraduatesofvocationalandtechnicalcollegestopassexaminationsandreceivehigher-levelacademiceducation.
Highervocationaleducationmustbeorientedtoregionaleconomicconstructionandsocialdevelopment,adapttotheactualneedsofthejobmarket,cultivatepracticaltalentsforthefirst-lineneedsofproduction,service,andmanagement,andtrulydevelopitsowncharacteristics.Activelyadapttothenewsituationofruralworkandagriculturaldevelopment,andcultivateallkindsoftalentsneededforruralmodernization.Itisnecessarytograduallydelegatetheresponsibilitiesofhighervocationaleducationenrollmentplans,entranceexaminations,andissuanceofdiplomastotheprovincialpeople’sgovernmentsandschoolsthroughpilotprojects.Theprovincialpeople’sgovernments,underthemacroguidanceofthestate,willprovideresourcesforhighervocationaleducationintheregion.Carryoutoverallplanning.Speedupthedevelopmentofhighervocationaleducationandexploreavarietyofenrollmentmethods.Acertainproportionofsecondaryvocationalschoolgraduates(about3%inthenearfuture)canenterhighervocationalschools;ordinaryhighschoolgraduatesshouldacceptmostofthemexceptforordinarycollegesanduniversitiesVariousformsofhighervocationaleducationtoimprovequality.
33.Intensifythereformoftheenrollmentandgraduateemploymentsystem,andadvancethereformoftheenrollmentandexaminationsystemofcollegesanduniversitiesinaplannedandstep-by-stepmanner.Proceedingfromtheprinciplesofconducivetotheimplementationofqualityeducationinprimaryandsecondaryschools,fairselectionofqualifiedtalentsincollegesanduniversities,expansionoftheautonomyofcollegesanduniversities,andsocialstability,pilotreformsofsubjects,content,methodsandsystemsofcollegeentranceexaminationsshouldbecarriedouttoincreasetheabilityandoverallqualityofstudents.Exploringthemethodsandsystemsofenrollment,examination,andevaluationofcollegesanduniversitiessuitablefordifferentregionsandschoolcharacteristics.Toconducthighervocationaleducationpilotprojectsof“schoolsareself-sponsoredbythemarketandstudentsseektheirownjobs”.Bytheyear2000,arelativelycompleteemploymentsystemforgraduatesshouldbeestablishedthatisrecommendedbyschoolsandrelevantdepartments,studentsandemployersundertheguidanceofnationalpolicies,throughthetwo-wayselectionofthetalentlabormarket,andindependentjobselection.Itisnecessarytoprovidefinancialassistancetothepooreststudentsincollegesanduniversitiesthroughvariousforms,soastoensurethatthepoorstudentswhohavepassedthecollegeentranceexaminationandarealreadyinschooldonotdropoutofschoolduetofinancialdifficulties.Thestatecontinuestoarrangefundstosupporttheextremelyneedystudents,andthelocalgovernmentandschoolsprovidecorrespondingsupportingfunds.Atthesametime,itisactivelycarryingoutthepilotworkofvariousstudentaidsystemssuchascollegestudentloans,andexploringeffectivewaystosubsidizefinanciallydisadvantagedstudentsundertheconditionsofthesocialistmarketeconomy.
34.Activelypromotetheteachingreformofcollegesanduniversities,andreformtheeducationalthoughts,concepts,contentandmethods.Itisnecessarytovigorouslypromotethereformofthetalenttrainingmodelofhighereducation,especiallythereformofthecurriculumstructure,andstrengthentheconstructionofpracticeteachingbasesand"dualteacher"teachers.Undergraduateeducationshouldbroadenthescopeofmajorsandenhanceadaptability.Inthenext3to5years,themajorswillbeadjustedfrommorethan200tomorethan100.Continuetoadvancethe"TeachingSisältöandCurriculumSystemReformPlanforthe21stCentury",andbuild200basictalenttrainingbasesforliberalartsandsciences,100basiccoursesteachingbasesforvariousdisciplines,and20culturalqualitytrainingbasesforcollegestudents.Thedomesticadvancedlevelteachingdemonstrationbase.Activelyandsteadilydevelopprofessionaldegreegraduateeducation,furtherimprovetheprofessionaldegreesystem,andcultivatealargenumberofhigh-levelappliedtalents.
35.Vigorouslypromotethereformoftheinternalmanagementsystemofcollegesanduniversities.Graduallyimplementtheappointmentsystem,reduceredundantstaff,streamlinetheworkforceofcollegesanduniversities,sothattheratioofstudentstofacultyandstaff,theratioofstudentstostaff,andtheratiooffull-timefacultytostaffhavebeengreatlyimproved;acceleratethesocializationofschoollogisticsreform,streamlineandstreamlinesurpluspersonnel.Theexpansionofcollegeadmissionsplansshouldbelinkedtotheprogressofthesocializationofschoollogistics.Selectanumberofcitieswithbetterconditionstoestablishacorporatemanagementanduniversitylogisticslifeservicegroupcompanytoengageinstudentapartmentpropertymanagementandschoollogisticslifeservices.Striveforthesocializationoflogisticsworkincollegesanduniversitiesinmostareaswithin3to5years.
9.Activelydevelopvocationaleducationandadulteducation,trainalargenumberofhigh-qualitylaborersandjuniorandintermediateleveltalents,andinparticularincreasetheeffortsofeducationtoserveagricultureandruralworkp>
36.Accordingtothe"EducationLaw"and"VocationalEducationLaw",effortsshouldbemadetoestablishasystemofpre-employmentandpost-employmenteducationandtrainingthatmeetsthecharacteristicsofmycountry'snationalconditions,sothatelementary,secondaryandhighervocationaleducationandtrainingareconnectedtoeachother,andareconnectedwithgeneraleducation,Adulteducationcommunicateswitheachotheranddevelopsincoordination.Establishvocationaleducationcurriculumreformandtextbookconstructionfunds,andimplementcurriculumreformandtextbookconstructionplans.Relyingonordinarycollegesanduniversitiesandhighervocationalandtechnicalcolleges,focusontheconstructionof50vocationaleducationprofessionalteachersandinternshipinstructorstrainingandtrainingbases,andlocalgovernmentsshouldalsostrengthentheconstructionofvocationaleducationteachertrainingbases.
Continuetoimplementthediversionofpost-juniorhighschooleducation,andactivelydevelopsecondaryvocationaleducationbasedontheactualconditionsofeachregion.Thecurrentratiobetweenvocationaleducationandgeneraleducationatthenationalhighschoollevelshouldbemaintained,andeffortsshouldbemadetoachievethegoalssetoutinthe"OutlineofChina'sEducationReformandDevelopment."Inthefewareaswherenine-yearcompulsoryeducationhasnotbeenuniversalized,vocationaltechnicaltrainingshouldbeimplementedforelementaryschoolgraduateswhocannotenterjuniorhighschool;areaswherethestructureofhighschooleducationisbasicallyreasonable,thefocusofvocationaleducationworkshouldbetoimprovequalityandefficiency.Somecomprehensivehighschoolscanbedevelopedinareaswithmoredevelopedeconomiesandpostponedtothethirdgrade.Itisnecessarytomakescientificpredictionsofthesocialneedsofsecondaryvocationaleducation,andinaccordancewiththeprincipleof"trainingfirst,thenwork",vocationaleducationandtrainingwithdifferenttimelimitsandformsforallkindsofnewlyemployedpersonnelshallbeconducted.Secondaryvocationaleducationshouldreformthemajorandcurriculumstructure,implementaflexiblecourseselectionsystem,improvethequalityoftraining,sothatgraduatescanadapttotheneedsoffuturechangesinthesocialindustrialstructureandjobmarket,andstrivetocreateanumberofvocationalskillswithhighsocialreputationinvariousplacesSchool.
37.Adulteducationshouldfocusonon-the-jobtrainingandcontinuingeducation.Throughtheestablishmentofamodernenterpriseeducationsystemandvocationalqualificationcertificatesystem,flexibleanddiverseformsofrunningschoolsshouldbeadopted,sothatallkindsoflaid-offandtransferredpersonnelcanreceivevocationaltrainingorformaltrainingatdifferentlevelsandyears.Educationservesforthereemploymentproject,andstandardizesandinstitutionalizesit.Activelyprovideon-the-jobtrainingforbusinessmanagementandfinancialmanagementpersonnel.Promotecooperationbetweenenterprises,schoolsandotherbusinessdepartmentsofthegovernment.Carryoutexperimentalworkofcommunityeducation,graduallyestablishandimprovealifelongeducationsystem,andstrivetoimprovethequalityofthewholepeople.
Accordingtothedevelopmenttrendofdifferentdisciplines,majorsandindustries,strengthenthecontinuingeducationofprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnel,improvethesystemofcombiningeducation,assessment,anduse,establishacontinuingeducationfund,andpromotetheconstructionofcontinuingeducationbasesandnetworks.Itisalsonecessarytostrengthenthetrainingandeducationofcivilservants,improvethetrainingmechanism,andbuildahigh-qualityandprofessionalteamofnationaladministrativemanagementcadres.
38.Intensifythereformoftheschool-runningsystem,managementsystem,operatingmechanismandenrollmentandemploymentsystemofvocationaleducationandadulteducation.Toadapttotheestablishmentanddevelopmentofthesocialistmarketeconomicsystem,encouragesocialforcestoorganizevariousformsofvocationaleducationandadulteducationundertheguidanceofthegovernment.Vocationaleducationandadulteducationshouldtaketheroadofcombiningproductionandeducation,adjustthelayoutofschools,optimizeresourceallocation,strengthenentrepreneurshipeducationandprofessionalethicseducation,implementmoreflexibleteachingmodels,andstrivetocreatedistinctivefeaturesforbetterregionaleconomicandsocialdevelopment.service.
ConscientiouslyimplementthespiritoftheThirdPlenarySessionofthe15thCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina,deepenthecomprehensivereformofthecombinationofagriculture,scienceandeducationandallkindsofeducationcoordination,promotethecoordinateddevelopmentofruralgeneraleducation,adulteducationandvocationaleducation,andgivefullplaytoruralareas.Thepositiveroleofeducationinruralmodernization.Literacyworkmustbecombinedwithpracticaltechnicaltraininginruralareastoconsolidatetheeffectivenessofliteracyandcombineliteracywithpovertyalleviation.Inthenext3to5years,mostofthecountry’sruralgraduatesorundergraduatesatthecompulsoryeducationstagecanreceivecertainformsofvocationalandtechnicaltrainingbeforeandaftertheircareers,including"greencertificate"training,sothatsomepeoplewillmasteroneortwothingstogetrichinproduction.Practicaltechnologymeetstheneedsofruraleconomicandsocialdevelopmentandfarmers'prosperityandprosperity.Inparticular,avarietyofeducationandtrainingformsshouldbeadoptedtoprovidesufficientandapplicabletechnicalandmanagerialtalentsfortownshipenterprisesandruralindustrialupgrading.
10.Deepenthereformoftheschool-runningsystemandmobilizetheenthusiasmofallaspectstodevelopeducation.
39.EarnestlyimplementtheStateCouncil’spolicyof"activelyencouraging,vigorouslysupporting,correctguidance,andstrengtheningmanagement"forsocialforcestorunschools.Inthenext3to5years,itwillbasicallyformagovernment-runschoolasthemainbody,theparticipationofallsectorsofsociety,andthecommondevelopmentofpublicschoolsandprivateschools.Theschoolsystem.
Itisnecessarytoformulatepreferentialpoliciesthatareconducivetoabsorbingsocialfundsforeducationandthedevelopmentofprivateschools.Teachersandstudentsinprivateschoolsenjoythesametreatmentasteachersandstudentsinpublicschoolsintermsofjobtitleevaluation,businesstraining,entranceexaminations,andsocialactivities.Thestateestablishesacommendationfundforrunningschoolsofsocialforcestocommendcollectivesandindividualswhohavemadeoutstandingcontributions.
40.Therunningofschoolsbysocialforcesmustbebroughtintothetrackofrunningschoolsandmanaginginaccordancewiththelaw.Socialforcesdonotrunschoolsforprofit,andencouragerollingdevelopment.Itisnecessarytoimprovetheconstructionoflawsandregulations,enrichtheschoolsettingstandards,improvethemanagementsystem,strengthenthemanagementofschoolappearance,strictfinancialauditing,continuouslyimprovethelevelofeducationandmanagement,andencourageexistingschoolstoexerteconomiesofscale.
Toensurethelegalstatusofeducationalinstitutionssponsoredbysocialforcesforself-sponsorededucation,highereducationinstitutionscanrecruitstudentsindependentlyfromthesociety,issuecertificatesofcompletionfornon-degreeeducationstudentsinaccordancewiththelaw,ororganizestudentstoparticipateinself-studyorganizedbythestateExamsordiplomaexamstoobtainanationallyrecognizedacademiccertificate.
41.Thereformoftheschool-runningsystemofpublicschoolsmustbepilotedundertheguidanceofthegovernment'seducationadministrativedepartment.Thebasiceducationstageshouldbecombinedwiththetransformationofweakschools.Thehighereducationstagemainlytargetslocalcollegesandadultcollegesandexploresvariousformsofschool-runningmodels.在推进办学体制改革中,按照教育法律法规,学校产权必须明晰，国有教育设施不得挪作他用，国有和公有资产不得流失。
十一、依法保证教育经费的“三个增长”，切实增加教育的有效投入
42．落实科教兴国战略，必须转变把教育投资作为消费性投资的观念，要切实把发展教育作为基础设施建设，把教育投资作为一种基础性的投资，千方百计增加教育投入。各级财政要认真落实已出台的筹措教育经费的各项法律规定和政策，特别是要保证做到《教育法》规定的教育经费的“三个增长”（即各级政府教育财政拨款的增长要高于同级财政经常性收入的增长，在校学生人均教育经费逐步增长，教师工资和学生人均公用经费逐步增长）。要按照《教育法》和《中国教育改革和发展纲要》的规定，逐步提高国家财政性教育经费占国民生产总值的比例，努力实现4%的目标。
逐步提高中央本级和省级财政支出中教育经费支出所占的比例。自1998年起，中央本级财政按同口径每年提高1个百分点，2000年，将此比例提高3个百分点左右，除按原有政策保留目前每年由中央安排的教育专项外，上述增量部分主要用于振兴行动计划中中央财政支持和资助的项目。同时，各省、自治区、直辖市财政支出中教育经费所占的比例，也应根据各地实际每年提高1～2个百分点。
认真贯彻《国务院办公厅转发财政部关于进一步做好教育科技经费预算安排和确保教师工资按时发放通知的通知》（国办发[1998]23号）的精神，从1998年起，各级财政每年超收部分和财政预算外收入，应按不低于年初确定的教育经费占财政支出的比例用于教育。
加强对城、乡教育费附加的征管工作，以确保足额征收并由教育行政部门商财政部门统筹安排使用。积极支持勤工俭学、校办产业的发展，并对其继续实行税收优惠政策。
在中国中小学幼儿教师奖励基金会的基础上，建立中华教育发展基金会，多渠道筹集教育经费。
43．加快高校筒子楼建设和危房的改造，争取到2000年基本解决高校青年教师住房困难。中央部委所属高校此项工程所需资金，中央财政予以专项支持，其余部分由学校及其主管部门分担，改造后的筒子楼作为高校的公寓和周转用房。
44．利用银行贷款，进一步加快中央部委高校的教职工住房建设。为解决高校教师住房困难、稳定高校教师队伍，在2000年前建设银行基础设施贷款中，安排一部分用于中央部委所属高校住房建设，以支持利用学校自用土地，加快新建“经济适用型”住房，资金不足部分，应多渠道筹措解决。同时，要继续加强中小学教师的“安居工程”的建设。
45．各级教育部门必须采取各种措施深化教育改革，完善拨款制度，精简机构和冗员，提高经费使用效益。同时，加强对教育经费的审计与监督。
十二、高举邓小平理论的伟大旗帜，加强高等学校党的建设和思想政治工作，把高等学校建设成为社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地
46．高等学校的德育工作要以马列主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论为指导，按照江泽民同志对全国青年和大学生提出的坚持“学习科学文化与加强思想修养的统一、学习书本知识与投身社会实践的统一、实现自身价值与服务祖国人民的统一、树立远大理想与进行艰苦奋斗的统一”的要求，贯彻落实《中共中央关于进一步加强和改进学校德育工作的若干意见》，坚持社会主义办学方向，完善德育工作体系，教育引导学生坚定政治信念，加强思想修养，树立远大理想，投身社会实践，自觉艰苦奋斗，立志振兴中华，把培养“四有”新人的战略任务落到实处。
47．认真组织实施普通高等学校公共马克思主义理论课和思想品德课（简称“两课”）课程设置新方案，加快邓小平理论“进教材、进课堂、进学生头脑”工作的步伐，用邓小平理论武装大学生。要加强“两课”课程体系和教材建设的研究，把理论研究基地建设好。加强“两课”教师的培训工作，提高他们的政治和业务水平，提高思想理论教育的实效。
48．加强高等学校中华民族优秀传统教育和革命传统教育、人文科学教育和艺术教育，通过增设选修课、举办专题讲座和各种知识性、文艺性业余活动等多种方式，提高学生的文化素质。
49．加强高等学校的哲学社会科学研究。要在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的指导下，紧密结合国民经济和社会发展的重大理论和实践问题组织研究，发挥高等学校“思想库”、“人才库”的优势。要进一步加大高校哲学社会科学研究的投入，设立理论研究和教学优秀成果奖，提高高等学校哲学社会科学的研究水平和参与重大决策的能力。
加强教育科学研究。要统筹规划，突出重点，促进研究成果向实际应用的转化，为教育宏观决策科学化、民主化服务，为教育改革和发展的实践服务，为繁荣教育科学服务。
50．高等学校党组织要切实加强党的建设，加强和改进党对思想政治工作的领导。要在党委的统一部署下，建立和完善校长及行政系统为主实施的德育管理体制，加强高等学校思想政治工作队伍的建设，使高等学校在社会主义精神文明建设，维护生动活泼、安定团结的政治局面中发挥重要作用。