Basicexplanation
Socialstructurereferstothecompositionandrelationshippatternofsocialmembersofacountry,tribe,tribeorregionthathavecertainresourcesandopportunities,includingpopulationsNumericalstructure,familystructure,socialorganizationstructure,urbanandruralstructure,regionalstructure,employmentordivisionoflaborstructure,incomedistributionstructure,consumptionstructure,socialclassstructureandotherimportantsubstructures,ofwhichthesocialclassstructureisthecore.
Socialstructurehasimportantcharacteristicssuchascomplexity,integrity,hierarchy,andrelativestability.Anidealmodernsocialstructureshouldhavetheimportantcharacteristicsoffairness,rationality,andopenness.
Components
Themostimportantcomponentsofsocialstructurearestatus,roles,groupsandinstitutions.
Thecontentofthesocialstructureisactuallythemainbodyofsociety—animalsandtheirsurvivalactivities—thewayinwhichsocialactivitiesandsocialrelationsexist,generallyexpressedas:
1.Populationstructure;
2,groupcombinationstructure;
3,individualactivitylocationstructure(groupclasstowhichitbelongsinsociety);
4.Spatialstructureofthelivingareaofthisspecies;
5.Lifestylestructure;
6,andthecompositionofvariousfieldssuchassocialeconomy,politics,law,culture,etc.Andmutualrelations,etc.
Academicdefinition
Generallyreferstothenaturalcombinationofthebasicelementsofsociety,suchas:socialclassstructure,economicstructure,culturalstructure,etc..
Itisgenerallybelievedthatsocialstructurereferstothestablerelationshipandformationofvariouselementsofsociety,thatis,arelativelystablenetworkformedbymutualrelationsinacertainorder.Themaincontentofsocialstructureincludesgroupstructure,organizationalstructure,Communitystructure,institutionalstructure,ideologicalstructure.
Socialstructureisformednaturallyorartificiallyaccordingtosocialneeds.Theprocessofsocialstructureoperationisalsotheprocessofsocialstructureexertingitssocialfunctions.Whentheoperationofthesocialstructureencounterscertainobstaclesorproducescertaindiseases,thepredeterminedsocialfunctionofthesocialstructureissubsequentlydestroyed,orthefunctionshrinksanddegenerates;orthefunctionisdistortedanddeformedanddeviatesfromthepredeterminedtrack;orthefunctionistransformedandtransformed.Thesearedysfunctions,andtheresultingsocialproblemsarecalleddysfunctionsocialproblems.Socialproblemssuchasbureaucracy,abuseofpowerforpersonalgain,corruptionandacceptanceofbribesbelongtothiscategoryofsocialproblems,andthesesocialproblemsarecausedbydiseasesorobstaclesinthesocialorganizationstructure.
Mainindicators
Populationstructure
Thepopulationstructureisthebasicstructureofthesocialstructure.From1978to2007,thebirthrateandnaturalpopulationgrowthrateinmycountryincreasedfrom18.25%respectively.Declineto12.10%.,From12.00%.Itdropsto5.17%.,Thepopulationmortalityrateremainsat6.5%.Thislowerlevelgoesupanddown.Onthisbasis,theagestructure,qualitystructureandspatialdistributionstructureoftheChinesepopulationhaveundergonegreatchanges.Populationsizehasagreatinfluenceonsociety.
Familystructure
Familyisthecellofsociety.mycountry'sfamilystructure,structuralmodelanditssocialintegrationfunctionhaveundergonemajorchanges:oneistheminiaturizationofthefamily;thesecondisthediversificationoffamilytypes;thethirdisthechangeinthemodeloffamilystructure.Forotheranimals,afamilyisoftenasociety,andchangesinfamilystructurehaveagreatimpactontheoperationofsociety.
Organizationstructure
Organizationstructurereferstothedistributionstructureofsocialorganizationsinsociety.Areasonableorganizationalstructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Anirrationalorganizationalstructuremayevenendangertheexistenceoftheentiresociety.Dronesormaleants,pupae,larvae,eggsandsoldierants)aredifficultorimpossibletosurvive.
Sincethereformandopeningup,theorganizationalstructureanditsintegrationfunctionhavechanged,especiallysocialorganizationshavebeguntodevelopandplayasocialintegrationfunctionoutsideofthestateandthemarket.In2008,thenumberofregisteredsocialorganizationsnationwidereachedapproximately414,000,absorbingmorethan4.758millionpeoplefromalltypesofsociety,andithasbecomeanimportantintegrationforceforbuildingaharmonioussociety.
Thestructureofdivisionoflabor
Employmentordivisionoflaboristhefoundationofsocietyandpeople’slivelihood.Generallyspeaking,divisionoflaborisusedtorefertootheranimals,andemploymentisusedtorefertohumans.Divisionoflaboristoassigndifferentresponsibilitiestodifferentmembersofthesociety,andareasonablestructureisconducivetosocialdevelopment.Forexample,thesocietyofsocialmoles.Ifthereisnointelligencerat,themolegroupwillnotbeabletoknownaturalenemiesornaturaldisasters(storms,mudslides,Thepresenceofcoldwaves,tornadoes,tropicalcyclones,etc.),iftherearetoomanyintelligencerats,itwillcausethemolepopulationtobeparticularlyconspicuousandeasytobehuntedbynaturalenemies,andtherecanonlybeoneorafewfemalebreedingrats,otherwiseitwillleadtopopulationnumbersToobig,theenvironmentisdifficulttobear.
Significantchangeshavetakenplaceintheemploymentstructure,manifestedbychangesintheallocationoflaborinindustries,industries,andpositions.By2008,thenon-agriculturalemploymentpopulationaccountedfor60.4%,thenon-agriculturalindustryemploymentpopulationexceededtheagriculturalemploymentpopulation,andthetertiaryindustryemploymentpopulationexceededthesecondaryindustryemploymentpopulation.From1978to2008,thenumberofemployeesinthesecondaryandtertiaryindustriesincreasedby11.664millionannuallyonaverage.
Incomestructure
Forhumans,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefrommoney,andforotheranimals,itreferstotheindividual'sincomefromthemeansofproductionforsurvival.Iftheincomedistributionisreasonable,societywillfunctionnormally.Ifitisunreasonable,forexample,ifthequeenbeereceiveslessfoodinthebeecolony,thequantityandqualityofeggslaidbythequeenbeewilldecrease,directlythreateningthereproductionofthepopulation.Ifthereislittlefood,thentheworkerbeeswillhavenostrengthtowork,andevenescapefromthecolonyduetoexcessivepressure,whichdirectlythreatenstheexistenceoftheentirecolony.
Theproblemofincomedistributionstructureisnotonlyrelatedtopeople'slivelihood,butalsorelatedtosocialfairnessandjustice,andmorerelatedtothelong-termstabilityofthecountry.Sincethereformandopeningup,thereformoftheincomedistributionsystemhascontinuedtodeepen,andtheincomedistributionsystemandredistributionframeworkhaveundergonefundamentalchanges.Adistributionsysteminwhichdistributionaccordingtoworkisthemainbodyandmultipledistributionmethodscoexisthasbeenformed,whichhaseffectivelypromotedeconomicandsocialdevelopment.
Consumptionstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Consumptionisanimportantsocialintegrationmechanism.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,theconsumptionstructureofChineseresidentshaschangedfromasubsistenceandsubsistencetypetoawell-offandaffluenttype.Theconsumptionstructureisincreasinglyshowingtheimportantcharacteristicsofmodernsociety'sconsumptionstructurebecomingmoreadvanced.
Urban-ruralstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Thechangesintheurban-ruralstructureinmycountryarefirstmanifestedinurbanization.In2008,theurbanizationratereached45.7%,whichisapproachingthegenerallyrecognizedlevelofurbanizationwheretheurbanpopulationaccountsfor50%ofthetotalpopulation.Second,theurban-ruraldualstructurehasbeenloosened.From1978to2008,thenationalurbanpermanentpopulationincreasedbyanaverageof14.53millionperyear.
Regionalstructure
Thisstructureisuniquetohumans.Sincethereformandopeningup,mycountry'sregionaldevelopmenthasclearlydifferentiated.Generallyspeaking,intermsofdevelopmentlevel,theeasternpartisthehighest,thecentralpartisthesecond,andthewesternpartisthelowest.Thedevelopmentgapbetweenthethreemajorregionsisobvious.Unbalancedregionaldevelopmentisthebasicnationalconditionofourcountry.Coordinatingregionaldevelopmentisanimportantaspectofadjustingsocialstructure.
Classstructure
Classstructurereferstothesocialhierarchicalstructure.Formanyanimals,primitivehumans,andancienthumans,thehierarchyisstrict,whilemodernhumanshavegraduallyloosenedthehierarchyduetodemocraticthinkingasthemainstream.Overthepast30yearsofreformandopeningup,the"twoclassesandoneclass"structurehasgraduallydisintegrated,andthesocialclassstructurehaschangedfromsimplificationtodiversification,fromclosedtoopen,andthemodernsocialclassstructurehasbasicallytakenshape.However,itmustbenotedthatthemodernizationofthesocialclassstructureinourcountryisfarfromcomplete.Theproportionofthemiddleandlowerclassesinthesocietyisstilllarge,andtheproportionofthemiddleclassisrelativelysmall.Theoverallstructureisintheshapeofan"onionhead",whichisinlinewiththe"oliveshape"thatmodernsocietyshouldhave."Thereisstillacertaindistance.
RelatedInterpretation
Marxistsociologyhasbroadandnarrowperspectivesonsocialstructure:
BroadsocialstructureReferstothebasicactivitiesofsociety,includingpolitical,economic,cultural,andthegeneralstateofinterconnectionbetweenfields.Itisastaticsummaryofthebasiccharacteristicsandessentialattributesoftheoverallsocialsystem.ItisrelativetosocialIntermsofprocess.Amongthevariousbasicactivitiesofsociety,thesocio-economicstructurehasadecisiveinfluenceandrestrictiononthesocio-politicalstructureandculturalstructure.Itistheeconomicfoundationofsocietyandhasthefunctionofintegratingothersocialfieldsintoanorganicwhole.Therestisasuperstructurebuiltonaneconomicbasis,includingpoliticalandlegalsystemsandvariousideologies.Thevariouspartsofthesuperstructurefieldarerelativelyindependentandstable,andhaveanactivereactiontothesocialeconomy,directlyorindirectlyaffectingthesocialeconomicstructure.Ofcourse,forhumans,economyaffectssociety,whileforotheranimals,divisionoflaboranddistributionofproductionandlivingmaterialsaffectsociety.
Socialstructureinanarrowsensereferstothebasicstateofinterconnectionbetweenthemajorsocialstatusgroupsproducedbysocialdifferentiation.Groupsofthistypeofstatusmainlyinclude:class,class,race,professionalgroup,religiousgroup,etc.Inaclasssociety,classstructureisthebasisforunderstandingthestatusandfunctionsofothergroups,andclassrelationsdeterminethedevelopmentdirectionoftheoverallsocietyandvarioussocialgroups.
Buildingthecore
Adjustthesocialstructure:Severalimportantindicatorsintheactualdevelopmenthaveshownthatthecurrenteconomicstructureofourcountryhasenteredthemid-stageofindustrialization.SomeindicatorsIthasevenenteredthelatestageofindustrialization.However,thesocialstructurehasnotrealizedtheoveralltransformationalongwiththetransformationoftheeconomicstructure,andmostofthesocialstructureindicatorsarestillintheinitialstageofindustrialization.Forexample,theurbanizationratethatreflectschangesintheurban-ruralstructureshouldreachmorethan60%inthemid-stageofindustrialization.By2008,theurbanizationrateinmycountrywas45.7%,whichwasanincreaseofnearly28%comparedwith1978,butitwasstillstuckintheearlystagesofindustrialization.stage.Otherimportantindicators,suchasemploymentstructure,consumptionstructure,andthesizeofthemiddleclass,alsoindicatethatchangesinsocialstructureareintheearlystagesofindustrialization.
Integratingtheseimportantindicatorsofsocialstructure,andtakingintoaccountmycountry’seconomicdevelopmenttrendandotherfactors,thecurrentsocialstructureofourcountrylagsbehindtheeconomicstructureforabout15years.Inaddition,therearealsodeviationsamongvarioussubstructureswithinthesocialstructure.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedoutinatimelymannerandtheintensityofsocialconstructionisnotincreased,then,accordingtothedevelopmentofthepattern,theevolutionofmycountry'ssocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
Theeconomicstructureinthemid-stageofindustrializationisincompatiblewiththesocialstructureintheearlystageofindustrialization,andtherearevariousdeviationsandincoordinationswithinthesocialstructure,whichhavecausedstructuraltensionsinthesocietyandsocialconflicts.Andthemainsourceoftheproblem.
Openingup
Pathselection:WiththeestablishmentofChina'ssocialistmarketeconomysystemandthecontinuousdeepeningofreformandopeningup,profoundchangeshavetakenplaceinthesocialstructure,Themobilityofpersonnelhasincreased,andtheinterdependencebetweenindividualsandsocialorganizationshasbeengreatlyweakened;atthesametime,thereisaproblemofincoordinationbetweentheconstructionofsocialundertakingsandeconomicdevelopment,andtheexistingsocialmanagementsystemisobviouslylaggingbehindthestatusquoofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Socialinterestsubjectsarebecomingmoreandmorediversified,anddifferentinterestneedswillinevitablyleadtodifferencesinrightsawareness,leadingtoalargenumberofcontradictionsbetweendifferentsocialinterestgroups.Therefore,ithasbecomeamajorstrategictaskforChinatoimprovetheoptimalallocationofsocialstructureandpromotethemutualadaptationofsocialstructureandeconomicstructure.
Thesocialstructureisbehindtheeconomicstructureforabout15years
The"ContemporaryChineseSocialStructure"reportreleasedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciencesinJanuary2010showsthatmycountry’seconomicstructureIthasreachedthemid-termlevelofindustrialization,butduetoinsufficientinvestmentinsocialconstruction,theadjustmentofsocialstructureislaggingbehind,anditisstillintheearlystageofindustrialization.ThisisthebiggeststructuralcontradictioninChinaatpresent,anditisalsoanimportantcauseofmanysocialcontradictions.Thereportclearlystated:China'ssocialstructurelagsbehinditseconomicstructureforabout15years.Ifthecorrespondingsocialsystemreformisnotcarriedout,thesocialconstructionisnotincreased,andthedevelopmentofthepatternisfollowed,theevolutionofthesocialstructurewillnotenterthemid-stageofindustrializationuntilaround2025.
"Themainreasonwhythesocialstructureisseriouslylaggingbehindtheeconomicstructureisthatwedidnotdoagoodjobinsocialsystemreformandsocialconstructioninatimelymanner."LuXueyi,awell-knownsociologist,believesthatmycountryissolvingtheshortageoftheeconomy.Aftertheproblem,weenteredanewstageofreformanddevelopment.However,duetoourlackofexperienceandlackoftheoreticalpreparation,wedidnotimplementnecessaryreformsintimeforthehouseholdregistration,employment,personnel,andsocialsecuritysystemsformedduringtheplannedeconomyperiodtoimprovepeople’slivelihood.Thekeysocialconstructioninvestmentisseriouslyinsufficient.Althoughtheinvestmenthasincreased,socialundertakingsarestillweakduetotoomanydebts,andproblemssuchasdifficultyingoingtoschool,medicaltreatment,housing,andelderlycarearestilloutstanding.
Fromtheperspectiveofthevastcentralandwesternregions,especiallythewesternregions,theproblemofsocialconstructionandlaggingsocialstructureismoreprominent.Inthe10yearssincetheimplementationoftheWesternDevelopmentStrategy,theeconomyofthewesternregionhasrisenrapidly.Between1998and2008,itsGDPgrewatanaverageannualrateof11.42%,nearlytwopercentagepointshigherthanthenationallevel.However,comparedwiththerapideconomicgrowth,thelaginthesocialstructureisquiteobvious.
TakeChongqing,theonlymunicipalitydirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentinthewest,asanexample.Inthepast12years,ithasachievedgreatconstructionachievements.However,fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,Chongqingintegrateslargecities,largeruralareas,largereservoirareas,largemountainousareasandethnicregions.,Thecontradictionbetweentheurbanandruraldualstructureisstillveryprominent,anditisnoteasytorealizethestrategicrequirementof"takingtheleadinrealizinganall-roundwell-offsocietyinthewest".Fromtheperspectiveoftheurban-ruralgap,theratioofthedisposableincomeofurbanresidentstothepercapitanetincomeoffarmersis3.8:1,whichishigherthanthenationallevelof3.3:1.Calculatedbytheregisteredpopulation,ofChongqing’s32millionpopulation,theruralpopulationisstillashighas23million.TheEngelcoefficientofruralresidentsisashighas54.5%,whiletheEngelcoefficientofsocialstructurereachingthemid-stageofindustrializationisgenerallybelow30%.
LuXueyibelievesthattheeightmajorcontradictionsinthenewcenturyandthenewstagepointedoutinthereportofthe17thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChinaarethespecificmanifestationsoftheincoordinationbetweentheeconomicstructureandthesocialstructure.problem".Ifitisnotproperlyresolvedforalongperiodoftime,therewillbeasituationinwhichsomesociologistshavesaidthatthepatternof"socialinterestisstereotyped"and"thesocialstructureisfractured"willbeunabletoenterthemodernizationhurdle.
Isthesocialstructure"pyramid"or"invertedT-shaped"
Thedevelopmentexperienceofvariouscountriesshowsthatmiddle-incomepeopleThemajorityofthesociety,thatis,the"olive"or"spindle"societywithsmallendsandalargemiddle,isarelativelystablesocietyandanidealmodernsocialstructure.Theoppositeisthetraditional"pyramid-shaped"structure,thatis,asmallnumberofpeopleliveintheupperstrataofsociety,withatransitionalshapeinthemiddle,andalargesocialstructureatthelowerstrata.Manyscholarsbelievethatmycountryisinatransitionalperiodfrom"pyramidshape"to"oliveshape".
ButLiQiang,aprofessoratTsinghuaUniversity,usedthe"InternationalStandardOccupationalSocio-EconomicStatusIndex"tosampleandanalyzethedataofChina’sfifthcensusin2000.Theresultsaresurprising,butthesocialstructureitreflectsItisan"invertedT-shaped",thatis,about64.7%ofpeopleareinapositionwithaverylowscore,andothergroupsarelikeacolumn,withveryclearboundariesbetweengroups,similarinshapetotheinvertedChinesecharacters""Ding".
Inthecentralandwesternregions,thesocialcharacteristicsof"imbalancebetweentheupperandlowerclassesandtheimbalancebetweentherichandthepoor"aremoreprominent.Attheendof2009,theChongqingAcademyofSocialSciencesreleasedasurveyonthesocialstructureofChongqing,whichdividedthesocialclassesbasedontheoccupationofeconomic,organizational,andsocialculturalresources,anddividedtheminto11socialclasses.Theorderfromhighesttolowestis:1.Headsofstateagencies,partyorganizations,publicinstitutions,2.Headsofenterprisesabovedesignatedsize,3.Privateentrepreneurs,4.Generalpublicservants,5.Professionalandtechnicalpersonnel,6.WorkPersonnelandrelatedpersonnel,7.Individualindustrialandcommercialhouseholds,8.Commercialservicepersonnel,9.Industrialworkers,10.Agriculturalworkers,11.Unemployedpersonnel.Atthesametime,itisdividedinto5levels.Thefirst3constitutetheupperlayer,4and5aretheuppermiddlelayer,6and7arethemiddlelayer,8belongtothemiddleandlowerlayer,and9,10,and11constitutethelowerlayer.Theresultsofthesurveyshowedaclear"invertedT-shape",oneofwhichconstitutesahugeruralsocialclass,whileoneverticalmainlyrepresentsasmall-scaleurbansocialclass.
Comparedwiththe"pyramidshape",the"invertedT-shaped"socialstructureisduetothelargernumberoflower-levelgroups,andthereisakindofbipolar(orright-angled)relationshipbetweenthelowerlevelandothergroups.)Connectionmethod,whichleadstoastateof"structuraltension"betweensocialgroupsandeventheentiresociety,socialconflictsaremorelikelytointensify,andsocialproblemsandsocialcrisesaremorelikelytooccur.
Fromtheperspectiveoflarge-scalemassincidentsthathaveoccurredacrossthecountry,thenumberandscaleofmassincidentsinthewesternregion,aswellastheintensityanddestructivepoweroftheconflict,aresignificantlyhigherthanthoseinthedevelopedeasternregions.Theeasternpartadoptsmoremodestwaysofexpressingappealssuchas"walking"and"petition",whiletheformofconflictinthewesternregionisobviouslymoreintense,showingthecharacteristicsofrapidescalationofconflict,fierceconfrontation,strongsocialdestructiveness,anddifficultyinhandling.,Anaccidentmaycauseawiderangeofirrationalemotionstovent.Fromtheperspectiveoftheparticipants,mostofthepeopleattheforefrontarethosefromthebottomofsociety.
Isthemiddleclass"middle-class"or"disappeared"
"Areyoumiddle-class?"IfyouaskthepeoplearoundyouthisquestionYouwillfindthatmostpeopledonotagreethattheyare"middleclass",butmostpeoplewillagreethatthenumberof"middleclass"inChinaisincreasing.In2005,acertaindepartmentproposedmycountry'smiddle-classstandard:annualincomeof60,000to500,000yuan.However,thisstandardhasbeenwidelyquestioned,andmanypeoplewithfamilyincomesinthisrangecallthemselves"middle-class."Amongthepeopleinthisincomerange,thosewhohavenohouseorcarfeelthattheyare"middleclass"iftheyhavenohouseorcar?Peoplewhohaveahouseandacarfeelthat"lifepressure,mentalanxiety,whatkindofmiddleclass"?
Fromtheexperienceofdevelopedcountries,themiddleclassisnotasimpleconceptofproperty,butmoreofamainstreamvalue,lifephilosophy,andpoliticalattitude.Regardlessofthedifferencesintheclassificationcriteria,themiddleclassisthemostimportantpartofthemodernsocialstructure.Itisthenatural"voltageregulator"ofthesociety,butitisthegeneralconsensusofthesociety.
Accompaniedbytheacceleratedgrowthofthedomesticmiddleclass,akindof"downward"pullisgettingstrongerandstronger.The"threenewmountains"ofhousing,education,andmedicalcarehaveoverwhelmedthedevelopingmiddleclass,notonlylackingroomforgrowth,butalsothepossibilityof"disappearing."
Fromamaterialpointofview,"ahouseeliminatesamiddleclass"isnotajoke.ThereasonwhytheTVseries"SnailHouse"hasarousedstrongsocialresonanceisnothingmorethantoshowthementaloppressionanddistortionofhumannatureofthehighhousingpricesonthecommonpeople,especiallythemiddleclassandthe"quasi-middleclass".
Mentallyspeaking,duetoinsufficientsocialsecurityandhighworkpressure,China’smiddleclassisgenerallyanxious,hasnotimetoenjoylife,andhasarelativelylowsenseofhappiness.Thisisalsothereasonwhymanypeoplemeetthe"middleclass"criteriaintermsofmaterial,butdonotidentifythemselvesas"middleclass"intheirideology.
Aharmonioussocietyshouldopentothe"upper"flowchannel
Duringtheperiodofsocialtransformation,there-divisionofsocialstrataisaninevitabletrend,andeverysocietyexistsAlow-statussocialgroup,butthekeytotheproblemisnotwhetherthereisabottomgroupinourcountry,butthatthepeopleatthebottomofthesocietyarebecomingmoreandmorestereotyped,lackingchannelsandopportunitiestochangetheirowndestiny,andunabletoachieveafair,reasonable,andopenFlow"up".
Insomecitieswherethesubsistenceallowanceisconcentrated,itisfoundthatalthoughthenumberofpeopleenjoyingthesubsistenceallowanceisadynamic,thecompositionofthesubsistenceallowancehasbecomemorestableandhasbecomearelatively"solidified"group.Inadditiontothesubsistenceallowancerecipientswhohavelosttheirlaborforce,suchaswidowsandwidows,thedisabled,andchronicpatients,unemployedandunemployedpersonswithlaborandtheirfamilymembersconstitutethemainbodyofthesubsistenceallowancehouseholds,accountingforabout40%to50%ofthetotal.InsomeoldindustriesIncities,thisratioisevenhigher.
Comparedwithlow-incomehouseholds,migrantworkershavealwaysbeenatthebottomofthecity.Theylacksecurityandarewillingtodoanydirty,tiring,hard,anddangerouswork.Duetotheexistenceofinstitutionalbarrierssuchashouseholdregistration,employment,andsocialsecurity,theyhavefewerchannelsandgreaterdifficultyinbecoming"urbanpeople".Forexample,therearemorethan2millionmigrantworkersactiveinthemainurbanareaofChongqing,butmostofthemhavebeenengagedinconstruction,transportation,cateringservicesandotherindustries.Amongthem,thereare200,000"Bangbang"(porters)whomakealivingentirelybysellinglabor.Above,somemigrantworkershavebeenlivinginurbanareasfor10years,andtheyarestillworkingas“sticks”,shiningshoes,andsettingupstreetstalls...
Withthecontinuousimprovementofthesocialsecuritysystem,thelower-levelurbanpopulationThe"problemoffoodandclothing"hasbasicallybeenresolved,andthe"problemofdevelopment"hasgraduallybecomeprominent.Formostofthem,theirsocialandeconomicstatushasbeenfixedandwillnotchangemuch.Therefore,theyhopethattheirchildrenwillhaveahighercareerdevelopmentplatformtochangethedestinyofthefamily.Buttherealityisfarfromtheirexpectations.Notonlyisitmoredifficultforthelowerurbangroupstochangetheirdestinybytheirownefforts,butalsofortheirchildrentoenterahigherlevelthroughnormalchannelssuchaseducationandemployment,suchascivilservants,managers,andprofessionalandtechnicalpersonnel.,Familyincome,familysocialrelationsandotherfactorshavesignificantlyincreasedtheimpactofpersonaldevelopment.
ThePersonnelBureauofacertainwesterncityconductedasurveyofcivilservantsandfoundthatamongthecivilservants,theproportionofcivilservantswhoseparentsare"migrantworkers"isthesmallest,accountingforonly2.8%,andtheirparentsare"Ordinaryemployees"accountedfor26%,andthepercentageofparentswhowere"civilservants"wasthehighest,reaching33.3%.Atthesametime,asmanyas28%wantedtheirchildrento"becomecivilservants",andonly1.5%wantedtheirchildrentobe"ordinaryemployees".Thenumberofchildrenwho"becomemigrantworkersinthecity"iszero.
Thedeterioratingfairnessofcurrenteducationisanimportantfactorcausingtheenhancementofthe"intergenerationalinheritanceeffect".Inthepast,poorchildrencouldalsochangetheirownandfamily’seconomicstatusandtheiroriginalsocialstatusthroughstudying,goingtocollege,andgettingjobs.However,the“highconsumption”ofeducationhascreatedgreatobstaclestoreasonablesocialmobility.
Normalsocialmobilityisasourceofvitalityandvitalityinsociety,andaninevitablerequirementforbuildingaharmonioussociety.Especiallyinthecriticalperiodofbuildingaharmonioussociety,mycountryshouldfurtherimprovethesocialbenefitcoordinationmechanism,notonlytoprotecttherightsoftheunemployed,low-incomepeople,migrantworkersandotherlow-levelpeople,butalsotoprovidethemwithfairdevelopmentopportunities.Meettheirdevelopmentdemandsfor"upward"mobility,andestablishafair,reasonable,andopenmodernsocialmobilitymechanism.
Fromatraditionalcontrolledsocietytoamodernopensociety
ThereisnodoubtthatincreasinglyopenandpluralisticisadevelopmenttrendofChinesesociety,butitshouldalsoItcanbeseenthatthesystemandmechanismobstaclesandbarriersthatrestrictthenormalflowofsocietyandaffecttheoptimizationofsocialstructurestillexist,andthephenomenonofsocialdifferentiationandclassfracturethatappearsfromthishasbecomeaproblemthatmustbepaidattentionto.Atpresent,toacceleratethemodernizationofsocialstructure,weshouldbreakthemonopolyofvestedinterestgroups,taketheconstitutionasthefoundation,restrainpublicpower,andprotecttherightsofcitizens,andmovefroma“controlling”societytoan“open”society.
Fromtheperspectiveofsocialstructure,theChinesesocietybeforethereformandopeningupwasa"traditionalcontrol"society,andthestatehascontroloverallaspectsoftheeconomyandsociety.Theeconomicmodelisahighlycentralizedplanningmodel.Thestatehasahighlycentralizedeconomicmanagement,andtheprivateeconomyhasnoroomforsurvival;everymemberofthesocietyisincorporatedintovarioussocialunits,leavingunitsandorganizations.It'shardforanindividualtomove.
Thereformandopeninguphavechangedthissituation.ThereasonwhythereformandopeninguphasexertedahugeboosttoChina,fromaneconomicperspective,isbecauseitliberatedtheproductiveforcesandtransformedfromahighlycentralizedplannedeconomicsystemtoavibrantsocialistmarketeconomy;fromFromasocialperspective,itisbecauseitpromotestheliberationofpeople,fromthepast"classstruggle"thinkingtorespectforthevalueofpeople,recognitionofindividualrights,andfinallyto"people-oriented".
Toachievetheopeningandmodernizationofthesocialstructure,thecurrentfirststepshouldbetoacceleratetheprocessofurbanization,notonlytoreducefarmers,butalsotogivefarmersnationaltreatment.Formorethan30yearsofreformandopeningup,thebiggestchangeinruralareasisnotonlytheestablishmentofthehouseholdcontractresponsibilitysystem,butmoreimportantly,theliberationoffarmerswhohavebeenconstrainedbytheirancestorsontheland,formingahugeadvancement.Agroupofmigrantworkersworkingincities.Migrantworkersworkingincitiesarealreadythe“secondgeneration”and“thirdgeneration,”buttheystillfacemanyobstaclestobecomingurbanites.Tosomeextent,theyarestillatthebottomofthecity.TheCentralEconomicWorkConferenceproposedthat“thegradualemploymentandsettlementofeligibleagriculturaltransferpopulationsshouldbeanimportanttaskinpromotingurbanization,andtherestrictionsonhouseholdregistrationinsmallandmedium-sizedcitiesandurbanareasshouldberelaxed.”Thisisanimportantmeasure,butonlythereformofthehouseholdregistrationsystemItisstilldifficulttoturnmigrantworkersintorealurbanites.Thekeyistoallowmigrantworkerstoenjoynationaltreatmentandenjoythesamepublicservicesascitizens,suchaseducation,medicalcare,andsocialsecurity.
Secondly,wemustrestrainpublicpower,clarifythegovernment'sposition,andbreakthe"powertakesall"situation.Itisthegovernment'smainresponsibilitytomaintainthepublicwelfareofsocialundertakingsandprotectthepeople'sbasicpublicserviceneeds.Fromthegrassrootspointofview,theprominentproblemisthedislocationanddislocationofgovernmentfunctions.Duetotheone-sidedpursuitofGDPandpoliticalachievements,theproblemsof"corporatization"and"corporatization"ofsomelocalgovernmentbehaviorsaremoreprominent.Thoseself-interestedgroupswith"power+capital"usepublicpowertocompetewiththepeopleforprofit,suchasurbandemolitionandrelocation.Theperformanceisoutstanding."Right-take-all"notonlyeasilyformsprivilegedclassesandvestedinterestgroups,butalsosqueezesthelivingspaceofothersocialclasses,preventingthemiddleclassfromgrowing.
Inaddition,itisnecessarytochangethethinkingof"socialcontrol",increasethedegreeofopennessandfreedomofsociety,andtrulygivethesocietyandthemarkettheroleofsocietyandthemarket.Itisnecessarytofurtherrelaxtheaccess,mobilizetheenthusiasmofthewholesocietytoparticipateinthedevelopmentofsocialundertakings,encouragesocialcapitaltoinvestintheestablishmentofnon-profitpublicserviceorganizations,andeffectivelymobilizeandcomprehensivelyutilizesocialresourcestostrengthenandimprovebasicpublicservicesandimproveservicequalityAndefficiency.
Atpresent,weshouldliberalizethemonopolyonsocialorganizationresourcesandvigorouslycultivatecivilorganizations.