Overview
"Todistinguishthedifferencebetweennamesandthings,andtodistinguishthedifferencesinceremonies":Therearemanythingsintheworld,withdifferentnames.Thecommonpeoplecallthingsandwanttofindoutwhytheyarenamed.Toadapttothispsychologicalneed,amasterpiecededicatedtoexploringthesourceofthenamesofthingsappearedintheendoftheEasternHanDynastyinmycountry,whichis"ShiMing".
Introduction
"Shiming",abooktoexplainthemeaningofwords.AttheendoftheHanDynasty,LiuXiwrote,"ShiMing"isaworktoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveofthesoundofthelanguage.Itusesthesoundtoexplainthereasonwhythingsaresonamed,andnoticesthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthepronunciationofthetimeandtheancientsounds.
"Shiming"hasbeenwidelycirculatedintheendofWu,andithasbeenvaluedbyscholars.Ithasagreatinfluenceontheexegeticsoflatergenerations,anditisalsothekeytothestudyofChineseetymology,anditsstyleismodeledafter"ErYa".Afterthe"ShiMing"cameintobeing,noonesorteditoutforalongtime.IntheMingDynasty,LangKuijinco-printeditwith"ErYa","LittleErya","GuangYa",and"BiYa"andcalledit"TheCompleteBookofFiveYas".Becausetheotherfourbooksallusethename"Ya",the"ShiMing"ischangedto"YiYa".Fromthenon,"ShiMing"wasalsocalled"YiYa".
Maincontent
Thebook"ShiMing"istoinfertheoriginofthemeaningofwordsfromtheperspectiveoflanguageandsound.LiuXisaidinthepreface:"Xithinksthatsinceancienttimesithasbeenmadetomakeartifactsandstatues.Sincethecreationofthings,ithasbeenmadeinmoderntimes,ormadebyceremonies,orbythepeople,thenamesareelegantandpopular,andtherearemanydifferentparties....Realityhasitsownmeaning,andthepeopledon’tknowwhatitmeanseveryday.Therefore,Iwroteaboutheavenandearth,yinandyang,fourseasons,states,dubai,caruniforms,funerals,andthetoolsusedbythepeople,discussingandreferring,Whatiscalled"Shiming",therearetwenty-sevenarticles."
The27articlesaredividedinto8volumes.Interpretedasheaven,earth,mountains,water,hills,roads,states,shapes,appearance,eldersandchildren,relatives,speech,food,collection,jewelry,clothes,palaces,bednets,bookdeeds,classicart,useInstruments,musicalinstruments,soldiers,vehicles,ships,diseases,andmourning.ThisrepresentsLiuXi'sclassificationofthingsrepresentedbywords.
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthename,usingthemethodofvoicetraining.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Author
LiuXi,theauthorof"Shiming",wasborninBeihai(intheareaofShouguangandGaomi,ShandongProvincetoday).HelivedintheageofEmperorHuanandEmperorLing.HeoncestudiedunderthefamousclassicscholarZhengXuanandescapedchaostoJiaozhouinJian'an.
Content
Thereare8volumesof"Shiming".Theprefaceofthefirstbooksays:Sinceancienttimes,thenamesofutensilsandthingsareelegantandpopular,andthenamesofeachpartyaredifferent...Thehusband’snameisinfacteachhasitsownmeaning,andthepeoplesayiteveryday,withoutknowingitsmeaning.Bangguo,Dubi,caruniforms,funerals,andthedeviceusedbythecommonpeople,onthenarrativeandreferrals,called"Shiming",FanTwenty-seven".ExplainthatthepurposeofLiuXi'swritingofthisbookistoletthepeopleknowthereasonsormeaningsofthenamesofeverydaythings.The27chaptersareinorder:ShiTian,ShiDi,ShiShan,ShiShui,ShiQiu,ShiDao,ShiZhouKingdom,ShiShapeBody,ShiZiRong,ShiChangYoung,ShiFamily,ShiYan,ShiDiet,ShiCaiSilk,Releasejewelry,releaseclothes,releasepalaceroom,releasebedtent,releasebookcontract,releasecodeart,releasedevice,releasemusicalinstrument,releasesoldier,releasecar,releaseboat,releasedisease,releasefuneralsystem.Thereareatotalof1502famousceremoniesreleased.Althoughitisnotcomplete,itispossibletogetaglimpseofthefamousceremoniesatthattime.
MethodofInterpretation
LiuXiexplainedthesourceofthenamebyusingthemethodofvoiceinterpreting.Theso-calledsoundtrainingistousewordswiththesameorsimilarsoundtoexplainthemeaningofaword.Shengxunhasbeenadoptedinpre-Qinclassics.IntheHanDynasty"ErYa","Dialect","ShuWenJieZi"andotherworks,soundtrainingwasalsousedalot.However,thenamesandwordsofthewholebookareexplainedbythesoundinstruction,so"ShiMing"isthefirstbook,whichisLiuXi'soriginalcreation.
Fromtheperspectiveoftherelationshipbetweentheexplanatorywordandtheexplanatoryword,thereareroughlyseveralsituationsinthesoundtrainingin"ShiMing",namely:
orhomophone,suchas"Greed,Tanya,Tangetsintootherpoints.""Courageous,Tanya,eagertohittheenemy."GreedandTan,courageandTanyahavethesamesound;
orsoundclose,suchas"Scolding,compelling,andcompellingotherswithbadwords."Scolded,YubuMingniuisonthesound;forced,DuobuBangniuentersthesound;
Ordoubletones,suchas"He,Xiaye",Itflowsthroughtheunderground."TheriverandthelowerareallXiaNiu;
Oroverlappingrhyme,suchas"moon,queer,full,queer."Themoonandqueerarebothinthemoon.
Afterusingawordasthepronunciationof"ShiMing",italsoexplainsthereasonforusingthatwordtoexplainitsmeaning.Forexample,"Takingintootherpoints"explainsthereasonwhy"Tan"isusedtoexplain"greed";"ManyisQue",whichexplainsthereasonwhy"Yue"isinterpretedby"Que".Thisalsoexplainstheoriginofanamefromthecombinationofsoundandmeaning.
"Shiming"usesvoiceinstructiontoexplaintheceremoniesoffamousthings,someofthemaremoreappropriate,andsomeofthemareinvented.Forexample,"Axe,yeah.yeah,yeah.Anyonewhousesanaxetocutwoodwithanaxeisusedtomakeatool."("Shiyongqi")"Send,pullout,pullout.""Shape")"Hail,run,andeverythinginitwillbedestroyed,justlikeapersoncanrun."("ShiTian")Thisexplanationisveryfar-fetched.Infact,therearemanywaystogetnamesforthingsintheworld,andthesituationisverycomplicated.Thederivationofanamefromonethingbysoundcluesisjustonewaytonameit.Andsomenamescomefromconventions,theyarejustacodeforrecordingthings,andthereisnoconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.Therefore,ifthenamesofthingsareallexplainedthroughthesoundinstruction,itisboundtobewrong.Therefore,the"SummaryoftheSikuQuanshuGeneralCatalogue"criticized"ShiMing"as"soundinginthemiddle".However,morethan1700yearsago,LiuXinengwrotesuchanetymologicalbook,whichisreallyvaluable.
Academicvalue
"ShiMing"and"ErYa","Dialect","ShuoWenJieZi"havealwaysbeenregardedasfourimportantexegeticalworksintheHanDynasty.Itoccupiesanimportantpositioninthehistoryoflearningandhashighacademicvalue.Itsvalueismainlymanifestedas:
1."ShuMing"explainedthenameandthingswithsoundinstruction,openedthewayforseekingrighteousnessbecauseofsound,andpromotedtheproductionofancientrhymebooks."ShiMing"alsocollectsthemasteryoftheHanDynastyphonetics,providingreliablematerialsfortheexaminationofthelateHanphoneticsandthestudyofancientphonetics.Whatisparticularlyvaluableisthat"ShiMing"recordsthedialectpronunciationofsomewordsatthattime.Forexample,"ShiTian":"Heaven,Yu,Si,Yan,andJispeakwiththeirtongues.Tian,expressesalso,andexpressesthemontheupperlevel.QingandXuspeakwiththeirtongues.""Wind,Yan,Yu,Si,JiHengkoucloseshislipsandspeaks.Thewindisubiquitous,anditsairisubiquitousandanimalisalso.QingandXuYanfengopentheirlipsandpushtheqitospeak."TheserecordsillustratethepronunciationpartsandpronunciationmethodsofsomedialectwordsintheHanDynasty.ThisissomethingthatYangXiong's"Dialect"doesnothave,soitisveryprecious.
2."ShiMing"recordsmanycommonwordsintheHanDynasty,whichcanbecomparedwith"ErYa","Shuowen"andancientclassicsornotes.Forexample,"Shuowen·Hebu":"Qin,afterBoyi,thelandissuitableforHe.FromHe,theprovinceispounded."JinRunalso."ThisstatementistheproofofQin's"diYihe".Especiallyin"ShiMing",therearemanyexegesisthataredifferentordifferentfrom"ErYa","Shuowen"andJingzhuan,whichareveryvaluableexegeticalmaterials.Forexample,"Poetry·Beifeng·SpringWater":"Ithinkaboutfertilizersprings."MaoChuan:"Whatcomesoutisthesame,butwhatgoesintodifferentplacesiscalledfertilizerspring."Whyisspringwaterfromthesamesourceandflowingtodifferentplacescalled"fertilespring"?"ShiMing·ShiShui"said:"Whentheoriginalwasborn,itwaslessinfiltrated,andthebranchesthatbelongedtoitwerescatteredandmorelikefatpeople."LiuXiexplainedthewholestoryandwentonestepfurtherthanMaoChuan.Anotherexampleis"BookofRites·QuLishang":"Seventy-eightmeansoldandpassedon,eightyandninety-year-olds.""ShiMing·ShiChangyou"said:"Seventy-sixtymeanselders,andthehairiswhite."Eighty"means"Chu","Yu","TieYe",andtheskinisblackasiron.Ninety"Yes"isthebackofthemackerel,withthetextontheback."Thisexplanationisdifferentfrom"QuLi",andthecontentisalsoricher.Anotherexampleis"Shuowen":"Wa,earthenware,thegeneralnameofburned."Wabenreferstofiredpottery."Shiming·Shigongshi":"Thetile,theankle.Theankle,thefirmappearance."Thetilementionedherereferstothetilethatbuildstheroof(theancienttilehasatang,outward;thetileandthetangareconnected,justlikepeopleThefootisconnectedtotheankle,so"wa"isinterpretedas"ankle"),whichshowsthatthemeaningof"wa"hasshiftedatleastattheendoftheHanDynasty.ThiskindofmaterialisveryvaluableforustodiscussthesemanticsofwordsandthehistoryofChinese.
3."ShiMing"alsoretainssomeancientsayingsfromtheHanDynasty.Forexample,"ShiTian":"Exposing,worrying,andcoveringthings.""Fuworrying"isanoldsaying,alsocalled"coveringdew".Ithasappearedin"Huainanzi·Shizepian",whichmeans"shadow"and"dampening"."ShiTian":"Rainbow,alsocalledabeauty."Thisisanancientcommonname.Legendhasitthatinancienttimes,therewasacouplewhodiedoffoodinthefamineyear,andtheyallturnedintogreenrainbows,sothecustomcalledthemthebeautyrainbow."Shisangzhi":"SincetheHanDynasty,deathisamatterofthings.""Deathinprisonmeanstest."Theseancientsayingsconveytheinformationofthelanguageoftheancienttimesandcanbeusedasevidenceforinvestigatingthetrajectoryofancientandmodernlanguages.
4.Theobjectofinterpretationin"ShiMing"doesnotfocusontheliteraturelanguage,butfocusesonthedailynamesandthings,soitinvolvesawiderangeofsociallife,fromastronomy,geography,personnel,andcustoms;plus"ShiMing"Thebookisnotfarawayfromthepast,sotheancientsystemcanbeinferredbasedonthenamesandthingsexplained.Forexample,"Shishuqi":"Hansystem,abouttheemperor'sentitlementtotheprince'sbook.Theenactment,theemperor,andtheemperor'sorderisnottoviolatethelaw."ItshowsthatwhentheHanDynastycanonizedtheprince,therewasadocumenttopreventhimfrombreakingthelaw.Anotherexampleis"ShiDianyi":"Thesteleisthequilt.Theburialwassetup,ShiLulu(辘轳)wasplacedontopofitwitharope,andthecoffinwascitedbelow.Thecourtiersrecountedthemeritsoftheemperor,andtheUnitedStateswroteaboutit.Above.LatergenerationsbuiltontheheadofDaoMofornoreason(thatis,materialfate),theobviousplace,thenameofthetextiscalledthestele.”Theevolutionofthefunctionofthestelecanbeseenfromthis.Itturnsoutthatinancientfunerals,thereweretwostonestelesateachendofthetomb,andapotter'swheelwasplacedbetweenthesteles.Later,thestelewasusedtotracetheachievementsoftheancestors."Shishuqi":"Wat,Huye.Ifyouhaveinstructionsandenlightenment,thebookisonit,andyoucanforgetit."Fromthis,wecanunderstandthepurposeofthepalmsheldbytheministersintheancientcourts."Shiclothes":"Thecrotch,oneisthechest,andtheotheristheback."ThecrotchoftheHanDynastyisequivalenttothevestoftheoffspring."Uh,putitontheshoulders,it'snotasgoodasthebackoftheshawl."Itistheshawl.ThepredecessorsbelievedthatitstartedintheJinDynasty,soitcanbeseenfromtheendoftheHanDynasty."ShiJewelry":"Quiet,quilt.Thosewithlesshaircanbehelped."ItturnsoutthatwigswereusedasheaddressesasearlyastheHanDynasty."Ear-piercingandShizhucalledZhuo.Thiswasoriginallydonebybarbarians,andbarbariansareeasytowalk,sothisiswhattheChinesepeopledotoday."ThebirthandspreadofZhuocanbeseenfromthis."Shuyongqi":"Fill,Jiaye.Addasticktothehandle,andthegrainwillemergefromtheears."Itcanbeseenthatthefarmtoolflailusedforthreshinginsomeareashasalonghistory.Readingtheserecordscanobtainencyclopedicknowledge,understandthecivilizationhistoryofancientChinesesociety,andexaminetheoriginsofthingsandtheproductionandlifeoftheHanDynasty.
Fromtheabove,itcanbeseenthat"ShiMing"isanextremelyimportantworkforthestudyofexegetics,linguistics,andsociology.BiYuanfromtheQingDynastysaid:"Hisbooksarereferencedintheschool,theancientandthemodern,thedistinctionbetweenthenamesandthedifferencesbetweentheceremonies,andthebook"ErYa"and"Shuowen"areindispensableinthefuture."("ShuMingshu"Prologue")Thisevaluationisverypertinent.
Annotationoftheedition
Afterthecreationof"ShiMing",noonehasorganizeditforalongtime."Ya"and"Piya"areco-printed,anditiscalled"WuYaQuanShu".Becausetheotherfourbooksallusethename"Ya",the"ShiMing"ischangedto"YiYa".Fromthenon,"ShiMing"wasalsocalled"YiYa".
Notes
Theprintedversionof"ShiMing"hasmanydefects,sotheQingDynastymadesupplementaryexplanationsonitAmongthem,themostimportantworksareBiYuan's"ShuMingShuzheng","ShiMingSuzhenSupplement",WangXianqian's"ShiMingShuZhengSupplement",thelatterisamasterpieceoftheQingDynastyresearchandcollationof"ShiMing".
Today’scompilingbooksincludeZhuMincheandSunYuwen's"ShimingShuzhengSupplement"(PublishedbyZhonghuaBookCompany),andRenJifang's"ShiMinghuiSchool"(QiluPublishingHouse).
TheWorksofContinuedGuang
WeiZhao's"DistinguishingNames"
BiYuan's"ContinuedShiMingandShiMingSupplements
ZhangJinwu's"GuangShiMing"
MotivationTypes
TheMotivationTypesofShiMingcanbedividedintoMotivationofdescription,motivationofdescription,motivationofloan,derivationandcomposition.
"ShiMing"imitatesthevocalrationale,orimitatesthesoundofnaturalphenomena,orimitatesthesoundofmusicalinstruments,productiontools,orimitatesthephysiologicalsoundofhumanbeings,etc.Motivationofdescriptionnatureisthebasisofimitationofthestateofthings.Thelendingbasisisthebasisfromnon-Chinesewords.Thederivationof"ShiMing"isbasedonthefactthatthereisacertainconnectionbetweenthepronunciation,meaning,shapeandgrammarofthewordtobeinterpreted.ThetypeofcompoundmotivationinShimingcanbedividedintocompoundmotivationofclustercompoundwords,compoundmotivationofrelatedcompoundwords,andcompoundmotivationofcompoundwordswithambiguousmeaningrelations.Thereasonablegroundsrevealedin"ShiMing"accountedformorethan75%ofallinterpretedwords."ShiMing"isatrustworthydictionaryofrationale.Therearealsosomeflawsinthestudyoftherationaleof"ShiMing".Oneis"thematerialisnotrich,andtheomissionisalittlebittoomuch",andthesecondis"involvement.Buttheflawsdonotconcealthemerits,andthecontributionof"ShiMing"isindelible.
SummaryoftheFourTreasuries
"Shiming"·EightVolumes(intheNeifuCollection)
WrittenbyLiuXiintheHanDynasty.Theword"Xi"isacountryfromBeihai.Twentychaptersofhisbook.Withthesamesoundandharmony,inferringthemeaningofnameanddistinguishingthings,itisquitehurtfulinthemiddle,butitcanbeseenbecauseoftheancientpronunciation.Goingbacktotheancienttimes,theartifactsreleasedcanalsobetracedtothelegacyoftheancientsystem.Forexample,"SongsoftheChuNineSongs":"XueLipatsthesilksilk."WangYi'snote:"Pat,fightandPialso."Theword"boandPi",nowIdon'tknowwhatitis.Guanisthebook"ShuChuangTengPian",whichisknownas"tofightagainstthewall"byZhiYiXi.InKongYingda's"BookofRites,Justice",alltwelvepiecesofdeepclothingwerehandedoverandreferredtoasjun.Itisthebook"ShiXixianPian"thatsays:"Yun,襜,襜襜canalsobebytheside."Itcanbemutuallyconfirmedwiththe"Yuzao"whosaid"the衽isbytheside"."ShibingPian"says:"Theswordroomiscalledcutting,thedecorationoftheroommouthiscalled琫,andthedecorationattheendofthenextiscalled琕."Itisenoughtoprovetheerrorofthe"MaoShiXunZhuan".Ithasalotofresearchandevidence.WuWeizhaotriedtowriteavolumeof"DistinguishingNames"tocorrectXi'smistakes,andhisbookwasnotpassedon.However,the"ClassicExplanation"quotedoneofthewords:"The"ShiMing"says:Thesoundofthecarintheancientsislikearesidence,soitisalsoaresidence.Todayitisacar,andthesoundrulerhidesthereverse.Theancientssaidthatthesoundofacarislikearesidence,wordsanddeedsmakepeoplelive.Todayitisacar.Acarisahouse,andawalkerislikeahouse."Coveringthe"four-characterears").WeiZhaoyun"Theancientcaristheextravagantantiphonicruler.SincetheLaterHanDynasty,therehasbeenahomeaccent."Thepoemof"HeBiying"uses"Che"torhyme"Hua".Thepoemof"Taoyao"uses"Hua"torhyme"Home".JiaGuYingu,HuaGuYinfu,thenCheGuYinju,moreUndoubtedly.WhatXisaidisnotwrong,andwhatZhaozhihasdiscernedmaynotbecompletelylost.Thebookortitleis"YiYa".GaiMingLangKuiJintakesthebookand"ErYa","XiaoErYa","GuangYa"and"PiYa"wereco-printed,andthenamewas"FiveYa".Sincethefourbooksallhavethenameof"Ya",thetitleof"YiYa"waschangedtofollowthecategory.Itisnottheoriginaltitle,soIwon'tfollowitnow."LiuZhenBiography"intheLaterHanDynasty,calledZhenZhenwrote50"ShiMing"todistinguishthetitleofallthings.Thetitleofthebookisthesame,andthelastnameisthesame.ZhengMing'sselectionof"ZhenYan"isquitesuspicious.Thosewhocherish"ShiMing"aretreasuredbooksthathavebeenlostforalongtimeandshouldnotbeusedassuchbooks.Mingxuanalsocallsthisbooktwenty-seven,whichisinconsistentwiththecurrentedition.Mingxuan,peopleinWanli,shouldnotmisstheancientedition,Imissedthememoryforawhile,mistakenlytooktwentytotwenty-seven?