psychology

Basicinformation

Definition

Psychologyisthestudyofbehaviorandmentalactivity.

ThewordpsychologycomesfromGreek,meaningthescienceofthesoul.ThesoulalsomeansgasorbreathinginGreek,becauseancientpeoplebelievedthatlifedependsonbreathing,andwhenbreathingstops,lifeends.Withthedevelopmentofscience,theobjectofpsychologyhaschangedfromsoultomind.

Attheendofthe19thcentury,psychologybecameanindependentdiscipline.Itwasonlyinthemiddleofthe20thcenturythatpsychologyhadarelativelyunifieddefinition.

Psychology,asascience,beganin1879whentheGermanscholarWundtwasinfluencedbythenaturalsciencesinthepsychologicallaboratoryandseparatedfromspeculativephilosophyandbecameanindependentdiscipline.

In1879,GermanscholarWundtwasinfluencedbynaturalscienceandestablishedthefirstpsychologicallaboratoryatLeipzigUniversity,markingthebirthofscientificpsychology.

(1)mentalprocess(mentalprocess)referstothedynamicprocessofaperson’spsychologicalphenomena.Includingtheprocessofcognition,emotionandwill,reflectingthecommonalityofnormalindividualpsychologicalphenomena.

Theprocessofcognitionistheprocessofcognition,whichisthepsychologicalprocessoftheindividual'sacceptance,coding,storage,extractionandapplicationofcognitiveinformationinpracticalactivities.Itmainlyincludesperception,thinking,memoryandsoon.

Theemotionalprocessistheexperienceofanindividual’sattitudetowardsthingsinpracticalactivities.

Thevolitionalprocessisapsychologicalprocessinwhichanindividualconsciouslydeterminesagoal,andadjustsandcontrolshisownactionsaccordingtothegoal,overcomesdifficulties,andachievesapredeterminedgoal.

Theabovethreeprocessesarenotisolatedfromeachother,butareconnectedandinteractedwitheachothertoformthreedifferentaspectsoftheindividual'sorganicunityofpsychologicalprocess.

(2)Inpidualmind(inpidualmind)isacombinationofvariousrelativelystablepsychologicalphenomenaformedbyapersoninthepracticeofsociallife.Includingpersonalitytendency,personalitycharacteristicsandpersonalityregulation,etc.,reflectingtheindividualsideofpeople'spsychologicalphenomena.

Personalitytendencyisthepowersystemthatpushespeopletocarryoutactivities.Itreflectspeople'stendencyandpursuitoftheworldaroundthem.Itmainlyincludesneeds,motives,interests,ideals,beliefs,values​​andworldviews.

Personalitycharacteristicsareessentialandstablepsychologicalcharacteristicsthatoftenappearinindividuals.Itmainlyincludestemperament,characterandability.

Consciousness(consciousness)referstothepsychologicalphenomenonthatiscurrentlybeingperceivedbytheindividual.Forexample,whenweperformmemoryactivities,wecanbeawareofthepurposeofthememoryactivity,theobjectofmemory,thememorymethodused,thememoryeffectachieved,andeventhecharacteristicsofourownmemory,changethememorystrategy,etc.SuchmemoryactivitiesareinStateofconsciousness.Fromtheconsciousnessobject,itcanbedividedinto:

Objectconsciousnessreferstotheindividual'sconsciousnessofthesurroundingworld.

Self-awarenessreferstoanindividual’sawarenessofoneselfandoneselfandsurroundings;

Relationshipawareness.

Inmemorypsychology,theformerisamemoryphenomenon,andthelatterisametamemoryphenomenon.

Unconsciousness(unconsciousness)referstoapsychologicalphenomenonthatisnotcurrentlybeingnoticedbytheindividual.Takememoryasanexample.Sometimeswedon’thavethepurposeofrememberingacertainaspectofthecontent,nordowewanttorememberit,butwerememberitunknowingly,evenveryfirmly.SometimesIdon’tknowwhereIgotitandwhetherIhavesomememory.Inmemorypsychology,theformerisunconsciousmemory,andthelatterisimplicitmemory.

Nature

Fromtheperspectiveoftheoccurrenceofpsychologicalphenomena,manistheunityofnaturalattributesandsocialattributes;fromtheperspectiveoftheorgansthatproducepsychologicalphenomena,thenaturalattributesinherentinthehumanbrainItchangesanddevelopsundertheinfluenceofpeople’ssociallifestyle,anditsskillsarealsotheidentityofnatureandsociety;fromtheperspectiveofthecontentofpsychologicalphenomena,theobjectiverealityreflectedbypeopleistheidentityofsocialexistenceandnaturalreality;frompsychologicalphenomenaIntermsofform,humanpsychologyisaproductofsocietyaswellasaproductofnature.Thescientificpropositionthat"psychologyisthebrain'sreflectionofobjectivereality"itselfimpliestheunityofnatureandsociety.

TheformerSovietUnion’sscientifictaxonomistsKedalovacademicianpositionedpsychologyatthecenterofthe"ScienceTriangle"drawnbythem,andthetriangleThethreetopcornersofthebookarenaturalsciences,socialsciences,andthinkingsciences.Later,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,Kedalovmadeasupplementtothesciencetriangle(seeFigure1).Headdedamathematicsbetweennaturalsciencesandphilosophy(closertonaturalsciences),andatechnicalsciencebetweennaturalsciencesandsocialsciences(closertonaturalsciences).Philosophyandsocialsciencestogetherconstitutethehumanities.,Mathematicsandphilosophytogetherconstitutethescienceofthinking.

Therefore,psychologyisacomprehensiveinterdisciplinaryormarginalsubjectformedattheintersectionofthinkingscience,naturalscienceandsocialscience.Fromtheperspectiveofthepositionofpsychologyintheentirescientificsystemanditsrelationshipwiththem,ithasacloseandinseparablerelationshipwithphilosophy,naturalsciences,andsocialsciences.

Research

ResearchType

1.Dividedfromthecontinuityofresearchtime

Longitudinalresearch

"longitudinalmethod",alsocalledfollow-upresearch,isasystematicandregularstudyofhumanpsychologicaldevelopmentoverarelativelylongperiodoftime.TheAmericanpsychologistN.Bayleytook61newbornbabiesastheobjectandtooktheintellectualdevelopmentastheresearchtheme.Since1929,36yearsoffollow-upobservationandresearchhaveachievedmanyimportantresultsinthedevelopmentofhumanintelligence.ThefamousBerkeleyGrowthStudyisoneofthelongestlongitudinalstudies.

Longitudinalresearchrepeatedlyexaminesthepsychologicalactivitiesandcharacteristicsofthesamesubjectswithinaprescribedperiod,sothattheycanunderstandthedevelopmentandchangeprocessindetailandhaveahighdegreeofcontinuity.However,thecycleislong,anditiseasilyaffectedbychangesinthesocialenvironment,andthesamplebookisalsoeasytodecrease,andthemeasureddataisalsoeasytoaffecttheemotionofthetesteeduetorepeatedmeasurements,resultinginadecreaseinaccuracy.

cross-sectionalmethod

cross-sectionalmethod,alsocalledcross-sectionalmethod,itmeasuresthepsychologicaldevelopmentofsubjectsofdifferentagegroupsatthesametimeCheckandcompareresearch.Forexample,tounderstandthecharacteristicsofthememorydevelopmentofchildrenaged10-16years,thefouragegroupsof10yearsold,12yearsold,14yearsold,and16yearsoldcanbetestedandcomparedatthesametime.Thistypeofresearchsavestime,butisrough,notsystematic,andcannotfullyreflecttheproblem.

Longitudinalandhorizontalresearch

Somepeoplecallit"dynamic"research.Itisaresearchthatcombineshorizontalandverticalresearchflexibly.

2.Dividedfromtheselectionofresearchobjects

Casestudy

casestudymethod,Itisastudyofoneorafewsubjects.Thiskindofresearchoftenadoptsalongitudinaltrackingmethod.Forexample,ChenHeqin,anearlypsychologistinmycountry,conductedatrackingstudyonthepsychologicaldevelopmentofhischildren808daysafterbirth.Somecasestudiesdonotusetrackingmethods,suchastheexperimentalresearchofthefamouspsychologistPiaget.Itcanconductadetailed,in-depth,andcomprehensiveinvestigationofthesubjects,buttherearetoofewsubjects,whichaffectstherepresentativenessandtypicalityoftheresearch.

Groupstudy

groupstudymethodistostudyagroupofsubjects.Fromastatisticalpointofview,asmallsamplegroupof30subjectsisgenerallyusedasthelowerlimit.Thestudyhasalotofsamplesandcanbeusedforstatisticalprocessing.Itisscientificandrepresentative,butitisnotconvenientforindividualin-depthresearch.

Case-groupstudy

isastudythatcombinestheabovetwotypesofresearch.

Researchmethods

Psychologyresearchmethodsarevariousspecificwaysandmeansusedtostudypsychologicalproblems,includingtheuseofinstrumentsandtools.Therearemanyresearchmethodsinpsychology,suchasnaturalobservationmethod,experimentalmethod,investigationmethod,testmethod,casemethod,etc.

• Naturalobservationmethod

NaturalobservationmethodisapurposefulandplannedUndernaturalconditions,theprocessofcollectingvariousinformationaboutpeople'sbehaviorinsociallifethroughthesensesorwiththehelpofcertainscientificinstruments.

Fromthetimeofobservation,itcanbedividedintolong-termobservationandregularobservation;fromthecontentofobservation,itcanbedividedintocomprehensiveobservationandkeyobservation.Theformeristoobserveallthesubjectsinacertainperiodoftime.Psychologicalperformance,thelatterfocusesonobservingacertainaspectofthesubject’spsychologicalperformance;fromtheperspectiveofobserverstatus,itcanbedividedintoparticipatoryobservationandnon-participatoryobservation.Observation,thelatteristhattheobserverdoesnotparticipateintheactivityofthesubject,andobservesasabystander;fromtheobservationplace,itcanbedividedintoon-siteobservationinnaturalplacesandsituationalobservationinman-madeplaces.

Theadvantageoftheobservationmethodistomaintainthenaturalnessandobjectivityofpeople'smentalactivities,andtheinformationobtainedismorereal.Thedisadvantageisthatobserversareofteninapassiveposition,withapassivetype.Inaddition,theresultsobtainedbytheobservationmethodmaysometimesbeasuperficialphenomenon,andthereasonsfortheproductionandchangesofmentalactivitiescannotbeaccuratelydetermined.Inordertoovercometheweaknessesoftheobservationmethod,controlledobservationemerged,thatis,theexperimentalmethod.

• Experimentalmethod

ItreferstothemanipulationofacertainvariableundercontrolledconditionstoResearchmethodsfortheinfluenceofothervariables.Itisamethodofpurposefullycontrollingcertainconditionsorcreatingcertainsituationstocausecertainpsychologicalactivitiesofthesubjectstobestudied.

1.Laboratoryexperiment

Thisreferstoamethodinwhichcertainfacilitiesareusedinthelaboratory,certainconditionsarecontrolled,andspecialexperimentalequipmentisusedforresearch.Awaytoexploretherelationshipbetweenindependentvariablesanddependentvariables.Thelaboratoryexperimentmethodfacilitatesstrictcontrolofvariousfactors,andtestsandrecordsexperimentaldatathroughspecialinstruments,whichgenerallyhaveahighdegreeofreliability.Usuallyusedtostudythepsychologicalprocessandthephysiologicalmechanismofcertainmentalactivities.

2.Naturalexperimentmethod

Thisisamethodofcreatingandcontrollingcertainconditionsinapurposefulandplannedwaytoconductresearchundernaturalconditionssuchasdailylife.

Naturalexperimentmethodisrelativelyclosetotherealityofhumanlife,easytoimplement,andhastheadvantagesofbothexperimentalmethodandobservationmethod,sothismethodiswidelyusedtostudyeducationalpsychology,childpsychologyandsocialpsychologyAlargenumberofcourseslearned.

• Investigationmethod

Investigationmethodreferstothewayofansweringquestionsinwritingorverbally.Understandthemethodsofmentalactivityofthesubjects.

Themainfeatureoftheinvestigationmethodisthemethodofaskingtherespondenttostatetheproblemintheformofaquestion.Accordingtotheneedsoftheresearch,thesurveycanbeconductedonthepersonbeingsurveyed,orbypeoplefamiliarwiththesurveyedperson.Theinvestigationmethodcanbedividedintotwotypes:writteninvestigationandoralinvestigation.

• Testmethod

Itisthepsychologicaltestmethod,whichusesastandardizedpsychologicaltestscaleOrasophisticatedtestinginstrumenttomeasurethepsychologicalqualityofthesubjects.Forexample,commonlyusedpsychologicaltestsinclude:abilitytests,charactertests,intelligencetests,individualtests,grouptests,etc.Intheresearchofmanagementpsychology,psychologicaltestisoftenusedasatoolforpersonnelassessment,employeeselection,andpersonnelplacement.

• Clinicalmethod

UsingexperimentalmethodstostudydepressionandmentaldisordersandothermentaldisordersisVerydifficultorimpossible.Infact,manypsychologicalexperimentsaremorallyunacceptable,oroperationallyinfeasible.Inthiscase,obtaininginformationthroughcasestudiesmaybethebestway.

Casestudiesaresometimesregardedasnaturalclinicaltests,thatis,thetestsofaccidentalornaturaleventsthatcanprovidepsychologicaldata.

Thecasestudylacksaformalcontrolgroup,andtheconclusionsobtainedfromclinicalobservationarelimited.However,whenstudyingrareevents,suchasunusualpsychologicaldisordersandgiftedchildren,clinicalmethodshavespecialvalue(Harding,Fox,&Mehta,2002).Casestudiesofpsychotherapyhavealsoprovidedmanyusefulsuggestionsforthetreatmentofemotionalproblems(Hersen,2004).

Generallyspeaking,otherresearchmethodscannotconductin-depthstudyofindividualcaseslikeclinicalmethods(Edwards,1998;Mirskyetal.,2000).

Researchtasks

• Describepsychologicalfacts

Phenomenonisscientificallydefinedtoestablishanddevelopacompleteandscientificconceptualsystemofpsychologicalphenomenainpsychology.Thisinvolvesthedeterminationoftheconceptualconnotationandextensionoftheentirepsychologicalphenomenon,assmallasaspecificpsychologicalphenomenon.

• Revealingthelawsofpsychology

Scientificpsychologyshouldnotbelimitedtodescribingpsychologicalfacts,butshouldtransitionfromthedescriptionofthephenomenontothephenomenonTheexplanation,thatis,revealthelawfollowedbycertainphenomena.

Ontheonehand,itstudiestheoccurrence,development,interconnectionofvariouspsychologicalphenomena,aswellastheircharacteristicsandfunctions.Ontheotherhand,itistostudythemechanismoftheoccurrenceandperformanceofpsychologicalphenomena.Itincludesresearchontwolevelsofpsychologicalmechanismandphysiologicalmechanism.Theformerstudiesthechangesintheinterrelationshipsamongthecomponentsofthepsychologicalstructureinvolvedinpsychologicalphenomena;thelatterstudiestheinterrelationshipsandchangesinthephysiologicalorbiochemicalcomponentsinvolvedinthepsychologicalphenomena.

• Guidepracticalapplication

Guidepeoplehowtounderstand,predict,controlandregulatepeople’spsychologyinpractice.Forexample,varioustestscalescanbedevelopedaccordingtotheperformanceofvariouspsychologicalphenomenasuchasintelligence,personality,temperament,interest,attitude,etc.,soastounderstandpeople'spsychologicaldevelopmentlevelandcharacteristics,andprovidebasisforteachingstudentsinaccordancewiththeiraptitudeandmatchingroles.

Researchprinciples

• Objectivity

• Developmental

• Practical

• Systematic

• Ethical

Researchpurposes

1.Understandingtheworldinsideandoutside

Learningpsychologycandeepenpeople’sunderstandingofthemselves.Bystudyingpsychology,youcanknowwhyyoumakecertainbehaviors,whatkindofpsychologicalactivitiesarehiddenbehindthesebehaviors,andhowyourpersonality,temperamentandothercharacteristicsareformed,andsoon.Forexample,ifyoulearnthelawofforgetting,youcanknowtheshortcomingsofyourpreviousvocabularymemorizationmethods;ifyouunderstandtheadaptabilityoffeelings,youcanexplainwhyyou"entertheroomofZhilanandneversmellitforalongtime".

Similarly,youcanalsoapplythelawsofmentalactivityyouhavelearnedtointerpersonalcommunication,andinfertheinnermentalactivitiesofothersthroughthebehaviorofothers,soastoachieveamoreaccuratecognitionoftheexternalworld.Forexample,asateacher,ifyouunderstandthestudents'knowledgebaseandcognitivelevel,aswellastheconditionstoattractstudents'attention,youcanorganizeteachingbetterandreceivegoodteachingresults.

Second,adjustandcontrolbehavior

Inadditiontohelpingtomakedescriptiveexplanationsofpsychologicalphenomenaandbehaviors,psychologyalsopointsouttousThelawoftheproduction,developmentandchangeofmentalactivityisdescribed.People'spsychologicalcharacteristicsarequitestable,buttheyalsohaveacertaindegreeofplasticity.Therefore,wecanpredictandadjustthebehaviorofourselvesandotherswithinacertainrange,andwecanalsorealizetheregulationofbehaviorbychanginginternalandexternalfactors.Inotherwords,youcaneliminateunfavorablefactorsasmuchaspossible,createfavorablesituations,andtriggerpositivebehaviorsofyourselfandothers.Forexample,whenwefindthatwehavesomebadpsychologicalqualitiesandhabits,wecanusethelawsofmentalactivitytofindtheinternalandexternalfactorsthatinducethesebehaviors,activelycreateconditionstochangetheinfluenceofthesefactors,andrealizethetransformationofourownbehavior.Foranotherexample,rewardsandpunishmentsusetheprincipleofconditionedreflextoplayanimportantroleincultivatingchildren'sgoodhabitsandreformingchildren'sbadbehaviorsandhabits.

Three,directapplicationinpracticalwork

Aswehavementionedabove,psychologyisdividedintotwoparts:theoreticalresearchandappliedresearch,theoreticalpsychologyMostoftheknowledgeinthisfieldguidesourworkinanindirectway,whilethebranchesofappliedresearchcandirectlyplayaroleinactualwork.Teacherscanusethelawsofeducationalpsychologytoimprovetheirownteachingpractice,orusepsychometricknowledgetodesignmorereasonableexaminationpapers,etc.;storestaffusetheknowledgeofconsumerandadvertisingpsychologytoredesignwindowsanddisplayproductstoAttractingmorecustomers,suchasthepopular"discountstyle"onthestreetisanapplicationexample;anotherexampleistheuseofknowledgeoforganizationalandmanagementpsychologybymanagerstomotivateemployees,boostmorale,andsoon.Therearemanyapplicationsinthisarea,andreaderscanexperienceandusethemdeliberatelyintheirownwork.

Relatedfields

Psychologyresearchinvolvesmanyfieldssuchasperception,cognition,emotion,personality,behavior,interpersonalrelations,socialrelations,etc.Itisalsorelatedtomanyareasofdailylife-family,Education,health,etc.Ontheonehand,psychologytriestoexplainthebasicbehaviorsandmentalfunctionsofindividualswiththeoperationofthebrain.Atthesametime,psychologyalsotriestoexplaintheroleofindividualmentalfunctionsinsocialbehaviorsandsocialdynamics.Atthesametime,itisalsorelatedtoneuroscience,medicine,biologyScienceandothersciencesarerelated,becausethephysiologicaleffectsdiscussedinthesesciencesaffecttheindividual’smind.

Application

Describewhathappened

Thefirsttaskofpsychologyistomakepreciseobservationsofbehavior.Psychologistsgenerallycallthisobservationtheirdata.Behaviordata(behaviordata)isanobservationreportaboutthebehaviorofthebodyandtheenvironmentwhenthebehavioroccurs.Whenresearcherscollectdata,theymustchooseanappropriatelevelofanalysisanddesignamethodofmeasuringbehaviorthatguaranteesobjectivity.

Explainwhathappened

Thedescriptionmustbefaithfultotheperceivableinformation,whiletheexplanationcarefullygoesbeyondwhatcanbeobserved.Inmanyareasofpsychology,thecentralgoalistofindregularpatternsofbehaviorandmentalprocesses.Psychologistswanttodiscoverhowbehaviorworks.

Psychologicalexplanationsusuallyadmitthatmostbehaviorsareaffectedbysomefactors.Somefactorsplayarolewithintheindividual,suchasgeneticmakeup,intelligencelevel,orself-esteem.Theseinternaldeterminantsofbehaviorarecalledorganicvariables.Theyaresomespecialcontentaboutthebody.Asfarashumansareconcerned,thesedeterminantsareso-calleddispositionalvariables.Therearesomeexternalfactors.Theexternalinfluenceonbehaviorisenvironmentalvariablesorsituationalvariables.

Awell-trainedpsychologistcanexplaintheobservedpsychologicalphenomenonbyusinghisorherinsightintohumanexperienceandthefactthatpreviousresearchershavediscoveredthesamephenomenon.Manypsychologiststrytodeterminewhichofseveralexplanationscanmostaccuratelyexplainaparticularbehaviorpattern.

Predictwhatwillhappen

PredictioninpsychologyisthepossibilitythataspecificbehaviorwilloccurandaspecificrelationshipwillbeStatementofthepossibilityofdiscovery.Anaccurateexplanationofthecauseunderlyingaspecificformofbehavioroftenallowsresearcherstomakeaccuratepredictionsaboutfuturebehavior.

Controlwhathappens

Controlisthecoreandmostmotivatinggoal.Tocontrolmeanstomakeabehaviorhappenornottohappen—totriggerit,maintainit,stopit,andaffectitsform,intensity,orrateofoccurrence.Ifanexplanationofthecausesofbehaviorcancreateconditionstocontrolthebehavior,thentheexplanationisconvincing.

Theabilitytocontrolbehaviorisimportantbecauseitprovidespsychologywithawaytohelppeopleimprovetheirqualityoflife.

Psychologistsusescientificmethodstodrawconclusionsaboutindividualbehaviorsandpsychologicalprocesses.Psychologistshaveseveralgoals:toobjectivelydescribebehavioratanappropriatelevel,explainthereasonsforthebehavior,predictwhenthebehaviorwilloccur,andcontrolthebehaviortoimprovethequalityoflife.

Classification

Developmentalpsychology:studiesthewholeprocessofhumangrowthanddevelopmentfrombirthtooldageanddeath.

LearningPsychology:Explorehowpeopledevelopintowhattheyaretoday.Studytheprocessandcausesoflearninginhumansandanimals.

Personalitypsychology:Concernsincludepersonalitycharacteristics,motivationsandindividualdifferences.

Psychologyofperceptionandperception:thestudyofhowhumansperceivetheworldaroundthem,suchasthestudyofhowhumansrecognizefaces.

Comparativepsychology:thestudyandcomparisonofbiologicalbehaviorsbetweendifferentstrains.

Physiologicalpsychology:studytherelationshipbetweenbehaviorandphysiologicalprocesses,especiallytheactivitiesofthenervoussystem.

Cognitivepsychology:mainlystudiesthinkingproblems,tryingtounderstandtherelationshipbetweenreasoning,problemsolving,memoryandothermentalprocessesandhumanbehavior.

Genderpsychology:Tostudythedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,toexploretheinfluenceofvariousfactorssuchasphysiologicalfactors,childsupportprocess,education,socialstereotypes,etc.ongenderdifferences.

Socialpsychology:Researchinvolvesissuessuchasattitude,persuasion,riots,compliance,leadershipbehavior,racialdiscrimination,friendship,andmarriage.

Culturalpsychology:thestudyofthedifferentinfluencesandeffectsofcultureonhumanbehavior.

EvolutionaryPsychology:Tostudytheinfluenceofvariouswaysofhumanevolutiononbehaviorinthelonghistory.Suchasthechoiceofspousebetweenmenandwomen.

ClinicalPsychology:Mainlystudiesmentalhealthandmentalillnessinmedicine.

Pre-schoolchildpsychology:Pre-schoolchildpsychologyisasciencethatstudiesthedevelopmentofchildren’spsychologyfrombirthtopre-school.

Behavioralpsychology:Thestudyofthecombinationofvariousbodyresponsesthatorganismsusetoadapttoenvironmentalchanges.

CriminalPsychology:Asubjectthatstudiesthewill,thoughts,intentionsandreactionsofprisoners.

Historicalpsychology:Studythepsychologyofhistoricalfigurestobetterunderstandthebackgroundofsocialdevelopment.

ConstructivistPsychology:Theresearchobjectisconsciousexperience

Psychoanalysis:focusesonpsychoanalysisandtreatment,andthusproposesnewanduniqueexplanationsofhumanpsychologyandpersonality.

Sexualpsychology:Sexualpsychologyinvolvesallmentalactivitiesrelatedtosex,suchassexualknowledge,sexualemotionalexperience,andcontrolofsexualbehavior.

School

MainCourse

"ProgressinPsychology"isaninternationalChineseperiodicals,publishedbyHansPublishingHouse.Itmainlypublishesacademicpapersandachievementreportsandreviewsinthefieldsofappliedpsychologyandsocialpsychology.Supportingideologicalandacademicinnovation,advocatingscienceandprosperingacademics,integratingacademicandideologicalaspects,aimingtoprovidescientists,scholars,andresearchersaroundtheworldwithawaytodisseminate,shareanddiscussissuesandissuesindifferentdirectionsinthefieldofpsychology.Communicationplatformfordevelopment.Researchscope:

Settingupcolleges

ThislevelAmongthedisciplines,thereareatotalof16universitiesnationwidethathave“Ph.D.Level1”authorization,and14ofthemparticipatedintheevaluationthistime;someuniversitieswith“Ph.Note:Thefollowingsamescoresarearrangedinorderofschoolcode.

Schoolcodeandname

OverallSubjectLevelScore

DomesticOverview

Domesticdevelopment

Psychology,thesethreewordsarestillmysterioustomostChinesepeople.Peopleareoftenassociatedwiththewords"mindreading","mentalcontrol","hypnosis"andthefeelingsderivedfromthem.Infact,theseunderstandingsonlyreflectoneaspectofpsychology.

Inmycountry,sinceProfessorChenDaqiestablishedthefirstpsychologylaboratoryatPekingUniversityin1917,althoughtherehavebeenupsanddowns,ithasalsoenteredanunprecedentedperiodofprosperitysincethelate1970s.Anetworkofpsychologicalscienceinstitutesandsocietiesatalllevelsfromnationaltolocalhasbeenformed.Everyyeartherearenearlytenpsychologyprofessionaljournals,hundredsofeducationaljournals,anduniversityjournalsthatpublishthousandsofpsychologydocuments.Variouspsychologybookshavesprunguplikebambooshootsafterarain,andareconstantlyemerging.Notonlyoffersvariouspsychologycoursesinallnormaluniversitiesandsomecomprehensiveuniversities,andestablishespsychologydepartmentsinsomekeynormaluniversitiesandsomekeycomprehensiveuniversitiestotrainundergraduates,mastersanddoctoralstudents,butalsovariouspsychologytrainingcoursesIthasspreadfromschooltosociety,fromclassroomteachingtoTVteaching.

TheMinistryofEducationofthePeople’sRepublicofChinafirstestablishedthePsychologyTeachingSteeringCommitteeofmycountry’sHigherEducation(Science)in1995.Ithasalsoestablishedmycountry’sPsychologyScienceBasesinBeijingNormalUniversity,HangzhouUniversity,andEastChinaNormalUniversity.Itwasdecidedtoopenapubliccourseofpsychologyforallcollegestudentsinallscienceandengineeringandcomprehensiveuniversities.In1999,theMinistryofScienceandTechnologyofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaidentifiedpsychologyasoneofthe18prioritydevelopmentalbasicdisciplines.In2000,psychologywasidentifiedasanationalfirst-leveldisciplinebytheAcademicDegreesCommitteeoftheStateCouncil.Thisshowsthatpsychologyisofficiallyincludedinthemaindisciplineconstructionsystemofourcountry.Asaresult,ithaseffectivelyimprovedthelevelofeducationandresearchofpsychologicalscienceinourcountry,andpromotedtherapidpopularizationofpsychologyinallwalksoflife.

PsychologyoriginatedintheWestChinastartedlate

Psychology,asascienceandtechnology,wasbornintheWesternworld100yearsago.After100yearsofdevelopmentandimprovement,thetheoryandtechnologyofpsychologyhavebeenverydeveloped,andhaveaffectedpolitics,economy,culture,art,religion,corporatemanagement,marketing,andsoon.

However,thedevelopmenthistoryofpsychologyinChinaisveryshort.Inthe1970sand1980s,althoughsomescholarswerestudyingpsychology,theywerestillfarfromthelivesofordinarypeople.

Sino-GermantrainingopenedthecurtainonthedevelopmentofChinesepsychology

From1997to1999,somethinghappened.ForChinesepsychology,Significantmilestone.Thatis,theSino-GermancooperativepsychotherapyclasswasopenedinChina.BecausethisSino-Durbanisveryprofessionalandsystematic,itgreatlyimprovesthevisionandtechnicalstandardsoflocalChinesetherapists.Afterthat,agroupofexcellentpsychologicalcounselorsandtherapistsemerged,suchasLiZixun,YangFengchi,ZhuJianjun,ZengQifengandsoon.

Afterthis,China'sappliedpsychologygraduallyopenedthecurtain.Somecollegesanduniversitieshavebeguntointroducewesternpsychotherapeutictechniques,thegovernmenthasintroducedthequalificationcertificationofpsychologicalcounselors,andmanyprivatepsychologicaltraininginstitutionshavebeguntointroducepsychologyschoolsandtechniquesfromtheWest.TheseeffortsandactionshaveallowedpsychologytomakeconsiderableprogressinthislandofChina.

TheinfluenceofChinesecultureonpsychology

Chineseculturehasanimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofwesternpsychology.Thisinfluenceismainlymanifestedinthefollowingtwoaspects:

1.ProvidewisdomfortheWest."East-Westernpsychology",alsoknownas"wisdompsychology",isapursuitofEasterncultureandpsychologybyWesternpsychologists.Itcanbesaidthat"East-Westernpsychology"isanewdevelopmentofcontemporarypsychology,andisgraduallyforminganindependentresearchfieldorbranch.

Second,provideinspirationforthewise.PsychologistssuchasJungandMaslowallhaveclosecontactwithChineseculture,andtheyarealloutspokenabouttheinspirationtheyhavegainedfromit.

Universitiesandresearchinstituteswithstrongpsychologymajors

BeijingNormalUniversityhastwoindependentschools:theSchoolofPsychologyandtheInstituteofCognitiveNeuroscienceandLearningunit.

TheSchoolofPsychologyisthefirstnationalfirst-levelkeydisciplineunitofpsychologyinmycountry.Ithasthreenationalsecond-levelkeydisciplines,includingbasicpsychology,developmentalandeducationalpsychology,andappliedpsychology,andthreesecond-leveldisciplinesBothdoctorsandmasterscanbeawarded.Thetwosub-disciplinesofBasicPsychology,DevelopmentalandEducationalPsychologyoftheSchoolofPsychology,BeijingNormalUniversityhavealwaysbeentraditionallyadvantageousdisciplines,servingasthe"NationalBasicScienceResearchandTeachingTalentTrainingBase"andthe"NationalHumanitiesandSocialScienceKey"ResearchBase",especiallywiththeestablishmentoftheStateKeyLaboratoryof"CognitiveNeuroscienceandLearning",traditionalsuperiordisciplineshavebeenfurtherconsolidatedandconsolidated.

TheInstituteofCognitiveNeuroscienceandLearningofBeijingNormalUniversitywasestablishedinJuly2004.Itisthekeyconstructionbaseofthe211Projectandthe985ProjectofBeijingNormalUniversity,andisthe“StateKeyLaboratoryofCognitiveNeuroscienceandLearning”."Relyingunit.Toprovideascientificbasisfortheestablishmentofbrain-basededucationandlearning,brain-basedcognitiveimpairmentcorrectionmethods,andbrain-basedhumanresourceindustrydevelopment,andpromotetheintellectualandmentalhealthdevelopmentofhundredsofmillionsofchildrenandadolescentsinmycountry,andmeetthecountry’sneedtocontinuouslyimprovecomprehensiveNationalstrength’sstrategicneeds.

Relatedoccupations

Employment

First,ordinarycollegesanduniversities,thisisthemaindestinationforpsychologygraduatestudentsaftergraduation.Collegesanduniversitiesarepayingmoreandmoreattentiontotheproblemsofstudents'mentalhealth,andtheyhaveopenedpubliccoursesofpsychologyoneafteranother.Thisundoubtedlyexpandstheemploymentscopeofpsychologygraduatestudents.OneofthebestcareerpathsfortheMasterofPsychologyistoentertheDepartmentofPsychologyandEducationtobecomeapsychologyteacher.However,withtheincreaseofdoctoralgraduatesandthecontinuousexpansionofgraduatestudents'enrollment,itwillbecomemoreandmoredifficulttoengageinthisprofession.Thepsychologicalcounselingcenterintheuniversityalsoprovidesemploymentopportunitiesforthemasterofpsychology.However,thisgenerallyrequiresthepracticeofpsychologicalcounselingduringschool,andgirlsaregenerallygivenpriority.Psychologygraduatestudentsaremorecompetitivethanstudentsofothermajorsincompetingforthepositionofcounselor,butundernormalcircumstances,joiningthepartyisaprerequisite.Salaryforuniversityjobsvarieswithspecificpositionsandregions.

Second,civilservants.Thepublicsecuritysystemgenerallyrecruitspostgraduatesofpsychologyascivilservants:publicsecuritybureaus,laborcamps,prisons,bordercheckpoints,etc.areallpossibleplaces.Someunitshavestricterphysicalrequirementsforhiredpersonnel,andsomerequirephysicalfitnesstests.

Third,enterprises.Psychologygraduatestudentsgotocompaniestomainlyengageinheadhunting(talentagency),businessconsultingandhumanresourcemanagement.Psychologygraduatestudentsandhumanresourcemanagementmajorsaredifferent.Psychologystudentsadvocatehumanizedmanagement,whichiscomplementarytohumanresourcemanagementstudents.Butbecausepeoplestilldon'tknowmuchaboutpsychology,studentsinpsychologydepartmentarenotascompetitiveasstudentsinhumanresourcemanagement.GraduatestudentsintheDepartmentofPsychologycanalsoengageinmarketresearch,butthenumberofstudentsisrelativelysmall,generallyslightlymoreundergraduates.

Fourth,primaryandsecondaryschools.Generally,undergraduatesarerecruited,andthepsychologicalcounselingdepartmentismainlyusedasa"vase"tocopewiththeinspectionoftheeducationdepartment.Therefore,thefutureisnotoptimistic,andtheincomeislow.Generally,graduatestudentsarenotfavoredunlesstheycannotfindajob.Generallynotconsidered.

Fifth,psychologicalcounselingworkers.Lookingatthedomesticsituation,simplyengaginginpsychologicalcounselingmaynotbeabletomaintainacertainstandardofliving.Ifyouwanttohavethesalaryofaforeigncounterpart,youhavetoexplore.

Sixth,hospitalsandclinics.Studentsstudyingclinicalpsychologyandmedicalpsychologycangotohospitalsorpsychologicalclinicstoengageinpsychologicalconsultationandtreatment.However,withthecurrentdemandforpsychologistsinChina,coupledwiththeneedtohaveamedicallicensetogotothehospital,itismoredifficult.

Developmentprospects

ThefamousGermanpsychologistEbbinghaus(H.EBBINGHAUS,1850-1909)oncedescribedthedevelopmentofpsychologyinthisway:"PsychologyhasaAlongpast,butonlyashorthistory.”(1885)

Asascientifichistoryofscience,thehistoryofpsychologyisveryshort.Afterthemiddleofthe19thcentury,therapiddevelopmentofnaturalsciencescreatedconditionsforpsychologytobecomeanindependentscience,especiallythedevelopmentofsensoryneurophysiologyinGermany,whichplayedamoredirectroleinpromotingpsychologytobecomeanindependentscience.Itwasnotuntiltheemergenceof"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"in1874thatpsychologyhaddifferentiatedfromphilosophyandbecameanindependentscience,andbeganaprocessofvigorousdevelopment.

Thedevelopmentofscientificpsychology

Thedevelopmentofphysiologyandphysicsinthe19thcenturypreparedthenecessaryconditionsforthebirthofscientificpsychology.GermansensoryphysiologistWeber(1795-1878)firstestablishedthelawofthedifferencethresholdofsensation.Later,Fechner(1801-1887)developedWeber'sresearch,usingpsychophysicalmethodstodeterminethefunctionalrelationshipbetweenexternalphysicalstimuliandpsychologicalphenomena.Theirresearchmethodshavebecomeamodelforscientificpsychologyresearch.Psychologywastrulyseparatedfromphilosophyandbecameanindependentscience,whichwasmainlycompletedbytheGermanphysiologicalpsychologistWundt(1832-1920).In1879,Wundtfoundedtheworld'sfirstpsychologylaboratoryattheUniversityofLeipziginGermany,usingexperimentalmethodstostudypsychologicalphenomena,whichisrecognizedasasignoftheindependenceofpsychologicalscience.Wundtopposedtheuseofphilosophicalandspeculativemethodstoexplorepsychologicalphenomena,andinsistedonusingobservations,experiments,andmathematicalstatisticstorevealthelawsofpsychologicalprocesses.Asaresult,heachievedfruitfulresearchresultsandtrainedagroupofstudentsfromallovertheworld..Wundthaswrittenmanyworksinhislife.Amongthem,thebook"PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology"isknownasthe"DeclarationofPsychologicalIndependence"andisthefirstsystematicpsychologymonographinthehistoryofpsychology.Wundtisthefounderofscientificpsychologyandthefirstprofessionalpsychologistinthehistoryofpsychology.

Thedevelopmentofmodernpsychology

AsthefamousChinesepsychologistMr.HaoBinsaid:"Twohundredyearsago,humanbeingsdidnothavethescientificpsychology.Onewaytoexploretheinnerworld,butthejourneyofmankindtoexplorethespiritualworldhasalreadysetsail!Theforminwhichmankindwillcontinuethisjourneyintwohundredyearsisnotyetknown,butIamextremelyconvincedthataslongasweexistforoneday,thisfootstepwillbeWillneverstop".Thedevelopmentofscientificpsychologyhasgonethroughmorethanonehundredyears.Intheprocessofdevelopment,ontheonehand,peoplehavedebatedontheresearchobjectsandtheoreticalsystemsofpsychologyfordecades,formingvarioustheoreticalschools,andfinallyreachedabasicconsensusinthe1950stomakepsychologyContinuetoprosper.CaoJianhan,adomesticpsychologyandhypnotismresearcher,putforwardthetheoryofbrainoperation,whichbringsabettertheoreticalmodelforthepsychologicaldisplayoflogic.Ontheotherhand,withthedeepeningandexpansionofpsychologyresearch,psychologyitselfcontinuestodifferentiate,derivingmanysubdisciplinesofpsychology,makingthestatusofpsychologymoreandmoreimportant.

Pseudo-psychology

Pseudo-psychologyreferstosystemsthatlooklikepsychologybuthavenofactualbasis.Overtheyears,thevariouspseudo-psychologieshavenotchangedmuch,becausebelieversinpseudo-psychologydarenotfaceuptothefactualevidencethatisinconsistentwiththeirbeliefs(Kelly&Saklofske,1994).Realscientistsarealwaysactivelylookingforflawsintheories,evaluatingtheirtheoriesinaskepticalandcriticalmanner,andexpandingthefieldofhumanknowledge(Woodward&Goodstein,1996).

Unlikerealpsychologists,pseudo-psychologistsneverconductscientificexperiments.Palmistry,phrenology,handwriting,etc.areallpseudo-psychology.