Briefintroduction
Theancientstonecarvingshaveacompleterangeoftypesandacompletechronologicalsequence,especiallytheHanandTangstonecarvings,whicharevigorous,vividandexquisite,andoccupyauniquepositioninthehistoryofancientChinesesculpture.Thestonecarvingsinthemuseumcanberoughlydividedintothreecategories:tombstonecarvings,religiousstonecarvings,andotherstonecarvingsintermsofsubjectmatterandfunction.
Stonecarvingsrefertostoneproductssuchasstelesorcliffsengravedwithcharactersandpatterns.Inthefieldofcalligraphy,afterengraving,itwasoriginallyunintentionallyspreadascalligraphyas"stonecarvings".Generally,thenamesofthosewhodidnotexpressthebookwerecalled"stonecarvings".TheyweremostlyusedbeforetheThreeKingdomsandtheSixDynasties;whiletheonesintendedtobeusedascalligraphywerecalled"stonecarvings".For,thenameofthepersonwhoengravedthebookisusuallymarked.----"AppreciationofAncientRubbings"FeiShengqian
Classification
TombStoneInscriptions
SincetheShangandZhouDynasties,ancientChinahasgraduallyformedasetofdistinctlevelsThemausoleumsystemandtombstonecarvingshavebecomeanimportantpartofitsdevelopmentalongwiththedevelopmentofthemausoleumsystemandfuneralcustoms.Tombstonecarvingscanberoughlydividedintotwocategories,undergroundandabove-groundstonecarvings.Undergroundstonecarvingsarepracticalanddecorativestonecarvingsinthetomb.Forexample,thestoneportraitsoftheHanDynastyareembeddedinthetombdoorandfourwallsasthetombcomponents,engravedwithvariouspictureswithrichcontent.Therearealsoburialobjectssuchassarcophagi,stonecoffins,etc.,inadditiontotheirartisticshapes,theyarealsodecoratedwithvariouspatterns.Thesestoneportraitsandvariouscarvingsmostlyusethetechniquesofreduced-groundflatcarvingandlinecarving.Theyareexquisitelyengravedandhavedistinctivecharacteristicsofthetimesanddecorativeeffects.
Theabove-groundstonecarvingsaremainlyceremonialandmemorialstonecarvingsinfrontofcemeteriesandtombs.TheguardianstonecarvingsarestonemenandbeastsplacedonbothsidesoftheShintoinfrontofthemausoleumaccordingtocertainregulations,whichplaytheroleofguardingandhonoring.Memorialstonecarvingsarespeciallycarvedtocommemorateacertainevent,suchasthe"SixHorsesofZhaoling"carvedinfrontofthetombofEmperorTaizongoftheTangDynasty.Thesestonecarvingsarehuge,vividandsolemn.
Religiousstonecarvings
Religiousstonecarvingsrefertovariousreligiousstatuesandrelatedsculpturesprovidedbycavetemples,templesandfolk,mainlyBuddhiststonecarvings.AfterBuddhismwasintroducedtoChinaintheHanDynasty,itsdisseminationform,inadditiontotheclassictexts,istheartformof"designingeducationwithimages"moreeasilyacceptedbythepeople,andthetrendofworshippingstatuessincetheSouthernandNorthernDynastieshasprevailed.ThemuseumhasalargecollectionofBuddhiststatuesandTaoiststatuesfromtheNorthernWeiDynastytotheSuiandTangDynasties.MostofthestatuesandmonumentsfromtheNorthernDynastiesarestatuesandstatues.Thestatuesinnichesandreliefsarethemainones.ThetemplestatuesintheSuiandTangDynastiesaremostlysingleroundsculptures.Therearemanytypesofthesestatues,exquisitecarvingsanddistinctivecharacteristicsofthetimes,reflectingtheevolutionofBuddhiststatuesfromforeignformstoChinesestyles.
Otherstonecarvings
Inadditiontotheabove-mentionedtombstonecarvingsandreligiousstonecarvings,therearemanypracticalstonecarvingsinancientChina.Variousarchitecturalcomponentssuchaspalaces,gates,archways,bridgesandtemples,aswellassomepracticalstonecarvingssuchasstonelamps,stoneletters,stonetowns,headofsteles,andhorseposts,arealsoexquisitelycarved.Theancientcraftsmengavefullplaytotheiringenuityandskillfullycombinedpracticalityandartistry.Therearemanytreasuresinstonecarvingart.
Origin
Theancientliterature"BaXie"recordsthattheTibetankingChideZuzaninvitedcraftsmenandcarversfromNepalatthattime.ItissaidthattheChalalufuGrottoes,locatedonthemountainsideofYaowangshanMountain,werebuiltbytheconcubineRuyongofSongtsenGampoduringtheTuboperiod."ConcubineRuyongcarvedBuddhastatuessuchastheGreatBrahmaatChalarufu.Atthattime,thepriceofsalthadrisenbyasmuchas80times.Foreveryliterofrockdustproducedbythecraftsmenduringcarving,therewardwasoneliterofsalt.Ittook13yearstocompletethecarvingoutofthegrottoscripturehallandsoon."
YaowangshanMoyaRockCarving
ThisformofsupportingcaveswaspopularintheNorthernWeiandSuiandTangDynasties.DuringtheTangDynasty,itwasrare.However,inYaowangMountain,thegrottostylecanstillbeseenonthespot,anditcanalsoconfirmthattheexcavationtimeofthisgrottoisbasicallyconsistentwiththehistoricalrecords.ItcanbeseenfromthisthatbyinvestigatingthestatuesintheChalalufuGrottoes,itcanbeconcludedthattheexcavationofYaowangMountaincliffshasalreadybegunsincetheTuboperiod.Itcanbeinferredfromthisthat,asearlyastheearlydaysoftheTuboDynasty,YaowangshanhadalreadystartedtheworkofcarvingBuddhastatues.
Inthe"TibetanKingsandOfficials"writtenbytheFifthDalaiLama,thereisalsosuchapieceofinformationrelatedtothestonecarvings.,Heimmediatelybathedandprayedsincerely.BuddhastatuessuchasBodhisattva,Tara,andHorseheadKingKongappearednaturallyontherocks.SongtsenGampoinvitedsomeworkerswithexquisitesculptureskillsfromNepal,andtheyshowedaccordingtonature.Buddhastatueshaveabodyandbeauty,andtheyarefinelycarvedintoclearstatuesofBuddhasandBodhisattvas."
Inthesubsequentthousandyearsofhistoricalevolution,withthedevelopmentoflocalsocietyinTibet,especiallythedeepeningandpopularizationofBuddhistbeliefs,Therehavebeensculpturesandletteringactivitiesoneafteranother,andvariousnewworkshavebeenaddedonthemountain.
StoneDrumInscriptions
IntheearlyyearsoftheTangDynasty,10drum-shapedstoneswerediscoveredinSanzhiyuan,Tianxing(nowFengxiang),eachwithafour-characterpoemengravedonthem,totalingmorethan600Chinesecharacters,peoplecallit"StoneDrumWen".ThediscoveryofstonedrumwritingarousedgreatinterestofliteratiintheTangDynasty,andmanypeopleconductedresearch.DuFu,HanYu,WeiYingwuandotherswrotepoems.Therubbingshavealsobeenhandeddowntotheworldandcherishedbythepastdynasties.BecausethecontentofthepoemismainlyaboutthehuntingactivitiesoftheQinmonarch,itisalsocalled"hunting."
ShiguwenistheearlieststoneinscriptioninChina.ThescriptisQinDazhuan,whichhasbeenhighlyevaluatedinthepastdynasties.Ithasaharmoniousstructure,beautifulandbeautifulstructure,andisregardedasthebestproductofthe"classic"oftheseal.IntheTangDynasty,whenpeoplethoughtitwasZhouWenwangorZhouXuanwang,theSongpeoplesuggestedthatitwasbeforeQinShihuang.ItisconfirmedbymodernandmodernscholarsthatitisacarvedstonefromtheQinState,buttherearestilltheoriesofWenGong,MuGong,XiangGong,andXianGong.
SincethediscoveryofShigu,ithasbeentossedandmovedmanytimes.TheoriginalstoneisnowpreservedinthePalaceMuseum.ReplicascanbeseenintheShaanxiHistoryMuseum.
Themostimportantstonecarving
Theartofstonecarving
Theearlieststonecarvingmedicaltreatise
TheearlieststonecarvingmedicaltreatiseinChinaisNanQi.ChuCheng(AD?-483)"TheLastLetteroftheChuFamily"(onevolume).
Thebookwasfirstrecordedin"SongHistory.ArtandLiteratureHistory".AccordingtotheprefaceofXiaoYuaninthesecondyearoftheQingtaiReignoftheLaterTangDynasty(AD935),"TheLastLetteroftheChuFamily"isastoneinscriptiondiscoveredduringtheHuangchaoUprisinginthelateTangDynasty.Thebookisdividedintotenchapters,namelyreceivingtheshape,theessenceoftheqi,thePingmai,Jinrun,theseparation,theessenceandblood,thediseaseremoval,theexaminationofthemicro,thedistinguishingofthebook,thequestioning,andatotalof2,620crosses.Richincontentandinsightful.The"SummaryofSikuQuanshu"commented:"Theprinciplesofhisbookin"Lingshu"and"SuWen"arequiteinvented.Inmanyrespects,itis"unpublishedbypeoplebefore"and"justlikeatortoisefromtheages.""TheLastLetterofChuFamily"firstdiscussedtheoccurrencetime,locationandrouteofYinandYangQi.Forexample,thearticle"IntrinsicQi"says:"Heavenandearth'senergyisinayear;thehumanbody'senergyisinaday."Anditusesdifferenttimesofthedaytoexplaintheprevalenceofyinandyangenergy:"Thehumanbody'syangenergyisinthechildFromtheleftfootup,followtheleftthigh,leftfinger,leftarm,leftbrain,andcrosstherightbrain,stoneshoulder,stonearmfingers,aid,andfoot,thenenterthemiddleagain;YinQiflowsfromtherighthandheartatnoonRightshoulder,rightarm,acrosstheleftshoulder,leftarm,leftrib,leftfoot,externalkidney,rightfoot,rightrib,itisnoonintheafternoon.""Lingshu.CampHealthAssociation"hasanumberofdegreesoftheweekthatrunsaccordingtothesun.TheqiofYingweiisdividedinto25degreesofYinandYanginthedayandnight,butthetime,location,androuteoftheqiofyinandyanghavenotbeenclarified,andthereisnorecordinthemedicalrecordsofthepastdynasties.
InthehistoryofChinesemedicine,thisbookfirstproposedthetheoryofmaleandfemaleembryoformation.The"ShouXing"chaptersays:"Theunionofmenandwomen,thetwoareinharmony,theyinandbloodcomefirst,theyangessencerushesafterwards,thebloodopensandwrapstheessence,theessenceentersthebone,andthemaleformsthegang;theyangessenceentersfirst,theyinandbloodparticipateslater,Theessenceofthebloodiswrapped,thebloodentersthecapital,andthefemaleisformed."Althoughthistheoryoriginatedfromthe"BookofChanges"andappearedinmedicalbooks,itisthefirsttorecommendit.Thisarticlealsoputsforwardthetheorythat"non-maleandnon-femalebody"isformeddueto"equalizationofyinandyang",whichisnotonlytheearliestinthehistoryofChinesemedicine,butalsotheearliestinthehistoryofworldmedicine.TheearliestboundarystoneinscriptioninChina-theWesternHanDynastyLangyaboundarystele
ThisistheearliestboundarystoneinscriptiondiscoveredinChinasofar,locatedonthenorthofDonglianIsland,LianyungangDistrict,LianyungangCity.Therearetwopiecesintotal,onepieceisatthenorthernfootofthelighthousegoat'shead,standingfacingthesea,8metersawayfromthetidesurface.OnepieceisontherockmassonthehillsideofSumaBayBathingBeach.
DonghaiCounty,HanGaozuLiuBangzhi.Qu,thenorthernmostcoastalcountyofDonghaeCounty.LangyaCounty,QinZhi,Hanalong.Ark,acoastalcountyinLangyaCounty,wasincorporatedintotheprovinceintheearlyEasternHanDynasty,andtheboundaryofthenorthernfootofYangwotouwascarvedonalargestone.Thestoneisweatheredandbrokenintotwoparts,andthecarvedstoneisalsobrokenintotwopartswiththenaturalcleavageoftherock.Thecarvedstoneis1.9metersinlength,1.1metersinwidth,andhas8linesofverticalscriptwithsealintent.Duetoitsageandlong-termerosionbyseawater,mostofthehandwritinghasbeenblurredandmorethan30charactersarestillrecognizable.Accordingtoliteratureresearch,thisstoneisthesouthernboundarystoneofLangyaCountyintheWesternHanDynasty.ThecontentinvolvedtheGuixianCountyofLangyaCountyandQuCountyofDonghaiCountyduringtheHanDynasty,aswellasthedelimitationoftheeast,west,south,andnorthboundariesofLangyaCounty.
StoneCarvingsofMountTai(26photos)
Sumawanboundarystonewasdiscoveredin1999.Thefacetedstoneis2.15meterswideand0.85metershigh.Ithas12linesoftext.The60charactersareinscribedinverticalcharacters.Theofficialbodyhasameaningof"DonghaiJunquandLangyaJungui"astheboundary,becausethemountainsaretothesouth.ItbelongstoQu,andthenorthofthewaterbelongstothecabinet.Thewestisstraight,andthecabinetisdividedintoGaomoastheboundary.TheeastinheritsthePromise.InthefourthyearofthefoundingofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,ShuoYimaowascreatedbythemessengerXuzhouMuzhi.""Thefoundingofthecountry"isthereignofWangMang'sreign.Thefouryearssincethefoundingofthecountryis12AD.Basedonthis,itisinferredthatthisstonehasbeenin1989,anditisaprovincialculturalrelicsprotectionunit.Theearlieststonecarvedastronomicalmapwiththelargestnumberofstars
Theearlieststonecarvedastronomicalmap
TheSuzhourockcarvedastronomicalmapistheearliestsurvivingstoneastronomicalmapwiththelargestnumberofstarsinChinaandtheworldpicture.
ThetotalheightoftheSuzhoustoneastronomicalmapisabout2.45metersandthewidthisabout1.17meters.Thestarmapitselfis85cmindiameter.Itisdividedintotwoparts,theupperpartisastarmap,andthelowerpartisengravedwithexplanatorytext,whichcomplementseachother.ItisbasedonobservationsintheYuanfengreignoftheNorthernSongDynasty(1078-1085),drawnbyHuangShanginthefirstyearofGuangzongoftheSouthernSongDynasty(1190),andcarvedbyWangZhiyuanintheseventhyearofChunyouoftheSouthernSongDynasty(1247)..
ThreeconcentriccirclesaredepictedinthecenterofthenorthcelestialpoleintheSuzhouStoneAstronomicalMap.Theoutercircleisthevisiblelimitofsouthernstars,includingstarswithinabout55degreessouthoftheequator;themiddlecircleisthecelestialequatorwithadiameterof52.5cm;commonstarsthatneverfalluseasmallcirclewithadiameterof19.9cm.Delimitation;theeclipticandtheequatorobliquelyintersectatanangleofabout24degrees,andaccordingtothedistancebetweenthetwenty-eightconstellationsandthestars(therightascensiondifference),differentwideandnarrowmeridiansaredrawnfromthecelestialpole,andtheendofeachmeridianismarkedwithtwenty-eightconstellations.Therearealsotwoclosecirclesontheoutside.Insidethecirclesarecross-engravedthenamesofTwelveTimes,TwelveChenandTwelveNamesoftheStateandCountry.Therearemorethan1,440starsinthewholepicture.TheMilkyWayisclear,theriverandHanforks,andthedepictionismeticulous.
TheastronomicalmapofSuzhoustonecarvingsisthecrystallizationofthewisdomofastronomersintheNorthernSongDynastytorecognizeandrecordastrologicalphenomena,whichtoacertainextentreflectsthedevelopmentlevelofastronomyatthattime.Itprovidesextremelyvaluableinformationforunderstandingthedivisionofancientstellarregionsanddemonstratingmodernstars.China’searliestGuandingstoneinscriptionscripture-"XipingStoneScripture"
TheearliestGuandingstoneinscriptionscripture
HanLingEmperorXiping4thyear(AD175),discussionLangCaiyong,ZhangXunandotherssubmittedaletterrequestingthatthesixscripturesberevised.Aftertheemperor’sapproval,CaiYong,ZhangXunandothersselectedtheoriginalsandrevisedtextsofthesevenclassics:Zhouyi,Shangshu,TheBookofSongs,TheBookofRites,Chunqiu,GongyangZhuan,andtheAnalectsofConfucius..Atthattime,wheninscriptionswerepopular,sevenkindsofclassicswereengravedonstonetabletsinofficialscript,asthestandardversionofthescriptures,andbecametheChina'sfirstofficialstoneinscriptionscript.
ParticipantscheckedthetextsofthescripturesoftheclassicschoolsintheHanDynasty.Theychosethegoodonesanddeterminedthestandardtextofthescriptures.ThentheversatileCaiYongpendippedincinnabar,andEight-pointbook---Theofficialscriptwritesthescripturesonthestele;finallythecraftsmanengravesitaccordingtothetext.Theprojectstartedfromthe4thyearofXipingEmperoroftheHanDynasty(AD175)tothe6thyearofGuanghe(AD183).Itlastedfornineyears.Atotalof46stonesteleswerecarvedwithapproximately200,000characters.ThisstonescripturewasengravedintheXipingperiodandonlyhasonetypeofofficialscript,soitiscalled"HanShijing","XipingStoneJing"or"One-CharacterStoneJing".
AfterthecompletionoftheXipingStoneJing,itstoodoutsidetheSouthTaixueGateofLuoyangCity,thecapitalofthetime.Thetopofthesteleiscoveredbyatiledhouse,andthereisaseatunderthestele.Eachtabletisengravedonbothsides,andthescripturesareengravedfromrighttoleft.Thisculturalprojectofunprecedentedscaleandappointedbythesupremerulercausedagreatsensationatthetime."TheBookoftheLaterHanDynasty·CaiYongBiography"contains:"Whenthemonumentwaserected,thepeoplewhowatchedanddescribedit,tookmorethanathousandcarsaday,fillingthestreets",thegrandoccasionisevident.
StoneShoutombcarvings(30photos)
InthefirstyearofEmperorXian'sChupingoftheHanDynasty(190AD),DongZhuoburneddowntheLuoyangPalaceTemple,andthestonescripturesbegantobedamaged.Accordingtotherecordsof"SuiShu·JijiZhi":ThestonestelewasmovedfromLuoyangtoYeduduringtheGaochengperiodoftheNorthernQiDynasty,butitfellintothewaterhalfwayalongtheway,andlessthanhalfofitwastransportedtoYedu.DuringthereignofEmperorKaihuangoftheSuiDynasty,itwastransportedfromYetoChang'an.However,becausetheSuigovernmentdidn'tpaymuchattentiontoit,theSecretaryofConstructionusedstonestelesasthecornerstonesofthepillars.BythetimeofTangZhenguan,whenWeiZhengwenttosavetheseculturaltreasures,therewasnooneinten.Inthefuture,onlyrubbingsandscatteredfragmentsofrubblewereleft.Onlyafewpreciousrubbingsofrubblecanbeseeninthemuseum.ThehugeandmajesticXipingStoneScripturesarethecrystallizationofhistoricalfactorssuchastherespectforConfucianism,thedevelopmentofancientliteratureandclassics,andtheprevalenceofinscriptionsintheEasternHanDynasty.AstheearliestConfucianclassicstoneinscriptioninChinesehistory,itplayedanimportantroleinproofreadingversionsandstandardizingtext;italsoopenedthepreludetolarge-scalestoneinscriptionsbasedonmanyclassicdocumentsinhistory.,"SantiShijing","TangKaichengShijing","ShuShijing"andsoonappearedoneafteranother;notonlythat,itsexquisitefontsandrigorousstructurearealsoimportantmaterialsforstudyingthehistoryofcalligraphyintheHanDynasty.TheearlieststonecarvingcomicinChina-"SacredRemainsPicture"
TheauthorisZhangCao,abigstonecarverintheMingDynasty.HepainstakinglystudiedtheartofstonecarvingandwasuniqueinthathecarvedthelifestoriesofConfuciuson120stones."SacredRelicsMap"hasarigorousnarrativeandastrongcuttingstoneblade,whichcanbecalledatreasureofart.
TheearliestEasternHanDynastyMoyaRockCarvings
The"HejungeRoadStele"oftheEasternHanDynastyover1900,thestonesteleisintact.The52officialscriptcharactersinthesteleareclear,withroundedsquares.Vigorousandsimple.ThisistheearlieststonecarvingofthecliffdiscoveredinChina,anditsrecordisverylikelytochangepeople'sunderstandingofthe"SouthernSilkRoad"route.
"HeJungeRoadStele"isprotectedbyarockcavitywithconvexandconcave,whichisprotectedfromwindandrain.Ithasbeenwellpreservedtothisday.The"HeJunPavilionRoadStele"issquarewithasidelengthofabout0.8meters.TheinscriptionrecordsthedeedsofHeJun,theprefectofShuCounty,whomadetheconstructionofanancientplankroadhereinthesecondyearofJianwuZhongyuanintheEasternHanDynasty(57AD).The52officialscriptcharactersintheinscriptionarelegible,withroundedsquares,vigorousandsimple.
"HejungeRoadStele"isnotonlyapreciousdocumentforstudyingtheconstructionofancientplankroads,butalsoanextremelyimportantphysicalresearchmaterialinthestudyofthedevelopmentandevolutionofChinesecharacters.Moreover,thediscoveryofthiscliffstonecarvingisverylikelytochangepeople'sunderstandingoftherouteofthe"SouthernSilkRoad",whichisofgreatsignificancetothestudyoftraffichistoryintheSouthwest.Theearliestopen-aircliff-carvedgiantBuddha
LocatedinKaihuaTempleofMengshaninTaiyuan,itistheearliestopen-aircliff-carvedgiantBuddhainChina.IthasalonghistoryandranksfirstamongChineseBuddhiststatues.
ThemainpeakoftheMengshanGiantBuddhais1,325metersabovesealevel.ItisaBuddhistandsummerresortinJinyang.In551AD,afterEmperorWenxuanoftheNorthernQiDynastyGaoyangchiseledthetemple,DayanbecameabigBuddha.TheMengshanGiantBuddhaisengravedonthemountainandsitsinaswayingposition,withbothhandsapplyingmeditationseals.TheBuddhahasathickbodyandfatshoulders.Accordingtohistory,theheightoftheBuddhais"twohundredfeet"(approximately63meters)slightlylowerthantheLeshanGiantBuddhainSichuan,but162yearsearlierthantheLeshanGiantBuddha.
Thehighestpeakofstonecarvingart
TheWorldHeritageCommitteeevaluation:ThegrottoesandBuddhistnichesintheLongmenareashowthelargestscaleandharmonyfromthelateNorthernWeiDynastytotheTangDynasty(AD493-907)inChina.Themostoutstandingplasticart.ThesedetailedartworksdescribingreligiousthemesinBuddhismrepresentthehighestpeakofChinesestonecarvingart.
LongmenGrottoesaregrandinscaleandmajestic.Thesculpturesinthecavesareexquisiteandrichincontentandthemes.Theyareknownasoneoftheworld'sgreatestclassicalarttreasures.Withitsownsystemanduniquesculptureartlanguage,itrevealsthevariouslawsandrulesofsculptureartcreation.ThecaveartbeforeitretainsmoreoftheelementsofGandharaandMotuluart,whiletheLongmenGrottoesinheritstheIndiangrottoartfarandnear,followingthestyleoftheYungangGrottoes,andisinlinewiththeadvancedandprofoundHannationalityinLuoyangduringtheWeiandJinDynastiesandtheSouthernDynasties.Excavatedbythefusionofhistoryandculture.Therefore,thesculptureartofLongmenGrottoesincorporatesthecomprehensionandstrongpursuitoftheaestheticconsciousnessandformofthenationfromthebeginning,makingthecaveartpresentatrendofsinicizationandsecularization,whichcanbecalleda"milestone"showingthetransformationofChinesegrottoart.
Otherstonecarvings
Wu'stombstonecarvings
TheWu'stombgroupstonecarvingsarelocatedinWudishanVillage,ZhifangTown,15kilometerssouthofJiaxiangCounty.ItistheendoftheEasternHanDynasty.Infrontofthefamilycemetery,thereareapairofstonecarvings,onepairofstoneques,onepairofstonelions,twoHanstelesand44piecesofHanportraitstonesatWu'sTemple.Itisanationalfirst-levelkeyculturalrelicsprotectionunitandatreasureintheworldculturalheritage.
DazuRockCarvings
DazuRockCarvingsarereligiouscliffcarvingsfromthelateTangandearlySongDynasties.TheyaremainlybasedonBuddhistthemes,especiallytheBeishanCliffStatuesandBaodingMountainCliffStatuesarethemostfamous.ItisafamousancientstonecarvingartinChina.TheBeishanCliffStatueislocatedinBeishan,1.5kilometersnorthofDazuCounty,Chongqing.TheBeishanCliffStatueismorethan300meterslongandisanimportantpartoftheDazuRockCarvings,akeyculturalrelicprotectionunitinthecountryandaworldculturalheritage.ThestatuewasoriginallyexcavatedinthefirstyearofJingfuinthelateTangDynasty(AD892),andcompletedaftertheLaterLiang,LaterTang,LaterJin,LaterHan,LaterFiveDynastiestoSouthernSongDynasty1162,whichlastedmorethan250years.Therearemorethan4,600sculpturesinexistence.Amongthem,thereare264nichesinthecave.Thereare1inscribedpictureand8sutras.TheyareoutstandingrepresentativesofthelateChinesegrottoart.
Accordingtothe“DraftsofXuyiCounty”byGuangxuoftheQingDynasty,thefirstmountainstoneinscriptionsinclude:Therearealllines,withcertainhistoricalandartisticvalue.
Thereare88piecesoforiginalpostscript,25piecesofrecords,56piecesofpoems,169piecesintotal.Thereare74cliffinscriptions(45intheSongDynasty),39inscriptions,113intotal.TherearethreefamousstoneinscriptionsinXiuyan,RuiyanandXichengTempleonthemountainside.Theyareallrockinscriptionsandsteleinscriptions,mostlyinscribedbyfamousmastersinSong,Yuan,MingandQingdynasties.Poemsarebothabundantandfulloffonts.
AnyueRockCarvingsThemixedgrottoesofChineseBuddhismandTaoismarelocatedinAnyueCounty,SichuanProvince.Theyaredistributedin4districtsand32townshipsinthewholecounty.Thereare45well-preservedcaves,mainlyincludingtheRecliningBuddhaTemple,Thereare105cliffstatuesandabout100,000statuesinQianfozhai,YuanjueCave,PiluCave,HuayanCave,MingshanTemple,XuanmiaoTemple,etc.Accordingtotheexistinginscriptions,theheydayofstatueswasmainlyfromtheprosperousTangtotheendoftheNorthernSongDynastyfornearly400years.ThecontentofthestonecarvingsaremainlyBuddhiststatues,withasmallnumberofTaoiststatues,aswellasdescriptionsofsocialreallife.
LingyunStoneCarvingsisoneofthemostculturallandscapeswiththecharacteristicsofthestonemountainareaandthecharacteristicsofthestategovernment.AccordingtothesurveyandstatisticsoftheCountyCulturalRelicsAdministration,theexistingstoneinscriptionsinLingyunaredividedinto10partsandmorethan130types.Theonewiththemostwordshasmorethan2,400words,thelargestoneis2squaremeters,andtheearlieststoneinscriptionisthefourthyearofJingtaiintheMingDynasty.(1453AD),ithasbeen542years.
Thestoneinscriptionsincludecontracts,poems,inscriptions,inscriptions,inscriptions,epitaphsandtravelessays,etc.Theyaremainlydistributedaroundthecounty,includingFenzhou,Wuzhishan,Shuiyuandong,YuntaiMountain,CuipingMountain,DuxiuPeak,andShoutaoMountain.StonecarvingsareatmostShuiyuandongcliffcarvings,withmorethan50piecesintotal.Mostofthemareinscribedbylocalofficialsandsocialcelebrities.Thecontentincludestitles,couplets,poems,jointpoems,prose,steles,etc.,whichrecordtheessenceofliteratureatthetime;itscalligraphyhasregularscript,Runningscript,officialscript,Weiscript,sealscript,allavailable,withdifferentstyles,vigorousandpowerfulpen,exquisitecalligraphy,withhighliteraryandartisticvalue,itisthecounty'sculturalrelicsprotectionunit.
TheElephantTrunkHillRockCarvings
TheElephantTrunkHillRockCarvingsisakeyculturalrelicprotectionunitinGuilin.Thereare64stonecarvingsinexistence,including23fromtheSongDynasty,1fromtheYuanDynasty,12fromtheMingDynasty,14fromtheQingDynasty,2fromtheRepublicofChina,and12withnodateandsurname.Thereareinscribedpoems,lyrics,inscriptions,inscriptions,biographies,campchronicles,postscriptsofcelebrityworks,etc.
ThetwohugecliffsontherockwallofShuiyueCaveare"ChaoyangPavilion"and"ChaoyangPavilionPoem"byZhangXiaoxianginthesecondyearofSongGandao(1166).Themainideaof"Ji"isthatZhangXiaoxiangandhisfriendsZhangWeiandZhuYuanshuncametovisit.ZhangWeilovedthemountainsandrivershereandstayedforever.ThemonkrealizedthatYuanunderstoodhisintentionsandbuiltapavilioninfrontoftherock.Afterthepavilionwascompleted,hecametovisitagain.ZhangWeiaskedZhangXiaoxiangtonamethepavilion.ZhangXiaoxiangrememberedthattheyhadbuiltthepavilionwhentheywereworkingtogetherinJiankang(nowNanjing).Minginthecelestialdynasty".Sothenewpavilionwasstillnamedwiththeword"Chaoyang",andShuiyueCavewasalsorenamedChaoyangCave.