Basicmeaning
TheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensitymentionedbyMarxreferstothelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthemiddlelevelortheaveragelevelofthedepartment,whicharethesubjectiveconditionsoflabor.Thecommodityvaluedeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesocietyisthesocialvalueofthecommodity.
Regardingsociallynecessarylabortime,Marxwrotein"DasKapital":"Thelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamehumanlaborandtheconsumptionofthesamehumanlabor.Itisreflectedinthetotalvalueofthecommodityworld.Theentirelaborforceofthesocietyisregardedasthesamelaborforceofahumanbeinghere,althoughitiscomposedofcountlessindividuallaborforces.Eachsuchindividuallaborforce,liketheotherlaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce,aslongasithasThenatureofthesocialaveragelaborforceplaystheroleofthissocialaveragelaborforce,sothatonlytheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsocialnecessarylabortimeisusedintheproductionofgoods."
Inthispassage,MarxputsthesocialAlllaborisabstractedasthesamelaborofhumanbeings.Itismadeupofcountlessindividuallabors.Everysinglelaborforce,aslongasithasthenatureofsocialaveragelaborforceandplaystheroleofsocialaveragelaborforce,isthesamehumanlaborforce.
Thesamehumanlaboronlyusestheaveragenecessarylabortimeorsociallynecessarylabortimeincommodityproduction.Thisisthemostimportantpassageforustounderstandtheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Onlybymakingacorrectunderstandingofthissentencecanwesolvethesociallynecessarylabortime.
Weunderstandthatthispassagehasseveralmeanings:
(1)Sociallynecessarylabortimeistheaveragesociallynecessarylabortime.
Theso-calledaveragenecessaryworkingtimeshouldbetheaveraging,socialization,andhomogenizationofthelabortimenewlypaidinthecurrentperiodandthelabortimetransferredinthepreviousperiodtobecomethesamelabortimeinthecurrentperiod.
(2)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthetimetransformedbytheaveragelaborforceinsociety.
Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbetheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlypaidlaborforceinthecurrentperiodandthelaborforcetransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborforceinthecurrentperiod.Theaveragelaborforceinsocietyshouldbeaccuratelycalledthe"averagenecessarylaborforce".
(3)Sociallynecessarylaborcontainstwocontradictoryfactors:sociallaborandnecessarylabor.
Sociallynecessarylaboristheequalization,socialization,andhomogeneityofthenewlycreatedlaborinthecurrentperiodandthesociallabortransferredinthepreviousperiod,andbecomethesamelaborinthecurrentperiod.
(4)Sociallynecessarylabortimeisusedincommodityproduction,notinproductproduction.Thatistosay,sociallynecessarylabortimeonlyappliestocommodities,nottoproducts.
Forcommodityproducers,itsmeaningis:
①Determinewhetherthelaborconsumptionofcommodityproducerscanbefullycompensated;
②Determinetheprofitabilityofcommodityproducers;
③Determinethepositionandfateofcommodityproductioninmarketcompetition.
Forsocialandeconomicdevelopment:
Promotecommodityproducers,improvetechnology,improvemanagement,andincreaselaborproductivity,therebypromotingsociallaborproductivityImproveandpromotethedevelopmentofsocialproductivityandsocialeconomy.
Connotationdecomposition
Decompositionofsociallynecessarylabortime
Wedecomposesociallynecessarylabortimeintotwoparts:"socialtime"and"necessarylabor".
Socialtime
Socialtimeisthe"timepoint",whichistheunityoftimeandspace.Itisarelativelystaticstateintheprocessofspace-timemovement.Therangeoftimepointscanbelargeorsmall,aslargeastheentirehumansociety,assmallasanenterprise,orevenacommodity.Thetimingisconstantlychanging.Notwotimingsarethesame.
Howtoindicatethetimepoint?Thisisthecruxoftheproblem.Afterourresearch,webelievethatalthoughnotwotimepointsarethesame,anyonetimepointcanberelativelyquantified.Therelativeamountoftimepointis"1".Anytimepointcanberepresentedbythenaturalnumber"1"."1"meanstherelativestaticformatanypointintime.
Asocietycanberepresentedby"1",anindustrycanberepresentedby"1",anenterprisecanalsoberepresentedby"1",andaproductcanberepresentedby"1".Theentireinternationalcommunitycanalsoberepresentedby"1".Itshouldbeparticularlyemphasizedthattheso-calledsociety,industry,orenterprise,etc.,arenotflat,theyareallconnectedwithtime,andtheyaretogetherwithtime.
Soanysociety,industryorenterprise,theirexistenceistheunityoftimeandspace,soitcanberepresentedby"1".Inotherwords,althoughsocialtimeisanabstractthing,itcanbespecifically"1".Compatibilityreferstothedirectandsimplefourarithmeticoperationsbetweendifferentcommodityvalues.Onlythingsofthesamequalitycanbenegotiated,whichrequiresthattheprovisionsofthevaluequalitymustbe"same".
Laborandnecessarylabor
(1)Labor
AccordingtoMarx’sprincipleoflaborduality,therearespecificlaborandabstractlabor.Say.Hunting,farming,weaving,ironsmelting,calculation,painting,etc.areallconcretelabor.Theabstractlaborisaspecialformofsociallabor,apartfromconcretelabor,humanlaboringeneral.Differentscopesofspecificlaborcanhavedifferentlaborgeneralizations,suchasproductionlabor,commoditylabor,andsoon.Thelaborofeachenterpriseisspecificlaborrelativetotheindustry;eachindustryisalsospecificlaborrelativetotheentiresociety.Thespecificlaborofanenterprisecanbesummarizedascorporatelabor,thespecificlaborofvariousindustriescanbesummarizedasindustriallabor,andalllaborinthewholesocietycanbesummarizedassociallabor.
(2)Necessarylabor
Necessarylaboristhelaborthatsocietyneedstoproduceacertainkindofcommodity.Thelaborinthislaborconceptusuallyreferstosociallabor.Butintermsofquantity,itisequivalenttotheconcretelaborofproducingthiskindofcommodity.Therefore,necessarylaborcanalsobeexpressedasthespecificamountoflaboranindividualspendstoproduceacertaincommodity.
Forlabor,itissociallaborthatmaintainslaborproductionandreproduction.
Weseethatthegreaterthenecessarylabortimeinsociety,thegreatertheamountofvalueandthesmallerthenecessarylabor.
Sociallabortime
Theproportionalrelationshipbetweensocialtimeandnecessarylaboristhesocialnecessarylabortime.Itisnotdifficulttosynthesizesuchaconcept.Whatisimportantishowtoexpresstheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortime.Wehavefoundthroughresearchthattheconceptofsociallynecessarylabortimecontainstwoopposingfactors,oneisthetimefactorandtheotheristhelaborfactor.
Thesetwofactorsarenotthesame,butopposingeachother.Therefore,theirrelationshipshouldbeexpressedinanoppositeway,thatis,socialtime/necessarylabor.Amongthem,socialtimecanberepresentedby"1",so"socialnecessarylabortime"is"1/necessarylabor."
Thisistheanswertothe"Goldbachconjecture"of"socialnecessarylabortime".
Valueandprice
Valuereferstotheexchangevalue,thatis,theamountofcurrencyexchangedperunitofcommodityvolume,andpriceistheexpressionofvalue.Thedimensionofvalueandpriceismonetaryunit/quantityunitofcommodity.
Howisvaluerelatedtosociallynecessarylabortime?Hereweneedtointroduceaconcept:howmuchisthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime-thetotalvalueofacertaincommodityinacertainsocietyinacertainperiod/thetotallabortimeofacertaincommodityproduction.Differentcommoditieshavedifferentcommodityvaluesperunitoflabortime.
Value=howmuchthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortime×sociallynecessarylabortime
Inacertainperiod,assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimedoesnotchange,thenthereisvalueandsociallynecessarylaborTimeisproportional.Indifferentperiods,thevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimecanbechanged.
Consideringthereciprocalrelationshipbetweenlaborproductivityandsociallynecessarylabortime,thevalueformulacanalsobeexpressedas:
Value=thevalueofthecommodityperunitlabortime/laborproductivity
Assumingthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged,thenthevalueisinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity.
Valueisdirectlyproportionaltosociallynecessarylabortimeandinverselyproportionaltolaborproductivity,providedthatthevalueofthecommodityperunitoflabortimeremainsunchanged.
Acertainperiodoftime,priceandvalueareequal.
Determinants
Determinationofsociallynecessarylabortime
Thefinalformationofcommoditiesisexchange.Inotherwords,exchangeisthefinalmechanismofcommodityformation.Theprocessofcommodityformationistheprocessofconcretelabor,thenecessarylaborprocessofcommodityformation,andtheprocessoftransformingnecessarylabortosocialnecessarylabortimeincommodityformation.
Thenecessarylabortimeinsocietyistheamountofvalue,whichisuncertainbeforethetransactioniscompleted.Whentheexchangeiscompleted,thecommodityisformedandthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthecommodityisdetermined.
Becausethecommodityexchangeinsocietyiscarriedoutallthetime,incountlesstimes,thenecessarylabortimeforeachcommodityisdifferent.Thesociallynecessarylabortimeorvalueofanycommodityisdeterminedbyalltheexchangesinthesocietyatthetimewhentheexchangeiscompleted.
AsMarxsaid:"Peoplemaketheproductsoftheirlaborrelatedtoeachotherasvalues,notbecausetheyseethemasthematerialshellofthesamekindofhumanlabor.Onthecontrary,theyareexchangingInmakingtheirvariousproductsequaltoeachotherasvalues,theyalsomaketheirvariouslaborequaltoeachotherashumanlabor.Theydidnotrealizethis,buttheydidit."
Inotherwords,theequalquantityofcommodityvalueisaccomplishedthroughexchange,butexchangemustnotberegardedasanaccidentalindividualmechanism.Thenecessarylabortimeinacommoditysocietyissocial,anditisnotdeterminedbyaccident,butbythesocialexchangesystem.
Marxsaid:"Intheaccidentalandconstantlychangingexchangerelationsofprivatelaborproducts,thesociallynecessarylabortimeforproducingtheseproductscompulsorilyblazesapathforitselfasanaturallawthatplaysaregulatoryrole,justlikeahouse.It’sthesameaswhenthelawofgravitycompulsivelyopensthewayforoneselfwhenitfallsonaperson’shead."
Inshort,everycommodityhidessociallynecessarylabortimeasaquantityofvalue.ThissociallynecessarylabortimeisexploredbyMarx.Arrived,butMarxfailedtograspitandidentifyit.ButMarxknewthatnecessarylabortimeexistsinthissociety,andhewasconvincedofthis.Inparticular,Marxpointedoutthatthenecessarylabortimeinthissocietyisnotformedbyaccidentalindividualexchanges,butbycountlessexchangesinthesociety.Itishimselfwhoisopeningtheway,nottheotherwayaround.
Thewayofmanifestation
Theghostofsociallynecessarylabortimehasbeenwanderingfor150years.
TheresearchresultisbasedonMarx'sdiscoveryoftheshadowofsociallynecessarylabortimewithoutcatchingit,hecaughtitand"exposedit."
Atthispoint,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofanycommodityisnolongermysterious.Aslongaswedeterminetheauthenticityofthecommodityprice,wecandeterminethetrueidentityofthesociallynecessarylabortime,thatis,thevalueofthevalue.Aslongaswelookbackwardsattheprice,wecanseetheamountofvalue,andwecansee"sociallynecessarylabortime".
However,itmustbeparticularlyemphasizedthatitisnotpricethatdeterminesvalue.Onthecontrary,valuemustdetermineprice.AsMarxquotedabovesaid:thesocietymustworktimetoforciblyblazeapathforitself,nottheotherwayaround.Thisisthelawofvalue.Thepriceisonlytheinvertedimageofthevaluebehindthecameralens.
RelatedDiscussions
SociallyNecessaryLaborTimeandValue
ThereisaneffectiveTheproblemoflaborandinvalidlabor.Onlyeffectivelaborcanbetransformedintosociallynecessarylabortimeandformthevalueofcommodities;andinvalidlabor,regardlessofwhetheritmeetsthesociallynecessarylabortime,cannotformvalue.Correspondingly,high-efficiencylaborcanbetransformedintomoresociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatemorevalue;whileinefficientlaborcanonlybetransformedintolesssociallynecessarylabortimeandcreatelessvalue.
Recognizingthisproblemisofpracticalsignificance.Inthepast,whendemonstratingthetheoreticalbasisofpricebasedonquality,thedifferenceinqualitywasoftensaidtobedeterminedbytherelationshipbetweensupplyanddemand,whichisamanifestationofpricedeviationfromvalue.Buthowcanthepricedeviationvalueberelativelyfixed?Ifthehighqualityoftheproductisduetomorelabor(productioncost),theactualproductionprocessshowsthatlabor(productioncost)hasnotincreased.Therefore,onlybyaffirmingthathigh-efficiencylaborcancreatemorevaluecanprovideatheoreticalbasisfordemonstratingthequalitydifference.
Fromaninternationalperspective,intheinternationalexchangeofgoodsandservices,thebasisofinternationalpricesisinternationalvalue,andtheamountofvalueisdeterminedbytheamountofnecessarylaborintheinternationalsociety,orinotherwords,bytheworld'slaborMeasuredinaverageunits.
Marxpointedout:"Differentcountrieshavedifferentmediumintensityoflabor;somecountriesarehigher,somecountriesarelower.Sotheaverageofeachcountryformsaladder,anditsunitofmeasurementisworldlabor.Theaverageunit.Therefore,themoreintensivenationallaborwillproducemorevalueatthesametimethanthelessintensivenationallabor,andthisinturnismanifestedasmorecurrency."
Inotherwords,laborandlaborvaluetheoryalsoplayaroleininternationaltradeandinternationaleconomicoperations.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,especiallyaftermycountry'saccessiontotheWTO,itisofgreatsignificancetorecognizethis.Itrequiresustoconsiderthevaluedeterminationofourcountry’scommoditiesaccordingtotheamountofnecessarylaborintheworld,reducethelabortimeofproductionunitsofcommodities,increaselaborproductivity,andcontinuouslyenhanceinternationalcompetitiveness.However,theformationofinternationalmarketvaluepresupposestheglobalizationofmarketeconomy,globalizationofexchanges,nobarriers,andunfairexchanges.Theseareconditionsforthe"balance"ofglobalproductivitydevelopmentandthenarrowingofthegapineconomicdevelopment.
Calculationexample
In1jacket=20yardlinen:
Iflinenisthegeneralequivalent,then20yardlinenItisthepriceofacoat;and"1/20yardlinen"isthesociallynecessarylabortimeofacoat,thatis,thevalueofthecoat.
In1coat=10taelsofsilver:
Ifsilveristhegeneralequivalent,then10taelsofsilveristhepriceof1coat;and"1/10taelsofsilver"isThesociallynecessarylabortimeofajacketisthevalueofthejacket.
In1jacket=50yuan:
RMByuanisthegeneralequivalent,then50yuanisthepriceof1jacket;and"1/50yuan"is1pieceThesociallynecessarylabortimeofthecoatisthevalueofthecoat.
Individuallabortimeandsociallynecessarylabortime
Twokindsofinterrelatedlabortimethatdeterminethevalueofgoods.Individuallabortimereferstothelabortimeconsumedbyindividualcommodityproducerstoproduceacertaincommodity.Sociallynecessarylabortimeisthelabortimerequiredtoproduceacertaincommodityaccordingtotheaveragelaborproficiencyandlaborintensityofthesocietyunderthenormalproductionconditionsofthesocietyatthattime.
Undertheconditionsofthecommodityeconomy,therearemanyproducersofthesamekindofcommoditiesineverydepartment.Becausetheyusedifferentmeansofproductionandthequalityoflabor,theindividuallabortimespentinproducingthesamecommodityisalsodifferent.Thevalueofacommodityisdeterminedbythelabortimespentproducingthecommodity.
Butthisisbynomeanstosaythatthelazieraperson,thelessskilledthelabor,themorevaluablethegoodsheproduces.Individuallaborhoursformtheindividualvalueofcommodities.Thelongertheindividuallabortime,thegreatertheindividualvalueofthecommodity.However,commoditiesareusedforexchange.Althoughtheindividualvaluesofthesamecommoditiesproducedbydifferentproducersaredifferent,theycanonlyhaveonevalueinexchange.
Becausethelaborthatformsthevalueentityisthesamegeneralhumanlaborandistheexpenseofthesamehumanlabor,asinglelabormusthavethenatureofsocialaveragelaborandplaytheroleofsocialaveragelabor.Therefore,itisexpressedinThevalueofthecommodityinexchangeisdeterminedbythenecessarylabortimeofthesociety.
Explanationoftheoriginal"DasKapital"
Thequantityofcommoditiesproducedbyeachproducertogetherconstitutethetotalquantityofthiskindofcommodity.Thetotalamountofacertaincommodity,likeitsindividualcommodity,containsthenecessarylabortimeofthesocietytoproduceit.Ingeneral,mostofacertaincommodityisproducedundermediumconditions,andasmallpartisproducedunderbetterandworseconditions.
Atthistime,thesociallynecessarylabortimeofthetotalamountofthiskindofcommodityisdeterminedbytheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedundermediumconditions,andthedifferencebetweentheindividuallabortimeofthecommodityproducedunderbetterandworseconditionsCancanceleachotherout.
Thisisthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningofcommodityproduction,thatis,thesociallynecessarylabortimeactuallyconsumedtoproduceasingleproductandthetotalamountofacertaincommodity.Thereisalsoasecondmeaningofsociallynecessarylabortimerelatedtocommodityproduction,thatis,thelabortimethatshouldbeinvestedtomeetthecurrentneedsofthesociety,orthetotalsociallaborshouldbeproportionaltotheamountoflaborproducedbythiskindofcommodity.
Thesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaningdeterminesthequantitativelimitoftherealizationofthecommodityvalueformedbythesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaning.Whensocialproductioniscarriedoutinproportion,theproductionvolumeofthiscommodityisconsistentwiththesocialdemand,andthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,andthetotalvalueofthecommoditycanbeAllachieved.
Onthecontrary,whenthetwoareinconsistent,thatis,whenthesociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningisinconsistentwiththesociallynecessarylabortimeinthesecondmeaning,themarketvalueofthecommoditywillnotbeequaltothemarketprice.
Whenthetotalamountofacommodityactuallyproducedexceedsthetotalsocialdemandforthatcommodity,thetotalamountofsociallynecessarylabortimeinthefirstmeaningexceedsthesociallynecessarylaborinthesecondmeaningThetotalamountoftime,partofthelabortimespentinthiskindofcommoditycannotberecognizedbythesociety,andtherefore,partofthevalueofthiskindofcommoditycannotberealized.
Thereisaunityofoppositesbetweenindividualworkinghoursandsociallynecessaryworkinghours.Theindividualworkinghoursofindividualproducersandsociallynecessaryworkinghours(regardlessofthefirstandsecondmeanings)areofteninconsistent.Thisisofgreatsignificancetocommodityproducers.
Thelevelofhisindividualworkinghoursdirectlyaffectshisincomeandhispositionincompetition.Ifhisindividualworkingtimeisequaltothesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hislaborconsumptioncanbefullycompensated;ifitislessthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,hecangetextraincome;ifitishigherthanthesociallynecessaryworkingtime,partofhislaborwillnotbecompensated.
Therefore,necessarylabortimeinsocietyforcesproducerstoimprovelaborproductivitythroughimprovedtechnologyandreduceindividuallabortimeincommodityproduction.Inasocietybasedonprivateownership,thissituationwillpromotethedevelopmentofproductivitytoacertainextent,anditwillalsocausethepolarizationofcommodityproducers.
Theoreticaldigging
Therearequestions:
First,underthenormalproductionconditionsofsociety,theproductivityofeachindustryandeachenterpriseisdifferent.MayIasksomeoneWhichenterpriseinwhichindustryshouldthisusevaluebeplacedinisconsideredanormalproductionconditioninsociety?Onlysomecompaniesincertainindustriescanrepresenttheaverageproductivitylevelofsociety.Howcantheyproduceallkindsofsocialproducts?
Second,laborintensityreferstothenumberoftimesthemusclesstretch,theamountofcalculationsofthebrain,orthepsychologicalburden.Atleastthesedimensionsmustbeunified.
Third,howisthelaborproficiency,theproficiencyoffarmingandtheproficiencyofembroideryunifiedandaveraged?
Fourth,acertainusevalue.Somepeopleusecomputerstoplaygames,somepeopleusecomputersforofficework,andsomepeopleusecomputersformining.Whatkindofusevalueisacomputer?
Thiskindofaccountabilitydoesnotunderstandthattheformationofquantitativestandardsissocial,forexample,forcapitalism:"Capitalhasatendencytoreduceittonecessarylaborwhenitdirectlyuseslivinglabor,andItisnecessarytousevarioussocialproductivityoflabortocontinuouslyreducethelabornecessarytoproduceproducts,soitisnecessarytosavethelivinglabordirectlyusedasmuchaspossible.
Similarly,italsohasatendencytouseitunderthemosteconomicalconditions.Thiskindoflaborthathasbeenreducedtothenecessarydegree,thatistosay,thevalueoftheconstantcapitalusedmustbereducedtoitslowestpossiblelimit.
IfthevalueofcommoditiesiscontainedbycommoditiesThenecessarylabortimeisdetermined,notbythelabortimegenerallycontainedinthecommodity.Then,itisthecapitalthatrealizesthisdecision,andatthesametimecontinuouslyshortensthesociallynecessarylabortimerequiredtoproducethecommodity.
Asaresult,thepriceofthecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum,becauseeverypartofthelaborrequiredtoproducethecommodityisreducedtoitsminimum."
Theso-calledproductionpricecontentiscontinuouslyenriched.,Infact,referstothemovementconnectionbetweenthephysicalformandthelifeform,thatis,thedevelopmentofcapitalmovement;thisprocessissimpler,thatis,theoccurrenceanddevelopmentofindustrialcapitalandthecontinuousgrowthofsociety.Intheinitialstage,itcanevenbeconsideredthatthesocialpriceformissimplydeterminedinaccordancewiththevalue=productionprice.
Therefore,thevaluedefinitionproposedatthebeginningof"DasKapital":value=socialvalue,isaregulationthatneedstobegrown;acleardefinitionofvaluecanonlybegivenbythehistoricalmeaningofoveralldevelopment.Inthissense,itisonly"abstract",not"concrete".Theso-called"existingsocialnormalproductionconditions"laterpointedoutthatitwasamediumleveloforganiccapitalformation.Thisintermediatelevelwasnotinitiallycausedbycompetition.
Marxexplainedthatthehistoricallawofcapitalaccumulationis:"Inthebeginningitwasonlytheexpansionoftheamountofcapital.""Iftheexpansionisonlytheexpansionoftheamount,thentheprofitsofthelargerandsmallercapitalsinthesameproductionsectorAllareproportionaltotheamountofprepaidcapital.Iftheexpansionoftheamountcausesaqualitativechange,thentheprofitrateofthelargercapitalwillincreaseatthesametime."
Theresult:"SpecialcapitalistproductionTheway...isnotjustkeepingpacewiththeincreaseinaccumulationorthegrowthofsocialwealth.Theyprogressmuchfaster...Astheaccumulationprogresses,theratiooftheconstantandvariablepartsofcapitalwillchange;hypothesisItturnedouttobe1:1,butlateritwillbecome2:1,3:1,4:1...Withtheincreaseofcapital,thepartofthetotalvalueofcapitaltransformedintolaborisnotone-half,butdiminishingtoone-third.1.One-quarter,one-fifth...theparttransformedintomeansofproductionincreasestotwo-thirds,three-quarters,four-fifths..."
Marxalsopointedout,"Theassumedsequencerepresentstheactualtrendofcapitalistproduction."
Summary:Abstractlaborisonlyhumanlaboritself,anditistheradiationofhumanlaborintheeconomicsociety.
Ifyouabandonthisrequirementandusethedefinitionmethod,nomatterifyoudirectlydescribeitas"naturallabor"(innatelyspeaking),"startinglabor"(dualunderstanding),"Physiologicallabor"(physiologicaltheory),or"capitalistproductivelabor"(scientificempiricaltheory)throughlaboratorytechnologyandtheso-calledscientificthinkingof"socialaveragelabor"(valueoperationtheory)asthelawofaverageGraspingisnothingmorethanseekingadeductivestartingpoint,bywhichthesetheoriescanfindtheirownsystembuildingfulcrumsastheywish.
Unfortunately,theso-calledunbreakable"startingpoint"or"fulcrum"isallknowledge=logicalformulacreation,nothistoricallogicandrealisticlogic,anditsfalsehoodisnotnecessarySaymore.
Let’srecallMarx’sdefinitionofsociallynecessarylabortime.Marx'sspeechalwayshasabackgroundcontextofamachineproductionsystem.Hedealswiththeplacementoflaborfactorsinthehuman-machinerelationship,thatis,whichfactorscanonlybestoredintheworkersandwhichfactorscanbestoredinthemachine.
"Averagelaborproficiency"referstoaveragecomplexlabor,"averagelaborintensity"referstoaveragesimplelabor,andthecombinationofthetwomeans"averagelabor(quality)"."Thenormalproductionconditionsintheexistingsociety"(normalconditionsinacertainsociety)includelabordisciplinefactors,leavingasidethefactorsoflaboritself(Marxtakestheaveragelaborqualityofthesocietyinordertoachievethisgoalintheanalysis)toreflectthesocietyTheindicatoroflaborproductivity.So,whatroledoestheaverageplayinthis?Theregulationsonhistoricaldevelopment,theregulationsonthesociallevel,andsoonareallinit.Thesimplequantityaveragecannotaccomplishthesefunctions.